I
nd
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ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
7
~
1
3
0
6
I
SS
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2
5
0
2
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4
7
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,
DOI
: 1
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.
1
1
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9
1
/ijeecs.v
24
.i
3
.
pp
1
2
9
7
-
1
3
0
6
1297
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
An
e
x
perime
ntal
study
o
f
P
V/T sy
s
tem using
para
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refle
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tors
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m
m
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c
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r
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ticle
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y:
R
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Dec
1
2
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2
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ev
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Oct
15
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ll
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r
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s
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i r
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lecto
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T
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s
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C
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
B
en
lar
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I
s
m
ail
L
ab
o
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ato
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Sm
ar
t G
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id
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ah
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o
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m
ed
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ity
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.
P 4
1
7
K
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B
ec
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Alg
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m
ail:
b
en
lar
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m
ail@
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m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
U
t
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li
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a
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o
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f
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w
a
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q
u
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s
[
1
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.
A
s
a
k
i
n
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f
c
l
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e
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g
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'
s
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g
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s
[
2
]
,
a
n
d
t
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s
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o
f
s
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l
a
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p
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s
y
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te
m
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a
p
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x
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w
a
b
l
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n
e
r
g
i
es
i
n
t
h
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f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
l
a
r
h
a
s
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g
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at
p
r
o
m
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s
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n
d
wi
d
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p
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ti
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m
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i
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
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r
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n
e
r
g
y
[
4
]
,
t
h
i
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
s
s
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k
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d
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t
o
f
a
b
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g
n
u
m
b
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r
o
f
s
c
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n
t
i
s
ts
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
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w
o
r
l
d
t
o
w
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r
k
o
n
it.
I
n
d
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e
d
,
i
n
o
n
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h
o
u
r
,
t
h
e
a
m
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f
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g
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a
r
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w
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l
d
'
s
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n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
[
5
]
,
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
h
i
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
,
it
i
s
v
e
r
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
a
s
m
u
c
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
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f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
B
u
t
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
m
a
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n
s
m
o
r
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x
p
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s
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v
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t
h
a
n
t
r
a
d
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ti
o
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a
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ct
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
s
s
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l
-
f
u
e
l
e
d
[
6
]
,
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
ti
o
n
l
o
s
t
t
h
a
t
is
n
o
t
u
s
e
d
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
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l
e
c
t
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ic
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t
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m
o
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t
i
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y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
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m
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d
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n
t
o
h
e
a
t
[
7
]
,
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
m
o
r
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
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r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
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ti
l
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a
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ev
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t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
[
8
]
,
a
s
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ci
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
o
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
at
or
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
y
b
e
a
v
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a
b
l
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o
p
t
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o
n
f
o
r
i
n
c
r
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a
s
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g
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f
f
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c
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n
cy
.
T
h
i
s
w
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l
o
w
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c
o
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t
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t
r
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t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
9
],
w
e
a
r
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
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m
p
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a
bi
-
r
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f
l
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c
t
o
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t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
PV
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
tem
p
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f
s
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lar
ce
ll
s
r
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lts
in
a
d
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s
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o
f
b
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th
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f
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cy
an
d
p
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wh
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e
PV
p
an
e
l
is
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r
ad
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with
th
e
lay
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s
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
a
n
d
lead
t
o
a
s
h
o
r
ter
life
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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I
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J
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E
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
9
7
-
1
3
0
6
1298
s
y
s
tem
[
1
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er
e
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te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
of
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
b
o
th
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
r
is
e
or
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
e
x
p
lo
it
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
2
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
t
h
er
m
el
r
eg
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
p
ass
iv
e
o
r
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
o
r
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
,
wh
er
e
p
ass
iv
e
h
ea
t
s
in
k
co
o
lin
g
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
o
lin
g
phot
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
with
o
u
t
o
r
with
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
y
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
wh
ile
ac
tiv
e
th
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
d
em
an
d
in
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
P
an
els
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
y
0
.
5
p
er
ce
n
t
wh
e
n
th
e
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es
1
°C
d
eg
r
ee
[
1
6
]
,
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
o
lin
g
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ated
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
7
]
,
f
o
r
th
at
we
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
u
s
e
two
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
o
wer
r
esear
ch
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
n
s
ity
m
ay
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
lan
ar
r
ef
lecto
r
[
1
8
]
,
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
esear
ch
s
,
th
e
ce
ll
s
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
y
0
.
0
5
%
with
e
v
er
y
1
°C
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
s
ilico
n
ce
ll
s
of
cr
y
s
tallin
e,
th
e
r
an
g
e
d
ec
r
e
ase
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
%
an
d
0
.
5
%
[
19
]
.
T
o
c
o
r
r
ec
t
th
is
r
is
e
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
to
d
ec
r
e
as
e
it.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
aly
s
is
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
wo
r
k
b
etwe
en
th
r
ee
PV
p
an
els
ca
r
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cted
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
le
v
els
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
alu
es,
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
ch
ec
k
o
u
t,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
PV
p
an
el
with
o
u
t
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
an
el
with
two
p
ar
ab
o
lic
-
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
t
h
ir
d
p
an
el
with
two
p
ar
ab
o
lic
-
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
two
co
o
lin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
aim
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
wa
s
to
ass
ess
an
o
p
tim
al
way
to
o
p
e
r
ate
th
e
s
o
la
r
p
an
els
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
ar
ab
o
lic
b
i
-
r
ef
lecto
r
s
a
n
d
co
o
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
a
lu
m
i
n
u
m
f
o
il
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
a
n
d
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
r
ef
lectiv
e
m
ater
ia
l
th
at
was
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
h
i
g
h
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
wh
ich
is
a
s
h
ee
t
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
v
er
y
t
h
in
,
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
0
6
m
m
to
d
ef
in
ed
lim
it
o
f
u
p
p
e
r
I
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
Or
g
an
izatio
n
f
o
r
Stan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
(
I
SO
)
witch
is
0
.
2
m
m
[
2
0
].
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
O
L
I
NG
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
S
So
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
th
er
m
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
,
wh
en
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
will
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
em
i
-
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
b
an
d
g
a
p
[2
1
]
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
in
P
V
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ak
e
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
b
an
d
g
ap
s
h
r
in
k
,
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
,
p
an
el
Vo
p
en
-
c
i
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
As
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
r
aised
,
th
e
p
an
el
I
current
o
u
tp
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
o
r
a
lev
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
a
n
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e
,
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
th
e
p
an
el
ce
ll
s
ef
f
icien
cy
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
[
2
1
]
.
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
PV,
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
two
co
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
a
d
d
ed
to
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
c
o
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
a
s
o
lar
PV
p
an
el
.
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
SE
T
UP
Var
io
u
s
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
PV
p
an
el
[2
2
]
.
T
h
e
tu
b
e
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
r
with
o
p
tim
a
l
d
esig
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
f
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
r
f
o
r
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
I
n
th
i
s
ex
p
er
im
en
t;
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
r
ea
r
s
id
e
to
tr
an
s
f
er
ex
ce
s
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
t
h
e
lo
wer
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
i
s
,
an
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ca
n
b
e
b
o
o
s
ted
if
an
i
n
co
m
p
r
ess
ib
le
f
l
u
id
(
o
il,
wat
er
..
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
)
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
PV
-
T
s
y
s
tem
[
2
5
]
,
we
in
te
g
r
ate
a
co
p
p
er
p
ip
e
t
h
at
co
n
tain
s
co
o
led
wate
r
in
a
clo
s
ed
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
co
p
p
er
p
i
p
e
was
attac
h
ed
wit
h
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
,
an
d
a
p
u
m
p
cir
c
u
late
co
o
led
wate
r
in
th
is
cir
cu
it
f
r
o
m
a
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
to
th
e
p
ip
e.
C
o
o
led
wate
r
in
th
e
co
p
p
er
p
ip
e
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
pa
n
el
an
d
f
r
o
m
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
o
t w
ater
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es u
s
a
PV/T
s
y
s
tem
as s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
So
lar
p
an
el
with
c
o
p
p
er
p
ip
e
a
n
d
h
ea
t sin
k
s
o
n
r
ea
r
s
id
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
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2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
f
P
V
/T
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
a
b
o
lic
r
eflec
to
r
s
a
n
d
h
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t e
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h
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n
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(
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n
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l
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i
t
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A
p
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w
a
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
b
o
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i
c
b
i
-
r
e
f
l
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c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
o
n
th
e
p
a
n
e
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
.
Th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
(
a
t
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
T
e
s
t
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
1
.
5
2
5
°
C
,
1000
W
/
m
²
).
T
ab
le
1
.
PV
m
o
d
u
le
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
S
hort
C
i
r
c
ui
t
c
urre
nt
I
sh
8
.
9
8
A
V
ol
t
a
ge
O
p
e
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
V
o
c
2
2
.
5
4
V
M
a
x
i
m
um
V
o
l
t
a
ge
1
8
V
M
a
x
i
m
um
C
urr
e
nt
8
.
3
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J
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RE
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ad
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ig
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r
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4
.
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r
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5
s
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5
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p
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ir
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d
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at
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s
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p
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el's
tech
n
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
f
P
V
/T
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
a
b
o
lic
r
eflec
to
r
s
a
n
d
h
ea
t e
xc
h
a
n
g
er
(
B
en
l
a
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1301
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lar
p
an
els tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pan
el
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pan
el
Vo
c
o
p
e
n
cir
c
u
it v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icted
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
PV p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
b
etwe
en
p
an
els with
o
u
t
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
PV
p
an
el
with
mo
u
n
ted
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
PV
p
an
e
l
wit
h
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
p
an
el
with
o
u
t
r
ef
lecto
r
s
k
ep
t
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
105
to
1
1
7
w,
w
h
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
p
an
el
i
n
th
e
c
ase
o
f
u
s
in
g
PV
p
an
el
with
r
e
f
lecto
r
s
k
ep
t
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
2
5
to
1
3
9
w
an
d
th
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t p
a
n
el
d
u
e
to
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
PV
p
an
el
with
r
ef
lect
o
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
k
ep
t
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
3
9
to
1
5
0
w,
wh
ich
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t p
an
el
d
u
e
t
o
r
ef
le
cto
r
s
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
PV
p
an
el
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
wed
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el,
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
in
g
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
n
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
e
l,
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
9
7
-
1
3
0
6
1302
W
e
u
s
ed
MA
T
L
A
B
Simu
lin
k
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
n
th
e
DC
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
e
r
ter
,
as
w
ell
as
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
two
c
h
ain
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
lect
o
r
s
an
d
co
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
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lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
ain
s
co
n
v
er
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io
n
with
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d
with
o
u
t
p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
co
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
m
atlab
s
im
u
lik
p
r
o
g
r
am
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Pan
el
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
T
ab
le
3
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV m
o
d
u
le
with
r
ef
lecto
r
s
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
(
Pan
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
Vo
c
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
)
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
P
V
+
r
e
f
l
+
c
o
o
l
sy
s
D
e
l
t
a
(
°
)
Ef
f
i
c
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e
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c
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%
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mp
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o
c
(V)
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o
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r
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mp
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°
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o
c
(V)
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w
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r
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mp
(
C
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c
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w
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r
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mp
(
C
°
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o
c
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r
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A
v
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r
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3
8
.
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1
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3
.
5
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Th
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22
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
h
ain
s
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
w
ith
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d
with
o
u
t p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
le
cto
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
u
n
d
e
r
m
atlab
s
im
u
lik
p
r
o
g
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
f
P
V
/T
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
a
b
o
lic
r
eflec
to
r
s
a
n
d
h
ea
t e
xc
h
a
n
g
er
(
B
en
l
a
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1303
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
-
1
3
.
T
h
ese
f
i
g
u
r
es
s
h
o
w
u
s
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
t
h
e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
d
u
ty
cy
cle
a
n
d
th
e
th
e
PV
p
an
el
’
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
a
b
o
lic
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
u
p
to
1
8
v
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ch
ain
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
e
is
g
r
ea
t
er
th
an
th
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
in
ten
s
ity
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
u
p
to
8
A
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
,
an
d
t
h
e
B
o
o
s
t
ch
o
p
p
er
c
o
il
co
n
s
u
m
es
a
lo
t
o
f
p
o
wer
o
r
wh
ich
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
D
C
d
u
ty
cy
cle
w
h
en
u
s
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
o
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
e
is
les
s
th
an
th
e
D
C
d
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ty
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th
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en
co
n
ce
n
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at
o
r
s
ab
s
en
ce
,
an
d
as
a
r
esu
lt,
F
ig
u
r
e
s
12
an
d
1
3
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
en
h
an
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
v
p
a
n
el.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
with
an
d
with
o
u
t c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t w
ith
an
d
with
o
u
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
y
s
t
em
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
I
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
9
7
-
1
3
0
6
1304
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
y
clic
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t in
v
er
te
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Pan
el
ef
f
icien
cy
with
an
d
with
o
u
t Ref
lecto
r
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
b
y
a
d
d
in
g
p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
lecto
r
s
an
d
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
lar
pv
p
a
n
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
ad
d
in
g
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
n
th
e
pv
p
an
el
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
,
we
wer
e
ab
le
to
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at:
B
y
ad
d
in
g
a
p
ar
ab
o
lic
r
ef
lecto
r
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
PV p
a
n
el
ca
n
b
e
r
is
ed
by
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
b
u
t
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
p
v
p
a
n
el
u
p
to
60
°C
,
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lar
pv
p
an
el,
two
co
o
lin
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
,
a
Hea
t
s
in
k
s
wer
e
in
te
g
r
ated
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
attac
h
ed
with
a
co
p
p
er
p
ip
e
th
at
co
n
tain
s
co
o
led
wate
r
in
a
clo
s
ed
cir
cu
i
t.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
th
e
s
u
r
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co
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s
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m
p
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o
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A
h
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g
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en
h
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ce
d
in
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f
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m
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s
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ed
in
th
is
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esear
ch
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
a
n
d
c
an
b
e
ea
s
ily
u
s
ed
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
te
d
as
a
f
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tu
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r
ee
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en
er
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y
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y
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t
em
,
p
ar
ticu
la
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ly
in
co
u
n
tr
ies with
h
o
t w
ea
th
e
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
M
.
P
e
a
rc
e
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
-
A
p
a
th
to
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
fu
tu
re
s
,”
Fu
tu
r
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
6
6
3
-
6
7
4
,
2
0
0
2
,
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o
i
:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/
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0
0
1
6
-
3
2
8
7
(
0
2
)
0
0
0
0
8
-
3
.
[2
]
S
.
E.
Ho
ss
e
in
i
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
so
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
to
wa
rd
s
s
o
lar
c
it
y
Uto
p
ia,”
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
Pa
rt
A
Rec
o
v
e
r.
Util
.
En
v
iro
n
.
Ef
f
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
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o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
8
–
2
8
8
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,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
5
6
7
0
3
6
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
5
7
6
8
0
3
.
[3
]
K.
Bra
n
k
e
r,
M
.
J.
M.
P
a
t
h
a
k
a
n
d
J.
M.
P
e
a
rc
e
,
“
A
‘re
v
iew
o
f
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
lev
e
li
z
e
d
c
o
st
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
,”
Ren
e
w.
S
u
sta
i
n
.
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
.
,
v
o
l
.
15
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
4
7
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,
2
0
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0
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1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
1
.
0
7
.
1
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
ex
p
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
o
f
P
V
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s
ystem
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s
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eflec
to
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s
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d
h
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xc
h
a
n
g
er
(
B
en
l
a
r
ia
I
s
ma
il
)
1305
[4
]
A.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
M
.
M
u
sta
p
h
a
,
I
.
Tas
li
m
,
F
.
Aliy
a
h
,
A.
G
a
n
i
Ko
to
a
n
d
K.
S
o
p
ian
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
t
h
e
rm
a
l
(P
VT)
a
i
r
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
with
m
o
n
o
fa
c
ial
a
n
d
b
if
a
c
ial
so
lar
c
e
ll
s:
a
r
e
v
iew
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
p
e
d
s.v
1
0
.
i
4
.
p
p
2
0
2
1
-
2
0
2
8
.
[5
]
D.
Arv
izu
e
t
a
l
.
,
D
ire
c
t
so
l
a
r
e
n
e
rg
y
.
In
I
PCC
S
p
e
c
ia
l
Rep
o
rt
o
n
Ren
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
Cli
ma
te
Ch
a
n
g
e
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
.
O.
Ed
e
n
h
o
fe
r
e
t
a
l
.
Ed
s
.
,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
s
s,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
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o
m
a
n
d
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
,
USA.
Av
a
il
a
b
le
Web
-
li
n
k
:
h
tt
p
:/
/srre
n
.
ip
c
c
wg
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.
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e
/rep
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P
CC_
S
RREN_
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h
0
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.
[6
]
V.
Jim
é
n
e
z
,
“
W
o
rld
S
a
les
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
Ce
ll
s
J
u
m
p
3
2
Per
c
e
n
t
,
”
Earth
P
o
li
c
y
In
sti
tu
te.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w.g
e
n
i
.
o
r
g
/g
l
o
b
a
le
n
e
rg
y
/l
ib
ra
ry
/me
d
ia
_
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o
v
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ra
g
e
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p
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y
-
in
sti
tu
te/wo
r
ld
-
sa
les
-
of
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lar
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e
ll
s
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m
p
-
32
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p
e
rc
e
n
t/
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d
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.
sh
tml (ac
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Au
g
7
,
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0
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0
)
.
[7
]
G
.
P
o
p
o
v
ici,
S
.
Va
leriu
,
T.
Do
ri
n
a
n
d
N.
-
C.
Ch
e
re
c
h
e
,
“
Eff
icie
n
c
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
a
n
e
ls
b
y
u
si
n
g
a
ir
c
o
o
led
h
e
a
t
sin
k
s,”
v
o
l.
8
5
,
n
o
.
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
-
4
3
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
g
y
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
2
.
2
2
3
.
[8
]
Y.
S
iah
a
a
n
a
n
d
H.
S
iswo
n
o
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
re
flec
to
r
(flat
m
irro
r,
c
o
n
v
e
x
m
irr
o
r,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
a
v
e
m
irro
r)
o
n
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
9
4
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
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1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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d
s
.
v
1
0
.
i
2
.
p
p
9
4
3
-
9
5
2
.
[9
]
Ö
.
D
.
Ba
şa
k
a
n
d
B.
S
.
S
a
z
a
k
,
“
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
n
a
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
sy
ste
m
Eff
icie
n
c
y
,
”
IJ
RE
T
,
v
ol
.
3
,
s
p
e
c
ial
n
o
.
17,
IACEIT
-
2
0
1
4
De
c
-
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
A.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
M
.
F
a
z
lee
n
a
M
u
sth
a
fa
,
I.
Tas
li
m
,
M
.
Ay
u
I
n
d
r
ian
ti
,
I.
No
v
ian
tari
M
a
n
y
o
e
a
n
d
M
.
Yu
so
f
Oth
m
a
n
,
“
Eff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
fo
r
P
VT
a
ir
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
with
e
x
ten
d
e
d
h
e
a
t
tran
sfe
r
a
re
a
:
a
re
v
iew
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
2
0
2
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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j
p
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d
s.v
1
0
.
i4
.
p
p
2
0
2
9
-
2
0
3
6
.
[1
1
]
P
.
M
o
d
u
les
,
S
.
E.
Ce
n
tre,
C.
G
.
O
.
Co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
N.
De
lh
i,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
n
P
o
we
r
Ou
t
p
u
t
fro
m
Diffe
re
n
t
Co
m
m
e
rc
ially
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
n
P
o
we
r
O
u
tp
u
t
fro
m
Diffe
re
n
t
C
o
m
m
e
rc
ially
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic M
o
d
u
les
,
”
In
t
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1,
J
u
ly
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
H.
Bo
u
laic
h
,
A.
Be
n
k
a
d
d
o
u
r,
O.
Ha
m
d
o
u
n
a
n
d
E.
Ar
o
u
d
a
m
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
-
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
VT
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
wit
h
re
flec
to
rs,” v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
5
-
1
0
5
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
2
.
i2
.
p
p
1
0
4
5
-
1
0
5
4
.
[1
3
]
A
.
Ro
y
n
e
,
C
.
J.
De
y
a
n
d
D
.
R.
M
il
ls,
“
Co
o
li
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
d
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
o
n
:
a
c
rit
ica
l
re
v
iew
,”
S
o
l
En
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
S
o
l
C
e
ll
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
1
-
83
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
so
lma
t.
2
0
0
4
.
0
9
.
0
0
3
.
[1
4
]
A
.
M
.
A.
S
o
li
m
a
n
,
H
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
M
.
Ah
m
e
d
a
n
d
S
.
O
o
k
a
wa
ra
,
“
A
3
d
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
u
si
n
g
h
e
a
t
sp
re
a
d
e
r
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
(P
V)
,”
M
a
th
C
o
mp
u
t
S
imu
l
2
0
1
8
,
v
o
l.
1
6
7
,
p
p
.
7
8
-
9
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
m
a
tco
m
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
5
.
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
H.
P
e
n
g
,
G
.
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g
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.
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