Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
22
,
No.
2
,
Ma
y
202
1
,
pp.
1216
~
1222
IS
S
N: 25
0
2
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v2
2
.i
2
.
pp
1216
-
1222
1216
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Data c
om
mu
nication fo
r dron
e
-
en
abled
i
ntern
et of
t
hin
gs
Yousra
Abdul
A
lsa
hib S
.
Aldeen, Haider
Moham
med
A
bdulh
ad
i
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce,
Col
le
ge
of
Science
for
W
om
en,
Univer
sit
y
of
Ba
ghdad,
B
aghda
d
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
1
1,
2020
Re
vised
Ma
r
2
9
, 2
02
1
Accepte
d
Apr
14
, 202
1
Inte
rne
t
of
t
hin
gs
(IoT
)
is
one
of
the
prom
ine
nt
emerge
d
t
e
chnol
og
y
o
f
int
er
conne
c
te
d
devi
c
es
for
peopl
e
conve
n
ie
nt
and
sm
art
servic
es.
Recent
adva
nc
ement
i
n
thi
s
are
a
c
ause
d
var
ious
new
challe
ng
es
espe
c
ia
l
l
y
depl
o
y
m
ent
of
i
nfra
struct
ur
e.
In
orde
r
to
fulfi
ll
th
e
ne
twork
re
quir
ements,
th
e
d
y
nami
c
and
de
dic
a
te
d
drone
n
e
tworks
have
desi
gned
as
a
cost
ef
fe
ctive
and
fle
xible
soluti
on
.
The
t
ec
hno
logies
of
IoT
and
dr
one
are
emerge
d
to
col
l
ec
t
,
forward
the
dat
a
for
furthe
r
proc
ess.
Data
communic
a
ti
on
among
drone
s
a
nd
IoT
infr
astructur
e
is
n
ew
ar
ea
o
f
re
sea
rc
h
wh
er
e
var
ious
diff
er
ent
exi
sting
protoc
ol
ar
e
use
d.
How
eve
r,
stil
l
thi
s
area
nee
d
at
t
ent
ion
due
to
m
obil
ity
o
f
drone
s,
obstac
l
e
s
and
int
erf
er
ences
in
the
se
net
w
orks.
Thi
s
pape
r
proposes
a
drone
ena
bl
ed
dat
a
com
m
unic
ati
on
for
i
nte
rne
t
of
t
hings
(DD
C
-
Io
T)
as
a
dat
a
comm
unic
at
ion
soluti
on
for
Io
T
net
works
,
da
ta
c
oll
e
ct
ion
ce
n
te
rs
and
dron
es.
The
proposed
d
a
ta
comm
ina
ti
on
soluti
on
is
te
st
ed
in
sim
ula
ti
on
to
ana
l
y
z
e
it
s
per
form
anc
e
es
pec
i
al
l
y
for
re
al
ti
m
e
cri
tical
a
ppli
c
at
ions
in
term
s
of
dat
a
throughput
and dat
a
dela
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
Data
Drone
IoT
Tech
no
l
og
y
This
is
an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yous
ra
Abd
ul
Alsahi
b
S
. Ald
een
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce,
C
ollege
of
Science
f
or
W
om
en
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f B
aghda
d,
Ba
ghda
d, I
raq
Em
a
il
: y
ou
sraa
lkaal
esi
@g
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
it
h
ra
pid
de
velo
pm
ent
of
new
te
c
hnolog
ie
s,
s
m
art
intel
li
gen
t
syst
e
m
s
and
inte
gr
at
ed
net
works
op
e
n
t
he
ne
w
a
reas o
f
resea
rc
h
for
bette
r
a
nd
c
os
t
e
ff
ect
ive
ser
vices. Th
e
r
e
are v
a
rio
us
e
xam
ples
of
ne
w
a
reas
includi
ng
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
of
t
hi
ngs
(
Io
T
)
,
sm
art
hom
es,
sm
art
tr
a
ns
po
rtat
ion
syst
e
m
s,
s
m
art
gri
ds
,
an
d
a
ug
m
ented
reali
ty
and
dro
ne
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
[1
]
,
[
2]
.
T
he
existi
ng
n
et
w
orks
ha
ve
suffe
r
ed
with v
ari
ous
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
issues
du
e
t
o
c
ongeste
d
areas
,
urba
n
ci
ti
es
and
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
de
plo
ym
ent.
On
e
of
the
e
xam
ple
is
Io
T
wh
e
r
e
the
nu
m
ber
of
dev
ic
es
are
c
onn
ect
e
d
with
e
ach
oth
e
r
a
nd
a
ble
to
com
m
unic
at
ion
a
nd
fac
il
it
at
e
the
us
ers
.
T
his
netw
ork
pro
vi
des
m
or
e
c
on
ven
ie
nt
se
rv
ic
es
to
us
e
rs
suc
h
as
in
sm
art
hom
e
connec
te
d
a
pp
li
ance
s,
sm
art
healt
hcar
e
syst
e
m
s
fo
r
patie
nt
ta
ke
care,
sm
art
gr
i
d
syst
em
s
to
m
anag
e
the
e
le
ct
rici
ty
,
s
mart
secu
rity
thing
s
t
o
secur
e
the
ho
m
e
fo
rm
any
ty
pe
of
sec
ur
it
y
threat
[3]
.
D
ue
to
this
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
va
ri
ou
s
te
ch
nolo
gies,
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
is
gen
erate
d
by
diff
ere
nt
te
chno
lo
gies
an
d
a
big
pa
rt
of
t
hi
s
data
belo
ng
s
to
Io
T
[1
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5]
.
The
co
nce
pt
of
Io
T
c
om
es
fr
om
ever
yday
obj
ect
s,
f
ro
m
fash
io
nab
le
dev
ic
es
to
Ind
us
tria
l
dev
ic
es.
Bi
ll
ion
s
of
dev
ic
es
al
l
ar
ound
the
w
or
l
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ed
and
sh
a
rin
g
da
ta
throu
gh
i
ntern
et
.
In
com
pin
g
ye
ars
’
sta
ti
sti
cs
sh
ow
t
h
at
m
or
e
bu
si
ness
a
nd
in
vestm
ent
com
e
in
Io
T
sect
or
.
I
oT
ha
ve
huge
im
pact
on
ove
r
daily
li
fe
dr
ast
ic
al
ly
it
shapes e
ver
yt
hi
ng. It
is
pr
e
dicte
d
that t
il
l 2
025,
the im
pact o
f I
oT reach
to 6 t
rill
ion
do
ll
ars
.
In
the
c
onte
xt
of
data
ha
nd
li
ng
i
n
I
oT,
the
existi
ng
in
frast
ru
ct
ur
e
based
so
luti
on
are
s
uffe
red
with
cost,
m
ai
ntenan
ce
issues.
Dron
e
te
ch
nolo
gy
or
un
m
ann
e
d
aerial
veh
ic
l
e
(U
A
V)
is
on
e
of
the
ad
vance
and
sm
art
so
luti
on
for
data
colle
ct
ion
in
I
oT
net
works
for
in
ti
m
e
data
pr
oces
sing
[6
]
,
[
7]
.
D
rone
are
aut
onom
ou
s
rob
ots
us
e
d
f
or
data
gather
i
ng,
tra
nsporta
ti
on,
ag
ricult
ure
sp
ray,
sa
fety
and
s
ec
uri
ty
,
di
saste
r
m
anag
em
ent,
and
f
or
est
a
nd
weathe
r
m
anag
em
ent.
Dron
e
s
are
al
s
o
gai
ne
d
po
pula
rity
in
intel
li
gen
t
tr
ans
portat
ion
s
yst
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Da
t
a
c
omm
un
i
cation f
or dr
on
e
-
en
able
d
i
nter
net o
f
t
hings
(
Y
ou
s
ra Ab
dul Al
sa
hi
b S.
Aldee
n
)
1217
wh
e
re
these
dron
e
ca
pture
th
e
acci
den
t
sce
ne
from
al
l
ang
le
s
be
fore
ph
ysi
cal
pr
esenc
e
of
pe
ople
wi
thin
le
ss
tim
e
[8
]
,
[
9]
.
Drone
are
al
s
o
util
iz
ed
for
fire
-
fig
hting
pur
po
s
es,
pack
a
ge
delivery,
m
ed
ic
al
kit
deliver
y
on
diff
ic
ult
s
it
es
wh
e
re
the
hum
an
presenc
e
ne
ed
m
or
e
tim
e
[10
]
,
[
11]
.
Fig
ure
1
sho
ws
the
dron
e
e
nab
le
d
Io
T
netw
orks
a
nd
da
ta
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
process
.
Figure
1. D
ron
e ena
bled data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
Io
T
Ther
e a
re v
a
rio
us
notable b
en
efit
s h
ave
ob
s
e
rv
e
d
in dr
on
e t
echnolo
gies s
uc
h
as co
ntr
ol the polluti
on,
energy
sa
ving,
less
risk, quic
k
res
pons
e
an
d ac
cess
ti
m
e
in
e
m
erg
encies
,
l
ess
co
st
s
olu
ti
on,
e
asy
to
ha
nd
le
an
d
m
ai
ntain.
W
it
h
m
any
ben
efit
s
the
dro
ne
te
c
hnol
og
ie
s
areas
and
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
protoc
ols
ha
ve
s
uffe
red
with
degra
dation
iss
ues,
scala
bili
ty an
d
im
ple
m
entat
ion
issues,
c
ov
e
ra
ge
areas i
ssu
es, lim
i
te
d
energy res
ourc
es and
ph
ysi
cal
sec
ur
i
ty
issues
[12
]
,
[
13]
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
m
ai
n
fo
c
us
is
on
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
pr
oto
c
ols
betwee
n
Io
T
and
dro
ne
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
.
D
ron
es
are
dynam
icall
y
colle
ct
the
Io
T
dev
ic
es
da
ta
and
pr
oces
s
it
on
real
-
ti
m
e
and
sen
d
to
data
m
anag
em
ent
centers
[14
]
,
[
15]
.
I
n
this
co
nt
ext,
this
pap
e
r
prese
nts
the
data
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
so
luti
on
cal
le
d
dro
ne
e
na
bled
data
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
f
or
i
nte
rn
et
of
t
hi
ng
s
(DDC
-
Io
T
)
f
or
dro
ne
e
na
bled
I
oT
netw
orks. T
he othe
r object
ive
s of this
p
a
per
are as
f
ollow
s:
Discuss
the
ex
i
sti
ng
s
ol
utio
ns
and their
lim
it
a
ti
on
s
Pr
op
os
e
d
a
dro
ne
e
nab
le
I
oT data
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
olu
t
ion
An
al
yz
ed
the
pro
posed
wo
rk
with stat
e
of
t
he
art s
olu
ti
ons
The
rest
of
the
pap
e
r
is
or
gan
i
zed
as
f
ollo
ws:
Sect
io
n
2
pro
vi
des
a
relat
ed
work
in
the
are
a
of
dro
nes
in
IoT
netw
ork
s.
Sect
ion
3
pr
esents
the
pr
opos
e
d
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
so
l
ution
for
I
oT
ne
two
rk
s
.
The
r
esults
and d
isc
us
si
on
pr
ese
nt in
Sect
ion4. The
last
s
ect
ion
c
oncl
ud
es the
pa
per
wi
th futu
re
direct
ion
.
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORK
Ma
ny
stud
ie
s
a
nd
s
olu
ti
on
ha
ve
bee
n
desi
gned
to
facil
it
at
e
the
Io
T
netw
orks
an
d
overc
om
e
the
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
lo
ad
by
us
i
ng
sm
a
rt
sens
or
de
vices,
i
nfra
structu
re
base
d
so
l
utions.
H
oweve
r,
these
e
xisti
ng
so
luti
ons
are
no
t
a
ble
to
ov
erco
m
e
the
IoT
existi
ng
c
ha
ll
eng
es.
In
t
his
sect
ion
,
we
discuss
so
m
e
of
th
e
existi
ng so
l
utio
ns
for Io
T
networks to
an
al
y
ze thei
r
li
m
i
ta
tio
ns a
nd ch
al
le
ng
e
s.
Moh
am
ed,
et
al
.
[16]
disc
usse
d
t
he
te
ch
ni
cal
issues
of
dro
ne
e
na
ble
te
chno
lo
gies
i
n
sm
art
citie
s
env
i
ronm
ent.
Au
t
hors
discu
ssed
t
he
di
ff
ic
ulti
es
of
dro
ne
i
m
ple
m
entation
i
n
sm
art
ci
ti
es
su
ch
as
safety
,
pr
i
vacy,
a
nd
ot
her
le
gal
a
nd
et
hical
issues.
This
ne
w
a
nd
at
tract
ive
te
ch
no
l
og
y
has
vari
ou
s
te
ch
nical
issues
relat
ed
to
it
s
hard
w
are,
s
of
t
war
e
,
data
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
and
oth
e
r
ope
rati
on
s
.
Safety
is
on
e
of
the
m
ai
n
con
ce
r
ns
of
th
ese
un
m
ann
e
d
aerial
veh
ic
le
(d
r
one)
beca
us
e
it
s
pr
esence
in
the
ai
r
and
a
m
on
g
the
bu
il
ding
s
and
cl
os
e
t
o
pe
op
le
.
The
su
cc
essfu
l
operati
ons
of
t
his
te
ch
no
l
og
y
ne
e
d
m
or
e
s
afety
re
quirem
ents.
Secu
rity
is
5
G
,
4
G
,
3
G
5
G
,
4
G
,
3
G
D
a
ta
M
a
n
a
g
emen
t
Cen
tr
e
D
r
o
n
es
N
etw
o
r
k
I
o
T
N
etw
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
, N
o.
2
,
Ma
y
2021
:
1216
-
1222
1218
ano
t
her
factor
du
e
to
t
he
org
anizat
ion
s
,
industries
an
d
pe
op
le
c
onfide
ntial
data.
Dron
e
need
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
li
nk
s
with
e
xis
ti
ng
syst
em
for
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
an
d
ne
ed
s
pecific
re
qu
i
rem
ents
in
te
rm
s
of
ba
nd
width,
tran
s
fer
rate
,
j
i
tt
er
and
delay
.
Diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
data
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
platf
or
m
are
us
ed
t
o
facil
it
at
e
the
dro
nes
with
gro
und
netw
orks
s
uch
as
sat
el
li
te
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
cel
lular
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
and
m
esh
net
works.
Howe
ver, sti
ll
these
netw
orks
are
s
uffe
red w
it
h
t
hese
data c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
so
luti
ons.
N.
H
os
sei
n
Motl
agh,
et
al
.
[17]
,
disc
us
se
d
the
d
r
on
e
a
rch
it
ect
ure
f
or
Io
T
netw
orks
op
e
rati
ons.
Au
t
hors
al
s
o
di
scusse
d
ab
out
these
dron
e
te
chnolo
gies
c
ha
ll
eng
es
relat
ed
to
physi
cal
co
ll
isi
on
,
brea
king
th
e
people
pri
vacy
,
an
d
use
d
or
il
le
gal
purposes
li
ke
dru
g
sm
ug
glin
g.
The
da
ta
com
m
un
ic
ation
te
c
hnologi
e
s
in
these
netw
orks
are
based
on
W
iM
AX,
W
i
-
Fi,
3
to
5
G
sta
nd
a
r
ds
.
The
dro
ne
is
us
ed
these
te
chnol
ogie
s
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
betwee
n
dro
ne
s
or
with
net
w
ork
de
vices.
T
his
pap
e
r
pres
ented
a
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
arc
hitec
ture
and
co
ns
i
der
e
d
m
achine
-
to
-
m
achine
data
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Howe
ver,
this
pap
e
r
discu
sse
d
the
c
urren
t
s
cenari
o
of
dro
ne
te
ch
nolo
gies
an
d
it
s
chall
en
ges
an
d
issue
s.
T
his
stud
y
do
es
not
discuss
the
propose
r
m
echani
s
m
fo
r
dro
ne
e
nab
le
te
chnolo
gies
with
oth
e
r
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
tec
hnol
og
ie
s.
Motl
agh,
et
al
.
[
18
]
pr
ese
nt
ed
a
dron
e
en
able
syst
em
f
or
IoT
net
wor
k
ba
sed
on
ne
w
em
erg
ing
te
chnolo
gies.
The
pro
po
s
ed
so
luti
on
pro
vid
es
offloa
ding
vid
e
o
data
proce
ssin
g
proce
ss
am
on
g
dro
ne
s
a
nd
Io
T
de
vices.
The
pr
opos
e
d
syst
e
m
is
us
e
d
f
or
disaste
r
reli
ef
m
anag
em
ent,
captu
rin
g
the
im
ages
for
sit
e
assessm
ent
and
real
ti
m
e
dat
a
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on.
U
A
Vs
are
integrati
ng
with
I
oT
netw
ork
s
an
d
pro
vid
e
a
high
-
le
vel
view
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
the
auth
ors
al
so
pr
ese
nted
the
UAV
base
d
c
rowd
sur
veill
ance
by
us
i
ng
facial
recog
niti
on
t
ools.
T
he
pro
pose
d
m
od
el
is
te
ste
d
in
real
tim
e
netwo
r
k.
The
te
stbed
resu
lt
s
in
dicat
ed
the
pro
po
se
d
m
odel
qu
ic
k
detect
ion
a
nd
rec
ogni
ti
on
of
suspici
ou
s
pe
ople
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
these
ty
pe
of
s
olu
ti
ons
are
us
e
d
f
or se
ns
in
g or rec
ognizin
g
s
om
e o
bject
s but d
i
ff
ic
ult
for precisel
y data
h
a
nd
li
ng.
Au
t
hors
i
n
[19
]
,
pro
posed
a
qu
e
uing
delay
and
tra
ns
m
issio
n
del
ay
(QD
TD)
r
outi
ng
pr
oto
c
ol.
T
his
protoc
ol
is
ba
sed
on
que
uing
delay
an
d
t
ran
sm
issi
on
de
la
y
strat
egies
for
reli
able
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Au
t
hors
cl
ai
m
ed
that
the
pro
po
s
ed
s
olu
ti
on
has
bette
r
res
ults
to
re
du
ce
the
data
delay
an
d
i
ncr
ease
t
he
data
thr
oughput
in
the
networ
ks
.
This
so
luti
on
is
especial
ly
desig
ne
d
for
dro
nes
ena
ble
Io
T
net
works
.
This
so
luti
on
is
fea
sible
to
handle
the
load
to
al
le
viate
the
network
c
ongesti
on,
transm
issi
on
delay
and
qu
e
uing
delay
.
Howe
ve
r,
this
so
l
ut
ion
has
com
plex
proces
sin
g
m
e
tho
d
a
nd
ta
ke
s
m
or
e
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
tim
e
wh
ic
h
le
ads
to d
at
a
delay
a
nd d
ec
reasin
g
t
he data
th
rou
ghput.
Mozaf
far
i
,
et
al
.
[
20
]
prese
nted
an
op
ti
m
al
trajector
y
a
nd
dep
l
oym
en
t
of
m
ult
iple
UAVs
in
I
oT
netw
orks
f
or
da
ta
colle
ct
ion
.
The
pro
posed
so
luti
on
pro
vi
des
reli
able
da
ta
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
le
ss
energy
consum
ption
.
This
st
ud
y
us
e
s
swa
rm
dron
e
s
to
m
ini
m
iz
es
the
t
ra
ns
m
issio
n
po
wer
f
rom
Io
T
de
vices
.
Ea
c
h
dro
ne
is
us
e
d
to
delive
r
the
s
erv
ic
es
to
t
he
cl
us
te
r
of
I
oT
dev
ic
es
on
the
groun
d.
T
he
pro
posed
s
olu
ti
on
is
a
novel
fr
am
ework
ba
sed
on
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
et
ho
d
for
opti
m
a
l
dep
loym
ent
of
UAVs
an
d
obt
ai
ned
the
tra
j
e
ct
or
ie
s
us
e
d
in
U
A
Vs
to
se
rv
e
the
m
ob
il
e
Io
T
de
vices.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
ind
ic
at
ed
that
t
he
pro
po
se
d
s
olu
ti
on
decr
ease
d
tra
nsm
it
po
wer
a
nd
net
wor
k
will
op
e
rati
onal
for
long
tim
e.
Howev
e
r,
t
his
ty
pe
of
s
olu
ti
on
is
us
ef
ul
for
sta
ti
c n
et
w
orks w
her
e
the
cl
us
te
rin
g
is
ea
sy t
o dep
l
oy.
A.
K.
Saha,
et
a
l
[21]
,
pr
e
sen
t
ed
a
UAVs
en
able
so
luti
on
f
or
I
oT
net
wor
k
by
us
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
ca
m
eras,
sens
or
s
,
an
d
da
ta
com
m
un
icati
on
de
vices.
This
syst
em
pr
ovides
i
nteg
ra
ti
ng
s
olu
ti
ons
to
achie
ve
the
easy
,
eff
ic
ie
nt,
pr
eci
se
an
d
m
on
it
ori
ng
.
The
pro
posed
s
olu
ti
on
is
base
d
on
m
ac
hin
e
le
ar
n
in
g
c
on
ce
pts
to
i
ncrea
se
the
scop
e
of
f
urt
her
im
pr
ove
m
ent.
This
syst
e
m
is
design
e
d
for
ag
ricult
ure
crop
m
on
it
or
in
g
with
le
ss
energy
consum
ption
.
W
it
h
t
he
help
of
local
iz
at
ion
m
app
ing,
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
captur
es
high
reso
l
utio
n
i
m
ages
and
f
or
crop
m
anag
em
ent.
The
dro
ne
pro
vid
es
m
or
e
preci
se
and
accu
rate
groun
d
sit
uation
a
nd
a
dju
st
a
nd
m
easur
e
the
di
sta
nce
f
ro
m
te
rr
ai
n
an
d
cal
c
ul
at
e
the
de
pth
l
evel
of
water,
stress
le
vel
of
crop.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
this
ty
pe
of
syst
em
is
lim
it
ed
in
sco
pe
a
nd
hi
gh
r
esol
ution
im
ages
ca
pt
ur
i
ng
nee
d
m
or
e
band
width
an
d
stron
g
infr
a
struct
ur
e
on th
e
gr
ound fo
r dron
e
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
Ta
ble 1
s
how
s the
c
om
par
ison o
f d
isc
us
se
d
stu
die
s.
The
var
i
ou
s
surveys
ha
ve
bee
n
c
onduct
ed
to
discu
ss
the
dr
on
e
’s
be
nef
it
s
and
com
patibil
it
y
with
IoT
bu
t
sti
ll
this
area
is
in
blur
sha
pe
w
here
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
ant
area
is
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
am
on
g
drones
an
d
Io
T
netw
orks
. In
Ta
ble 1, m
os
t of
the e
xist
ing
s
ol
ution
s a
r
e n
ot
offer
i
ng
s
ecur
it
y an
d
pri
vacy facto
rs.
S
om
e o
f
them
o
ff
er
en
e
rg
y m
anag
em
e
nt and c
ons
umpti
on p
a
ram
et
e
rs.
Table
1
.
C
om
par
iso
n of
disc
usse
d
st
ud
ie
s
S#
So
lu
tio
n
Field
Energy Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
Data Co
llectio
n
Secu
rity an
d
Priva
cy
1
[
1
6
]
/2
0
1
8
Dron
e enab
le S
m
a
rt
Cities
No
Yes
No
2
[
1
7
]
/2
0
1
6
Dron
e enab
le I
o
T
No
No
No
3
[
1
8
]
/2
0
1
7
Dron
e enab
le
IoT
No
Yes
No
4
[
1
9
]
/2
0
1
7
Dron
e Ro
u
tin
g
No
Yes
No
5
[
2
0
]
/2
016
Dron
e enab
le I
o
T
Yes
Yes
No
6
[
2
1
]
/2
0
1
8
Dro
n
e enab
le I
o
T
Ag
ricultu
re
Yes
Yes
No
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Da
t
a
c
omm
un
i
cation f
or dr
on
e
-
en
able
d
i
nter
net o
f
t
hings
(
Y
ou
s
ra Ab
dul Al
sa
hi
b S.
Aldee
n
)
1219
3.
PROP
OSE
D SOLUTI
ON
This
sect
ion
presents
the
deta
il
of
pro
po
se
d
so
luti
on
cal
le
d
dron
e
e
na
bled
data
com
m
un
i
cat
ion
for
i
ntern
et
of
t
hi
ng
s
(
DD
C
-
I
oT
).
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
s
olu
ti
on
prov
i
des
a
n
e
ff
i
ci
ent
data
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
or
I
oT
netw
orks
s
uc
h
as
f
or
a
gr
ic
ultu
re
fiel
ds,
disaste
r
reli
ef
,
an
d
s
m
art
bu
il
di
ng.
The
tra
diti
on
al
syst
e
m
is
based
on
dep
l
oyed
se
nsors
nodes
w
hic
h
are
costl
y
an
d
com
plex
syst
e
m
.
DD
C
-
I
oT
pro
vid
es
cost
e
ff
ect
ive,
reli
able
and
m
ai
ntenan
ce
f
r
ee
so
luti
on
for
data
colle
ct
ion
.
I
n
this
syst
em
the
dr
ones
are
be
hav
i
ng
li
ke
acce
ss
poin
ts
and
flie
s
over
the
f
il
ed
area
an
d
c
onnect
with
ba
se
sta
ti
on
an
d
sens
or
de
vices
at
t
he
I
oT
net
work
side
.
T
he
D
DC
-
Io
T
desi
gn
is
base
d
on
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
IE
EE
80
2.11
sta
nd
a
r
d
an
d
l
ow
powe
r
I
oT
te
chnolo
gies
inc
lud
i
ng
IEEE
80
2.15.4
and
Sig
Fox
a
nd
L
or
a
.
The
pro
po
se
d
m
od
el
is
based
on
two
ty
pes
of
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
dro
ne
-
to
-
dron
e
and
dro
ne
to
Io
T
net
works
fo
r
data
gath
erin
g.
The
se
two
propose
d
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s ar
e ex
plainin
g
in
next
subsecti
ons.
3.1
.
Dr
on
e
-
to
-
Dr
on
e
Data
Co
m
munic
at
i
on
In
pro
posed
DD
C
-
I
oT
prot
oco
l,
we
us
e
two
par
am
et
ers
transm
issi
on
p
ow
e
r
(
TP)
and
beac
on
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(BF
).
Be
aco
n
fr
e
quency
s
houl
d
be
at
le
vel
bec
ause
high
f
requen
cy
le
ad
s
to
interfe
ren
ce
a
nd
l
ow
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
le
ad
s
to
pack
et
droppin
g
issue
s.
We
are
usi
ng
the
beac
on
fr
e
quency
as
pe
r
ne
twork
sit
uatio
n
by
us
in
g
c
hannel
sit
uation
(C
S)
,
and
queue
fact
or
(QF).
The
pr
op
os
ed
D
DC
-
Io
T
is
div
i
ded
into
tw
o
m
ai
n
ph
a
ses
cal
le
d
I
niti
al
izati
on
ph
a
se a
nd
process
phas
e. T
he ph
ase
s a
re
discuss
i
ng in next
sub sect
ion
s
.
3.1.1
.
I
nitiali
z
at
i
on
P
hase
In
t
his
ph
ase
,
the
local
i
nfor
m
at
ion
inclu
ding
the
up
da
te
of
one
hop
neig
hbors
a
nd
c
heck
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
cha
nnel
est
im
at
ion
.
The
dro
nes
gather
t
he
nei
ghbor
dro
ne’s
inf
or
m
at
ion
an
d
cre
at
e
an
inf
or
m
at
ion
li
st
D
(OH
N).
T
his
ph
as
e
est
i
m
at
es
the
que
ue
sta
tu
s
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
ha
nn
el
us
a
ge.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
chan
nel
cap
aci
ty
m
easur
es
by
MC
capaci
ty
.
This
capaci
ty
shows
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
beaco
ns
in
qu
e
ue
without
cha
nn
el
ov
erl
oad.
T
hr
es
hold
rati
o
is
us
ed
to
e
valuate
the
cha
nnel
capaci
ty
.
Equ
at
io
n
1
s
ho
ws
the
eff
ect
ive
ch
a
nn
el
capacit
y.
(1)
Wh
e
re
α
denotes
the
c
ha
nnel
capaci
ty
,
β
de
no
te
s
thr
esh
old
rati
o
a
nd
denoted
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
cha
nn
el
capaci
ty
.
The
nei
ghbor
dro
nes
help
to
com
pu
te
the
QF
and
est
im
a
tes
the
qu
es
sta
tus
a
nd
beacon
fr
e
quen
cy
o
f
drones
and its
neig
hbor
dro
nes
as
sho
w
s in
(
2
)
.
(2)
Wh
e
re
the
Q
F
denotes
the
queue
facto
r,
BF
denotes
the
beacon
f
requ
ency,
the
(
2)
are
us
e
d
to
evaluate t
he
c
ha
nn
el
c
onge
sti
on sit
uatio
n.
W
hen the
QF ≤
α, the c
onge
sti
on
fr
ee
sit
uation i
s d
e
fine
d.
3.1.2. P
roces
s
Pha
se
In
this
phase,
the
al
l
the
de
fine
d
a
nd
im
portant
pa
ram
et
ers
are
eval
uated
t
o
c
hec
k
the
ne
tw
ork
conditi
on
an
d
oth
e
r
data
tr
ansm
issi
on
pa
ram
et
ers.
This
phase
al
so
a
dju
sts
t
he
bea
con
f
reque
ncy
as
pe
r
dynam
ic
n
at
ure o
f
the
drone
nodes
. T
he bea
con f
reque
ncy
is ad
j
us
te
d
with the
h
el
p of
(
3
)
.
(3)
Wh
e
re
the
de
note
s
the
dro
ne
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
f
or
e
ach
dr
on
e
i
,
an
d
denotes
the
adopted
f
racti
on.
Af
te
r
t
his,
t
he
nex
t
ste
p
is
set
tran
sm
issi
on
powe
r
based
on ad
aptat
io
n
f
rac
ti
on
a
nd
D
r
one
Tra
ns
m
issi
on
(D
T
).
Figure
2
s
ho
ws
the
Al
gor
it
h
m
1
fo
r
si
m
ple
dr
on
e
-
to
-
dro
ne
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
process
a
nd
adjust
transm
issi
on
pow
e
r
a
nd
beac
on freq
ue
ncy to a
vo
i
d
a
ny s
ort
o
f
ch
a
nnel
cong
e
sti
on.
Alg
o
rith
m
1
1
Inp
u
t
On
e ho
p
sea
rch
in
g
2
Ou
tp
u
t
Up
d
a
te bea
co
n
tra
n
smis
sio
n
po
wer
3
do
Dro
n
e comp
u
tes QF
4
do
Evalu
a
te CS
5
do
Dro
n
es u
p
d
a
te beacon
dr
o
n
e freq
u
en
cy
(
D
F)
ba
sed
on
:
6
do
7
Dro
n
es a
d
ju
st b
ea
co
n
dr
o
n
e tra
n
smis
sio
n
(
DT
)
8
en
d
pr
o
cedu
re
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
, N
o.
2
,
Ma
y
2021
:
1216
-
1222
1220
3.2.
Drone
to Io
T
Net
w
ork Data C
omm
u
nicati
on
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
the
dro
ne
-
to
-
dro
ne
data
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
i
s
f
ur
th
er
c
onne
ct
ed
to
I
oT
ne
tworks
by
su
in
g
5G
ba
se
d
netw
ork
i
nfr
ast
ru
ct
ure.
Th
e
5G
base
d
ser
vices
a
nd
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
are
a
ble
to
pro
vid
e
a
f
ully
connecte
d,
fas
t
and
ef
fecti
ve
platf
or
m
to
m
ake
the
data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
possible
bet
ween
dr
on
es
a
nd
I
oT
sm
art
dev
ic
es.
This
le
vel
pro
vid
es
net
w
ork
res
ources
and
sc
hedulin
g
m
et
ho
ds
f
or
a
bette
r
net
work
env
i
ronm
ent
[
22
]
.
This
le
vel
al
so
offe
rs
rea
l
-
tim
e,
on
-
dem
and,
reconfi
gu
rab
le
,
en
d
-
to
-
e
nd
co
ordi
natio
n,
a
nd
intel
li
gen
t
ser
vi
ces.
High
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ba
sed
on
ba
nd
6
GHz
with
a
10
G
b/s
is
us
e
d
f
or
data
rate.
Anothe
r
featur
e
of
this
te
chnolo
gy
is
prov
i
ding
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
I
oT
de
vices
data
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
inf
rastr
uctu
re
without
any
extra
a
nd
costly
har
dw
are
-
s
pecific
m
et
hods
.
T
his
phase
al
so
us
ef
ul
for
lo
w
la
te
ncy
arou
nd
1m
s
an
d
handlin
g 1 m
il
l
ion
de
vices/
km2. The
d
e
plo
y
m
ent o
f
n
e
w
se
rv
ic
es is
set at
le
ss tim
e (ar
ou
nd 1 ho
ur).
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
we
discu
ss
th
e
si
m
ulati
on
se
tup
require
to
evaluate
the
pr
opos
e
d
DD
C
-
I
oT
s
olu
ti
on
with
Q
DT
D
[
19]
s
ta
te
of
the
art
so
luti
ons.
Nu
m
ber
of
sim
ulati
on
s
run
he
lp
to
evaluate
t
he
pro
posed
s
ol
ution
in
te
rm
s
of
data
delive
ry,
en
d
-
to
-
e
nd
delay
and
net
work
over
hea
d.
We
s
el
ect
ed
Ns
-
3
sim
ula
ti
on
w
hic
h
is
a
netw
ork
sim
ul
at
or
ba
sed
on
op
e
n
s
ource
di
screte
eve
nt
ne
two
rk
featur
e
s.
This
sim
ulati
on
is
use
f
ul
f
or
data
transm
issi
on
prot
oco
ls
an
d
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
TCP/
IP
sta
nd
a
r
d.
NS
-
3
si
m
ula
tor
pro
vide
s
a
C+
+
a
nd
python
scriptin
g,
al
ig
nm
ent
with
real
tim
e
syst
e
m
[23
-
25]
.
Ta
ble
2
s
hows
th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
pa
ra
m
et
ers
adopte
d
to
te
st
the pr
opos
e
d
s
olu
ti
on.
Table
2.
Sim
ul
at
ion
p
aram
et
e
rs
S#
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
1
Netwo
rk Size
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
2
No
of
Dr
o
n
es
12
3
No
of
I
o
T
Dev
ices
20
4
Co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
St
an
d
ard
5G
5
Prop
ag
atio
n
M
o
d
el
Two
-
Ra
y
6
No
of
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
Ru
n
s
10
7
Tr
an
s
m
iss
io
n
Pow
er
1
2
dB
m
8
Rad
io
I
n
terface
IE
E
E
8
0
2
.11
p
4.1. D
ata
T
hr
oughp
ut
In
the
se
ex
perim
ents,
we
ev
al
uate
the
dat
a
throu
ghput
to
analy
ze
the
perform
ance
of
pro
po
se
d
DDC
-
I
oT
so
l
ut
ion
with
Q
D
TD.
F
or
these
ex
per
im
ents,
we
us
e
d
to
a
na
ly
ze
the
ef
fec
ts
of
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
channel
busy
ne
ss
rati
o
a
nd
e
valuate
the
dat
a
thr
oughput.
We
sel
e
ct
ed
diff
e
ren
t
ra
ndom
seeds
a
nd
co
nduct
exp
e
rim
ents.
We
tracke
d
th
e
data
pack
et
s
and
m
easur
e
the
data
thr
oughput
in
Mbit
s/s
by
us
in
g
di
ff
ere
nt
values
of
cha
nnel
busyness
r
at
io.
Chan
nel
bu
sy
ness
val
ue
def
ine
d
as
a
f
racti
on
of
co
nst
ant
tim
e
un
it
wh
e
re
the
ch
a
nn
el
in n
o
i
dle
sit
uation.
Fi
gure
2
cl
e
arly
sh
ows
the b
et
te
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
pro
pos
ed
D
DC
-
IoT
so
luti
on
com
par
ed
to
Q
DTD
e
ve
n
with
m
or
e
channe
l
bu
synes
s
sit
uation.
Wh
e
n
th
e
channel
busyness
rati
o
re
ac
hed
t
o
0.5 th
e
n
t
he pr
opos
e
d
s
olu
ti
on is s
howi
ng bet
te
r
r
es
ults co
m
par
ed
to e
xis
ti
ng
s
olu
ti
on.
Figure
2. Data
Thro
ughput
A
naly
sis
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
D
A
T
A
T
H
R
O
UG
H
P
UT
C
H
AN
N
E
L
B
USY
N
E
S
S
RA
T
I
O
Q
DT
D
DD
C
-
I
o
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Da
t
a
c
omm
un
i
cation f
or dr
on
e
-
en
able
d
i
nter
net o
f
t
hings
(
Y
ou
s
ra Ab
dul Al
sa
hi
b S.
Aldee
n
)
1221
4.2. D
ata Del
ay
These
e
xp
e
rim
ents
show
t
he
data
delay
i
m
pact
in
netw
or
ks
w
he
n
the
dro
nes
are
c
omm
un
ic
at
ing
with
IoT
netw
orks
to
gat
her
the
data
an
d
res
ponds
to
base
sta
ti
on
.
I
n
thes
e
exp
e
rim
ents,
we
evaluate
th
e
data
delay
to
a
naly
ze
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
pr
opose
d
D
DC
-
I
oT
so
luti
on
with
QD
T
D.
F
or
th
ese
ex
pe
rim
en
ts,
w
e
analy
zed
the
channel
busyn
ess
rati
o
to
c
heck
t
he
ef
fec
ts
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
cha
nn
e
l
bu
syne
ss
rat
io
an
d
evaluate
the
da
t
a
delay
.
W
e
sel
ect
ed
diff
e
r
ent
rand
om
se
eds
an
d
co
nduc
t
exp
erim
ents.
W
e
tracke
d
the
data
pack
et
s
a
nd
m
easur
e
t
he
dat
a
throu
ghput
in
Mbit
s/s
by
us
in
g
di
ff
e
ren
t
values
of
c
ha
nn
el
bu
sy
ness
rati
o.
Chan
nel
busy
ne
ss
val
ue
de
fi
ned
as
a
fr
act
i
on
of
c
on
sta
nt
tim
e
u
nit
wh
e
re
the
c
ha
nn
el
in
no
i
dle
sit
uation.
Figure
3
cl
ea
rly
shows
the
be
tt
er
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
pro
po
se
d
D
DC
-
Io
T
s
olut
ion
c
om
par
ed
to
Q
DT
D
e
ve
n
wit
h
m
or
e
channel
bu
sy
ness
sit
ua
ti
on
.
The
propose
d
s
olu
ti
on
DD
C
-
I
oT
pe
rfor
m
ance
is
be
tt
er
eve
n
with
m
or
e
channel
bu
syn
ess
rati
o.
Wh
en
t
he
c
hanne
l
busyness
rat
io
reac
he
d
t
o
0.5
t
hen
the
pro
po
se
d
so
l
ution
is
sh
owin
g
bette
r
res
ults
com
par
ed
t
o
e
xisti
ng
so
luti
on
a
nd
has
le
ss
delay
in
the
netw
ork
.
Both
the
res
ul
ts
are
sh
owin
g p
os
it
ive
perform
ance in
te
rm
s o
f
dat
a d
el
ay
and
da
ta
throug
hput.
Figure
3. Data
Delay
Analy
sis
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
te
r
net
of
t
hi
ng
s
(
Io
T
)
is
a
connecte
d
de
vi
ces
netw
ork
wh
e
re
a
nu
m
ber
of
de
vices
gen
e
rated
t
he
data.
Data
ga
theri
ng
is
one
of
the
c
halle
ng
ing
ta
sks
in
th
ese
netw
orks.
Drones
are
one
of
the
c
os
t
e
ff
ect
ive
and
m
anag
eabl
e
so
l
ution
f
or
data
gat
her
i
ng
from
Io
T
dev
i
ces
an
d
se
nd
f
or
f
ur
t
her
a
nal
ysi
s
by
usi
ng
f
ast
an
d
reli
able
data
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
sta
nd
a
rds.
T
he
re
are
va
rio
us
chall
enges
have
bee
n
f
aced
I
oT
netw
orks
s
uch
as
costly
infr
ast
r
uctu
re
de
plo
y
m
ent,
data
de
la
y,
un
reli
a
ble
data
com
m
u
nicat
ion
.
In
orde
r
to
ad
dres
s
these
chal
le
nges, the
d
ynam
ic
an
d
ded
ic
at
e
d
dro
ne
n
et
w
orks have
d
esi
gne
d
as a
co
st effecti
ve
an
d flexi
ble sol
ution.
Data
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
am
on
g
dron
e
s
an
d
Io
T
i
nfrastr
uc
ture
is
an
oth
e
r
chall
en
ge
f
or
e
xisti
ng
ne
twork
protoc
ols.
We
pro
po
se
d
a
dr
one
e
nab
le
d
dat
a
com
m
un
ic
a
tio
n
f
or
i
nter
net
of
t
hi
ng
s
(
D
D
C
-
I
oT)
so
l
utio
n
for
data
com
m
un
i
cat
ion
am
on
g
dr
ones
an
d
I
oT
de
vices.
T
he
pro
posed
s
olu
ti
on
is
cont
ro
ll
ing
the
be
aco
n
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
a
nd
transm
issi
on
powe
r
a
nd
im
pr
ov
e
data
deliv
er
in
le
ss
ti
m
e
an
d
e
nhance
data
th
rou
ghpu
t.
The
pro
p
os
e
d
s
olu
t
ion
is
evaluate
d
in
sim
ulatio
n
w
her
e
the
re
su
lt
s
ind
ic
at
ed
the
bette
r
perf
or
m
ance
of
pr
opos
e
d
so
luti
on
as
co
m
par
ed
to
existi
ng
prot
oc
ols.
In
f
ut
ur
e,
w
e
te
st
the
pr
opose
d
protoc
ol
with
m
or
e
com
plex
netw
orks
a
nd
use
m
or
e p
e
rform
ance p
a
ram
eter
s.
R
EFE
RE
NCE
S
[1]
K.
N.
Qureshi
,
M.
U.
Bashir
,
J.
Ll
or
et
,
and
A
.
Le
on,
“
Optimized
Cluste
r
-
B
ase
d
D
y
nami
c
En
erg
y
-
Aw
are
Routi
n
g
Protocol
for
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Networks
in
Agric
ult
u
re
Prec
ision,
”
Jou
rnal
of
Senso
rs
,
2020
,
do
i
:
10.
1155/2020/
90
40395
.
[2]
K.
N.
Qureshi,
S.
Din,
G.
Jeon,
and
F.
Picc
ialli,
“
Li
nk
Quali
t
y
a
nd
Ene
rg
y
Ut
il
i
z
at
ion
Based
Pref
era
bl
e
Next
Hop
Sele
c
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