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e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
l
an
ts
,
r
esid
e
n
tial
a
n
d
co
m
m
er
c
ial
b
u
ild
in
g
f
o
r
th
i
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
i.e
.
B
u
ild
in
g
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
s
er
v
ices
f
r
o
m
E
SC
O
(
E
n
er
g
y
Sav
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
an
ie
s
)
.
B
u
i
ld
in
g
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
h
av
e
b
e
en
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
ld
in
1
9
7
0
,
in
itia
ll
y
it
w
a
s
s
tar
ted
w
it
h
v
er
y
li
m
ited
f
ea
t
u
r
es
b
u
t
w
i
th
i
n
ti
m
e
a
lo
t
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
s
an
d
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
m
ad
e,
s
tar
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
li
g
h
te
n
i
n
g
to
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
o
f
a
b
u
ild
i
n
g
to
g
eth
er
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
alar
m
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
a
f
u
r
th
er
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
I
n
tr
u
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
cl
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
tele
v
is
io
n
C
C
T
V
[
2
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
ter
m
e
d
as
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
E
S
C
O
a
s
w
ell
w
h
er
ea
s
E
S
C
O
i
s
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
i
t
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
e
n
tit
y
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
f
s
u
c
h
s
er
v
ice
s
li
k
e
r
etr
o
f
itti
n
g
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
en
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
o
u
ts
o
u
r
cin
g
,
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
an
d
r
is
k
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
a
co
m
p
lete
in
s
ta
llatio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
je
ct
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
b
e
in
cl
u
s
i
v
e
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
E
S
C
O
i
s
n
o
t
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
b
u
t
it
’
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
les
s
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
o
s
o
.
2
.
2
.
I
m
po
rt
a
nce
o
f
E
SCO
f
o
r
E
n
er
g
y
Sa
v
ing
Star
ted
in
itial
l
y
a
s
co
n
s
u
lta
n
c
y
,
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
eig
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
E
SC
O
estab
lis
h
ed
its
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
t
in
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
ec
to
r
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
s
i
n
ce
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
i
n
g
d
o
esn
’
t
r
ec
ei
v
ed
a
w
ar
m
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
w
elco
m
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
e
s
w
h
ic
h
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
la
ter
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
.
Desp
ite
o
f
its
s
tr
u
g
g
li
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
E
S
C
O
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
en
ied
o
r
u
n
d
er
v
al
u
ed
as
in
to
d
a
y
's
w
o
r
ld
o
f
r
is
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
r
ices
an
d
h
ig
h
co
n
s
c
io
u
s
n
es
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
m
a
n
y
o
f
f
iciald
o
m
s
ar
e
tak
i
n
g
s
tep
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
n
e
w
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ar
e
also
in
itiati
n
g
s
e
v
er
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
le
v
els
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
ce
r
tain
in
ce
n
ti
v
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
a
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ac
ti
n
g
w
h
ic
h
is
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
E
S
C
O
o
r
E
n
er
g
y
Ser
v
ice
is
a
co
m
p
lete
e
n
er
g
y
s
er
v
ice
co
n
ce
p
t
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
s
c
h
e
m
es
o
r
p
lan
s
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
b
u
ild
i
n
g
f
ac
ilit
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
m
i
n
i
m
ized
p
r
o
j
ec
t
cy
cle
co
s
t.
A
n
e
n
er
g
y
s
er
v
ice
co
m
p
an
y
(
E
SC
O)
is
a
co
m
m
er
cial
o
r
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
it
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
d
esig
n
s
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
[
3
]
.
E
SC
Os
ar
e
b
asic
all
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
c
y
cle,
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
.
T
h
e
E
SC
O
's
p
a
y
m
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
e
d
b
o
th
in
in
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
e
cu
n
iar
y
ter
m
s
.
E
SC
Os
o
f
f
er
s
i
m
i
lar
s
er
v
ice
s
as
E
n
er
g
y
Ser
v
ice
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
C
o
m
p
an
ies
(
E
SP
C
s
)
.
Ho
w
ev
e
r
,
in
co
n
tr
a
s
t
to
t
h
e
m
,
E
S
C
O
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
t
h
e
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
t
h
e
ir
r
e
m
u
n
er
atio
n
i
s
lin
k
ed
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ic
h
it
’
s
s
el
f
-
ex
p
lai
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
E
S
C
O
i
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
E
S
C
Os
m
a
y
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
r
ar
r
an
g
e
f
in
a
n
ci
n
g
w
h
ich
n
o
o
th
er
s
c
h
e
m
e
in
t
h
i
s
s
ec
to
r
d
o
s
o
.
3.
I
M
P
O
RT
ANC
E
O
F
E
SCO
M
AL
AYSI
AN
P
E
R
SPE
CT
I
VE
Ma
la
y
s
ia
in
a
m
ar
k
e
t
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
tth
at
t
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
g
ap
is
k
ee
p
o
n
in
cr
e
asin
g
an
d
th
a
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
q
u
ite
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
alo
n
g
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
2
,
0
0
0
P
J
(
2
0
0
9
)
t
o
4
,
0
1
3
PJ
(
2
0
3
0
)
,
av
er
ag
e
r
ate
o
f
3
.
6
%
/y
e
ar
w
h
ich
it
s
el
f
v
er
y
alar
m
i
n
g
an
d
co
m
p
et
iti
v
e
[
4
]
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
e
cto
r
s
b
o
th
ar
e
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
av
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
s
h
o
r
t
ter
m
a
n
d
lo
n
g
ter
m
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ta
k
en
is
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
i.e
.
E
SC
O
i
n
itiat
i
v
es
w
h
i
le
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
n
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
f
o
r
n
e
w
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i.e
.
r
en
e
w
ab
le
an
d
alter
n
ati
v
e
en
er
g
y
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
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N:
2502
-
4752
A
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ev
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C
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271
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
De
m
an
d
a
n
d
Su
p
p
l
y
Gap
Ma
la
y
s
ia
3
.
1
.
P
ro
ble
m
a
n
d Cha
lleng
es o
f
E
SCO
in M
a
la
y
s
ia
E
SC
O
as
a
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
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m
en
t
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er
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E
f
f
icie
n
c
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P
r
o
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e
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f
ac
e
s
a
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
ch
al
len
g
es.
A
s
E
S
C
Os
o
f
f
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
ac
ts
(
i.e
.
,
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
th
at
tie
t
h
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
SC
O
to
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t)
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
s
o
th
e
v
er
y
f
ir
s
t
ch
allen
g
e
is
t
h
e
p
ast
w
o
r
k
/s
a
v
in
g
o
f
a
n
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t
b
y
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
E
SC
O
o
th
er
th
an
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
m
u
l
ti
-
le
v
el
ch
alle
n
g
es
w
h
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
p
r
e
i
n
it
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
a
n
y
E
SC
O
p
r
o
j
ec
t
an
d
so
m
eti
m
e
f
o
llo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
s
t in
itiatio
n
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
p
h
ase
w
h
ic
h
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
E
SCO
s
Cre
dentia
ls
T
h
e
v
er
y
f
ir
s
t
ch
alle
n
g
e
th
at
as
E
SC
O
f
ac
e
is
to
estab
li
s
h
i
ts
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
it
s
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
d
eliv
er
ab
les.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
cr
ed
en
tial
s
,
E
S
C
Os
m
u
s
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
tech
n
ical
&
m
an
a
g
er
i
al
co
m
p
eten
c
ies
to
d
esig
n
&
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
li
k
e
L
i
g
h
t
in
g
,
Mo
to
r
s
&
Dr
iv
e
s
,
Hea
tin
g
&
s
tea
m
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
H
VAC
S
y
s
te
m
s
,
C
o
n
tr
o
l
S
y
s
te
m
s
,
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
De
m
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
ls
,
an
d
B
u
ild
in
g
E
n
v
elo
p
e
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
at
b
u
ild
i
n
g
/in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ac
ilit
ies.
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
rio
rit
y
VS B
us
ines
s
E
nv
iro
n
m
ent
E
E
P
’
s
(
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
)
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
v
ie
w
s
as
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
in
v
e
s
t
m
en
t
w
h
ich
i
s
a
h
u
r
d
le
f
o
r
E
SC
O
to
p
en
etr
ate
f
o
r
a
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
an
d
also
to
p
lay
its
r
o
l
e
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
as
E
E
P
s
h
av
e
lo
w
p
r
io
r
it
y
v
s
co
r
e
b
u
s
in
ess
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
o
r
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
o
n
’
t
f
ix
o
r
r
ep
lace
u
n
til
its
b
r
o
k
en
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
as
w
e
ll a
s
ch
a
llen
g
e
f
o
r
E
SC
O
to
in
itiate
an
E
E
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
3
.
1
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
E
f
f
iciency
Aw
a
re
nes
s
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
v
ita
l
is
s
u
e
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
is
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
o
r
th
e
f
ac
ili
t
y
o
w
n
er
n
o
t
co
n
v
in
ce
d
o
n
ac
tu
al
co
s
t
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
clai
m
ed
o
r
ac
h
iev
ed
o
r
a
w
ar
e
o
f
p
r
o
v
en
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
t
&
Ver
i
f
icatio
n
(
M&
V)
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
is
u
n
s
u
r
e
atti
tu
d
e
is
t
i
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
c
h
alle
n
g
e
f
o
r
E
SC
OS
a
s
th
e
cr
ed
it
s
h
ar
e
is
to
tall
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
n
er
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
it
d
ir
ec
tly
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
p
r
o
f
it
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
E
SC
O
an
d
s
o
m
eti
m
e
al
s
o
m
a
y
lead
to
a
leg
al
d
is
p
u
te.
3
.
1
.
4
.
E
E
P
’
s
F
u
nd
i
ng
a
nd
L
o
w
B
e
nef
it
s
As
E
S
C
O
co
n
ce
p
t
i
s
t
h
at
i
t
g
e
n
er
ates
its
o
w
n
f
u
n
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
lo
a
n
s
,
Min
i
s
ter
ial
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
’
s
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
in
v
e
s
t
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
w
h
ic
h
is
ti
m
e
an
d
e
f
f
o
r
ts
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
to
o
lo
n
g
o
r
th
e
b
ase
am
o
u
n
t
is
to
o
lo
w
w
h
ic
h
d
ir
e
ctl
y
ef
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
cr
ed
it
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
an
d
i
t
also
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
m
a
y
b
e
p
h
a
s
e
w
i
s
e
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
f
f
e
cted
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
en
ef
it
s
ar
e
to
o
lo
w
o
n
th
e
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
o
r
r
ad
ar
s
ca
le
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
th
E
SC
O
a
n
d
t
h
e
clie
n
t
if
it
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
co
m
p
l
ex
itie
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
is
k
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
T
h
e
i
m
m
at
u
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
m
ar
k
et
i
s
th
e
co
r
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
in
d
all
t
h
is
I
n
co
m
m
o
n
,
th
e
co
s
ts
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ar
e
q
u
ite
h
ig
h
an
d
m
o
s
t
s
m
all
E
S
C
Os
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
f
in
an
ce
p
r
o
j
ec
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
co
s
t
s
.
On
to
p
o
f
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
li
m
ited
ex
p
er
ien
ce
w
ith
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
E
SC
O
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
an
d
E
SC
Os
h
av
e
n
o
t
y
et
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
g
o
o
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
w
it
h
i
n
te
n
s
i
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
er
s
,
p
o
lic
y
m
a
k
er
s
a
n
d
f
i
n
an
cia
l
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
esp
ec
iall
y
B
an
k
s
an
d
o
th
er
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
f
u
l
l
y
a
w
ar
e
an
d
co
n
v
i
n
ce
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
a
n
d
r
is
k
s
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
b
u
s
i
n
ess
m
o
d
el
s
f
o
r
E
S
C
O.
A
s
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia
s
ti
ll
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
cial
in
s
tit
u
tes
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
P
r
o
j
ec
t
s
o
r
P
r
o
g
r
am
s
as
Hig
h
R
i
s
k
s
a
n
d
its
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
r
elate
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
a
n
d
s
ec
to
r
s
also
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
2
6
9
–
274
272
3
.
1
.
5
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n P
o
licy
a
nd
M
ec
ha
nis
m
s
U
nclea
rnes
s
.
L
ac
k
o
f
clea
r
p
o
lic
y
an
d
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
b
i
g
s
ca
le
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
is
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
E
S
C
O
f
ac
in
g
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
co
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
clea
r
p
o
licy
w
i
th
tar
g
ets
to
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
e
l
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
i
s
an
o
t
h
er
b
ig
o
b
s
tacle
f
o
r
E
SC
Os
to
g
r
o
w
.
B
o
th
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
n
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
c
y
tar
g
et
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
i
m
p
l
y
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
tar
g
e
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
g
i
v
e
n
o
r
d
ec
id
ed
.
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
in
g
e
n
u
itie
s
w
ith
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
es
o
f
ten
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
p
r
o
j
ec
t
to
p
r
o
j
ec
t
b
asis
b
ased
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
m
o
d
el
i
.
e.
p
u
r
ch
asi
n
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
o
th
er
is
s
u
e
i
n
th
is
m
o
d
el
i
s
th
at
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
is
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
en
d
it
u
r
e
b
y
th
e
o
w
n
er
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
/
clien
t
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
et
is
n
o
t
s
ec
u
r
ed
,
p
r
o
j
e
cts
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
to
w
ai
t
f
o
r
an
o
th
er
b
u
d
g
e
t
to
b
e
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
o
r
o
b
tain
ed
[6
-
7
]
.
A
ll
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
i
s
s
u
es
o
r
f
ac
to
r
s
lef
t
E
SC
Os
w
it
h
li
m
ited
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
to
tap
b
ig
g
er
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
t
o
co
m
p
ete
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
p
p
li
er
s
to
s
ec
u
r
e
clie
n
t
s
.
As
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
in
E
E
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
E
S
C
Os
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
g
r
o
w
f
u
r
th
er
in
t
h
is
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
E
S
C
O
’
s
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
m
o
d
el
s
u
ch
a
s
E
P
C
is
m
ea
n
t to
g
et
f
aster
r
es
u
lts
,
lo
n
g
ter
m
b
e
n
ef
its
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
r
is
k
s
ta
k
e
n
b
y
E
S
C
Os
f
o
r
t
h
eir
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
h
ile
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
ai
n
l
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
etiti
v
e
o
r
ch
ea
p
est
p
r
ice
to
s
ec
u
r
e
clien
t
s
.
P
r
o
j
ec
t
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
as
a
s
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
E
S
C
O
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
m
u
c
h
s
i
m
p
lic
it
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t in
itiatio
n
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
p
h
a
s
es.
4.
P
RO
J
E
CT
M
ANAG
E
M
E
N
T
AND
E
SCO
P
r
o
j
ec
t
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
an
y
's
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
d
esig
n
,
in
itia
te,
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ta
s
k
o
r
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
t
ty
p
i
ca
ll
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
a
o
n
e
-
ti
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
r
ath
er
th
an
a
n
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
it
y
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
c
es
m
a
n
ag
ed
i
n
cl
u
d
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
e
l,
f
in
a
n
ce
s
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
tellect
u
al
p
r
o
p
er
ty
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
also
in
v
o
lv
e
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
j
ec
t
p
lan
n
i
n
g
i
n
cl
u
d
es
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
,
d
eter
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
w
h
ic
h
a
lar
g
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
y
b
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
w
n
i
n
to
s
e
v
er
al
a
ctiv
itie
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
h
elp
f
u
l to
o
l f
o
r
E
E
Pro
j
ec
ts
[6
-
7
]
.
4
.
1
.
Usef
ul T
o
o
ls
o
f
P
ro
j
ec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
ent
f
o
r
E
SCO
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t
h
as
s
u
g
g
ested
th
a
t
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
to
w
ar
d
s
h
i
g
h
er
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
tar
g
ets.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
tar
g
ets
w
i
ll
b
e
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
est
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
etitio
n
a
n
d
m
ar
k
et
ab
ilit
y
.
P
r
o
j
ec
t M
an
ag
e
m
en
t d
r
a
w
a
f
ac
to
r
s
lis
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t f
r
o
m
s
cr
atc
h
to
to
p
th
o
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
also
th
e
k
ee
n
in
ter
est o
f
an
y
E
E
P
r
o
j
ec
t im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
a
r
e
as f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
1.
R
ea
lis
t
ic
g
o
al
(
P
r
o
j
ec
ted
/C
alcu
lated
E
n
er
g
y
Sa
v
i
n
g
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
Un
its
a
n
d
b
illi
n
g
)
2.
C
o
m
p
etitio
n
(
Oth
er
E
E
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
ac
i
lit
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
)
3.
C
lie
n
t
s
ati
s
f
ac
t
io
n
(
C
lien
t
aw
ar
e
n
ess
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
j
ec
t
in
itiatio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
)
4.
Def
i
n
ite
g
o
al
(
C
lear
I
d
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
o
f
E
SC
O
o
p
er
atio
n
n
ee
d
to
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
e.
g
.
r
etr
o
f
itti
n
g
o
r
o
n
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
)
5.
P
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
(
P
r
o
j
ec
ted
P
r
o
f
it C
alcu
latio
n
a
n
d
its
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
)
6.
T
h
ir
d
p
a
r
ties
(
s
u
b
-
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
if
n
ee
d
ed
an
d
its
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
e
to
tal
p
r
o
f
it /s
av
i
n
g
s
)
7.
Ma
r
k
et
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
(
Av
ailab
il
it
y
r
esear
c
h
o
f
P
r
o
j
ec
t
m
ater
i
al
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
p
p
l
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
ec
t im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
)
8.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
Dec
is
io
n
o
f
Sta
g
es
/P
h
ase
o
f
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
w
it
h
E
S
C
O
an
d
clie
n
t
co
n
s
en
t )
9.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t (
T
o
tal
in
v
est
m
en
t c
o
s
t a
n
d
s
av
i
n
g
w
i
ll g
iv
e
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
P
r
o
j
ec
t)
.
4
.
1
.
1
.
E
SCO
Su
cc
e
s
s
a
n
d F
a
ilu
re
a
nd
P
ro
j
ec
t
M
a
na
g
e
m
ent
P
ri
ncipl
es
P
r
o
j
ec
t
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
a
v
al
u
ab
le
d
is
cip
lin
e
t
h
at
allo
w
s
E
S
C
Os
to
m
ee
t
t
h
eir
clien
ts
’
g
o
a
ls
/tar
g
et
s
.
No
t
o
n
l
y
elec
tr
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
u
t
also
s
u
b
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
p
r
o
j
ec
t
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
an
E
E
p
r
o
j
ec
t
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
c
an
b
e
m
ad
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
w
h
ic
h
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
to
tal
co
s
t a
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
R
ev
iew
o
n
E
S
C
O’
s
C
h
a
llen
g
es a
n
d
P
r
o
ject
Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
a
s
a
s
o
lvin
g
To
o
l
(
W
a
q
a
r
Ta
r
i
q
A
)
273
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
SC
O
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
r
o
j
ec
t Cy
c
le
P
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
its
el
f
is
an
e
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
iter
at
iv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
c
y
cle
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
tical
p
r
in
cip
le
s
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
n
o
t
j
u
s
t
at
th
e
i
n
itia
l
p
lan
n
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e.
E
v
en
o
n
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t
w
h
ich
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
g
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
il
y
,
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
es
ti
m
ati
n
g
“
to
co
m
p
let
io
n
”
is
a
n
ess
e
n
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
m
a
n
a
g
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lta
n
t
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
m
u
s
t
n
ev
er
b
e
allo
w
ed
to
b
ec
o
m
e
an
en
d
in
its
el
f
.
P
r
o
j
ec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
o
th
er
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
j
ec
t
s
et
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
[
1
0
-
1
1
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ir
v
al
u
e
o
n
l
y
to
th
e
ex
te
n
t t
h
at
t
h
e
y
e
n
ab
le
o
n
e
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
m
o
r
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Af
ter
t
h
e
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
E
SC
O
it
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
estab
li
s
h
ed
th
a
t
Fo
r
an
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
ici
en
c
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t
to
b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
th
er
e
m
u
s
t,
f
ir
s
t,
b
e
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
j
ec
t m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t a
n
d
it
s
a
n
al
y
tica
l
p
r
in
cip
les
w
it
h
i
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
an
d
th
i
s
r
o
le
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
lace
d
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
a
w
id
er
p
r
o
ject
alo
n
g
s
id
e
o
th
er
o
u
ts
id
e
cr
iter
ia
a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
an
a
g
er
o
r
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
E
S
C
O
m
u
s
t
allo
w
th
e
clien
t/
f
ac
ili
t
y
o
w
n
er
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
ac
tiv
e
l
y
i
n
th
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
h
ases
a
n
d
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
th
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h
an
ce
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s
s
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cc
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s
.
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D
Bu
ll
o
c
k
,
Ca
ry
,
a
n
d
Ge
o
rg
e
Ca
ra
g
h
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iu
r.
“
G
u
id
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to
En
e
rg
y
S
e
rv
i
c
e
s
Co
m
p
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e
Fa
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t
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In
c
.
,
2
0
0
1
.
1
0
M
a
r.
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
h
tt
p
:
//
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w
.
n
a
e
sc
o
.
o
rg
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h
a
t
-
is
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an
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o
[3
]
T
a
riq
,
W
,
M
u
sta
f
a
,
A
&
Ra
so
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l
,
Z.
(2
0
1
2
).
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ld
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M
a
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m
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S
y
ste
m
f
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A
Un
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”
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Asia
n
J
o
u
rn
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l
Of
En
g
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c
ien
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s
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e
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h
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l
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2
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1
0
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1
0
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trb
a
c
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„
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n
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a
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g
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m
e
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t:
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s‟
,
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e
rg
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y
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3
6
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p
p
.
4
4
1
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–
4
4
2
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
h
tt
p
:
//
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p
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%
2
0
sa
v
in
g
[4
]
M
u
n
n
s,
A
.
K.,
a
n
d
Ba
ss
a
m
F
.
Bje
irm
i.
"
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
p
ro
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
a
c
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iev
in
g
p
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jec
t
su
c
c
e
ss
"
.
In
ter
n
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ti
o
n
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l
jo
u
rn
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l
o
f
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ro
jec
t
ma
n
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g
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me
n
t
1
4
.
2
(1
9
9
6
):
8
1
-
8
7
.
[5
]
Ch
im
a
la
w
o
n
g
,
P
.
(
2
0
0
3
),
“
A
F
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
S
tu
d
y
o
n
C
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
n
g
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Dro
p
b
y
a
G
rid
”
.
[6
]
Bela
ss
i,
W
a
li
d
,
a
n
d
Oy
a
Ie
me
li
T
u
k
e
l
,
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n
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w
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w
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ter
m
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ts"
.
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1
4
.
3
(
1
9
9
6
):
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4
1
-
1
5
1
.
[7
]
“
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issio
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P
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n
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2
0
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,
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tricity
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p
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ly
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stry
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M
a
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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Sci,
Vo
l
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1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
2
6
9
–
274
274
[8
]
P
o
ll
a
c
k
,
Ju
li
e
n
.
"
T
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
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ra
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ig
m
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t
m
a
n
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g
e
m
e
n
t
"
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
p
ro
je
c
t
ma
n
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g
e
me
n
t
.
2
5
.
3
(
2
0
0
7
):
2
6
6
-
2
7
4
.
[9
]
W
a
q
a
r
T
a
riq
a
,
L
u
t
f
i
Oth
m
a
n
b
,
No
rm
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n
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.
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a
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,
No
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z
ri
b
.
A
b
d
.
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a
h
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b
d
,
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h
a
t
S
m
a
rt
Bu
il
d
in
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
c
a
n
o
ffe
r:
Brief
Dis
c
u
ss
io
n
b
y
tak
in
g
M
a
la
y
sia
n
p
o
w
e
r
in
f
r
a
stru
c
tu
re
a
s
a
sa
m
p
le
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s”
.
in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IS
S
N
1
8
0
4
-
3
1
1
9
)In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
CEE
).
[1
0
]
A
ll
e
n
,
T
h
o
m
a
s
J.,
De
n
is
M
S
L
e
e
,
a
n
d
M
ich
a
e
l
L
.
T
u
sh
m
a
n
.
"
R&
D
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
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e
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
o
f
in
tern
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
p
r
o
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
th
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
th
e
w
o
rk
"
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t.
1
(1
9
8
0
):
2
-
1
2
.
B
I
B
L
I
O
G
R
AP
H
Y
O
F
AUT
H
O
RS
En
g
r.
W
a
q
a
r
T
a
riq
w
a
s b
o
rn
o
n
2
7
th
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
8
7
a
t
Ka
ra
c
h
i,
P
a
k
istan
.
He
stu
d
ied
in
M
a
jo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
f
o
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
rs d
e
g
re
e
(En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
a
t
Iq
ra
U
n
iv
e
rsity
fro
m
2
0
0
7
to
2
0
1
2
.
He
sta
rted
w
o
rk
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
in
tern
sh
i
p
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n
d
if
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r
e
n
t
w
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ll
k
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o
w
n
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s li
k
e
P
a
k
istan
A
r
m
y
,
P
a
k
istan
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
irl
in
e
s an
d
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v
ialit
e
S
d
n
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d
,
M
a
lay
sia
s
e
rv
in
g
in
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iel
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se
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ice
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n
g
in
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g
,
m
a
n
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f
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g
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n
d
p
r
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d
u
c
ti
o
n
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
sa
les
a
n
d
m
a
r
k
e
ti
n
g
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
d
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v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
M
a
ste
rs De
g
re
e
p
ro
g
ra
m
in
2
0
1
5
m
a
jo
rin
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
D
in
P
r
o
jec
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
F
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
tra M
a
lay
sia
.
Ir.
Dr.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
L
u
tf
iOth
m
a
n
r
e
c
e
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e
d
th
e
BS
c
d
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re
e
w
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h
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a
g
n
a
Cu
m
L
a
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d
e
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isti
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ti
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ro
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Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
A
rizo
n
a
,
T
u
c
so
n
,
A
Z,
USA
,
in
1
9
9
0
a
n
d
th
e
M
S
c
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tri
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ro
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th
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l
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y
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,
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g
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la
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in
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0
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.
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p
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h
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d
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in
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ro
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ra
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ly
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sin
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d
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ta m
in
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p
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h
.
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rre
n
tl
y
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h
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a
f
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ll
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ss
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c
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o
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t
h
e
De
p
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n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
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En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
tra M
a
lay
sia
.
He
is
a
lso
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n
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c
tri
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a
l
En
g
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g
Co
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su
lt
a
n
t
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
se
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s in
st
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ll
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d
a
n
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tri
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Dire
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to
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g
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su
lt
a
n
c
y
f
ir
m
a
s an
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ff
o
rt
o
f
in
term
in
g
li
n
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia an
d
in
d
u
strial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
T
h
is
se
rv
e
s as
a
n
o
p
p
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rtu
n
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y
f
o
r
h
is
stu
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e
n
ts
to
a
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in
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m
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strial
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n
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.
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m
m
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d
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d
e
r
th
e
Bo
a
r
d
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs M
a
lay
si
a
(BEM
)
a
n
d
a
Co
r
p
o
ra
te
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs M
a
la
y
sia
(IE
M
).
He
is
a
lso
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs (IE
EE
)
w
h
ich
is
b
a
se
d
i
n
th
e
U
S
A
.
Ir.
Dr.
No
o
r
Iz
z
ri
A
b
d
u
l
W
a
h
a
b
is
f
u
ll
ti
m
e
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
u
tra M
a
lay
sia
h
a
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic an
d
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
F
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
2
0
1
0
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
ters
tes
a
re
a
s
f
o
ll
o
w
s P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
S
tab
il
it
y
,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
A
rti
f
icia
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I)/
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
In
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
(CI)
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
.
D
r.
M
a
n
so
o
r
E
b
ra
h
im
,
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
S
.
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
S
ir
S
y
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
K
a
ra
c
h
i,
P
a
k
istan
a
n
d
h
is
M
S
c
in
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
Qu
e
e
n
M
a
ry
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
UK
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
(Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
)
f
ro
m
S
u
n
w
a
y
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
is
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
w
it
h
Iq
ra
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
P
a
k
istan
a
s A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
ien
c
e
s an
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
His c
u
rre
n
t
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts f
o
c
u
se
s o
n
im
a
g
e
a
n
d
v
id
e
o
a
n
a
ly
sis a
n
d
c
o
m
p
re
ss
io
n
,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
p
o
w
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
im
a
g
e
c
r
y
p
to
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
I
o
T
.
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