TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 3, June 20
15, pp. 441 ~ 4
4
5
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i3.778
1
441
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 1
1
, 2015;
Re
vised April
28, 2015; Accepte
d
May 1
5
, 2015
An Review of Power Factor Correction in SRM Drives
Us
ing Bridge
le
ss
Conve
r
te
rs
M. Vish
v
a
nath*
1
, R. Balamurugan
2
Dep
a
rtment of Po
w
e
r El
ectron
ics and Dr
ives,
K.S.Rangas
a
m
y
Co
lle
ge of
T
e
chnolog
y (A
utonom
ous),
K.S.R Kalvi Na
gar, T
i
rucheng
ode, Nam
a
kkal
,
T
a
milnad
u, India, Ph./F
ax: 0
428
8 27
474
1-4
4
/042
88 2
7
4
8
6
0
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: vishva1
06@
gmail.c
o
m
1
, nrbals@
gma
il.co
m
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pa
per
de
als w
i
th a
co
mparativ
e a
naly
s
is of
var
i
o
u
s
converter
topo
l
ogi
es for P
o
w
e
r F
a
cto
r
Correctio
n (PF
C
) in sw
itche
d
relucta
n
ce
mot
o
r driv
es
. Hen
c
e a p
o
w
e
r fac
t
or corrected c
onverter r
equ
ir
ed
for obtai
ni
ng th
e i
m
pr
oved
PQ at the AC
mai
n
s for a
n
inv
e
rt
er fed S
R
M dri
v
e has
be
en
a
naly
z
e
d
. T
he S
R
M
w
hen fed by a
DBR w
i
th a hig
h
valu
e of DC-l
i
nk cap
a
ci
tor r
e
sults in
hig
h
ly
distorted su
pp
ly current a
nd
a
poor
pow
er fac
t
or. A new
b
i
dir
e
ction
a
l
brid
ge
l
e
ss LUO c
onv
erter is
use
d
. T
he
brid
gel
ess
LUO co
nverter
i
s
a mixture of tw
o dc-dc conv
erters w
i
th on
e or tw
o
semi
cond
uctor sw
itches in th
e cu
rrent flow
ing p
a
t
h
thereby r
e
d
u
ci
ng the c
u
rre
nt stresses in t
he activ
e
and passiv
e
switches. Circ
u
it ef
ficiency
is further
improve
d
as c
o
mpar
ed to
co
nventi
o
n
a
l
Con
v
erters. LU
O c
onverters
are
new
seri
es of
DC/DC
Co
nver
ters
that have very
low
ripple of
volt
ag
e an
d current an
d hav
e output w
a
ve
w
i
th high qu
a
lity, high transf
e
r
voltag
e ga
in an
d hig
h
pow
er d
ensity.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
pow
er qu
ality
(PQ), pow
er factor correctio
n
(PF
C
), bridg
e
less co
nverte
rs, LUO converter,
sw
itched reluct
ance
motor (S
RM)
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The S
R
M
are
be
comin
g
p
o
pular in
many
low an
d me
d
i
um po
we
r
ap
plicatio
ns. S
w
itched
Relu
ct
an
ce
Mot
o
r
s
(S
RM
) h
a
v
e
int
r
in
sic a
d
v
ant
ag
es
su
ch
a
s
sim
p
le
st
ru
ct
ur
e
wit
h
n
o
n
-
win
d
in
g
con
s
tru
c
tion i
n
rotor
side,
high toleran
c
e, robu
st
ne
ss, low co
st with no perman
ent magnet in
the
stru
cture an
d
it operate in
high te
mp
era
t
ures or i
n
int
ense tempe
r
ature va
riatio
ns [1]. The S
R
M
is a
n
el
ect
r
ic
machi
ne it
co
nverts the
rel
u
ctan
ce
torqu
e
into
me
cha
n
ical
po
we
r. I
n
SRM,
both
the
rotor
and
stat
or e
n
cl
ose
a
stru
cture of p
r
oje
c
ted
-
pole,
due to
proj
e
c
ted p
o
le
s it
prod
uce a
hi
gh
output torqu
e
. Hen
c
e it
is al
so
kn
own
as
an
elect
r
oni
call
y commutat
ed moto
r.
The
disa
dvantag
e
s
of this type
of motor are
the pul
satin
g
nature of their
torque a
nd they ca
n be
ac
ous
t
ic
ally nois
y [1].
Powe
r qu
ality proble
m
s
have be
com
e
impo
rtant i
s
sue
s
in the
s
e m
o
tors d
ue to th
e
recomme
nde
d limits of harmo
nics in
sup
p
ly cu
rre
nt by variou
s internation
a
l power q
u
a
lity
stand
ard
s
su
ch a
s
the Int
e
rnatio
nal El
ectro te
ch
nical Commi
ssio
n (IEC)
610
0
0
-3
-2 [1]. So the
power fa
ctor
corre
c
tion
ha
s led th
e ci
rcuit desi
gne
rs
to look
clo
s
el
y at all se
ctio
ns of the
ci
rcuit
and d
e
velop
possibl
e lower lo
ss
altern
atives. One
se
ction th
at contribute
s
sig
n
ificantly to the
losse
s
is the
input brid
ge rectifier. As a
result,
the alternative
s
to eliminate the
diode b
r
idg
e
or
conve
r
t it into
a d
ual-use
ci
rcuit
have
be
en expl
ore
d
f
o
r m
any yea
r
s. Thi
s
rem
o
val/adaptatio
n
of
Diod
e Bridge
bring
s
ab
out its own
set of chall
enge
s.
2. T
y
pes of Bridgele
ss Conv
erters
Bridgel
ess co
nverters are becoming mo
re pop
ular
in
orde
r to incre
a
se the po
we
r factor
at the a
c
m
a
ins. T
he
di
stingui
shi
ng
cha
r
a
c
teri
st
ic of a
brid
gel
ess PF
C
co
nverter is th
at it
eliminate
s
th
e need fo
r a
diode b
r
id
ge
at the input. This d
e
cre
a
ses p
o
we
r lo
sse
s
that u
s
u
a
lly
occur i
n
a di
ode b
r
idge
a
nd, as a
re
sult, improves
overall sy
ste
m
efficien
cy with co
mpa
r
a
b
le
co
st
sav
i
ng
s.
P
o
wer Fa
ct
o
r
Co
rre
ct
ion r
e
ct
if
ier
s
are used to improve the rectifie
r powe
r
den
sit
y
and to red
u
ce
noise emi
s
si
ons via soft switchi
ng tech
nique
s or
cou
p
led mag
neti
c
topolo
g
ie
s [1].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 3, June 20
15 : 441 – 44
5
442
2.1. Bridgele
ss Boo
s
t
Co
nv
erter
Figure 1 sho
w
s th
e
Bridg
e
less Boo
s
t
Conve
r
ters.
A bridgel
ess
boo
st re
ctifier with low
transfe
re
nce
losse
s
and
redu
ced di
ode
reverse
-
re
co
very troubl
es is proje
c
ted
for po
we
r-fa
c
tor
cor
r
e
c
t
i
on
.
Similar as p
r
edicta
b
le Bo
ost Re
ctifier
out
put voltage is sup
e
rio
r
than the peak output
voltage, Co
ntinuou
s in
put
curre
n
t, elimi
nates i
nput
fil
t
er, Pulse
d
o
u
tput cu
rrent
increa
se
s out
put
voltage rip
p
le
, Output voltage is
alway
s
greate
r
th
a
n
i
nput voltage,
Lack of g
a
lva
n
ic remote
ne
ss,
large
start up
in rush cu
rren
ts.
Figure 1. Brid
gele
ss Boo
s
t Conve
r
ter
For lo
w volt
age a
ppli
c
ati
ons
su
ch
a
s
tele
comm
unication, co
mputer i
ndu
stry an
addition
al co
nverter
(or) a
n
isolatio
n tra
n
sforme
r i
s
required to st
ep do
wn the
voltage [2]. Boost
PFC co
nvert
e
r gen
erate
s
a high voltage stre
ss
(>1000V
) in the wide inp
u
t voltage ran
ge of
adapta
b
le ele
c
troni
c
Comp
onent
s, esp
e
c
ially in high
vo
ltage input
con
d
ition.The
r
efore, it is very
compl
e
x to choo
se the
co
mpone
nts
an
d ene
rgy
st
orage
spa
c
e
ca
pacito
r
of late
r sta
ge
se
clu
ded
conve
r
ter ove
r
buck bo
ost
conve
r
ter [3].
2.2. Bridgele
ss Buc
k
-Boo
st Co
nv
erter
Figure 2. Brid
gele
ss Bu
ck-Boost Co
nverter
Figure 2
sho
w
s the
Bridg
e
less B
u
ck-B
oost
Co
nvert
e
r. Advanta
g
e
s
of a
bu
ck -
boo
st
conve
r
ter
are
Contin
uou
s
output curren
t results
in l
e
sser
output
voltage rip
p
l
e
, Pulsed i
n
put
curre
n
t, requ
ires in
put filter, Pulse
d
o
u
tput cu
rre
n
t incre
a
ses o
u
tput voltage
ripple, Outp
ut
voltage ca
n b
e
either small
e
r or g
r
eate
r
than inp
u
t voltage [4].
2.3. Bridgele
ss CUK
Con
v
erter
Figure 3 sho
w
s the Brid
g
e
less CUK Converte
r.
CUK converte
r is actu
ally the cascad
e
combi
nation
of a b
o
o
s
t an
d a
bu
ck con
v
erter.
CUK
conve
r
ter
is one su
ch
con
v
erter.
It
ha
s the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
An Review o
f
Power Factor
Correction in
SRM Drives
Using Bridgeless…
(
M
.
V
i
s
h
v
a
n
a
t
h
)
443
followin
g
advantage
s. Co
n
t
inuou
s input
curre
n
t,
Conti
nuou
s outp
u
t current, Out
put voltage can
be either g
r
e
a
ter or le
ss than input volta
ge.
Figure 3. Brid
gele
ss
CUK
Conve
r
ter
The b
r
idgel
ess Cuk
conve
r
ter ope
rating
in
a DICM gi
ves an in
he
re
nt PFC and
requires
a sim
p
le volt
age follo
we
r
approa
ch fo
r
the voltage
c
ontrol and
re
quire
ment
of low size
of h
eat
s
i
nk
for the switc
h
es
[5-6].
2.4. Bridgeless SEPIC Conv
erter
Figure 4 shows the Bri
dgeless SEPIC Conver
ter. The SEPIC offici
ally stands for
“Single
-
Ende
d Prima
r
y In
ducta
nce Co
nverter”. Ho
wever, th
e u
nofficial expl
anation i
s
m
o
re
expre
ssive:
“Secon
da
ry Polarity Invert
ed Cuk”
. At any given i
n
stant, thre
e
semi
con
d
u
c
to
r
device
s
exist
in the power flow path [7].
Figure 4. Bridgele
s
s
SEPIC Converter
Also, sp
eci
a
l desi
gn of the
dc-sid
e indu
ctor i
s
ne
ce
ssary to
carry the dc
curre
n
t
as well
as
high
-fre
q
uen
cy rip
p
le
cu
rrent. Thi
s
conv
e
r
ter
has thre
e e
x
tra pa
ssive eleme
n
ts
which
contri
bute t
o
the volume
a
nd
weig
ht of t
he
conve
r
ter.
Anothe
r m
a
i
n
p
r
oble
m
with this conve
r
ter
is that it doub
les the outp
u
t voltage whi
c
h signifi
c
antly
incre
a
ses th
e size of outp
u
t filter [8].
2.5. Bridgele
ss ZETA
Co
nv
erter
Figure 5
sh
o
w
s t
he Bri
d
g
e
less ZETA
Conve
r
ter. T
he be
nefits
o
f
the ZETA converte
r
over the
SE
PIC converte
r in
clud
e lo
wer o
u
tput
-volt
age rippl
e
a
nd
e
a
si
er co
mpen
sation. The
ripple current
in the load i
s
greater for
Cuk
and ZET
A
converters t
han
SEPIC. The drawbacks
are the requi
rements fo
r a highe
r input
-voltage ri
p
p
le, a much la
rg
er flying capa
citor [9-1
0].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 3, June 20
15 : 441 – 44
5
444
Figure 5. Brid
gele
ss ZETA
Conve
r
ter
2.6. Bridgele
ss LUO Con
v
erter
Figure 6. Brid
gele
ss L
U
O
Conve
r
ter
The BL-LUO
retain
s all th
e advanta
ges of t
he
conve
n
tional conve
r
ter system such as
small
si
ze, hi
gh p
o
wer
de
nsity an
d mi
cro
power con
s
umptio
n a
n
d
at the
sa
me
time add
s so
me
addition
al be
nefits su
ch a
s
, low or n
o
inru
sh current
; improve re
si
stan
ce to failure switching
and
EMI distortio
n
s, rel
a
tively simple
sta
r
t-up, volt
age a
nd current ri
pple i
s
less i
n
output, it is a
bidire
ction
a
l converte
r etc [11].
In the curren
t study, the
develop
ed Bridgel
e
s
s luo
conve
r
ter
ha
s be
en
sh
own to be
cap
able of providing a top
o
logy
tha red
u
ce
s the out
put ripple an
d
para
s
itic ef
fects. Using this
method sta
b
l
e
and rip
p
le free output is o
b
tained.
CONVER
TERS
NAME
NO
.
O
F DEVICE
S
SUITABILITY
FOR S
R
M
DRIVE
LINE
CURREN
T
WAVEFO
R
M
PO
WER
LEVEL
Sw
itch
Diode
Inductor
Capacitor
BL-BOOST
2
2
1
1
No
Good
Lo
w
to
Medium
BL-BUCK
B
OOS
T
2
4
2
1
No
Excellent
Lo
w
to
Medium
BL-CUK
2
4
4
3
Y
e
s
Poor
Lo
w
to
Medium
BL-SEPIC
2
2
2
4
Y
e
s
Poor
Lo
w
to
Medium
BL-ZETA
2
4
4
3
Y
e
s
Poor
Lo
w
to
Medium
BL-LU
O
2
4
4
3
Y
e
s
Excellent
Medium
to High
All the Bridg
e
less conve
r
ters
have at l
east on
e of the followi
ng
Dra
w
b
a
cks: 1) Hi
gh
comp
one
nts
cou
n
t, 2) Co
mpone
nts a
r
e not fully ut
ilized ove
r
wh
ole ac-line
cycle, 3) Compl
e
x
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
An Review o
f
Power Factor
Correction in
SRM Drives
Using Bridgeless…
(
M
.
V
i
s
h
v
a
n
a
t
h
)
445
control, 4
)
Dc o
u
tput volt
age i
s
alway
s
hi
ghe
r tha
n
the
pea
k i
nput voltag
e, 5) In
put–o
utput
galvani
c isol
a
t
ion ca
nnot b
e
ea
s
ily imple
m
ented, an
d
6) Due to
floa
ting gro
und,
some topol
ogi
es
requi
re a
dditional dio
des
a
nd/or capa
cit
o
rs to minimi
ze EMI.
4. Conclusio
n
Comp
arative analysi
s
of d
i
fferent types of
Bridgele
s
s converte
r topolo
g
ies fo
r power
factor
co
rrect
i
on in S
R
M d
r
ives
ha
s be
en di
scus
se
d
.
For el
evate
d
po
we
r SRM drive
s
BL
-LUO
conve
r
ter i
s
f
o
r the
mo
st p
a
rt suitable. It gives
the
hig
h
efficien
cy o
u
tput, red
u
ce
d torq
ue ri
ppl
es
and go
od sp
eed re
sp
on
se for the SRM drive
s
when compa
r
ed to the convention
a
l PFC
c
onverters
.
Referen
ces
[
1
]
Vi
sh
vana
th
M, Ba
la
mu
ruga
n R
.
Bid
i
rectiona
l
L
U
O
C
onve
r
te
r F
e
d
Sw
itched
Rel
u
ctan
ce
Mo
to
r.
T
E
LKOMNIKA Indon
esi
an Jou
r
nal of Electric
al Eng
i
ne
eri
ng.
2014; 1
2
(12):
812
0-81
25
[2]
Ahmet Karaars
l
an, Ires Isken
der. Anal
ys
is a
nd
comp
ariso
n
of current con
t
rol methods o
n
brid
gel
ess
converter to im
prove p
o
w
e
r q
ualit
y.
Electric
a
l
Pow
e
r and En
ergy Syste
m
s.
201
3; 51: 1-13
[3]
W
oo-You
ng C
hoi, Jun
g
-Mi
n K
w
o
n
, Eu
ng-H
o
Kim, Jong-J
a
e Lee, Bo
ng-
H
w
a
n
K
w
o
n
. Bri
dge
less Bo
ost
Rectifier
w
i
th L
o
w
Co
nducti
on
Losses an
d R
educ
ed Di
od
e Revers
e-Rec
o
ver
y
Pro
b
l
e
ms.
IEEE T
r
ans.
on in
dustria
l El
ectronics.
20
07
; 54(2): 769-7
8
0
[4]
Vashist Bist,
Bhim Si
ngh. A
n
Adj
u
stab
le-S
pee
d PF
C Bri
dge
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