Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
24
,
No.
1
,
Octo
be
r
2021
,
pp.
70
~
8
0
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 1
0.1
1591/i
j
eecs
.v
24
.i
1
.
pp
70
-
8
0
70
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
The absorb
er and
buffer laye
r thi
cknesses
for CdTe/CdS
based
thin
film sol
ar cel
l efficien
cy at
various
operational
tempe
ratures
Omar
Gh
an
i
m
G
h
az
al
1
,
A
hmed
W
al
ed
Ka
sim
2
,
N
ab
e
el
Z
uha
ir
Tawfeeq
3
1,3
Coll
ege of
En
vironmenta
l
Science
s a
nd
T
ec
hno
log
y
,
Univ
ersi
t
y
of
Mos
ul,
Mos
ul
Cit
y
,
Ir
aq
2
Engi
nee
r
ing
T
e
chni
c
al
Co
ll
eg
e of
Mos
ul,
North
ern
T
ec
hn
ic
a
l
U
nive
rsit
y
,
Mos
ul Cit
y
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
22,
2021
Re
vised
J
ul
28
,
2021
Accepte
d
Aug
4
,
2021
Cadmium
te
ll
uri
de
(
CdTe
)
/
cad
m
ium
sulfide
(CdS)
solar
ce
ll
is
a
prom
ising
ca
ndid
at
e
for
ph
otovol
taic
(PV
)
ene
rg
y
produ
ct
i
on,
as
f
abr
icat
io
n
costs
ar
e
compare
d
b
y
sil
i
con
wafe
rs.
W
e
inc
lud
e
an
anal
ysis
of
CdTe
/CdS
solar
c
el
ls
while
opti
m
iz
in
g
struct
ura
l
par
amete
rs.
S
ola
r
ce
l
l
ca
pa
ci
t
an
c
e
sim
ula
tor
(SCA
P
S)
-
1D
3.
3
software
is
used
to
an
aly
z
e
a
nd
deve
lop
ene
r
g
y
-
e
fficie
nt
.
The
impa
ct
of
o
per
ating
th
ermal
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
on
s
ola
r
ce
l
ls
is
hig
hli
ghte
d
in
thi
s
art
i
cle
to
e
xplore
th
e
te
m
per
at
ur
e
dep
end
enc
e
.
PV
par
a
m
et
ers
were
ca
l
cul
a
te
d
in
th
e
diffe
ren
t
absorbe
r,
buffe
r
,
an
d
window
la
y
er
thi
ckne
ss
es
(CdTe
,
CdS
,
an
d
SnO
2).
Th
e
ef
fec
t
of
th
e
thi
ck
nesses
of
the
l
a
yer
s,
and
th
e
funda
m
ent
al
charac
t
eri
sti
cs
of
open
-
ci
r
cui
t
vol
tage,
fill
factor,
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
cur
ren
t
,
and
sol
ar
ene
rg
y
conv
ersion
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
were
stud
ie
d
.
The
result
s
show
ed
the
thi
c
kness
of
the
absorbe
r
and
buffe
r
lay
ers
coul
d
be
opti
m
iz
ed
.
The
t
empera
tur
e
had
a
m
aj
or
i
m
pac
t
on
the
C
dTe
/CdS
solar
c
el
ls
as
wel
l.
The
opti
m
ized
solar
ce
l
l
has
a
n
e
ffic
i
ency
pe
rform
anc
e
of
>14%
when
expose
d
to
the
AM
1.
5
G
spec
tr
um
.
CdTe
3000
nm
,
CdS
50
nm,
SnO
2
50
0
nm
,
and
(at
)
T
300k
were
the
I
-
V
cha
racte
rist
ics
gave
the
best
conve
rsion
open
circui
t
v
olt
ag
e
(Voc
)
=0
.
8317
volt
s,
sh
ort
ci
r
cuit
cur
r
ent
dens
i
t
y
(Js
c)
=23.
15
m
A/cm2,
fill
fa
ct
or
(FF
)
%=77
.
48,
and
eff
i
cienc
y
(
η
)
%=14
.
73.
The
result
s
c
an
be
used
to
provide
important
g
uida
nc
e
for
futu
re
work
on
m
ult
i
-
junc
t
ion
s
ola
r cell
d
esign.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CdTe/C
dS
SCAPS
-
1D
So
la
r
cell
Thin fil
m
so
la
r
cel
l
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Om
ar G
ha
nim
Gh
azal
Coll
ege
of
En
vi
ronm
ental
Sci
ences a
nd Tec
hnology
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f M
os
ul
Mosu
l C
it
y, I
ra
q
Em
a
il
:
o
m
arg
g@u
om
os
ul.edu
.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
c
onversi
on
of
s
olar
e
ne
rg
y
by
us
in
g
photov
oltai
c
(P
V)
,
is
a
di
re
ct
transfor
m
at
i
on
of
ene
rg
y
rad
ia
ti
on
int
o
el
ect
rical
power,
is
one
of
the
sim
ple
m
et
ho
ds
t
o
r
e
du
ce
the
e
xisti
ng
natu
ral
re
so
urces
exh
a
us
ti
ng
s
uc
h
as
nu
cl
ea
r
f
uel,
ga
s,
oil,
a
nd
c
oal
that
produce
e
nviro
nm
ental
pr
oble
m
s
[1
]
-
[
9]
.
L
ow
-
c
os
t
high
-
perf
or
m
a
nce
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
m
ade
By
r
eachin
g
a
ta
r
ge
t
of
le
ss
tha
n
on
e
us
doll
ar
pe
r
pea
k
w
at
t,
the
cadm
iu
m
te
ll
u
ride
(C
dTe)
s
ol
ar
cel
l
is
do
m
inati
ng
the
next
gen
erati
on
of
so
la
r
cel
ls.
,
w
hich
is
a
ben
c
hm
ark
for
c
om
petitiveness
with
oth
er
el
ect
rici
ty
ge
ner
at
io
n
re
so
urces
s
uc
h
as
fossil
fuel
s,
nucl
ear,
bi
om
ass,
geo
t
her
m
al
[1
]
-
[
11
]
.
The
s
olar
cel
ls,
base
d
on
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
CdT
e
thi
n
fil
m
,
hav
e
s
hown
hi
gh
ef
fici
ency
,
and
l
ong
-
te
rm
perform
ance
unde
r
AM1
.
5
il
lum
inati
on
[12
]
-
[
14]
.
C
dTe/CdS
s
olar
cel
l
is
a
pr
om
isi
ng
cand
i
date
for
pract
ic
al
ly
the
econom
ic
al
wo
r
thwhil
e
la
rg
e
-
s
cal
e
glo
bal
pro
du
ct
io
n
[
11
]
,
[
15]
.
T
he
te
chnol
ogy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
absorber
and buff
er layer
thicknesse
s fo
r CdT
e/
C
dS ba
sed
… (
O
m
ar
Gha
nim G
ha
z
al
)
71
has
su
ccee
de
d
in
dev
el
opin
g
key
featu
re
s
of
CdTe
c
om
po
unds
,
in
par
ti
cula
r
def
e
ct
s
that
con
tr
ol
the
photov
oltai
c
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
are
util
iz
ed
f
or
a
n
a
bsor
be
nt
la
ye
r
of
t
he
incom
ing
li
ght
[11
]
,
[
15]
.
Ca
dm
iu
m
su
l
fide
(C
dS),
wh
ic
h
is
t
he
m
ai
n
f
unct
ion
of
the
buf
fer
la
ye
r
is
t
o
be
a
n
e
xcell
ent
heter
ojuncti
on
c
om
pan
io
n
to the p
-
ty
pe
a
bs
or
ber
lay
er
with m
ini
m
a
l m
is
m
a
tc
hin
g
t
he
la
tt
ic
e stru
ct
ur
e
, to
be
t
ran
s
par
e
nt to
i
ncid
ent li
gh
t,
and
al
s
o
the
de
fects
li
ke
inte
rf
ace
sta
te
s
to
be
m
ini
m
iz
ed
[15
]
,
[
16]
.
T
he
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
wi
ndow
la
ye
rs
to
transm
it
the
m
ajorit
y
of
the
li
gh
t
in
the
s
olar
sp
ect
r
um
is
dep
en
de
nt
on
the
ir
la
rg
e
ba
nd
ga
ps
.
S
nO2
is
e
asy
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
and
inex
pe
ns
ive
,
s
uffici
ently
condu
ct
ive
m
aking
it
the
ge
ne
ra
l
cho
ic
e
to
be
us
e
d
as
the
n
-
ty
pe
in
the j
unct
io
n
in
the S
olar
cel
l,
wh
ic
h
at
the
sa
m
e tim
e n
eeds
to b
e
to se
r
ve
a
s f
r
ont c
on
ta
ct
[17]
.
On
e
of
the
m
os
t
eff
ect
ive
f
act
or
s
on
the
So
la
r
cel
l’s
pa
nels’
ef
fici
en
cy
and
it
s
li
fe
tim
e,
is
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
op
e
rati
on.
For
each
inc
reas
e
in
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
(
1°
C)
t
he
s
olar
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
will
be
re
duc
ed
by
0.2%
t
o
0.5%
[18
]
,
[
19]
.
Stand
a
r
d
te
st
c
onditi
on
(
S
TC
)
i
s
us
e
d
in
desi
gnin
g
a
nd
te
sti
ng
t
he
s
olar
cel
l
unde
r
25°C,
bu
t
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
c
ondi
ti
on
s
can
be
m
uch
higher
up
to
+
40°C,
w
hich
reduces
the
η
(e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y)
by
5.12%
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
STC
co
ndit
ion
s
[11]
.
More
over,
t
her
e
is
an
acce
le
rati
on
i
n
the
age
of
the
so
la
r
cel
l
pan
el
du
e
t
o
th
e
th
erm
ally
trigg
e
red
degrad
at
i
on
m
echan
is
m
as
a
resu
lt
of
the
increase
d
tem
per
at
ur
e
in
the
pan
el
s
[
20
]
,
[
21]
.
T
o
reduc
e
phot
ovoltai
c
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
hu
ge
ef
forts
ha
ve
been
devoted
to
im
pro
ving
el
ect
rical
co
nversio
n
ef
fici
en
cy
,
al
te
ring
s
urface
em
issi
vit
y,
and
ref
le
ct
i
ng
unusa
ble
phot
ons.
S
olar
cel
ls
currently
ha
ve
an
ef
fici
ency
of
a
ppr
ox
im
ately
8
-
29%
i
n
la
borato
ry
set
ti
ng
s
,
that
e
ff
ic
i
ency
w
ou
l
d
he
lp
to
reduce
reli
ance
on non
-
re
newable res
ources
[2
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
21]
.
In
the
c
urren
t
researc
h,
a
nu
m
erical
stud
y
i
s
pr
ese
nted
of
the
thin
film
C
dTe/CdS
base
d
so
la
r
cel
ls
us
in
g
s
olar
cel
l
capaci
ta
nce
s
i
m
ulator
(
SCA
PS
)
-
1D
3.3.0
8
(
Ver
.
Ma
y
20
20).
The
key
pa
ram
et
ers,
includi
ng
op
e
n
-
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
(Voc),
f
il
l
factor
(F
F
),
short
ci
rcu
it
c
urren
t
(Isc),
an
d
the
ef
fici
enc
y
(η)
wer
e
cal
culat
ed
for
so
la
r
cel
l
sta
nd
a
r
di
z
ed
m
e
asur
em
ents
sp
e
ct
ru
m
the
AM1.5
sp
ect
ru
m
,
100
m
W
/c
m
2,
300K
[
11
]
,
[
22]
.
We
stu
dy
the
buf
f
er
la
ye
r
thick
ne
ss
infl
uen
ce
on
t
he
pe
r
for
m
ance
of
t
he
CdTe
s
olar
cel
ls,
the
abs
orbe
r
la
ye
r
thickne
ss
ef
fec
t,
and
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
im
pact
on
the
s
olar
cel
l
key
par
a
m
et
ers.
The
c
har
act
erist
ic
J
-
V
was
cal
culat
ed
f
or
var
i
ou
s
con
diti
on
s
(
t
hick
ness, t
e
m
per
at
ures)
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
The
pro
posed
structu
re
of
th
e
phot
ovoltai
c
is
heter
o
-
jun
ct
i
on
CdTe/C
dS
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1
.
A
n
analy
sis
is
do
ne
with
dif
fe
rent
values
f
or
ea
ch
par
am
et
er
to
in
vestigat
e
the
qual
it
y
o
f
t
he
ou
t
put
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
the
te
rm
of
so
la
r
cel
l
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
Com
pu
te
r
-
ai
de
d
desi
gn
i
s
us
e
d
with
a
wide
nu
m
ber
of
entry
par
am
eter
s
t
o
represe
nt
the
require
d
va
riat
ion
in
the
CdTe/C
dS
phot
ovoltai
c
.
In
t
his
stud
y
,
the
program
so
l
ar
cel
l
capaci
ta
nce
sim
ula
to
r
(S
CA
PS
-
1D
3.3.08)
is
use
d
f
or
s
ol
ar
cel
l
thin
fil
m
si
m
u
la
ti
on
.
SCAPS
-
1D
is
a
one
Dim
ension
al
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
ing
to
ol
[22
]
-
[
24]
.
It
is
base
d
on
so
lvi
ng
t
he
sem
ic
on
duct
or
dev
ic
e
m
od
el
ing
sem
i
cond
ucto
r
equat
ion
s
poisso
n'
s
and
co
ntin
uity
equ
at
ion
.
Th
ese
se
m
ic
on
du
ct
or
de
vice
eq
uations
are
us
e
d
to
de
scribe
the
w
ho
le
dev
ic
e
’s
si
m
ulati
on
dom
ai
n
[23
]
,
[
24]
.
T
he
str
uc
ture
la
ye
rs
that
are
e
m
ph
asi
zed
in
the
m
od
el
ing
are.
first
,
the
ti
n
oxide
(Sn
O2)
i
s
a
wind
ow
la
ye
r.
(Sn
O2)
belo
ngs
t
o
the
trans
par
e
nt
co
nductin
g
oxid
e
(TCO
)
fam
i
ly
.
since
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
SnO2
t
hin
fil
m
s
are
wi
de
-
band
ga
p
sem
ic
on
duct
or
s
that
are
hig
hly
being
use
d
in
thin
film
transistors
as
act
ive
chan
ne
l
m
a
te
rial
or
TCO
el
ect
ro
des
in
the
pro
du
ct
io
n
of
orga
nic
i
gh
t
-
em
i
tt
ing
diod
e
s
(LE
D
s
)
,
so
l
ar
cel
ls,
a
nd
flexible
disp
la
ys
[
25
]
.
And
m
olybd
en
um
(Mo)
as
ba
ck
co
ntact
la
ye
r
is
a
ver
y
com
m
on
con
ta
ct
fo
r
s
olar
ce
ll
,
cadm
ium
telluride
(p
-
CdTe
)
as
an
absorb
e
r
la
ye
r.
And
cadm
ium
su
lph
ide
(
n
-
CdS)
as
a
buf
f
er
la
ye
r
.
The
use
d
pa
ram
te
rs
of
the
baseli
ne
cel
l a
r
ei
n
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
1
.
S
olar
cell
stru
ct
ur
e
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i,
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l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
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:
70
-
8
0
72
Table
1
. SC
APS
-
1D
us
e
d pa
r
a
m
te
rs
for basl
ine cel
l
Para
m
ter
Cd
Te
Cd
S
Sn
O2
t (
µ
m
)
0
.5
0
.05
0
.50
0
Eg (eV
)
1
.45
2
.4
3
.60
0
(eV
)
3
.9
4
4
d
ielectric
p
e
r
m
ittiv
ity
(
relative
)
9
.4
10
9
CB
ef
f
ectiv
e den
si
ty
of
states (
c
m
-
3
)
8
×
10
17
2
.2
×
10
18
2
.2
×
10
18
VB ef
f
ectiv
e den
sity
o
f
states (
c
m
-
3
)
1
.8
×
10
19
1
.8
×
10
19
1
.8
×
10
19
electron
s
th
er
m
al v
elo
city
(c
m
/s
)
1
×
10
7
1
×
10
7
1
×
10
7
h
o
les th
er
m
al velo
city
(c
m
/s)
1
×
10
7
1
×
10
7
1
×
10
7
µe (c
m
²/Vs)
320
100
100
µp
(
c
m
²/Vs
)
40
25
25
d
o
n
o
r
d
en
sity
ND
(c
m
-
3
)
0
1
.1
×
10
18
1
×
10
17
accepto
r
d
en
sity
N
A (
c
m
-
3
)
2
×
10
14
0
0
The
pri
m
ary
perform
ance
par
am
et
ers
fo
r
so
la
r
cel
ls
are
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
current
(
Isc),
op
e
n
-
ci
rcu
i
t
vo
lt
age
(
Vo
c
),
m
axi
m
u
m
power
(
Pm
ax
)
,
a
nd
fill
facto
r
(F
F
).
T
hese
c
an
be
cha
ract
erized
by
a
c
urren
t
densi
ty
-
vo
lt
a
ge
(JV)
m
easurem
ent
(F
ig
ur
e
2).
Th
e
co
nver
sion
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
(η)
is
determ
i
ned
by
th
ese
pri
m
ary
par
am
et
ers.
F
or
reli
able
so
la
r
cel
l
I
-
V
te
st
pro
per
ti
es,
the
m
easur
em
ents
sh
oul
d
be
perf
or
m
ed
un
der
(
STC).
So
that
the
total
irrad
ia
nce
on
the
so
la
r
cel
l
is
equ
al
to
1000
W
/m
2
and
the
us
e
d
sp
ect
r
um
is
AM1.5.
A
nothe
r
i
m
po
rtant
pa
ra
m
et
er
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
ta
k
en
int
o
con
cer
n
beca
us
e
so
la
r
cel
l
per
f
or
m
ance
highly
rel
ie
s
on
th
e
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
s
olar
cel
l t
em
per
at
ur
e
is c
on
sta
nt at 25°C
[
11
]
,
[
22]
.
Figure
2. (a
)
E
xam
ple o
f
a
n I
-
V
properti
es
(
b)
Ma
xim
u
m
power cha
ra
ct
eris
ti
c fo
r
a s
olar c
el
l under
il
lu
m
inati
on
[
26]
Ov
e
rall
cu
rr
e
nt
(I)
is
the
diod
e
dark
(Id)
cu
r
ren
t
reduce
d
by
the
am
ou
nt
of
the
li
ght
-
i
nduc
ed
c
urren
t
(I
L
)
a
nd exp
re
ssed
as
(
1)
;
I
=
I
o
[
exp
(
qv
KT
)
−
1
]
−
I
L
(1)
wh
e
re
the
c
harge
is
q
(elect
r
on
an
d
hole
)
.
k
i
s
a
con
sta
nt
(B
oltzm
ann
’s
).
T
he
sat
urat
ion
c
urren
t
(
I
o)
,
w
hi
ch
is
known
as
dif
fusion
c
urre
nt,
or
le
aka
ge.
E
very
so
la
r
cel
l
des
ign
has
a
s
pecific
Io
a
s
a
pa
rt
of
desig
n
c
harac
te
r
t
ic
s.
Io d
e
pe
nd
i
ng on c
onta
ct
m
at
erial
s,
absorb
e
r,
a
nd
geo
m
et
ry o
f
the c
el
l
.
2.1.
Isc
Shor
t
ci
rc
uit
current
is
the
li
gh
t
-
ge
ner
at
e
d
current
or
phot
on
c
urre
nt,
w
hi
ch
flo
ws
w
he
n
the
loa
d
is
zero
in
the
e
xtern
al
ci
rcu
it
.
By
sh
or
te
ning
the
posit
ive
an
d
ne
gati
ve
te
r
m
inals,
it
can
be
achieve
d.
A
so
la
r
cel
l
'
s
sh
ort
-
ci
rc
uit
current
is
de
te
rm
ined
by
t
he
ph
oton
fl
ux
incident
on
it
,
wh
ic
h
is
co
ntr
olled
by
the
i
nc
ident
li
gh
t
sp
ect
r
um
.
The
pea
k
c
urr
ent
that
a
so
la
r
cel
l
can
gen
e
r
at
e
is
kn
ow
n
a
s
the
short
ci
rc
uit
curren
t
densi
ty
.
The
op
ti
cal
pr
op
e
rtie
s
of
the
so
la
r
cel
l,
s
uc
h
as
a
bs
or
ptio
n
an
d
ref
le
ct
io
n
withi
n
the
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
r
,
hav
e
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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E
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Sci
IS
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02
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4752
Th
e
absorber
and buff
er layer
thicknesse
s fo
r CdT
e/
C
dS ba
sed
… (
O
m
ar
Gha
nim G
ha
z
al
)
73
sign
ific
a
nt
i
m
pact
on
the
m
axi
m
u
m
cur
ren
t
t
hat
the
so
la
r
ce
ll
can
gen
e
rate.
Shor
t
ci
rc
uit
current
den
sit
y
(Jsc)
is
determ
ined
by
tw
o
f
or
m
s
of
l
os
s
i
n
the
sta
nd
a
rd
10
0
m
W
/cm
2
so
la
r
sp
ect
r
um
(AM
1.
5).
O
ptica
l
losses
occur
w
he
n
ph
otons
ei
ther
w
eren
'
t
absorb
e
d
or
we
re
a
bs
or
bed
with
ou
t
ge
ner
at
in
g
el
ect
r
on
-
ho
le
pai
rs
in
the
so
la
r
cel
l.
Sinc
e
phot
og
e
ne
rated
el
ect
r
on
-
hol
e
pairs
rec
om
bin
e
be
f
or
e
b
ei
ng
colle
ct
ed,
r
ecom
bin
at
ion
l
os
ses
do not all
c
on
tr
ibu
te
to
Jsc.
2.2.
Voc
Op
e
n
ci
rc
uit
volt
age
is
cal
cu
la
te
d
by
set
ti
ng
I=
0
in
the
overall
cu
rr
e
nt
expressi
on
i.e.
I=0
wh
e
n
V=Voc,
N
o
c
urre
nt
fl
ow
s
th
r
ough
the
e
xter
nal
ci
rc
uit
at
this
po
i
nt.
T
he
op
e
n
-
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
is
t
he
volt
age
wh
ic
h
a
so
la
r
c
el
l can del
iver i
n
the ci
rcu
it
for
m
axi
m
u
m
load
, i
n
a
no
t
her w
ord
;
Voc
=
KT
q
ln
(
IL
Io
+
1
)
≈
KT
q
ln
(
IL
Io
)
(2)
In
(
2)
sho
ws
t
hat
the
open
-
c
ircuit
volt
age
dep
e
nds
on
th
e
so
la
r
cel
l'
s
sat
ur
at
io
n
c
urre
nt
(
IO),
i
n
ano
t
her
w
ord
,
t
he
phot
on
cu
rrent
gen
e
rated
.
IL
pr
act
ic
al
ly
has
a
sm
al
l
var
ia
ti
on
,
s
o
that
t
he
sat
ur
at
io
n
c
urrent
has
a
n
im
po
rta
n
t
r
ole
in
im
prov
i
ng
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
th
e
so
la
r
cel
l.
Si
nce
the
val
ue
of
sat
urat
ion
c
urren
t
m
ay
chan
ge
by
order
of
m
agni
tud
e
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
inte
rfac
es
betwee
n
m
at
erial
s
that
f
or
m
ing
the
so
l
ar
cel
l
and
the
m
arti
a
l
char
act
eri
sti
c
s.
Mi
ni
m
iz
ing
IO
is
essent
ia
l
to
op
ti
m
izing
so
la
r
cel
l
per
f
or
m
ance
in
ge
ner
al
.
The
sat
urat
io
n
current
(IO)
is
dep
e
ndent
upon
the
s
olar
cel
l
reco
m
bin
at
ion.
He
nce,
Voc
is
an
in
dicat
or
of
t
he
a
m
ou
nt
of
rec
om
bin
at
ion
in
the
instr
um
ent.
At
r
oo
m
temperat
ur
e,
the
f
act
or
(K
T/
q)
i
n
(
2)
has
a
va
lue
of
(0.02
6
V
),
a
nd
the
natu
ral
lo
ga
rithm
of
(10
)
is
equ
al
to (2.
3).
F
or
a
n
id
eal
so
la
r
cel
l,
the
r
efore, V
OC
i
nc
reases
by (6
0
m
V)
at
room
te
m
per
at
ur
e
if
IS
C i
nc
r
eases by a
sin
gl
e o
r
der o
f
m
agn
it
ud
e
.
2.3.
FF
A
m
easur
e
of
the
knee'
s
sh
ar
pn
e
ss
in
an
I
-
V
curve
is
the
fill
factor
,
al
so
known
as
the
curve
facto
r
Figure
2,
show
s
how
well
a
j
unct
ion
h
as
bee
n
m
ade
in
the
cel
l.
The
fill
factor
is
the
rati
o
between
t
he
pro
duc
t
of,
open
-
ci
rc
ui
t
vo
lt
age
a
nd
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
cu
r
ren
t,
a
nd
t
he
m
axim
u
m
gen
er
at
ed
powe
r
by
a
so
la
r
cel
l.
Figure
2
sh
ows
the
poi
nt
on
the
s
olar
cel
l
'
s
J
-
V
chara
ct
erist
ic
at
wh
ic
h
the
so
la
r
cel
l
has
the
m
axim
u
m
ou
tp
ut
po
we
r
(P
m
ax)
.
It
is
ver
y
im
po
rtant
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
t
he
operati
on
of
the
so
la
r
cel
ls
at
the
Pm
ax
to
ens
ur
e
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
pro
duct
ion
.
I
n
pract
ic
e,
a
series
of
resist
ance
Rs
and
a
shu
nt
re
sist
ance
Rp
in
flue
nce
the
F
F
.
Th
e
pr
ese
nce
of
ser
ie
s
resist
ance
c
an
lo
wer
the
F
F
an
d
te
nds
t
o
be
higher
w
he
n
the
open
-
ci
rc
uit
volt
age
is
hi
gh
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
v
al
ue o
f
the
f
il
l fact
or is
one
t
hat
isn'
t p
os
s
ib
le
. In
Si
,
it
s m
a
xim
u
m
v
al
ue
is 0.8
8.
FF
=
Pmax
Isc
Voc
=
Im
ax
Vm
ax
Isc
Voc
(3)
2.4.
Pm
ax
and
η
The
m
axi
m
u
m
powe
r
pro
du
c
ed
by
the
de
vice
is
reali
zed
wh
e
n
t
he
c
urre
nt
an
d
volt
age
of
t
he
de
vice
reach
thei
r
m
axim
u
m
le
vels
on
the
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s.
As
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
2,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
is
gen
e
rated
at
a
sing
le
operati
onal
po
i
nt
(V
m
a
x,
Im
ax)
.
Vm
ax
an
d
Im
ax,
on
the
oth
er
ha
nd
,
are
diff
ic
ult
t
o
see
on
t
he
I
V
gra
ph.
I
ns
te
ad
,
since
they
are
c
ro
ss
-
po
i
nts
with
the
x
an
d
y
axes,
Vo
c
a
nd
Jsc
sta
nd
ou
t.
Th
e
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of a
so
la
r
cel
l i
s
de
f
ined
a
s the
r
at
i
o of i
nput
pow
er in l
igh
t t
o o
utput p
ower
in e
le
ct
rici
ty
.
Th
us
: T
he
m
axi
m
u
m
o
utput
powe
r
ca
n be
gi
ven in
(
4
)
.
Pmax
=
Im
ax
Vm
ax
=
Voc
Isc
FF
(4)
The p
ow
e
r
c
onver
si
on ef
fici
ency o
f
t
he
s
olar
cel
l can
be
g
i
ven as:
η%
=
Ef
f%
=
P
out
P
in
=
V
oc
Isc
FF
P
in
(5)
Pin is
def
i
ned
as the i
ncide
nt
powe
r.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pr
opos
e
d
CdTe
so
la
r
cel
l
per
f
or
m
ance
is
show
n
in
Figure
3,
aim
ed
at
inv
est
igati
ng
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
SnO2
/C
dS
/C
dTe/M
o (0.5/
0.0
5/
2)
µm
base
li
ne
cel
l st
ru
ct
ur
e
.
J
-
V
c
har
ac
te
risti
cs take in
d
ar
k
and
li
ght
plo
ts
(V
oc=
0.8
317
vo
lt
,
Jsc=
23.
154656
m
A/c
m
2,
FF%=7
6.48
a
nd
η%=
14.
73
).
T
he
rati
o
of
th
e
photo
n
-
ge
ner
at
ed
el
ect
r
on
s
to
the
nu
m
ber
of
phot
on
s
incid
ent
is
kn
own
a
s
the
qu
a
ntit
y
eff
ic
ie
ncy
(Q
E
)
of
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sc
i,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
70
-
8
0
74
so
la
r
cel
l
[26]
.
As
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
4,
the
QE
sp
ect
r
um
pr
ov
i
des
detai
ls
on
the
opti
cal
and
accum
ulate
d
losses
in
so
la
r
cel
ls.
The
QE
is
al
s
o
a
f
fected
by
the
cha
ng
e
in
abs
orber
la
ye
r
thick
ness.
O
ve
r
the
e
ntire
s
pectral
sp
ect
r
um
,
it
is
le
ss
than
90%
and
eve
n
nil
at
belo
w
200
nm
an
d
ove
r
850
nm
.
The
qua
ntu
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy
with
a
peak val
ue of
89.7% at λ=
(
650
-
800)
nm
an
d fall
s off
i
n
th
e
range
belo
w (300
-
350)
.
Figure
3
.
D
a
rk
/
li
gh
t J
-
V
c
ha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s o
f
C
dT
e so
la
r
cel
l
Fig
ure
4. Q
ua
nt
um
eff
ic
ie
ncy v
s a
bsor
ber la
ye
r
thic
kn
es
s
3.1.
Ab
s
orbe
r lay
er
thi
ckn
ess
ef
fect
The
sim
ulatio
n
is
sta
rte
d
by
a
dju
sti
ng
t
he
t
hickn
e
ss
of
the
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
r
f
ro
m
500
to
40
00
nm
with
the
il
lu
m
inati
on
co
nd
it
io
ns
AM1.5
(
100
m
W
/cm
2)
(see
Table
2
)
.
We
al
so
ob
se
rv
e
d
in
Table
2
the
best
par
am
et
ers
of
t
he
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
wh
e
re
the
t
hickn
e
ss
of
the
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
r
ha
d
bee
n
ob
ta
in
ed
f
or
3000
nm
.
The
thickne
ss
of
t
he
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
r
ta
kes
e
ff
e
ct
on
t
he
cel
l's
outp
ut
eff
ic
i
ency.
Fi
gures
5
-
8
re
veal
that
as
the
thickne
ss
of
C
dTe
increa
ses,
the
values
of
open
ci
rc
uit
vo
l
ta
ge
(Voc),
short
ci
rcu
it
curr
ent
den
sit
y
(Js
c),
fill
facto
r
(F
F
)
,
a
nd
powe
r
co
nve
rsion
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
(
η%)
rise.
T
his
is
du
e
to
t
he
producti
on
of
el
ect
ron
-
ho
le
pairs.
The
lo
ng
-
wa
ve
le
ng
th
ph
otons
with
the
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
r
will
be
dee
pe
r.
T
he
cel
l'
s
best
rec
orde
d
powe
r
conve
rsion e
ff
i
ci
ency val
ue
is
14.73%
of
t
he 3
μm
ab
so
r
be
r l
ay
er th
ic
kness
. T
his is as
sho
wn in
Tab
le
2.
Table
2.
O
utpu
t
perform
ance o
f
so
la
r
cel
ls t
o abs
orbe
r
la
ye
r
thick
nesses
Cd
Te
Thick
n
ess
(
µ
m
)
Vo
c
(vo
lt)
Jsc
(
m
A
/c
m
2
)
FF%
Ef
f
%
0
.5
0
.69
1
1
1
9
.97
7
2
4
8
1
.53
1
1
.26
1
0
.73
2
6
2
2
.08
5
4
1
6
8
1
.08
1
3
.12
1
.5
0
.77
6
2
2
2
.67
6
3
6
2
7
9
.74
1
4
.04
2
0
.79
9
7
2
2
.93
6
5
5
4
7
9
.12
1
4
.51
2
.5
0
.81
8
1
2
3
.07
7
3
2
2
7
7
.82
1
4
.69
3
0
.83
1
7
2
3
.15
4
6
5
6
7
6
.48
1
4
.73
(
m
ax
)
3
.5
0
.84
1
2
3
.19
5
4
1
9
7
5
.63
1
4
.7
4
0
.84
6
7
2
3
.21
6
7
5
7
4
.46
1
4
.64
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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J
E
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Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
absorber
and buff
er layer
thicknesse
s fo
r CdT
e/
C
dS ba
sed
… (
O
m
ar
Gha
nim G
ha
z
al
)
75
Figure
5.
V
oc r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p wit
h
C
dTe
la
ye
r
t
hick
ness
Figure
6
.
Jsc
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p wit
h C
dTe
la
ye
r
thi
ckn
e
ss
Figure
7
.
FF
%
relat
ion
s
hip wi
th CdTe
lay
er t
hick
ness
Figure
8
.
η% r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p wit
h
C
dTe
la
ye
r
t
hick
ness
3.2.
Bu
ff
er
la
yer
th
ic
knes
s
eff
ec
t
The
va
riance
i
n
nanoscale
of
the
C
dS
buf
fe
r
la
ye
r
t
hick
ne
ss
m
akes
the
s
yst
e
m
sensiti
ve
to
a
sli
ght
change
in
the
t
hick
ness
ef
fect
(Tab
le
3)
wit
h
a
fixe
d
CdT
e
thicknes
s
of
(
1µm
)
,
wh
ic
h
te
nd
s
to
dif
fer
in
the
perform
ance
par
am
et
ers.
T
he
res
ults
rel
at
ed
to
Cd
S
la
ye
r
thickne
s
s
in
Fig
ur
e
s
9
-
13
are
dark
/l
igh
t
perform
ance
,
Vo
c
,
Jsc,
F
F
%
,
an
d
η%
w
il
l
be
decr
eas
ed
w
he
n
the
thick
ness
of
C
dS
inc
rease
d.
If
m
or
e
photons
t
hat
hold
great
er
e
ne
rg
y
th
an
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
ba
ndga
p
of
t
he
C
dS
a
re
abs
orbe
d
by
this
la
ye
r,
t
he
num
ber
of
phot
on
s
t
ha
t
m
ay
enter
the
abs
orber
la
y
er
will
al
so
de
crease.
T
he
ef
f
ect
of
the
outp
ut
pa
ram
et
er
fo
r
t
he
SnO2
wi
ndow lay
er th
ic
kn
ess
o
f
the
CdTe c
el
l was f
ound to
be
sim
il
ar to
the CdS
la
ye
r
infl
uen
ce
bu
t v
aryi
ng
in
m
agn
it
ude.
Ther
e
will
be
a
drop
in
Vo
c
,
Jsc
,
an
d
η%
in
propor
ti
onal
to
an
increa
se
in
window
la
ye
r
thickne
ss.
P
rac
ti
cal
ly
the
40
-
50
nm
range
is
the
prefe
rr
e
d
a
nd
opti
m
iz
ed
bu
ff
e
r
la
ye
r
thick
ness
in
C
dTe
-
ba
sed
so
la
r
cel
ls.
Figure
9. Da
rk
/
li
gh
t
J
-
V
c
ha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s o
f
C
dT
e so
la
r
cel
l
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S
N
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-
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sc
i,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
70
-
8
0
76
Table
3
.
O
utp
ut
perform
ance
of b
asl
ine
(
C
dT
e 1
µm
)
so
la
r
cel
ls i
n
relat
io
n
to
bu
ff
e
r
la
ye
r
thic
kn
es
ses
Cd
S
Thick
n
ess
(nm
)
Vo
c
(vo
lt)
Jsc
(
m
A
/c
m
2
)
FF%
Ef
f
%
20
0
.73
4
4
2
3
.25
8
9
1
8
1
.15
1
3
.86
(
m
ax
)
30
0
.73
3
7
2
2
.83
0
2
6
8
1
.12
1
3
.59
40
0
.73
3
1
2
2
.44
0
9
5
8
1
.1
1
3
.34
50
0
.73
2
6
22.
0
8
5
4
2
8
1
.08
1
3
.12
60
0
.73
2
1
2
1
.76
1
5
4
8
1
.06
1
2
.91
70
0
.73
1
6
2
1
.46
5
7
6
8
1
.05
1
2
.73
80
0
.73
1
2
2
1
.19
5
3
3
8
1
.03
1
2
.56
90
0
.73
0
8
2
0
.94
7
7
6
8
1
.01
1
2
.4
100
0
.73
0
4
2
0
.72
0
8
7
81
1
2
.26
Figure
10
. Jsc
relat
ion
s
hip wi
th Cd
S lay
er thi
ckn
ess
Figure
11
. V
oc
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
w
it
h
CdS
lay
er t
hick
ness
Figure
12
. η%
relat
ion
s
hip wi
th Cd
S lay
er thi
ckn
ess
Figure
1
3
. η%
relat
ion
s
hip wi
th Cd
S lay
er thi
ckn
ess
3.3.
The
t
em
pera
tu
re
of op
erat
i
on
e
ff
ec
t
Op
e
rati
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is
a v
e
ry
i
m
po
rta
nt
pa
ram
et
er
that
a
ff
ect
s
s
olar
cel
l
perform
ance.
In
t
his
w
ork
the u
s
ed o
per
at
ing
tem
per
at
ur
e, for m
os
t of
t
he
sim
ulati
on
s
of
so
la
r
cell
s a
nd provid
ed
t
he
b
est
resu
lt
is
300 K
or
27°C
(see
Figure
14
).
Ri
sing
th
e
opera
ti
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
re
du
ce
s
syst
e
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
m
os
t
aff
ect
e
d
par
am
et
er
is
the
op
e
n
-
ci
rcu
i
t
vo
lt
age
(
V
oc
)
w
hic
h
inc
r
eases
in
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
T
his
i
s
due
t
o
the
inv
e
rse
dep
e
ndence
on
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
the
sat
urat
io
n
current
acc
ordi
ng
to
(
1
)
a
nd
(
2
)
.
T
he
ba
ndga
p
e
nergy
is
uns
ta
ble
even
at
high
t
e
m
per
at
ures,
a
ll
ow
in
g
m
or
e
e
le
ct
ro
ns
a
nd
ho
le
s
to
rec
om
bin
e.
Figure
s
15
-
18,
res
pe
ct
ively
,
dem
on
strat
es
the
eff
e
ct
of
operati
ng
te
m
pe
ratur
e
on
open
ci
rcu
it
vo
lt
ag
e,
short
ci
rcu
it
cur
re
nt
de
ns
it
y,
fill
factor,
a
nd
power
ef
fici
ency.
It
is
obvi
ous
t
hat
the
(FF%,
Eff
%
,
Jsc
,
a
nd
V
oc)
are
d
r
opping
by
risi
ng
T
f
ro
m
the v
al
ue of
29
0k
-
380k
Op
e
n
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
(Voc)
is
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
a
nt
para
m
et
er
of
so
la
r
cel
l
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
It
is
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
f
unct
ion
that
is
sh
ow
n
in
(
2
)
.
290
K
to
380
K
for
the
tem
perat
ur
e
ra
ng
e
.
Th
e
Vo
c
dec
rease
s
with
in
creasin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
The
e
ff
ect
of
va
riat
ion
i
n
te
m
per
atu
re
upon
the
V
oc
is
show
n
in
Figure
11.
T
he
Voc
has
a
hi
gh
e
r
va
lue
of
753
m
V
at
290
K
°
and
decr
ea
sed
with
tem
per
at
ur
e
to
m
eet
i
t
s
m
ini
m
u
m
va
lue
of
585
m
V
at
38
0 K,
which
d
ec
r
eases pe
rio
dica
ll
y wit
h
increa
sed
te
m
per
at
ure.
So
la
r
cel
l
ef
fici
ency
is
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtan
t
par
am
et
er
th
at
shows
s
olar
cel
l'
s
perfor
m
ance
on
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
FF
bet
ween
0
.
758
an
d
0.8
17.
Fig
ure
18
in
dicat
es
the
eff
i
ci
ency
at
the
diff
e
ren
t
te
m
per
at
ur
es.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
value
of
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
13.
53%
at
tem
per
at
ur
e
290K
a
nd
9.7
5%
at
te
m
per
a
ture
380K
obta
ine
d
m
ini
m
u
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
absorber
and buff
er layer
thicknesse
s fo
r CdT
e/
C
dS ba
sed
… (
O
m
ar
Gha
nim G
ha
z
al
)
77
Figure
14.
Illu
m
inate
d
I
-
V
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs fo
r diffe
ren
t
val
ue
s of
op
e
rati
ng
te
m
per
at
ure
3.4.
I
-
V
ch
ar
act
eri
s
tics vs
Te
mpera
tu
re
The
ope
rati
ng
tem
per
at
ur
e
var
yi
ng
ef
fect
on
the
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
th
e
so
la
r
cel
l
cu
rr
e
nt
-
vo
lt
age
char
act
e
risti
cs
al
so
si
m
ulated
w
her
e
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
var
ie
s
as
(
0,
27
,
72,
87)
°C.
The
set
of
f
ou
r
current
-
volt
age
char
act
erist
ic
s
curves,
on
e
for
each
te
m
per
at
ur
e
de
gree,
is
plo
tt
ed
f
r
om
Fi
gure
19
s
ho
w
n.
The
best
res
ult
ob
t
ai
ned
opti
m
um
op
erati
ng
tem
per
at
ure
for
so
la
r
cel
l
si
m
ula
ti
on
is
abo
ut
27°C
.
The
ou
tp
ut
perform
ance
of
(Eff
%,
V
oc,
FF%,
an
d
Jsc)
was
dec
rea
sed
w
hen
the
op
erati
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
incr
eases
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
it
w
as
ne
ces
sa
ry
to
m
ai
ntain
the
so
la
r
cel
l
te
m
per
at
ur
e
t
o
an
appr
opriat
e
rate
for
go
od
ope
rati
on
and pr
oductio
n.
Figure
15.
J
sc
relat
ion
s
hip t
o t
he
te
m
per
at
ure o
f op
e
rati
ng
Figure
16. V
oc
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
to
the tem
per
at
ure o
f op
e
rati
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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N
:
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Ind
on
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a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sc
i,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
70
-
8
0
78
Figure
17. FF
% r
el
at
ionshi
p t
o
the tem
per
at
u
re
of
op
e
rati
ng
Figure
18
. Po
w
er c
onversi
on e
ff
ic
ie
ncy E
ff%
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
to
the tem
per
at
ure o
f op
e
rati
ng
Figure
19.
C
urren
t
-
volt
age c
ha
racteri
sti
cs of
var
yi
ng
operati
ng tem
per
at
ur
e
s
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
CdTe/C
dS
thi
n
-
fil
m
so
la
r
cel
ls
hav
e
sho
wn
prom
ise
i
n
PV
m
anufa
ct
ur
in
g
due
t
o
their
high
conve
rsion
effi
ci
ency
and
lo
w
cost
of
pro
du
ct
io
n.
In
c
re
ased
phot
oc
urren
t
an
d
syst
em
per
form
ance
are
facil
it
at
ed
by
i
m
pr
oved
la
ye
r
co
ver
a
ge
an
d
V
oc
val
ues,
as
well
as
op
tim
iz
at
ion
of
the
thickne
ss
of
th
e
window
a
nd
a
bs
or
ber
la
ye
rs
,
resu
lt
in
g
in
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
sta
bili
ty
.
we
hav
e
i
nvest
igate
d
t
he
eff
ect
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
t
he
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
of
t
hin
-
fil
m
CdTe
so
l
ar
cel
l
s
.
SCA
P
S
-
1D
3.2.0
0
is
us
e
d
to
perform
the
si
m
ulatio
n
of
so
la
r
cel
ls.
T
he
var
ia
ti
on
of
thickne
ss
f
or
bo
t
h
the
buf
fe
r
a
nd
a
bsor
ber
la
ye
rs
is
al
so
dem
on
strat
ed
.
The
eff
ect
s
of
al
l
t
hese
va
riat
ion
s
are
exam
ined
on
the
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
current
Isc,
ope
n
-
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
Voc,
fil
l
factor
FF
,
m
axi
m
u
m
po
we
r
P
m
ax
an
d
e
ff
ic
i
ency
η.
T
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is v
aried f
r
om
280
-
38
0K
whil
e
s
olar
cel
l
CdTe
thic
kn
e
s
s
is
va
ried
fro
m
50
0
to
4000
nm
,
CdS
20
nm
to
100
nm
.
It
is
obser
ve
d
t
hat
the
Voc,
F
F,
Is
c
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
absorber
and buff
er layer
thicknesse
s fo
r CdT
e/
C
dS ba
sed
… (
O
m
ar
Gha
nim G
ha
z
al
)
79
and
ef
fici
ency
decr
e
ase
with
increasi
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
As
a
r
esult,
we
m
a
y
say
that
CdTe/Cd
S
PV
te
ch
nolo
gy
sti
ll
need
s
extensive
researc
h
into
se
ver
al
issues,
inclu
di
ng
inter
face
def
ect
s,
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
blo
c
king
of
diffusi
on
im
pu
riti
es, and C
dT
e dop
i
ng, all
of whic
h wil
l be
ess
entia
l com
po
ne
nts
of ad
diti
on
al
researc
h.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NTS
Pr
of.
Ma
rc
B
urgelm
an
of
t
he
U
niv
e
rsity
of
Ge
nt
in
Be
lgium
gen
er
ously
pr
ovide
d
t
he
SC
AP
S
pro
gr
am
fo
r
our
resea
rch.
T
he
auth
or
s
a
re
al
s
o
tha
nkf
ul
for
t
he
facil
it
ie
s
prov
i
ded
by
the
Un
i
ver
sit
y
of
Mos
ul
and No
rthern
Tech
nical
Univers
it
y,
wh
ic
h con
t
rib
uted
t
o enh
a
ncin
g
t
he qu
al
it
y o
f
this
re
search
.
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on
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et
ahe
urist
ic
a
l
gorit
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c
t
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r
sion
appr
oac
h
es
and
m
at
erials
fo
r
high
-
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
photovol
taics,
"
(in
eng)
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t
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te
r,
vo
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T.
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and
N.
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tu
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uenc
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of
subs
trate
te
m
per
at
ur
e
o
n
photovol
taic
p
ara
m
et
ers
of
Cd
S/DdTe/
T
e
solar
ce
l
ls
fab
ricat
ed
b
y
Close
Spa
ce
Sublim
at
ion,
"
in
2008
Inte
rnatio
nal
Semic
ondu
ctor
Confe
renc
e
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3]
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e
t
al
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hotovol
ta
i
c
prope
rties
of
th
e
CdS
/CdT
e
he
te
rojun
ct
ion
sol
ar
c
el
ls
b
efo
re
and
after
pro
to
n
irra
di
at
ion
,
"
Cha
lc
ogen
ide
Le
tters
,
vol. 8,
no.
8
,
2
011.
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W
u
et
al
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,
"
High
-
eff
icien
c
y
CTO/Z
TO/CdS/
CdTe
pol
y
c
r
y
s
talli
ne
thi
n
-
f
il
m
solar
c
el
ls
,
"
Nati
onal
Re
n
ewabl
e
Ene
rgy
Lab
orat
ory
(
Confe
renc
e
Pape
r)
,
Golden,
CO.(US
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F.
Maji
d
et
al
.
,
"S
truc
tural
and
Optical
Proper
ti
es
of
Multi
layer
Het
ero
struc
tu
re
of
Cd
Te
/CdS
e
Th
in
Film
s,"
degruy
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vo
l. 23
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Te
m
per
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L
a
y
er
Th
ic
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Thi
n
Film
CIGS
Solar
Ce
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Per
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anc
e,
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Journal
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-
and
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-
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ess
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i
ca
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p
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r
a
t
u
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d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
/
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
1
4
-
6
2
4
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
0
8
.
1
0
.
0
0
8
.
[19]
M
.
H
a
s
a
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
A
.
B
.
M
.
A
.
M
a
l
e
k
,
M
.
M
.
I
s
l
a
m
,
A
.
K
.
P
a
n
d
e
y,
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
R
a
h
i
m
,
"
G
l
o
b
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
s
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
4
5
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
7
.
0
1
0
.
[20]
S.
Kurtz
et
a
l.
,
"Eva
luation
of
high
-
te
m
per
a
tur
e
exposure
of
p
hotovol
taic
m
odule
s,"
Progress
in
Phot
ov
o
lt
ai
cs:
Re
search
and
A
ppli
cations,
vo
l.
19,
no
.
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pp
.
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4
-
965,
2011
,
doi
:
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1002
/pi
p
.
11
03.
[21]
A
.
G
l
i
c
k
,
N
.
A
l
i
,
J
.
B
o
s
s
u
y
t
,
G
.
R
e
c
k
t
e
n
w
a
l
d
,
M
.
C
a
l
a
f
,
a
n
d
R
.
B
.
C
a
l
,
"
I
n
f
i
n
i
t
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
o
l
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
s
:
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
f
l
u
x
o
f
m
o
m
e
n
t
u
m
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
"
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
1
-
8
0
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
3
.
1
8
3
.
[22]
M
.
M
o
s
t
e
f
a
o
u
i
,
H
.
M
a
z
a
r
i
,
S
.
K
h
e
l
i
f
i
,
A
.
B
o
u
r
a
i
o
u
,
a
n
d
R
.
D
a
b
o
u
,
"
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
i
g
h
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
C
I
G
S
S
o
l
a
r
C
e
l
ls
w
i
t
h
S
C
A
P
S
-
1
D
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
,
"
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
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