Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
4
2
7
~
4
3
6
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
4
27
-
4
3
6
427
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Des
i
gn
an
d analysis of
P
M moto
r with s
em
i
-
circle stato
r design
usin
g 2D
-
fini
te el
ement a
nalysis
Mohd Lu
qm
an M
ohd
Ja
mi
l
,
Kwa
ng T.
C.
,
A
uz
an
i Jidin
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
&
Driv
e
R
ese
arc
h
Group
(PE
DG
),
Univer
sit
i Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
la
ka
,
M
al
a
y
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
23
, 201
8
Re
vised
Dec
1
5
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
2
0
, 201
8
Thi
s
pap
er
pr
ese
nts
a
basic
appr
oac
h
to
r
educe
a
n
over
al
l
weigh
t
of
se
le
c
te
d
PM
m
otor.
The
appr
oac
h
is
not
base
d
on
norm
al
siz
ing
st
ep
b
y
kee
ping
th
e
over
all
d
esign
in
s
y
m
m
et
r
y
dime
nsion,
bu
t
b
y
in
t
roduc
ing
sem
i
-
c
irc
l
e
st
at
or
design.
Th
e
inves
ti
gat
ion
ta
k
es
12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
m
otor
as
a
subje
c
t
du
e
to
i
t
s
y
m
m
et
ric
wind
ing
disposit
ion.
Two
designs
are
included
,
b
oth
h
avi
ng
ide
ntica
l
sem
i
-
circle
st
at
or
but
di
ffe
ren
t
in
rotor
c
onfigura
t
ion.
De
sign
1
has
a
standa
rd
rotor
d
esign
that
equi
p
ped
with
10
-
pol
e
while
Desi
gn
2
has
a
sem
i
-
ci
rc
le
rotor
d
esi
gn
fol
lowing
the
sta
tor
design.
T
his
inh
ere
nt
l
y
re
sult
an
eve
n
num
ber
of
pol
e
i.e.
5.
From
t
he
inv
esti
ga
ti
on
using
2D
-
Finit
e
E
le
m
ent
Anal
y
sis
,
an
ov
era
l
l
we
ight
in
PM
m
otor
ca
n
be
th
eor
e
ti
c
al
l
y
red
uce
d
b
y
havi
ng
as
y
m
m
etric
design
dime
nsion.
Due
to
a
sem
i
-
ci
rcle
rotor
design
and
eve
n
num
ber
of
r
otor
pol
e,
the
De
sign
2
result
s
po
or
ba
ck
-
emf
and
poor
torqu
e
per
form
anc
e
th
a
n
th
e
Design
1.
A
prope
r
desi
gn
proc
edur
e
th
at
includes
par
amete
rs
op
tim
iz
at
ion
and
i
nte
lligent
sw
it
c
hing
f
or
opt
imum
cur
ren
t
exc
i
ta
t
ion
is
req
uire
d
to
r
estore the
desir
ed torqu
e
of
D
esign
1
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ov
e
rall
w
ei
gh
t
PM m
oto
r
Sem
i
-
ci
rcle sta
tor
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd L
uqm
an
Mohd
Jam
i
l,
Power El
ect
ronics &
Drives
Re
search
Grou
p (PE
DG)
Un
i
ver
sit
iTe
kn
ikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: l
uq
m
an@
utem
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
el
e
ct
rical
m
achines
ha
ve
bee
n
widely
use
d
i
n
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s
sta
rtin
g
f
r
om
con
su
m
er
app
li
anc
es
up
to
he
avy
a
utom
at
ed
industri
al
syst
e
m
s.
W
it
h
the
rise
of
4.0
Ind
us
tria
l
Re
vo
l
ution,
el
ect
rical
m
achines
are
s
ti
ll
the
back
-
bone
for
intel
li
gen
t
rob
otic
syst
e
m
s
as
there
is
a
need
for
accurate
m
e
c
han
ic
al
m
ov
e
m
ent
in
te
rm
of
sp
ee
d
a
nd
posit
ion
i
ng.
The
r
obotic
sy
stem
s
inv
olv
e
with
integ
rati
ons
of
m
any
discipli
nes
su
c
h
as
powe
r
el
ect
ro
nic
a
nd
el
ect
rical
dr
ive
s,
m
achine
de
s
ign
,
ki
nem
at
ics
an
d
a
rtific
ia
l
intel
li
gen
ti
ncl
ud
i
ng
sp
eci
fict
ech
nolog
ic
al
requi
re
m
ent f
or the
de
sired desi
gn.
Fr
om
m
achine
desig
n
pe
rs
pec
ti
ve,
su
it
able
m
oto
r
sel
ect
ion
is
the
m
ai
n
key
wh
ic
h
woul
d
res
ult
high
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
lo
w
cost
,
li
ght
wei
gh
t
an
d
bette
r
dynam
ic
per
f
orm
ance.
Br
us
he
d
DC
m
oto
r
,
Brushle
sss
DC
m
oto
r
and Step
pe
r
m
otor are
com
m
on elec
tric
alm
a
chines
u
se
d
i
n rob
otic sy
stem
.
Fo
r
a
ra
dial
flu
x
m
achine,
Br
us
he
d
DC
m
ot
or
s
c
onsist
of
s
ta
tor
an
d
r
otort
hatare
wou
nd
with
co
pper
wire
a
nd
e
quip
ped
with
a
c
om
m
utati
on
syst
e
m
.
The
syst
em
con
sist
s
of
com
m
utator
segm
ents
and
a
pair
of
carbo
n
brus
h
that
al
lo
w
the
c
urren
t
re
versi
on.
T
he
w
ound
sta
tor
w
hich
fi
el
d
windin
g i
s
locat
ed
ge
ner
at
es
m
ai
n
m
agn
et
ic
flu
x
wh
il
e
the
wound
r
otor
wh
i
ch
locat
es
ar
m
at
ur
e
windin
g
al
lows
i
nduc
ed
volt
age
e
xists.T
he
arm
at
ur
e
winding
is
en
d
c
onne
ct
ed
to
c
omm
utator
a
n
d
brus
hes
to
re
du
c
e
e
le
ct
rical
losses
an
d
exc
essive
wea
r
com
m
utator
segm
ent
[1
]
.Br
us
he
d
DC
m
oto
rs
ha
ve
offe
red
good
s
pe
ed
-
t
orqu
e
perf
or
m
ance,
reli
abili
ty
,
inex
pensi
ve,
si
m
ple
con
str
uction
a
nd
wide
r
ang
e
s
peed
co
ntr
ollabil
it
y
[2]
.
H
ow
e
ver,
t
he
se
m
oto
rs
res
u
lt
low
eff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
re
qu
i
red
pe
ri
od
ic
m
ai
ntenan
ce
due
to
th
e
prese
nce
of
brus
hes
[
3].
Com
m
on
con
t
ro
ll
ers
i
m
ple
m
ented
in Br
ushe
d DC
m
oto
rs
f
or
r
obotic ap
plica
ti
on
s a
re PID
[4
-
6]
an
d f
uzzy lo
gi
c con
t
ro
ll
er
[7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
4
27
–
4
3
6
428
Stepp
e
r
m
oto
r
work
i
ng
pri
nci
ple
is
base
d
on
c
urre
nt
pulse
excit
at
ion
that
resu
lt
sm
echan
ic
al
ro
ta
ti
on.
They
ha
ve
high
to
rque
at
l
ow
s
peed,
e
xcell
ent
res
pons
e,
con
t
ro
ll
able
ac
cel
erati
on
a
nd
able
to
be
gearl
ess
as
com
par
ed
t
o
the
brus
hed
D
C
m
oto
rs
[8
]
.
The
cl
assi
ficat
ion
of
ste
pp
er
m
oto
rs
rely
on
sta
to
r
an
d
ro
t
or
const
ru
ct
io
n.
H
arshva
rdha
n
R.
et
al
co
m
par
es
var
io
us
ty
pe
of
ste
pper
m
oto
r
s
in
te
rm
of
con
str
uction,
pri
nc
iple,
ph
a
se
a
nd
e
xcita
ti
on
m
od
e
[9]
.G
ene
rall
y,
st
epp
e
r
m
oto
rs
a
re
cat
e
gorized
into
var
ia
ble
-
r
el
uctance,
pe
r
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
and
hy
br
i
d
ty
pes
a
s s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
The
var
ia
ble
-
re
lucta
nce
m
oto
r
s
only
hav
e
sta
tor
windin
g
where
DC
s
ource
is
connecte
d
w
hile
ro
t
or
i
s
m
ade
of
sl
otted
ste
el
lam
inatio
n
wh
ic
h
car
r
ie
s
no
windin
gs.
Perm
anen
t
m
agn
et
ste
ppe
r
m
oto
rs
are
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
per
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
m
ou
nte
d
on
r
oto
r
body
a
nd
op
erate
base
d
on
at
tract
ion
or
repulsi
on
ph
e
nom
ena
betwee
n
r
otor
and
sta
tor
flu
x.
Wh
il
e
hybri
d
ste
pp
e
r
m
oto
r
s
are
the
c
om
bin
at
ion
of
va
riable
-
rel
uctance
and
per
m
anen
t
m
a
gn
et
ty
pe
s
to
de
velo
p
s
uperi
or
ste
p
re
so
l
utio
n,
t
orq
ue
a
nd
s
peed
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce.
The
sta
tor
coils
in
hybri
d st
ep
per
m
oto
rs
are
w
ound
in
alt
er
nate
po
le
that
equi
pp
e
d
with
pe
r
m
anen
t m
agn
et
s
on
ro
t
or
wh
ic
h o
ff
e
r
econom
ic
al
,
s
m
al
l
and
ver
y
si
m
ple
design.
Var
ia
ble
reluct
ance
m
oto
rs
an
d
hy
br
id
ste
pp
er
m
oto
rs
ha
ve
bette
r
tor
qu
e
pr
o
duct
ion
an
d
accu
r
at
e
posit
ion.
On
to
p
of
t
ha
t,
hy
br
id
ste
pper
m
oto
rs
ha
ve
sm
al
le
r
ov
ersho
ot,
os
ci
ll
at
or
y
res
pons
e
a
nd
set
tl
ing
ti
m
e
resu
lt
ing
m
or
e
preci
se
posit
ion
[10
]
.
Stepp
e
r
m
oto
rs
with
sm
al
l
er
ste
p
pu
lse
a
ng
le
ha
ve
bette
r
posit
ion
a
nd
lo
wer
c
os
t
[11].
I
n
ove
rall
,
ste
ppe
r
m
otors
ha
ve
l
ow
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
lo
w
tor
que
to
in
erti
a
rati
o
an
d
re
quire
d
high
c
urre
nt
c
on
s
um
ption
co
m
par
ed
to
bru
sh
le
ss
DC
m
a
chines
.
M
os
t
of
t
hes
e
m
oto
rs
are i
nterf
ace
d wit
h
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
for ef
fici
ent p
e
r
form
ance in
r
obotic a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
[12
-
14
]
.
a)
Var
ia
ble
-
rel
uctance
b) Per
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
c)
Hybr
i
d
Figure
1. Va
rio
us
ty
pe
of ste
pper
m
oto
rs
[
15
]
Perm
anen
t
m
a
gn
et
(
PM)
bru
sh
le
ss
m
oto
r
s
are
el
ect
r
onic
al
ly
com
m
uta
ted
,
offe
r
high
e
f
fici
ency
[
16]
,
reli
abili
ty
,
low
vo
l
um
e
[1
7],
noise
le
ss
operati
on,
hi
gh
outp
ut
tor
qu
e
at
rate
d
low
s
pee
d
[
18
]
and
al
s
o
no
peri
od
i
c
m
ai
ntenan
ce
a
s
com
par
ed
to
conve
ntion
al
DC
m
oto
rs
[19].
PM
m
oto
rs
gain
po
pu
la
rity
in
ind
ust
ries
du
e
t
o
sm
a
ll
hardw
a
r
e
siz
e,
li
gh
t
w
ei
gh
t
an
d
sim
pler
gea
rin
g
s
yst
e
m
[2
0].
P
r
it
i
pr
ese
nts
t
he
crit
eria
sel
ect
ion
f
or
reli
able
an
d
e
ffi
ci
ent
PM
m
ac
hin
es
f
or
var
i
ous
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
[21].
Crit
eria
s
el
ect
ion
s
uch
a
s
outp
ut
po
wer
,
outp
ut
tor
qu
e
,
rate
d
s
peed,
s
witc
hing
sc
hem
e
at
diff
e
ren
t
l
o
ads
ar
e
m
a
inly
con
si
der
e
d
for
s
uper
ior
perform
ance.
PM
m
achines
a
re
c
at
egorized
i
nto
two
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
es
w
hich
de
pend
on
bac
k
-
em
f
wav
e
for
m
as
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
For
DC
m
od
e
(BL
DC),
t
he
m
oto
rs
hav
e
t
rap
ez
oi
dal
bac
k
-
em
f
and
tra
pez
oid
al
excit
at
ion
cu
rrent
pro
file
w
hi
le
the
AC
m
od
e
(BL
AC)
res
ults
the
m
oto
rs
t
o
have
both
back
-
e
m
f
and
c
urre
nt
wa
vefo
rm
s
in
sin
usoidal
s
ha
pe.
Th
e
BLDC
m
oto
rs
gen
e
rall
y
ha
ve
s
up
e
rio
routp
ut
to
rque
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
a
nd
high
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
over
BL
AC
m
oto
rs
f
or
an
ide
ntica
l
m
otor
ge
om
et
ry
[22].
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
BLDC
m
oto
rs
m
ay
hav
e
hig
he
r
to
rque
ri
pple
an
d
lowe
r
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r dens
it
y
than
t
he
BL
AC
m
oto
rsin
s
ome
cases
[23
-
24]
.
Fo
r
a
n
a
xial
fl
ux
co
nfi
gurati
on,
high
t
orque
-
de
ns
it
y,
hi
gh
eff
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
s
horter
axial
le
ng
t
h
a
re
po
s
sible
t
o
ac
hi
eve
[
25]
.
How
ever,
c
om
plex
const
ru
ct
io
n,
hi
gh
tor
que
rip
pl
e
an
d
poor
po
wer
-
de
ns
it
y
in
var
i
ou
s
load
c
onditi
on
are
inh
e
rite
d.
Conventio
nall
y,
the
rad
ia
l
f
lux
Br
ushle
ss
PM
m
oto
rs
ar
e
con
st
ru
ct
e
d
with
per
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
on
r
otor.
This
c
onfi
gurati
on
has
sim
ple
const
ru
ct
io
n,
m
or
e
ro
bust,
be
tt
er
tor
que
at
high
l
oad
capaci
ty
,
high
flu
x
-
densi
ty
an
d
l
ow
e
r
co
gging
to
r
qu
e
tha
n
the
a
xial
fl
ux
m
achines
[
26
-
27
]
.
T
he
slott
ed
a
nd
slotl
ess
sta
tors
are
m
ade
up
of
sta
c
ked
ste
e
l
lami
nations
with
wi
nd
i
ng
arr
a
ng
e
d
within
sta
tor
ge
om
e
try
.
I
n
slott
ed
BL
DC
m
oto
rs,
the
wind
i
ngs
a
re
c
onf
igured
am
on
g
s
lots
an
d
unif
orm
ly
distribu
te
d
over
sta
to
r
peri
ph
e
ra
l
area.
Be
tt
er
to
r
qu
e
perform
ance
i.e.
high
a
ve
rag
e
to
rque
a
nd
m
ini
m
u
m
tor
qu
e
rip
ple
ca
n
be
ac
hie
ved
by
ha
ving
pro
per
s
hap
e
of
sl
ots
i
n
PM m
achines [28
]
.
W
h
il
e
sl
otless
m
achines
a
re w
ou
nd
in
cy
li
nder
b
et
wee
n
sta
tor
a
nd
ro
t
or
le
adi
ng
t
o
a
com
pact
design,
excell
en
t
power
-
to
-
wei
gh
t
rati
o,
li
gh
t
weig
ht,
lo
wer
coggin
g
to
rqu
e
an
d
sm
a
ll
er
vib
rati
on
tha
n
sl
otted
ty
pe
[
29
-
30]
.
Howe
ver,
slotl
ess
ty
pe
resu
lt
s
lo
w
a
ver
a
ge
tor
qu
e
,
lo
nger
axial
le
ng
th
,
thic
ker
m
agn
et
,
c
os
tl
y
and
le
ss
ef
fici
ent
[
31
]
.
The
r
ot
or
is
c
onstruct
ed
with
pe
rm
a
nen
t
m
agn
et
s
(
PMs
)
with
al
te
r
nate
North
a
nd
S
ou
th
po
le
s
f
or
sta
tor
pole
s
windi
ng
e
xcita
ti
on
.
Du
e
to
high
c
oe
rcivit
y
fiel
d
st
rength
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
PM
m
oto
r
wi
th se
m
i
-
ci
rcl
e stator de
sign
us
i
ng …
(
Mo
hd Luq
man Mo
hd Jamil
)
429
about
800
t
o
1050
kA/m
,
high
rem
anen
ce
m
agn
et
ic
fl
ux
of
1.1T
to
1.3
T
a
nd
c
heap
e
r
than
sam
arium
co
balt
m
agn
et
,
Ne
od
y
m
iu
m
Ir
on
Bo
r
on
(
N
dF
eB
)
ha
s
gai
ne
d
high
popula
rity
[
32
-
33]
. E
xam
ples
of
var
i
ous
PM
r
otors
are
s
how
n
as
i
n
Fi
gure
3
[
24]
,
[34].
The
in
te
rior
pe
rm
anen
t
m
ag
net
r
otor
ty
pe
res
ults
s
tructu
re
c
om
plexity
le
ading to e
xpe
ns
ive
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng co
st a
s c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
surf
ace
m
ou
nt
ed
m
agn
et
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n.
a)
BLDC m
oto
r
b) BLAC m
otor
Figure
2.
Ty
pe
of
op
e
rati
ng m
od
e
s in
PM m
a
chines
a)
Su
r
face
m
ounted
m
agn
et
b) Inte
rio
r per
m
anen
m
agn
et
Figure
3.
Ty
pe
s of P
M
r
oto
r
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
BLDC
m
oto
r
dri
ves
syst
em
mo
to
rs
re
qu
i
res
three
-
phase
i
nverter
an
d
r
ot
or
po
sit
io
n
detect
ion
dev
ic
e
for
a
desire
d
r
otati
on
.
F
or
po
sit
ion
detect
io
n
syst
em
,
an
enclose
d
ca
p
c
onsist
s
of
th
ree
hall
sens
ors
fit
te
d
on
pcb
is
fi
xed
on
no
n
-
dr
i
ving
e
nd.
T
he
sen
sors
a
re
pro
per
l
y
posit
ion
e
d
t
o
e
nsure
com
m
uta
ti
on
ta
ke
s
place
seq
uen
ti
al
ly
an
d
res
ults
ph
as
e
dis
placem
ent
of
120°
el
ect
ri
cal
[
35
-
36]
.
T
he
re
will
be
tw
o
wi
nd
i
ngs
e
nergizi
ng
i
ns
ta
ntly
and
a
lt
ern
at
e
co
nduc
ti
on
am
on
g
a
ll
wind
i
ng
s
wi
th
res
pect
to
ha
ll
sensors
se
nsi
ng
se
quen
ce
[37].
Tha
nk
s
to
te
c
hnology
a
dv
a
nc
ing
,
se
ns
orl
es
s
r
otor
po
sit
io
n
with
im
pr
ov
e
m
ent
detect
io
n
in
PM
m
otors
a
re
introd
uced
for
ov
e
rall
low
-
c
ost
syst
e
m
s
[3
8
-
39
]
.
Wh
il
e
c
om
m
on
basic
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
us
e
d
for
BLDC
m
oto
rs
in
rob
otic
ap
plica
ti
on
sti
ll
ba
sed
on
PID
[
40
-
41]
,
fu
zzy
l
og
ic
co
ntr
oller,
f
uz
zy
PID
c
ontrol
le
r
[
42]
an
d
ad
aptiv
e
fu
zzy
PID c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
[43
]
.
So
m
e
ro
boti
c
app
li
cat
io
n
sys
tem
s
faced
lo
w
po
wer
-
to
-
we
igh
t
ra
ti
o,
high
powe
r
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
,
bulky
siz
e
an
d
poor
s
afety
syst
em
.
Fo
r
a
sp
eci
fic
a
pp
li
cat
io
n,
a
li
gh
t
weig
ht
desi
gnwith
ou
t
pe
rfor
m
ance
degra
dation
is
nee
de
d
an
d
pro
po
se
d
in
thi
s
arti
cl
e.
A
ne
w
m
oto
r
desig
n
ha
ving
an
as
ymm
et
ric
sta
tor
or
sem
i
-
sta
tord
esi
gn
is
p
re
sente
d.
T
he
desig
n
ai
m
s
to
reduce
over
al
l
m
achine
we
igh
t
without
re
du
ci
ng
ave
ra
ge
tor
que
as
m
easur
e
d
in
t
he e
a
rlie
r
de
velo
ped
proto
ty
pe [
44]
.
The
inv
est
igati
on
is
car
ried
ou
t
by
us
in
g
2
-
D
Finit
e
-
Ele
m
ent
An
a
ly
sis.
2.
MA
T
HEM
AT
ICA
L
MODE
L OF BL
D
C MOTO
R
An
e
quivale
nt
ci
rcu
it
of
BLD
C
m
oto
r
is
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ure
4.
The
m
oto
r
c
onnecti
on
is
c
onfi
gured
i
n
sta
r
-
c
onnecti
on a
nd f
e
d by th
ree phase
volt
age s
ource i
nv
e
r
te
r.
T
he
m
oto
r i
s ex
ci
te
d wit
h on
e
of m
od
es
wh
ic
h
influ
e
nce
d
by
t
he
bac
k
-
em
f
pr
of
il
e
(
e
a
)
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2.
So
m
e
ge
neral
assum
ption
s
sh
al
l
be
c
on
si
de
red
in
m
od
el
li
ng
of PM
m
achines are desc
ribe
d
in
[45
-
47
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
4
27
–
4
3
6
430
Figure
4. Eq
ui
valent circ
uit f
or BLDC m
otor
The
i
nd
i
vidual
arm
at
ur
e w
in
di
ng volt
ages
of
each
ph
a
se ar
e
as foll
ows:
a
a
a
a
e
dt
di
L
Ri
V
(
1
)
b
b
b
b
e
dt
di
L
Ri
V
(
2
)
c
c
c
c
e
dt
di
L
Ri
V
(
3
)
wh
e
re
R
a
,
R
b
a
nd
R
c
are
in
div
i
du
al
a
rm
at
ur
e
ph
a
se
resist
a
nce,
L
a
,
L
b
a
nd
L
c
are
in
div
i
du
al
a
rm
at
ur
e
ph
a
se
inducta
nce
,
w
hile
i
a
,i
b
an
d
i
c
are
i
nd
i
vidual
arm
at
ur
e
phas
e
cu
rr
e
nt
res
pe
ct
ively
.
A
sim
plifie
d
m
od
el
is
the
n
expresse
d
in
m
at
rix
f
or
m
as
in
e
qu
at
io
n
(4).
The
phase
bac
k
-
em
fs
as
in
e
quat
ions
(
5),
(
6)
an
d
(
7)
res
pec
ti
vely
are
de
velo
pe
d
on
ce
the
ro
t
or
ro
ta
te
s
a
nd
t
he
y
are
apa
rt
by
120
el
ect
r
ic
al
degree.
The
dy
nam
ic
equ
at
ion
of
a
dev
el
op
e
d
el
ec
trom
agn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
in
PM
m
oto
r
is
e
xpres
sed
as
in
eq
uatio
n
(8).
N
ote
t
hat
t
he t
orq
ue
de
ve
lop
e
d
is
co
ntribute
d
by
tw
o
phase
c
onduct
ion
at
a
n
i
ns
ta
nt.
T
he
e
a
,
e
b
and
e
c
are
ind
ivi
du
al
pha
se
bac
k
-
em
fs,
wh
il
e
k
,
θ
,
ω
,
J
,
B
a
nd
T
L
is
bac
k
-
em
f
co
ns
ta
nt,
el
ect
rical
an
gle,
r
ot
or
m
echan
ic
al
ro
t
or
s
pee
d,
r
ot
or
ine
rtia
,
da
m
pin
g
const
ant a
nd lo
ad
to
r
qu
e
r
es
pe
ct
ively
.
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
e
e
e
i
i
i
pl
R
pl
R
pl
R
V
V
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
(
4
)
)
(
f
k
e
a
(
5
)
)
3
2
(
f
k
e
b
(
6
)
)
3
2
(
f
k
e
c
(
7
)
B
T
dt
d
J
T
L
c
(
8
)
3.
PROP
OSE
D DESIG
N OF
BL
DC
MOT
OR
A12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
,
BL
DC
m
oto
r
wh
ic
h
slot
-
nu
m
ber
a
nd
po
le
-
num
ber
co
nfi
gurati
on
belo
ng
s
to
Ns=
2p±
2
as
ta
bula
te
d
in
Table
1
is
inv
est
i
gated
(
act
ua
l
desi
gn
)
.
T
he
m
oto
r
la
yout
wh
ic
h
i
niti
al
l
y
has
a
wi
nd
i
ng
factor,
k
w
of
0.9
66
is
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
5(a)
.
It
i
s
init
ia
ll
y
desig
nedf
or
a
high
tor
que
perf
or
m
ance
of
10
Nm
at
100
rp
m
rated
s
pee
d.
I
n
the
early
desig
n
sta
ge,
s
at
ur
at
io
n
e
ff
ect
is
ig
nore
d
when
m
achine
siz
ing
is
car
ried
out.
All
desig
ns
are
th
en
a
naly
sed
by
us
in
g
2D
-
Finit
e
Ele
m
ent
An
al
ysi
s
w
here
the
sat
urat
io
n
e
ff
ect
is
ta
ke
n
i
nt
o
account.
T
he
l
a
m
inati
on
ste
el
and
ra
re
eart
h
m
agn
et
are
m
ade
of
sil
ic
on
ste
el
and
N
dFeB
resp
ect
i
ve
ly
.
The
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
PM
m
oto
r
wi
th se
m
i
-
ci
rcl
e stator de
sign
us
i
ng …
(
Mo
hd Luq
man Mo
hd Jamil
)
431
NdFeBm
agn
et
ty
pe
of
1.2T
re
m
nan
t
and
paral
el
ly
m
agn
et
iz
ed
is
m
ou
nted
on
r
oto
r
surfa
ce.
W
it
h
t
he
spi
rit
of
reducin
g
over
al
l
m
oto
r
wei
gh
t,
the
m
od
if
ic
at
ion
of
sta
tor
an
d
r
otor
s
tructu
re
has
be
en
i
nv
est
ig
at
ed.
Th
e
inv
est
igati
on
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
5(a
-
b)
is
base
d
on
t
wo
m
od
ific
at
ion
t
ypes
i.e
.
sem
i
-
sta
tor
an
ds
em
i
-
r
otor
.
Pr
e
dicti
on
of
open
-
ci
rc
uit
fl
ux
de
ns
it
y,
phas
e
bac
k
-
em
f,
co
gg
i
ng
to
rque
a
nd
sta
ti
c
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
tor
que
a
re
include
d
for
c
om
par
ison
pur
po
s
e.
T
he
idea
of
Desi
gn
1
a
nd
Desi
gn
2
is
to
rem
ov
e
part
ia
l
sta
tor
dim
ensi
on
le
ading
t
o
sem
i
-
sta
tor
desig
n.
The
slot
-
num
ber
is
then
bec
om
e
6
instea
d
of
12.
Si
nce
the
or
i
gin
al
slot
-
num
ber
is
eve
n,
t
he
re
m
ai
nin
g
sl
ot
-
num
ber
is
sti
ll
an
e
ven
num
ber
a
nd
t
he
rem
ai
nin
g
arm
at
ure
coils
belo
ng
to
the
ph
a
ses
as o
ri
gi
n.
How
e
ver, Desi
gn
2
h
a
ve
diff
e
ren
t ro
t
or
d
e
sign
a
s
the pole
-
num
ber
re
du
ces
to 5
to
al
ig
n
with
the
sta
to
r
design
w
hich
re
su
l
ts
in
sym
m
e
tri
c
cutti
ng
betw
een
sta
to
r
a
nd
ro
t
or
.
Fig
ure
6
com
par
es
c
oil
phas
e
sel
ect
ion
betw
een
ori
gin
al
12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
m
achine
a
nd
ne
w
m
od
ifie
d
de
sign
s
.
As
half
-
sta
tor
is
im
plem
ented,
a
num
ber
o
f
c
oils
incl
ud
i
ng
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
st
at
or
iro
n
bo
dy
is
rem
ov
ed.
H
ow
e
ve
r
t
he
m
m
f
vector
s
f
or
am
on
g
each
rem
ai
nin
g
phase
rem
ain
s
sym
m
et
ry
i
.e.
12
0º
el
ect
ri
cal
degree
apa
rt.
The
rem
ai
nin
g
c
oils
set
are
sti
ll
belo
ng to p
has
e A
,
B a
nd C,
m
ark
ed
w
it
h re
d,
yel
lo
w
a
nd
blu
e c
olou
r
re
s
pecti
vely
.
Table
1
. Desi
gn s
pecifica
ti
on
s for
act
ual
12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
m
oto
r
Para
m
e
ter
S
pecif
ica
tions
Su
p
p
ly
vo
ltag
e (
V)
24
Rated
torq
u
e (
N
m
)
10
Rated
sp
eed (r
p
m
)
100
Stato
r
o
u
ter
d
ia
m
et
er
(
m
m
)
120
Ro
to
r
o
u
ter
d
ia
m
et
er
(
m
m
)
72
Ax
ial leng
th
(
m
m
)
20
Magn
et thick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
5
Airgap
leng
th
1
Slo
t op
en
in
g
1
.1
Too
th
tip th
ick
n
ess
3
.3
Rated
curre
n
t
(A)
10
Magn
etizatio
n
ty
p
e
Parallel
Op
erating
m
o
d
e
BLDC
a)
12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
b) D
esi
gn 1
c)
Desig
n 2
Figure
5.
PM
m
oto
r
struct
ur
e
s
a)
12
-
slot/
10
pole
b) D
esi
gn 1 an
d Desig
n 2
Figure
6.
Coil
m
m
f
vector
s
in
PM m
oto
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
4
27
–
4
3
6
432
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
4
.1
.
No
-
lo
ad
Flux
-
densit
y
Figure
7
de
pic
ts
per
m
anen
t
m
agn
et
flu
x
-
li
nk
a
ges
a
nd
fl
ux
-
de
ns
it
ie
s
at
no
-
loa
d
c
ondtion.
Since
the
po
le
num
ber
,
2p
is
10,
there
is
5
cy
cl
es
of
flu
x
-
li
nka
ge
a
nd
an
d
flu
x
-
de
ns
it
y
for
a
c
om
ple
te
1
m
echan
ic
al
ro
ta
ti
on.
F
or
t
he
act
ual
desig
n,
al
thou
gh
t
he
fl
ux
-
li
nk
a
ge
c
ou
l
d
be
in
de
ntifie
d
as
si
nu
s
oi
d,
t
he
no
-
l
oad
fl
ux
-
densi
ty
pro
file
does
no
t
di
re
ct
ly
relat
ed
by
a
c
os
ine
functi
on
wh
ic
h
su
pp
os
e
d
t
o
ha
ve
sim
il
ar
sinu
s
oi
d
wav
e
f
or
m
. Ho
wev
e
r,
this
sit
ua
ti
on
does
no
t
against
the
far
a
days’s l
aw
. T
he
peak
flu
x
-
li
nkage
of
act
ual
desi
gn
is
0.1
4Wb,
it
r
edu
ce
s
to
0.0
6Wb
with
an
al
m
os
t
60
%
redu
ct
ion
wh
e
n
De
sign
1
an
d
Des
ign
2
a
re
im
plem
ented.
Seve
re
res
ult
is
obta
ined
via
Desig
n
2
as
a
n
asym
m
e
tric
or
no
n
-
un
i
form
prof
il
e
of
flu
x
-
li
nk
agea
nd
no
-
loa
d
flu
x
-
densi
ty
exist.
A
com
m
on
non
-
unif
or
m
peak
of
no
-
loa
d
flu
x
-
densi
ty
occu
rs
m
ai
nly
due
to
slott
ing
e
f
fect.
The
no
-
loa
d
fl
ux
-
den
sit
ie
s
in
Desig
n1
a
nd
Desig
n
2
res
ult
strang
e
prof
i
le
s
between
0
to
180°
m
echan
ic
al
ang
le
s
.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
of
dis
sapeare
nce
of
coil
set
s
an
d
r
edu
ct
io
n
of
po
le
nu
m
ber
s.
Figure
8
c
om
par
es
flu
x
sat
ur
at
io
n
le
vels for al
l desig
ns. T
he blue
(
da
rk)
a
reais the
a
rea
of
ze
r
o
fl
ux
-
de
ns
it
y.
a) F
l
ux
-
li
nk
a
ge
b) A
ir
ga
p flu
x
-
densi
ty
Figure
7. N
o
-
l
oad co
ndit
ion
a)
12
-
slot/
10
-
pole
b) D
esi
gn 1
c)
Desig
n 2
Figure
8. Flu
x sat
ur
at
io
n
le
vel at n
o
-
l
oad co
ndit
ion
4
.
2.
B
ack
-
emf
Ph
ase
bac
k
-
em
fof
al
l
desi
gn
s
are
s
hown
in
Fi
gure
9.
T
he
pr
e
dicti
on
is
obta
ined
at
100
r
pm
rated
s
pee
d.
The
pea
k
val
ue
f
or
act
ual
desi
gn
is
6.3
V.
As
m
entioned
ea
rlie
r,
t
he
num
ber
of
cy
cl
e
c
orres
ponds
t
o
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
pole
-
pair
w
hich
c
om
pletes
1
m
echan
ic
a
l
ro
ta
ti
on.
In
gen
e
ral,
tra
pez
oid
al
ph
ase
ba
ck
-
em
f
ind
ic
at
es
a
trapez
oid
al
c
urren
t
is
a
bette
r
cho
ic
e
tha
n
si
nuso
i
dal
e
xcita
ti
on
c
urren
t
f
or
a
co
ns
ta
nt
el
ec
trom
agn
et
ic
to
rque.
Du
e
to
sym
m
e
tric
distrib
utio
n
of
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agn
et
fl
ux
-
l
ink
a
ge,
Desi
gn
1
has
a
bala
nc
ed
back
-
em
f
prof
il
e
than
t
he
De
sig
n
2.
T
he
odd
num
ber
s
of
m
agn
et
ic
pole
on
r
otor
in
Desig
n
2
dist
or
ts
t
he
ba
ck
-
em
f,
le
adi
ng
t
o
a
n
asym
m
e
tric
back
-
em
f.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
peak
i
nduce
d
back
-
em
f
f
or
both
desig
ns
dr
oppe
d
by
50.3%
tha
n
the
act
ual
desig
n.
Acc
ordin
g
to
F
ig
ur
e
9(b),
the
rise
of
higher
m
ulti
pl
e
orde
r
ha
rm
onic
s
i.e.
3
rd
,
5
th
a
nd
7
th
i
nd
ic
at
es
non
-
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
ve
form
an
d den
t
ed peak
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
PM
m
oto
r
wi
th se
m
i
-
ci
rcl
e stator de
sign
us
i
ng …
(
Mo
hd Luq
man Mo
hd Jamil
)
433
a) Phase
bac
k
-
e
m
fs
b) H
a
rm
on
ic
s
com
po
ne
nts
Figure
9.
Ba
ck
-
em
f
analy
sis
4
.
3
.
Cog
ging
to
r
que
An inte
racti
on
betwee
n r
otor
m
agn
et
ic
f
l
ux
and sl
otted
str
uc
ture
of
stat
or
at
no
-
l
oad c
on
diti
on r
e
su
lt
s
a
coggin
g
to
r
que.
T
he
co
ggi
ng
fr
e
quency,
Cog
freq
an
d
c
ogging
fact
or
,
C
T
for
each
PM
m
oto
rs
are
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
e
quat
ion
(9)
a
nd equati
on
(10) res
pecti
vel
y.
360
)
2
,
(
p
N
L
C
M
C
og
s
f
r
e
q
(
9
)
)
2
,
(
,
p
N
L
C
M
xN
N
C
s
p
s
T
(
10
)
wh
e
re
LCM
,
N
s
and
2p
a
re
the
lowe
st
com
m
on
m
ulti
ple,
slot
num
ber
s
an
d
po
le
num
ber
s
res
pec
ti
vely
.
Gen
e
rall
y,
high
co
ggin
g
to
rque
an
d
c
ogging
fact
or
in
PM
m
oto
rs
re
su
lt
in
high
to
r
qu
e
rip
ple
an
d
vi
brat
io
n
ph
e
nom
eno
n.
Figure
10
com
par
es
pro
file
s
of
co
ggin
g
to
rqu
e
w
hen
ze
r
o
cu
rr
e
nt
excit
at
ion
is
ap
plied.
T
he
act
ual
desig
n
ha
s
a
const
ant
pea
k
-
to
-
peak
c
oggi
ng
t
orque
0.1
Nm
with
60
coggin
g
cy
cl
e.
H
ow
e
ver,
s
it
uation
changes
f
or
De
sign
1
a
nd
De
sign
2
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
The
c
ogging
to
rque
pro
file
cha
ng
es
w
he
n
asy
m
m
et
ric
designs
on
sta
tor
a
n
d
r
otor
are
i
ntr
oduced.
T
his
is
c
om
fir
m
ed
by
the
c
hange
of
c
ogging
cy
cl
es
i
n
the
Desi
gn
1
an
d
2.
The
De
sig
n
2 would be m
or
e sever
e as th
e cogging to
rque
getti
ng
bigger up
t
o
1.3 Nm
wh
ic
h
is ab
ou
t
10% of
the d
e
sired
out
pu
t t
orq
ue.
a)
Actual
desig
n
b)
Desi
gn 1 an
d Desig
n 2
Figure
10. C
ogging to
r
qu
e
ana
ly
sis
4
.
4
.
El
ectr
om
agnetic
to
r
q
ue
Ou
t
pu
t
t
orqu
e
perform
ance
of
al
l
desig
ns
a
re
show
n
i
n
Fig
ure
11.
The
m
ot
or
desi
gn
s
are
excit
ed
with
trapez
oid
al
cu
r
ren
t,
120°
co
m
m
utati
on
.
Th
e
com
m
utatio
n
has
si
x
-
st
e
ps
in
1
el
ect
rical
cy
cl
e
wh
ic
h
f
inall
y
resu
lt
s
5
el
ect
r
ic
al
cy
cl
es
f
or
1
m
echan
ic
al
r
otati
on
.
T
he
ac
tual
de
sig
n
res
ults
a
n
a
verage
to
rque
of
10.
3
Nm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
4
27
–
4
3
6
434
and
22%
to
rqu
e
ripp
le
.
Wh
il
e
the
Desig
n
1
a
nd
2
res
ult
in
r
edu
ce
d
a
ver
a
ge
torque
by
53
%
and
80%,
e
quivale
n
t
to
4.8
Nm
and
2.0
Nm
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
ou
t
put
to
rque
pr
of
il
e
al
so
cha
nges
wh
e
n
asy
m
m
etr
ic
de
sig
ns
on
s
ta
tor
and
r
otor
a
re
i
ntr
oduce
d.
T
hi
s
is
com
firm
ed
by
the
cha
nge o
f
tor
que
cy
cl
e
s
in
t
he
Desig
n
1
a
nd 2
. Th
e
D
esi
gn
1
s
hows
a
redu
ct
ion
of
av
era
ge
tor
que
,
i.
e.
~
50%,
w
hile
the
Desi
gn
2
s
hows
a
n
al
te
r
nating
tre
nd
as
t
he
tor
que
has
i
nconsiste
nt
p
eak
s.
T
he
t
orq
ue rip
ples fo
r
D
esi
gn
1
a
nd
2
a
re aro
und 6
0%
a
nd
400% respecti
vely
.
a) S
ta
ti
c to
rque
b) Avera
ge
t
orqu
e
vs
ph
ase
c
urren
t
Figure
11.
O
utp
ut t
orq
ue
a
naly
sis
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
the
i
nv
e
s
ti
gation,
the
ov
erall
wei
gh
t
i
n
PM
m
oto
rs
is
theo
reti
cal
ly
can b
e re
du
ce
d
by
rem
ov
in
g
par
ti
al
dim
ension
in
axial
a
nd
/
or
ra
dial
di
recti
on
.
How
ever,
m
achine
pe
rfo
rm
ance
m
ay
deterio
rates
as
asym
m
e
tric
ba
c
k
-
em
f
a
nd
outpu
t
tor
que
are
una
voide
d.
A
pr
op
e
r
desi
gn
pr
ocedu
re
t
ha
t
inclu
des
par
a
m
et
er
op
ti
m
iz
ation
a
nd intel
li
gen
t s
witc
hing
for o
pti
m
u
m
cu
r
rent
ex
ci
ta
ti
on
is
r
equ
i
red to
rest
or
e
the
desire
d t
orqu
e
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
would
li
ke
t
o
tha
nk
U
niv
e
r
sit
iTe
kn
ikal
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
l
aka
(UTeM
)
for
pro
vid
i
ng
UTeMZam
al
a
h
Sc
hem
e, U
T
eM
.29.02/
600
-
1/9
/5
Jld
.6 (
149) for
this
rese
arch.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Chapman
S.
J.
,
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Mac
h
i
ner
y
Fundam
ental
2005
,
4
th
ed
.
,
New York:
McG
raw
-
Hill
.
[2]
Santi
ago
e
t al
.
,
“
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Motor
Drive
li
nes
in
C
om
m
erc
ia
l
Al
l
E
le
c
tri
c
Veh
ic
l
e:
A Re
vi
ew”
,
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ve
hi
cul
ar Tec
hn
ology
,
2015
;
61(
2);
475
–
484.
[3]
J.
Fenton
and
R
.
Hodkinson,
L
i
ghtwei
ght
Elec
tr
ic
/H
y
brid
Vehi
c
le
Design
:
Auto
m
oti
ve
Eng
ineer
in
g
Seri
es
2001,
Chapt
er
1:
Curre
nt
EV
d
esign ap
proa
che
s:
El
s
evier
But
te
rworth
-
Heine
m
ann.
[4]
Yim
e,
E.
et
al,“D
esign
of
a
brushe
d
DC
m
otors
PI
D
cont
roller
for
deve
lopment
of
l
ow
-
cost
roboti
c
appl
i
ca
t
ions”,
20
14
III
Inte
rnat
ional
Congress
of
Eng
ine
ering
Me
chat
ronics
and
Au
to
mation
(
CIIMA
)
.
[5]
Vaij
a
y
a
nti,
“
Ro
boti
c
Arm
Con
trol
using
PID
Control
l
er
and
Inve
rse
Kin
ematics”,
In
te
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
De
v
el
opment
and
Res
earc
h
,
2017;
5(
1);1571
-
1579
.
[6]
Agbara
ji&In
y
iam
a,
“
A
Survey
of
Controll
er
Design
M
e
thods
for
A
Robot
Manipulator
in
Harsh
envi
ronm
ent
”
,
E
uropean
Journal
of Engi
ne
ering and Tec
hnolog
y
,
2015;
3(1)
;
64
–
73.
[7]
Am
in
R.
e
t
al,
“
Modell
ing
and
Control
of
DO
F
Robot
Arm
using
Fuzz
y
Logic
S
uper
visor
y
Cont
rol”
,
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Robotics
an
d
Aut
omati
on
,
2013;
2(1);
5
6
-
68
.
[8]
Gier
as
J.
F.
&
W
ing
M.,
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Motor
Technol
og
y
2002.
2
nd
ed
.
Ne
w
York:
Marc
el
Dekke
r,
In
c.
p
p
:
453
–
458.
[9]
Harshvardha
n
R.
e
t
al,“S
te
pper
Motor:
A
Revie
w
on
The
or
y
a
n
d
Fundam
ent
a
l”,
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Eme
rgi
ng
Tr
ends
in
Scienc
e
and
Te
chnol
og
y
.
2015
;
2(6)
;
25
46
–
2551
.
[10]
Bal
ai
P.
N.
&T
alat
i
J.
A.
,
“
Open
Loop
Motion
Contr
ol
of
Stepp
er
Motor
for
Video
Survei
ll
an
c
e
S
y
stem”,
In
te
rna
ti
onal Journal
o
f
Novel
Re
search
in
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Me
chan
ic
al
En
gine
erin
g
,
2015;
2(1);
41
–
46
.
[11]
Ta
rnin
i,
M.
Y.
,
“
Fast
and
Che
ap
Stepp
er
Mot
or
Drive
”,
2015
Inte
rnational
C
onfe
renc
e
on
R
ene
wabl
e
Ene
rg
y
Re
search
and
A
ppli
cations (
ICRE
RA
)
.
[12]
Aranj
o,
B
.
e
t
a
l,
“
Steppe
r
Motor
Drive
s for
Robot
ic
Appli
cations”
,
2012
IEE
E
Int
ernati
onal Powe
r
Engi
ne
ering
and
Optimizati
on
Co
nfe
renc
e
,
6
–
7
J
une
2012.
IE
EE
Publisher.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n a
nd an
alysis of
PM
m
oto
r
wi
th se
m
i
-
ci
rcl
e stator de
sign
us
i
ng …
(
Mo
hd Luq
man Mo
hd Jamil
)
435
[13]
As
winbal
aj
i
,
“
W
ire
le
ss
Voic
e
Control
l
ed
Ro
boti
c
Arm
”
Inte
rnational
Journa
l
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
Technol
og
y
i
n
Computer
Scien
ce
s
&
El
ec
tronics
,
2012;
12
(1);
3
3
-
38
.
[14]
Bhal
e
C.
et
al.
“
Anal
y
sis
of
St
eppe
r
Motor
Drive
rs”,
In
te
rnatio
nal
Confe
ren
ce
on
Scienc
e
and
Engi
n
ee
ring
fo
r
Sustainabl
e
Dev
el
opment
,
2017
; 251
–
256
.
[15]
Edva
rd,
20
13.
Few
W
ords
About
Steppe
r
Motor
(Advant
age
s,
Disadv
antage
s
and
Cl
assific
a
ti
on).
Ava
ila
ble
a
t
htt
ps://
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
-
engi
ne
eri
ng
-
port
al
.
com/fe
w
-
words
-
about
-
steppe
r
-
m
otor
-
adva
nta
g
es
-
disadva
nt
age
s
-
and
-
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion
.
[
As
sess
ed
on
10
Septe
m
ber
2018
]
.
[16]
Manoj
et
a
l,
“
FE
A
of
a
High
Eff
i
ci
en
c
y
Brushless
DC
Motor
D
esi
gn
”,
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
Ap
pli
ed
Eng
ineerin
g
Re
search
,
2017;
12(1);
11417
-
1
1423.
[17]
Shirish
&
Jain,
“
Modelling
and
Sim
ul
at
ion
of
Three
Phase
BLDC
Motor
for
Elec
tr
ic
Br
aki
ng
Us
ing
MA
TL
AB/S
IM
ULINK
”,
2017; 5(1);
48
-
53
.
[18]
Shivraj
&
Archa
na
,
“
Mathe
m
atical
M
odel
li
ng
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
Three
Phase
BLDC
Motor
Us
ing
MA
TL
AB”,
Inter
nati
onal Journal
of
Adv
an
ce i
n
Engi
ne
ering
&
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
2014
;
1426
–
1433.
[19]
Sanadh
y
a
N.
et
al
,
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ity
o
f
Perm
ane
nt
Ma
gnet
Brushl
ess
DC
Drive
s
using
IGBT’s”,
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Innov
ative Re
se
a
rch
in
S
cienc
e
,
Engi
ne
ering
and
Technol
og
y
,
20
13;
2(3);
772
-
78
0.
[20]
Yang
M.
et
al,
“
A
Cost
-
Eff
ectiv
e
Method
of
Ele
ct
ri
c
Brak
e
with
Ene
rg
y
R
ege
n
e
rat
ion
for
Elec
tric
Vehicle
”,
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
on
on
I
ndustrial
Elec
tronic
s
,
2009
;
56(6)
;
2203
–
2212.
[21]
Prit
i
S
.
M
.
e
t
al,
“
Sel
ec
t
ion
a
nd
Design
of
BL
DC
Motor
for
Di
ffe
ren
t
Appl
ic
a
tions
”,
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Journal
of
E
lectric
al
El
e
ct
ronics,
2015
;
4(1);
114
–
119
.
[22]
Masata
ka
M.
&
Kan
A.,
“
Eff
ic
i
e
nc
y
Com
par
ison
bet
wee
n
brushle
ss
DC
Motor
and
Brushless
AC
Motor
Co
nsideri
ng
Driving
Method
and
Mac
h
ine De
sign”,
IE
EJ J
our
nal
of
Industry A
ppli
cation
,
2012
;
2(1);
79
–
86.
[23]
Ta
e
Y.
L
.
et
al,
“
Motor
Design
an
d
Charact
er
isti
cs
Com
par
ison
of
Outer
Rotor
T
y
p
e
BLDC
Motor
a
nd
BLAC
Motor
Based
on
Num
er
ic
a
l
Anal
y
sis”
,
I
EE
E
Tr
ans
act
io
n
on
App
li
ed
Su
perc
onductivity
,
2016;
2(4);
1
-
6
.
[24]
J.
R.
Hende
rshot
&
T.
J.
Mill
er,
“
Design
of
Brushless
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Mac
h
ines
”
in
Motor
Desi
gn
Books,
US
A:
Florida
,
2010.
[25]
Cava
gnino
A.
et
al,
“
A
compari
son
bet
wee
n
th
e
Axial
Flux
and
the
Radial
Flux
Struct
ur
es
for
PM
sy
n
chr
onou
s
Motors”.
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on
I
ndustry
Applications
,
2002;
38(6
);1517
–
1524
.
[26]
Chen
A.
et al.
,
“
Perform
anc
e
Co
m
par
isons Am
o
ng
Rad
ia
l
Flux
,
Multi
-
stage Axi
a
l
Flux
and
Three
-
phase
Tra
nsvers
e
Flux
PM
Mac
hi
nes
for
Dow
nhol
e
Appli
ca
t
ion”,
I
EE
E
Inte
rnat
ion
al
E
le
c
tric
Mac
h
ine
s
and
Dr
ives
Confe
renc
e
,
3
-
4
Ma
y
2009.
[27]
Indira
j
it
h
K.
&
Kum
ar R. B.
,
“
Com
par
at
ive
Stud
y
of
The
Tr
ansve
rse,
Axi
al
and
Radi
al
PM
S
y
nc
hrono
us
Motors
for
W
ind
Applic
a
ti
o
n”,
In
te
rnat
ional J
ournal
o
f El
e
ctr
ic
al
and
Elec
tronic
s E
ng
ine
ers
,
2017;
9(1);
944
–
955.
[28]
Am
it
N.
P.
e
t
al
,
“
Influ
enc
e
o
f
Diff
ere
nc
e
T
ype
of
St
at
or
Sl
ots
on
Torqu
e
Profile
of
Surfa
ce
Mounted
Pm
Motors”,
Inte
rnat
ional
Journa
l
of
Computer
Appli
cat
ions
in
Eng
in
ee
ring S
ci
en
ce
s
,
2014;
5(2);40
–
42.
[29]
Ilka
R
.
et
a
l,
“
Design
of
Slo
tl
e
ss
BLDC
Motor
for
El
imin
at
ing
Cogging
Torqu
e”
,
Journal
o
f
W
orld’s
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
ering
and
Technol
og
y
,
20
14;
3(2);
67
-
73
.
[30]
Jung
M.
S.
e
t
al,
“
A
Stud
y
on
Br
ushless
DC
Mot
or
for
High
Torq
ue
Densi
t
y
”,
Inter
nati
onal
Journal
of
M
ec
hani
ca
l
and
Me
cha
troni
c
Eng
ine
ering
,
2
011;
5(10);
2084
–
2088
.
[31]
Sharkh,
S.
M.
,
&
Lai,
S.
H.,
“
Slotl
ess
PM
Brushless
Motor
with
Hel
ic
a
l
Edge
-
W
ound
L
aminat
ions”
,
IE
E
E
Tra
nsacti
ons on Energy
Con
ve
rs
i
on
,
2009;
24(3);
594
–
598.
[32]
M.
Nicol
e
et
al.,
“
Brushless
DC
Micro
Motor
wit
h
Surfac
e
Mount
ed
Perm
ane
nt
M
agne
t
”,
Journal
of
Revue
Roumai
ne
des
Scienc
es
Tec
hnique
s
,
2014
;
3
(1);
237
-
247
.
[33]
G
R.
Putta
l
akshm
i&
S.
Para
m
asiva
m
,
“
El
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
Flux
An
aly
s
is
of
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Br
ushless
Dc
Motor
using Ma
gnet Software
”
,
Int
ernational
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
Technol
og
y
,
20
13;
5(1);
3215
-
3
222.
[34]
Bia
nchi,
N.
et
al,
“
Com
par
ison
o
f
PM
Motor
Struct
ure
s
and
Sen
sorless
Control
Te
ch
n
ique
s
for
Ze
ro
-
Speed
Rot
or
Pos
it
ion
Det
ec
t
i
on”,
IE
EE Tr
ans
act
ions o
n
Power
El
e
ct
ronics
,
20
07;
22(6);
2466
–
2475.
[35]
J.
R.
Hende
rshot
&
T.
J.
Mill
er,
“
Design
of
Brushless
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Mac
h
ines
”
in
Motor
Desi
gn
Books,
US
A:
Florida
,
2010.
[36]
Brushless
DC (BL
DC) Motor
Fu
ndamenta
ls Appl
ic
a
ti
on
Not
e
;
AN
885,
Micro
chip:
AZ, US
A.
20
03.
[37]
Burger
,
F.
et
al
,
“
New
Single
Chip
Hall
Sensor
f
or
Thre
e
Phases
Brushless
Motor
Control
”
,
Sens.
Ac
tuate.
A
-
Ph
ys
.
,
2000;
81(1);
320
-
323
.
[37]
Padal
kar
,
A.
,
“
Speed
and
posit
io
n
cont
ro
l
of
B
L
DC
m
otor
using
int
e
rna
l
hall
se
nsors
and
har
dw
are
d
esign”,
201
5
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Info
rm
ati
on
Proce
ss
ing
(
ICIP)
,
16
-
19
Dec
ember
201
5.
Published
b
y
I
EE
E
.
[38]
Murugun
M.
e
t
a
l,
“
Rotor
Pos
it
ion
Sensorl
e
ss
Co
ntrol
of
BLDC
Motor
base
d
on
Bac
k
emf
Det
ec
t
ion
Method”
,
TEL
EK
OMNIKA
Indon
esian
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
2005;
14
(2);
222
-
22
7.
[39]
Pande
y
K.
K.
&Bha
dori
y
a
J.
S.,
“
Im
prove
d
Bac
k
Emf
of
Rotor
Pos
it
ion
Dete
c
ti
on
of
a
Sensorless
BLDC
Motor”,
Int
erna
tional J
ournal
of
Sci
en
ce
&
Technol
ogy
,
2014;
3(1
);
143
–
148.
[40]
Hw
ang
C.
C.
et
a
l,
“
Design
and
A
naly
s
is
of
a
Brus
hle
ss
DC
Motor
for
Appli
ca
t
ions
in
Robot
ic
s
”,
IE
T
Elec
tri
c
Power
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
20
12;
6(1);
385
-
38
9.
[41]
Shaikh
T.
F.
&
Sankeshwari
S.
S.,
“
Torque
Est
imati
on
of
BLD
C
Motor
Us
ing
SM
C
Te
chni
qu
es”
,
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Mode
rn E
ngineering
and
Re
search
Te
chnol
ogy
,
2018
; 5(3);
136
–
140.
[42]
Manika
ndan
e
t
al,
“
dSP
ACE
Real
Ti
m
e
Im
ple
m
entati
on
of
Fuzz
y
PI
D
positi
on
Contr
oll
er
for
Vert
ic
a
l
Rota
ti
n
g
Sin
g
l
e
Li
nk
Arm
Robot
using Four
Qua
dra
nt
B
LDC
dri
ve”
,
Ac
taS
cienti
a
rum
,
Jul
y
–
Sep
t. 2017;
39(3)
;
30
1
–
311
.
[43]
Krishnan
P.
H.
,
&
Arjun
M
.
,
“
Control
of
BLD
C
Motor
Based
on
Adapt
ive
Fu
zzy
Log
ic
PID
Control
le
r
”,
201
4
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Gr
e
en
Comp
uti
ng
C
omm
unic
ati
on
a
nd
Elec
tric
al
En
gine
ering
(
ICGC
CEE
)
,
6
–
8
Mar
ch
2014.
IE
EE Publ
isher.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
4
27
–
4
3
6
436
[44]
Zol
kapli
Z
.
Z
.
et
al
,
“
Torqu
e
Ripp
le
Minim
izati
on
Te
chn
ique
in
Fra
ct
ion
al
-
slot
PM
Brushless
Mac
hine
s”,
2014
I
E
E
E
Confe
renc
e
on
E
nergy
Conv
ersion
(
CENCON
)
,
13
-
14
Octob
er
20
14
.
IE
EE Publis
her
.
[45]
Shirish
V.
&
Ja
in
A.
M.,
“
Modell
ing
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
o
f
Three
Phase
BLDC
Motor
for
Elec
tri
c
Braki
ng
Us
ing
MA
TL
AB/S
IM
ULINK
”,
Inte
rna
ti
onal
Journal
o
f
Elec
tri
cal,
El
e
ctr
onic
s
and
Data
Comm
unic
ati
on
,
2017;
5(7
);
48
–
53.
[46]
Pri
y
a
C.
M.
e
t
al
,
“
Perform
anc
e
Anal
y
sis
of
B
LDC
Motor
usi
ng
Inte
l
li
gen
t
C
ontrol
ler”,
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
E
le
c
tronic
s E
ng
in
ee
ring,
2017;
11
–
15
.
[47]
Sudhanshu
M.
et
al,
“
Modell
in
g
and
Sim
ulatio
n
of
BLDC
Motor
using
MA
T
LAB/SIMU
LIN
K
Envi
ronm
ent”
,
Inte
rnational
R
e
search
Hour
nal of
Eng
ine
ering
a
nd
Technol
og
y,
2
015;
2(8);
199
–
203.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mohd
Luqman
Mohd
Jam
il
re
ceive
d
the
B
.
Eng
.
d
egr
ee
from
the
U
nive
rsitiTekno
lo
gi
MA
RA,
Shah
Alam
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
,
in
2000,
th
e
M
.
Sc.
degr
ee
fro
m
Newca
stle
Un
ive
rsit
y
,
Newc
as
tl
e
upon
T
y
ne
,
U.K.,
in
2003
,
a
ndthe
Ph.D.
degr
ee
from
Th
e
Uni
ver
sit
y
of
Sheffi
el
d,
Sheff
ie
ld
,
U
.
K.,
in
2011,
a
ll
in
elec
tri
c
al
enginee
ring
.
He
is
c
ur
ren
tly
an
ac
ad
emician
with
the
De
par
tmentof
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
and
Driv
es,
Fac
ulty
of
Elec
t
rical
Eng
ine
e
ring,
U
nive
rsit
y
T
ekni
k
al
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Mel
aka
,
Me
la
ka
,
Malay
s
ia.
His
r
ese
arc
h
int
e
rests
inc
lud
e
the
d
esi
gn
and
anal
y
sis
ofpe
rm
an
ent
-
m
agne
t
brushl
ess
m
ac
hine
s.
Ta
n
Ch
eng
Kw
a
ng
was
born
in
Kela
nt
an,
M
al
a
ysia
in
1994
and
rec
e
ive
d
the
B.
Eng
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
from
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
Malay
si
a
(
UTe
M)
in
2018
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
pursuing
his Ma
ster
of
Sc
ie
n
ce at
Univer
si
ti
T
ekn
ika
l
Malay
si
a
M
el
ak
a
Mal
a
y
sia
.
Auza
ni
Jidin
r
e
ce
iv
ed
his
B.
E
ng,
M.
Eng
.
And
Ph.D,
in
Pow
er
Elec
tron
ic
s
a
nd
Drive
s
from
Univer
siti
T
ekno
logi
Ma
lay
si
a
(
UTM),
Johor,
Malay
si
a
in
2002
,
2004
and
2011
r
espe
ctively
.
H
e
is
an
ac
ad
emician
in
Depa
rtme
nt
of
Pow
er
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Drive
s,
Facu
lty
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ika
l
Malay
sia
M
el
a
ka
Malay
si
a.
Hi
s
rese
arc
h
int
e
re
st
inc
lud
es
th
e
fie
ld
of
power
elec
tron
ic
s,
m
otor
driv
es
s
y
st
ems
,
fie
ld
progra
m
ble
gate
arr
a
y
s
and
digi
tal
sign
al
proc
essing
app
licat
ions.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.