TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novembe
r
2014, pp. 78
4
5
~ 785
3
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i11.66
66
7845
Re
cei
v
ed
Jul
y
21, 201
3; Revi
sed Septe
m
ber
11, 201
4; Acce
pted
Octob
e
r 2, 20
14
PTS Method with Combined Partitioning Schemes for
Improved PAPR Reduction in OFDM System
Ze
y
i
d
T. Ibra
heem
1
*, Md. Mijanur Rahman
2
, S. N. Yaakob
3
,
Mohammad Shahra
zel
Razalli
4
, F Sal
m
an
5
, Ka
w
a
kib K. Ahm
e
d
6
1,2,
3,4,
5
School of
Computer a
n
d
Communic
a
tio
n
Engi
ne
erin
g, Univers
i
ti Mal
a
ysi
a
Perlis (U
ni
MAP),
020
00 Ara
u
, Perlis, Mala
ys
ia
6
Inter Net W
o
rks Researc
h
Group, Scho
ol of
Co
mp
uting U
n
i
v
ersit
y
Utar
a Mala
ysi
a
(UUM),
Keda
h, Mala
ys
ia
Corresp
on
din
g
author ema
il:
1
ze
yidtar
iq@
y
a
hoo.com
,
2
mija
nur@u
nim
ap.e
du.m
y
,
3
shahru
l
niz
a
m
@
unim
ap.e
du.
m
y
,
4
shahr
azel
@unim
ap.e
du.
m
y
,
5
F
S
alman
@
yah
oo.com
,
6
Kaw
a
kib
_
K
hady
a
i
r@y
aho
o
.
co
m
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Althou
gh orth
o
gon
al freq
ue
nc
y divisi
on
mu
lti
p
lexi
ng (OF
D
M
)
is an efficie
n
t w
i
reless trans
miss
ion
system
, it s
u
ffers from
a cr
ucial
drawback
nam
e
ly hi
gh peak-to-av
erage power
ratio (
PAPR) that lim
its
transmitter po
w
e
r efficiency. Thus, different PAPR
redu
ction al
gorith
m
s have be
en i
n
troduc
ed. Par
t
ia
l
transmit sequ
ence (PTS) is the most attractive
soluti
o
n
w
h
ich can provi
de go
od
PAPR reducti
o
n
perfor
m
a
n
ce w
i
thout distorti
on
. In any PT
S system, parti
ti
on
ing of the OF
D
M
frame i
n
to di
sjoint su
b-bl
oc
ks
is a
sig
n
ific
ant
step. Out of t
h
e ex
isti
ng
p
a
rtitioni
ng
tech
niq
u
e
s, ad
jac
ent
p
a
rtition
i
ng
(AP)
is
a fa
irly s
i
mp
le
partitio
n
in
g sche
m
e ac
hiev
in
g efficient PA
PR reducti
on
perfor
m
a
n
ce. T
h
is pap
er pre
s
ents an e
nha
nc
e
d
PT
S appro
a
ch
that combi
nes
tw
o PT
S partitioni
ng sch
e
m
es
, adjac
ent an
d
interl
eave
d
p
a
rtitioni
ng, in
ord
e
r
to effectively reduc
e the PA
PR of
OFDM
systems. With an ai
m of de
termi
n
in
g the
effects of leng
t
h
varia
b
il
ity of
ad
jace
nt p
a
rtition
s
, w
e
perfor
m
e
d
a
n
i
n
vesti
gati
on
into t
he
per
forma
n
ces
of
a
vari
abl
e l
e
n
g
t
h
adj
acent p
a
rtiti
oni
ng (VL-AP)
and fi
xe
d le
ngt
h adj
acent p
a
rtitioni
ng i
n
co
mparis
on w
i
th the enh
anc
ed P
T
S
sche
m
e. F
r
o
m
the vario
u
s c
o
mputer si
mul
a
tion r
e
sults
w
i
th differe
nt types of
mo
dul
a
t
ion, w
e
confir
me
d
that the
en
ha
nced
PTS
method
offers
better
PAPR
reducti
on perf
o
rmanc
e
co
mpare
d
to ad
ja
cent
partitio
n
in
g for
fixed
and
vari
a
b
le
le
ngth w
h
ic
h itself
is b
a
se
d o
n
PT
S sch
e
m
e
cons
id
ered
efficie
n
t in
PA
PR
reducti
on.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
orthogonal frequency divis
i
on
m
u
ltiplexing (OFDM), peak-to
-average power ratio (PAPR),
partia
l
trans
mit seq
u
e
n
ces (P
T
S
), adjac
ent
partitio
n
in
g PT
S (AP-PT
S), in
terleav
ed
partit
i
oni
n
g
PTS (IP-PTS)
.
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Orthog
onal f
r
equ
en
cy division multipl
e
xi
ng (OF
D
M), is well
-known that has bee
n
adopte
d
in different stan
da
rd of wirel
e
ss co
mmuni
cati
on [1]. OFDM provide
s
ma
ny advantage
s
su
ch a
s
n
a
rro
w
ba
nd inte
rferen
ce
and
robu
stne
ss
ag
ainst freque
n
c
y sel
e
ctive f
ading [2]. OF
DM
has
bee
n ad
opted fo
r bro
adba
nd
wirel
e
ss commu
ni
cation
s a
nd h
a
ve bee
n su
gge
sted in
m
any
stand
ard
s
. O
F
DM
re
ceive
d
a lot
of atte
ntion, e
s
pe
ci
ally in the fiel
d of wi
rele
ss
comm
uni
cati
ons
becau
se of i
t
s efficient u
s
e of fre
que
ncy
ban
dwi
d
th and robu
stne
ss to m
u
lti-path fadi
ng,
immunity to the inte
r-sym
bol inte
rfere
n
c
e
(ISI
), and
ability for hig
h
data
rate
s
[3]. From the
s
e
advantag
es,
the OF
DM
h
a
s
alr
eady
b
een
propo
se
d a
s
th
e di
g
i
tal terrest
r
ial
broad
ca
stin
g
system
s and
the standa
rd
transmi
ssion
techniq
ue in
the wirele
ss LAN system
s [4]. Also, the
OFDM te
chni
que is
reg
a
rded a
s
one
of the c
andi
date tran
smi
ssi
on techniq
ues fo
r the next
gene
ration of
mobile com
m
unication
s system
s [5].
Ho
wever, on
e major d
r
a
w
back of OFDM is a
large peak to
average power
rati
o
(PAPR). It is
c
a
used nonlinear
di
s
t
ortions after amplified by a
power am
plifier. Over the
pas
t decade, many PAPR reducti
on techniques
have been proposed
in the lite
r
atu
r
es [6], such
as
clip
ping
[7
], codin
g
[8],
sele
ctive m
a
pping
(SLM
)
[9], comp
andi
ng
method
s [10]
, tone reserv
ation (T
R) [1
1], tone inje
ct
ion (TI) [12], active co
nste
llation extension
(ACE) [13], p
a
rtial tran
smi
t
seque
nces
(PTS) [
14, 1
5
]. Each of these tech
niq
ues h
a
s vari
ous
costs of the reduced PAPR
and bit error rate
(BER). Among t
hese techni
ques,
partial transmit
sequence (P
TS)
techniqu
e is one type
of PAPR reduction meth
ods of the probabilistic
schem
es.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 78
45 – 785
3
7846
The ide
a
of the PTS is
based on
co
mbining
of si
gnal sub
-
blo
c
ks, which a
r
e multiplie
d
by
weighting factors
.
Multiple s
e
quenc
e
s
with the lowes
t
PAPR ar
e trans
m
itted [16-18]. In this
pape
r, we de
scribe a PTS
techniqu
e that combin
ed
s two sch
eme
s
interle
a
ved
and adja
c
e
n
t to
reduce the
PAPR, as well as we st
udy and
analyzed adj
acent and in
terl
eaved sub-bl
ock
partitioning
schem
e,
and focusing on analyses
the
effect of PAPR perfor
m
a
nce for different
length
of di
sj
oint sub-blo
c
ks
PTS sche
me when
co
mpared with
t
he
e
nha
nced PTS
method.
The
paper is organized as follows: In
section II, we briefly
review the P
APR of an OFDM si
gnal,
and
PTS sc
heme is presented. Sec
t
ion III presents the
sub-block
partitioning
sc
hemes
.
Sec
t
ion IV
pre
s
ent
s the
enh
an
ced
PTS method.
Section
V
sho
w
s the
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
of the e
nha
nce
d
method with
simulatio
n
re
sults. Fin
a
lly, we en
d t
he p
aper
with bri
e
f concl
u
si
on
s in Section VI.
2. Sy
stem Model and PT
S Scheme
2.1. PAPR of the OF
DM Signal
In OFDM
systems, the di
screte
-time d
o
m
ain tra
n
smit
ted sig
nals
with
N
s
u
bc
ar
r
i
er
s
ar
e
gene
rated by
applying the I
FFT ope
ratio
n
, can be exp
r
esse
d as:
x
n
I
FFT
X
√
∑
X
k
e
π
,
0
n
N
1
(
1
)
Whe
r
e
X
,
k
0,
1,
…
…
.
,
N
1
, are i
nput symb
ols modulate
d
into pha
se
sh
ift keying (P
SK) or
quad
ratu
re a
m
plitude mo
d
u
lation (Q
MA).
In general, the PAPR of OFDM si
gnal i
n
one
sy
mbol
period in Eq. (1) i
s
defined as the
ratio between
the maximum instantan
e
ous p
o
wer
an
d its averag
e power, ca
n b
e
given by [19]:
P
APR
|
|
|
|
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
E.
denotes the expe
ct
ed value.
The OFDM system
u
s
e
s
t
he compl
e
me
ntary cumul
a
tive
distri
bute
d
fun
c
tion (CCDF
)
to
evaluate the
perform
ance
of any PAPR
reduction techniques.
The CC
DF of PA
PR denotes t
he
probability that the PAPR is below the threshol
d PAPR
0
. CCDF is
defined a
s
[2
0]:
C
CDF
PA
P
R
P
PA
P
R
P
A
P
R
(
3
)
2.2. PTS Scheme
The ba
si
c p
r
i
n
cipl
es
of PTS, as shown i
n
Figu
re 1, th
e input d
a
ta
symbol i
s
pa
rtitioned
into
M
s
u
b-
vector
s
X
whi
c
h i
s
non-overla
p
p
ing with
ea
ch other,
so e
a
ch
sub
-
ve
ctor’s l
ength
become
s
to N/M with all sub
c
a
rri
ers p
o
sition
s
are occupi
ed by the other sub
-
blo
ck a
r
e
se
t to
zer
o
,
whe
r
e
m
1,
2,
…
…
,
M
.
Therefore, is
given as [21]:
X
∑
X
(
4
)
The sub-blo
c
ks p
a
rtitioni
n
g
X
are tra
n
sf
orme
d from t
he freq
uen
cy
domain into
time
domain pa
rti
a
l transfe
r se
quen
ce
x
by
use
d
the Inverse Di
screte
Fourie
r Tran
sform (I
DFT
)
,
whi
c
h can ex
pre
ss a
s
:
x
∑
IDFT
X
(
5
)
Then the pha
se wei
ghting factors to
all
sub
c
a
rri
ers for each sub
-
block
x
are ap
plied
and com
b
ined
together
to generate a set
of
candi
dat
es. T
he
candi
date to
minim
i
ze the PAPR is
sele
ct for tra
n
smitting. Th
us, the time
domain
si
gn
a
l
after com
b
in
ation ca
n the
n
be re
prese
n
ted
as:
x
∑
b
x
(
6
)
As mentione
d, there are
three well kn
ow
n pa
rtitioni
ng schem
es
for PTS tech
nique:
adja
c
ent, inte
rleaved, a
nd
pse
udo
ran
d
o
m
[22]. Among them, p
s
e
udorand
om p
a
rtitioning PT
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
PTS Method with Com
b
ine
d
Partitioning
Schem
es for
Im
proved PA
PR… (Z
eyid
T. Ibraheem
)
7847
(PRP-PTS
) schem
e ca
n be
o
b
taine
d
the
bette
r
P
APR pe
rform
ance b
u
t the
co
mputatio
n
a
l
compl
e
xity is highe
r than
the other
pa
rtitioning.
In compa
r
ison, we used a
d
jacent partitioni
ng
due to it sim
p
le to implem
e
n
t as
well a
s
i
t
pre
s
ented P
APR red
u
ctio
n perfo
rma
n
ce very clo
s
e t
o
pse
udo
ran
d
o
m
partitioni
ng
with le
ss
co
mputational
complexity [23]. Therefo
r
e,
our a
nalysi
s
wa
s
rest
ricte
d
in
comp
ari
s
o
n
betwe
en th
e
perf
o
rma
n
ce of the
en
h
anced m
e
tho
d
with
tho
s
e
of
interleave
d
a
nd adja
c
e
n
t partition sche
mes.
Figure 1. Block
Diag
ram o
f
the PTS Method
3. Sub-Bloc
k
Partitioning
on PTS Schemes for PAP
R
Red
u
c
t
ion
3.1. Adjacen
t Partitionin
g
PTS (AP-P
T
S)
In this se
ction
,
we made
si
mulation
stud
ie
s of the PT
S method wit
h
an adj
acent
sch
eme
for fixed and
variable l
engt
h of sub
-
blo
c
ks
partiti
oni
n
g
. Mathemati
c
al fra
m
eworks
of these t
w
o
different adja
c
ent metho
d
s can de
scrib
e
by:
a) Adja
cen
t Partitioning
w
i
th Variabl
e
Length (VL
-
AP)
In this metho
d
, all subcarri
ers of OF
DM
frame were fi
rst pa
rtitionin
g
into
M
disjoin
t
sub
-
blocks with e
qual si
ze.
T
h
en
IFFT
was comp
uted
for
each
sub
-
blo
ck.
The
outp
u
t
of IFFT i
n
e
a
ch
sub
-
blo
c
k
wa
s a
ph
ase
rot
a
ted by th
e
rotation fa
ctor and
then
the
blo
c
ks
are
summed
toget
her
to produ
ce a t
r
an
smitted si
gnal. The mat
hematical
pro
c
e
ss i
s
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
by Equation (7
-1
1).
As mention
e
d
,
first variable
length partiti
ons a
r
e ge
ne
rated a
s
follo
ws:
X
P
P
P
……
P
(7)
P
P
,
00000
…
…
0
(8a)
P
00000
…
…
0
, P
, 00000
…
…
0
(8b)
P
00000
…
…
0
, P
(8c)
Whe
r
e,
P
′
are the varia
b
le le
ngth disj
oint
sub
s
et
s of O
F
DM fra
m
e a
nd
P
are the correspon
ding
disjoi
nt partitions, i.e. partit
i
ons
with disj
oint variable l
ength supp
ort
s
.
Then time do
main sig
nal is obtained by taki
n
g
IFFT of these pa
rtitions a
s
sh
own by:
x
n
I
FFT
P
(9a)
x
n
I
FFTP
(9b)
x
n
I
FFTP
(
9
c
)
Phase
rotat
ed
x
n
of the
time dom
a
i
n sig
nal
s a
r
e
obtaine
d
simply
through
multiplicatio
n by phase fa
ctors,
φ
r
e
θ
, where
θ
a
r
e the rotatio
n
angle
s
. The
rotating pha
se
factors, as gi
ven by:
(10a)
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 78
45 – 785
3
7848
(10b)
(10c
)
The tran
smitt
ed sig
nal in this sch
e
me can be re
presented by,
(
1
1
)
b) Adja
cen
t Partitioning
w
i
th Fixed L
e
ngth
(AP
)
We re
peate
d
the pro
c
e
ss i
n
step (a
) wit
h
the
fixed length si
ze of sub-bl
ocks partitioning
for the s
a
me
N
complex symbols in OF
DM frame. The mathemati
c
al formul
as
are simil
a
r to the
one in Equ
a
tion (7
-11
)
wit
h
the differen
c
e that in
vari
able len
g
th AP, the suppo
rts for the di
sj
oint
partition
s hav
e variable le
n
g
ths, whil
e for fixed l
ength
AP, all the p
a
rtitions
have
supp
orted
wi
th
the s
a
me length.
3.2. Interleaved Partitioni
ng PTS (IP-PTS)
In interleaved
partitioning p
a
rtial tran
smit
sequ
ence (I
P-PTS) sche
me, the N su
bca
rri
ers
is first divide
d into M g
r
o
ups
with e
a
ch group
havi
ng
L
contigu
o
u
s
sub
c
a
rri
ers an
d eve
r
y
sub
c
a
rri
er si
gnal sp
ace
d
apart
i
s
allo
cated
at
th
e same sub
-
bl
o
ck. Then
the
i-th
inte
rle
a
ved
partition i
s
fo
rmed by a
s
sig
n
ing i
-
th sub
c
arri
er
of
ea
ch
gro
up to th
e
i-th interl
eave
d
pa
rtition. T
h
e
partition
s ca
n
be rep
r
e
s
ent
ed by the followin
g
equati
ons,
P
P
0 .
.
0
P
0…
.
.
0
P
00.
.0
(
1
2
a
)
P
0
P
0 .
.
00P
0
…
.
.
00P
0.
.0
(
1
2
b
)
P
00.
.
0
P
0 .
.
0P
0…
.
.
0
P
(
1
2
c
)
Whe
r
e,
P
is the j-th elem
ent of the i-th interl
eave
d
partition. Re
maining
step
s to gene
rate
transmitted si
gnal a
r
e si
milar to those of
adjacent
pa
rtitioning. IP-PTS has lo
we
r comp
utation
a
l
compl
e
xity when compared with AP-PTS and
PRP-PTS [24]. However, PAPR reduction
perfo
rman
ce
of (IP-PTS) i
s
the
worse
than
oth
e
r schem
es
whe
n
the
num
be
r of
gen
erat
ed
can
d
idate
s
is
the same [25]
.
In the above this schem
e, like the others su
b
-
bl
ock p
a
rtitioning
scheme
s
(AP-P
T
S) and
(PRP-PTS
), after partition
ed
an input symbol se
qu
ence of
N
sub
-
ca
rri
er
s int
o
M
disjoint sub-
blocks
with e
qual
si
ze. T
h
e sub
-
blo
c
ks
partitionin
g
a
r
e
co
nverted
to the time
d
o
main
by u
s
i
ng
IFFT ope
rati
on. The o
u
tp
ut of all these IFFT re
sult
s was
rotate
d by a set of rotating ph
ase
fac
t
ors
and finally c
o
mbined to achiev
e the
minimum PAPR. The mathemat
ic
al proc
es
s
is
r
e
pr
es
e
n
t
ed
b
y
:
[IFFT]
x
n
I
FFT
P
(13a)
P
(13b)
P
(13c
)
[Rotation]
x
n
x
n
(14a)
x
n
x
n
(14b)
x
n
x
n
(14c
)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
PTS Method with Com
b
ine
d
Partitioning
Schem
es for
Im
proved PA
PR… (Z
eyid
T. Ibraheem
)
7849
[Tran
s
mitted Signal]
x
n
x
n
(15)
4. Enhanced
PTS Method
Our PTS approach
reduces PAPR through t
he enhanced com
b
ination
of
partitioning
and si
gnal g
e
neratio
n tech
nique
s, whi
c
h
are provided
in the se
ction
below.
This te
ch
niq
ue is
emplo
y
ed to co
m
b
ine the
adj
ace
n
t and i
n
terleave
d
sub-bl
ock
partitionin
g
schem
es. T
h
e enha
nced
PTS techni
que is
simil
a
r to the o
t
her sub-blo
c
ks
partitionin
g
such
as
adja
c
ent partitioni
ng (AP),
whi
c
h it be
gin
s
durin
g fre
que
ncy dom
ain
data
frame a
s
an i
nput into
v
adj
ace
n
t blocks.
Then, the bl
ocks a
r
e divi
ded into sub
-
blo
c
ks of si
ze
s
. Finally,
blocke
d interleaved
partition
s
P
are
con
s
tru
c
ted
by appointme
nt the sub
-
bl
o
c
ks into the p
a
rtitions, a
s
follows:
(
1
6
)
Whe
r
e,
P
q
r
repre
s
ent
s the q
-
th eleme
n
t of the sub
-
bl
ock r within the
partition
P
,
and
Sb
q
rep
r
e
s
ent
s th
e q-th
elem
e
n
t of the sub
-
block i
with
in
the blo
c
k r
o
f
the origi
nal
data. A blo
c
ked
interleave
d
p
a
rtition co
nsi
s
ts of
a su
b-block from e
a
ch of the
v
bloc
ks.
E
a
ch
sub
-
blo
c
k ha
s a
siz
e
of
s
, and then, the si
ze
of the partition is
s.
v
.
No
w, each of
the blocked i
n
te
rleave
d
pa
rtitions contai
ns
s.
v
elements in the enhan
ced
PTS app
roa
c
h. The
n
IDFT
of e
a
ch
of th
e pa
rtit
ion
s
a
r
e
com
puted
indep
ende
ntly. The o
u
tput
of
IDFT in ea
ch
of the partitions
P
is given by:
x
∑
∑
P
q
r
e
π
(
1
7
)
Whe
r
e
x
rep
r
e
s
ent
s the n
-
t
h
sa
mple i
n
the PTS sequ
ence corre
s
p
ondin
g
to the
partition
P
,
N
is the total n
u
mbe
r
of sub
c
arrie
r
s, and
l is the number of blocks
lN
/
v
.
In addition, r
is the
sub
-
blo
c
k ind
e
x within the partition, and
q is the index
within the su
b-blo
c
k.
The PTS
seq
uen
ce
s
x
are
pha
se
rotate
d with
a rotation facto
r
w
, except that the fi
rst
seq
uen
ce
x
is kept
con
s
t
ant, that is,
w
=1. Th
e p
hase facto
r
s
w
are
given
by the
expone
ntials:
w
e
φ
i
0
,1,
…
…
z1
(18)
Whe
r
e,
φ
are randomly sele
cted num
bers in the range of
0
φ
i
2
π
,
z is the number of blo
c
k
interleave
d
partition. The rotated sequ
ences
x
n
i
w
i
.
x
n
i
are then co
mbine
d
to generat
e a
transmit sign
al can
d
idate
x
n
that contain
s
the same info
rmation
withi
n
a pha
se factor.
(19)
The p
r
o
c
ed
ure is
re
peate
d
with va
riou
s set
s
of p
h
a
s
e
rotation
value
s
. Th
rou
gh e
a
ch
repetition, P
APR of the candid
a
te tran
smit si
g
nal i
s
comp
uted. T
he candid
a
te
OFDM
sym
bol
with the lowes
t
PAPR is
trans
mitted.
5. Simulation Resul
t
s
In this sectio
n, we pre
s
ent
some sim
u
la
tions to evalu
a
te and com
pare the pe
rf
orma
nce
of the en
han
ced P
T
S met
hod
with the t
r
adition
al
PT
S algorith
m
o
f
two different
types of
pha
se
seq
uen
ce
s (i
nterleave
d
a
nd adja
c
ent
) for fixed length is carri
ed out thro
ugh sim
u
lati
o
n
comp
ared to
the variable l
ength adj
ace
n
t PTS (VL-
A
P
). Some si
mulation
s we
re cond
ucte
d
to
assess the
perform
a
nce of the PT
S techniques for PAPR reduction,
with input
data blocks of
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 78
45 – 785
3
7850
length 6
4
(N = 64
) a
r
e
ra
ndom
partitio
ned into
8
sub-bl
ocks (M=8), an
d different types
of
modulation techni
ques in
cl
uding
QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. In order to generate
the
compl
e
mentary cumulative dist
ribution function (CCDF) of t
he PA
PR, 2000 OFDM blocks are
gene
rated
ra
ndomly. Also
, we used
MATLAB vers
ion
7.8 for the simul
a
tion of the P
T
S
techni
que
s a
nd the com
p
u
t
ation of CCDF.
In Figure 2, b
y
using QPS
K
modulation,
some r
e
sults of the CCDF
are sim
u
late
d for the
OFDM
sy
ste
m
.
Wh
en CDDF = 10
-3
, the PAPR
0
of t
he o
r
igin
al O
F
DM
sig
nal
s (signal
with
out
PTS) was 1
0
.
4 dB, inte
rle
a
ved p
a
rtition
i
ng
(IP-PTS)
wa
s 7.6
dB,
VL-AP was 7
.
2 dB, adj
ace
n
t
partitionin
g
fo
r fixed l
ength
(AP-PTS) wa
s 6.9
dB, and
the enha
nce
d
PTS
te
chni
que wa
s 6.6 dB.
Therefore, th
e enha
nced
PTS techniq
u
e
red
u
ced
P
APR by arou
nd 3.8 dB, fixed length AP
b
y
3.5 dB, VL-AP by 3.2 dB, and IP by 2.8 dB from
the origin
al sig
nal. Obviou
sl
y, the enhan
ced
PTS algorithm has
the bes
t
PAPR
reduc
t
ion pe
rformance.
In Figu
re
3,
the pe
rform
a
nce
of the
e
nhan
ce
d PT
S algo
rithm i
s
al
so
an
alyzed, to
compare the perform
ance
of PAPR reduction with the traditional PTS methods for fixed and
variable le
ng
th. When CCDF
=1
0
-3
for 8PSK,
the IP s
c
heme gets
muc
h
2.7 dB of PA
PR
redu
ction
s
th
an the ori
g
in
al OFDM
sig
nal. More
ove
r
, the enha
nced PTS tech
nique
comp
a
r
ed
with variabl
e
and fixed length AP-PTS redu
ced PA
PR 0.4 dB and 0.3 dB, resp
ectively. It is
evident that the enhanced
PTS
technique can provide better per
formance for PAPR reduction.
Als
o
, in Figur
e
4, the complementar
y
c
u
mu
lative
dis
t
r
i
bution func
tions
(
CCDF)
of the
PAPR for the
compari
s
on betwee
n the enhanced PTS techni
que
with
the ordinary PTS methods
for fixed and
variable len
g
th. At CCDF=10
-3
, it c
a
n be s
e
en that the PAPR0 of the original
OFDM
sig
nal
is 10.3
dB, interleave
d
p
a
rtitioni
ng (IP)
was 7.8
dB,
VL-AP
wa
s 7.2
dB,
adja
c
ent
partitionin
g
f
o
r fixed
leng
th (AP)
wa
s 6.8 dB,
an
d en
han
ce
d
PTS tech
niq
ue
wa
s 6.1
dB,
respe
c
tively.
The VL-AP is better pe
rf
orma
nc
e tha
n
the IP by
2.5 dB. As
well as, AP and
enhanced P
T
S techni
que reduce
d the PAPR relat
ed to VL-AP
around 0.4
dB and 1.1
dB,
respe
c
tively with 16QAM
modulatio
n.
From Figure
5, as can se
e the CCDF
of the PAPR perfo
rm
ance of t
he conventional
PTS schem
e
s
with fixed
a
nd va
riable
le
ngth that
co
mpared to
th
e en
han
ce
d
PTS tech
niqu
e. In
the simulatio
n
s, the mod
u
l
ation tech
niq
ue is
64
QAM
.
The enha
n
c
ed PTS techniqu
e red
u
ced
PAPR by around
4.4 dB, fi
xed length
A
P
by 3.5 dB,
VL -AP by 3.
1
dB, and fixed length IP by
2.8
dB from the o
r
iginal
sign
al.
It can
be observed that the
PAPR
reduction for the enhan
ced PTS
techni
que compared
to traditional
PTS sch
eme
s
with fixed a
nd varia
b
le le
ngth is li
sted
in Table
1. From this tabl
e, it
can
be observed that the enhanced P
T
S techni
que can achieve the
best PAPR reduction
perfo
rman
ce
as the o
r
dina
ry PTS methods.
Table 1. Nu
m
e
rical Simulat
i
on of Comp
a
r
iso
n
Enha
nced PTS Tech
nique a
nd Ordinary PTS
Modulation CCDF
PAPR
of
Enhanced PTS
(dB)
PAPR of fix
ed
AP-PTS (dB)
PAPR of
VL-AP PTS
(dB)
PAPR of
IP-PTS
(dB)
PAPR of original
OFDM
(dB
)
Q
PSK 10
-
3
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.6
10.4
8PSK 10
-
3
6.4
6.7
6.8
7.3
10
16QAM
10
-
3
6.1
6.8
7.2
7.8
10.3
64QAM
10
-
3
5.9
6.8
7.2
7.5
10.3
Therefore, f
r
om all the
figure
s
, it
can
be
o
b
serve
d
that the P
APR re
du
ction with
enha
nced PT
S techniq
ue
outperfo
rm p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
t
han the
conv
entional o
r
igi
nal OF
DM si
gnal
and the
othe
r types of PTS
partitioni
ng
schem
es of
fixed an
d vari
ab
le length.
On
the othe
r ha
n
d
,
the PAPR reduction performances f
o
r the PT
S
schem
e using variable length adjacent
sub
s
e
que
nce
partitionin
g
can a
c
hi
eve
the best PA
PR perfo
rma
n
ce a
gain
s
t to the traditio
nal
interleave
d
sub-bl
ock
part
i
tioning, but i
t
is a li
ttle
worse tha
n
th
ose
uses the
fixed length
of
adja
c
ent
and
enh
an
ced
PTS tech
niq
ue
sub
s
e
que
nce
pa
rtitioni
ng fo
r a
n
y
different type
of
modulatio
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
PTS Method with Com
b
ine
d
Partitioning
Schem
es for
Im
proved PA
PR… (Z
eyid
T. Ibraheem
)
7851
Figure 2. PAPR Reduction Perform
a
nce of the E
nhanced PTS Method with the
Ordinary Fixed
and Vari
able
Length Based on a PT
S Schem
e for QPSK Modulation
Figure 3. PAPR Reduc
t
ion Pe
rformance of the Enhanc
ed
PTS Method with the
Ordin
a
ry Fixe
d
and Vari
able
Length Ba
se
d on a PTS Schem
e for 8P
SK Modulatio
n
Figure 4. PAPR Reduction Perform
a
nce of the E
nhanced PTS Method with the
Ordinary Fixed
and Vari
able
Length Ba
se
d on a PTS Schem
e for 16
QAM Modulat
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 11, Novem
ber 20
14: 78
45 – 785
3
7852
Figure 5. PAPR Reduction Perform
a
nce of the E
nhanced PTS Method with the
Ordinary Fixed
and Vari
able
Length Ba
se
d on a PTS Schem
e for 64
QAM Modulat
ion
6. Conclusio
n
This paper presents an enhan
ced PTS approach for
PAPR r
educti
on in OFDM system
that combin
e
s
two PTS partitioning
scheme
s
(adj
acent and interl
eaved) in o
r
d
e
r to effectively
reduce the PAPR of OFDM system
s. With an aim
of determini
ng the effects
of length vari
ability
of disjoint sub
-
blo
c
ks
of adjace
n
t partitions
, we pe
rform
e
d an invest
igation into
the
perfo
rman
ce
s of a variabl
e length a
d
j
a
ce
nt
partitio
n
ing (VL
-
AP) and fixed length adj
ace
n
t
partitionin
g
in comp
ari
s
o
n
with the enha
nc
ed PTS sch
eme.
From the variou
s co
m
puter
simulatio
n
re
sults with
different type
s
of modul
at
ion
with the
sam
e
CCDF, we
confirmed
tha
t
the
enhanced P
T
S approach offers better PAPR
reduct
ion performance comp
ared to adjacent
partitionin
g
f
o
r fixed
and
variabl
e le
n
g
ths
whi
c
h
itself i
s
b
a
sed
on PTS
sch
e
me
con
s
id
e
r
ed
effic
i
ent in PAPR reduc
t
ion.
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ces
[1]
L Gua
n
, T
Jiang, D Qu, Y Z
h
ou. Joi
n
t cha
n
nel
estimati
on
and PT
S to re
duce
pe
ak-to-a
v
erag
e-po
w
e
r
radi
o in OF
DM s
y
stems
w
i
th
o
u
t side inform
a
t
ion,
IEEE Signal Process
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ng
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88
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[2]
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DM for
w
i
r
e
les
s
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S Verma, P Sharma,
S A
huj
a, P Haj
e
l
a
.
Partial T
r
a
n
s
m
it
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enc
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i
th Co
nvol
utio
n
a
l co
des fo
r
reduc
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the
PAPR of the
OFDM signa
l
. 3rd Inter
nat
ion
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l C
onfer
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n
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i
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ute
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T
e
chnolog
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E
CT
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[4]
SH Ha
n, JH
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ee. An
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eak-to-a
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erag
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o
w
e
r
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es fo
r multicarri
er
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5
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[5]
J Sara
w
ong, T
Mata, P Bo
o
n
s
rimuan
g, H
K
oba
ya
shi.
Inter
l
eav
ed
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o
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g PT
S w
i
th
new
p
has
e
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M
systems
. 8th Internati
o
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onfere
n
c
e. Electrical
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neer
in
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ectronics, C
o
mputer, T
e
lec
o
mmunic
a
tio
n
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Informati
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e
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DW
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eo, JS N
o
. An
overvi
e
w
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pe
ak-to-aver
age
po
w
e
r ratio
re
ductio
n
sch
em
es for OF
DM
signals.
Co
mmunic
a
tions and Netw
orks,
Journal
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[7]
L
Yao,
J He, X
Xu.
A
nalys
is
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o
mpar
is
on
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m
e
thods
in PAPR r
e
duction for
OFDM
system
.
5th Int
e
rnati
ona
l
Con
f
erence. B
i
om
edic
a
l E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
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d Infor
m
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8.
[8]
H Yoo, F
Gui
l
l
oud, R
P
y
nd
ia
h.
OFDM-PAPR red
u
ctio
n us
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o
d
ed fre
q
uency
divis
i
o
n
bin
a
ry
mask
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11th E
u
rop
e
a
n
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W
i
reless C
o
n
f
erence-S
u
stai
nab
le W
i
re
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e
chnolo
g
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reless). 2
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[9]
HB Jeo
n
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A lo
w
-
c
o
mpl
e
xit
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