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386
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s
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as,
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a
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u
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d
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th
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s
p
o
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h
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o
f
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ch
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s
with
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ter
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m
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s
p
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u
m
u
s
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as
ca
n
b
e
im
p
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ted
u
s
in
g
a
v
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o
f
tech
n
o
lo
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ies,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t tr
en
d
in
g
ty
p
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is
th
e
m
icr
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s
tr
ip
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ten
n
as ju
s
tifie
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b
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th
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lo
w
p
r
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ile,
lig
h
t w
eig
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t a
s
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to
p
r
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d
u
c
e
m
u
ltip
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r
ad
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b
an
d
s
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
wir
eless
d
ev
ices
is
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u
s
in
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s
p
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tr
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m
co
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esti
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wh
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m
ay
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cr
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ase
co
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PI
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tr
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n
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h
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th
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o
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ati
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[
4
]
.
Mo
r
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v
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,
th
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ty
p
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f
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ar
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m
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T
h
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a
s
witch
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
p
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v
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s
m
o
r
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v
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s
atility
,
alo
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g
with
s
u
p
p
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tin
g
v
a
s
t
wir
eless
ap
p
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s
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
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r
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is
a
v
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ie
ty
o
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s
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b
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tr
ates
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Desig
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w
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…
(
Mu
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)
387
ca
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s
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o
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p
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p
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m
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ain
with
b
r
o
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d
wid
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[
8
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
F
lam
e
r
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an
t
4
(
FR
4
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o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
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m
o
n
o
f
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l
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in
ce
th
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f
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it
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in
ex
p
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s
iv
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a
n
d
p
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o
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id
es
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ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
p
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r
ties
,
m
ak
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ic
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m
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ts
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
Sev
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al
d
esig
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s
h
av
e
b
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p
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p
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s
ed
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th
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last
d
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ad
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with
d
if
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t
im
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tatio
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tech
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iq
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p
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in
[
2
2
]
h
as
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ed
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el
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n
o
f
a
m
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with
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m
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ig
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k
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an
d
(
W
L
AN,
B
lu
eto
o
th
an
d
wo
r
l
d
wid
e
in
t
er
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
m
icr
o
wav
e
ac
ce
s
s
(
W
iMAX
)
)
b
an
d
s
in
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
s
tate.
T
h
e
b
lu
eto
o
th
,
W
iMAX
an
d
W
L
A
N
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
.
3
6
GHz
to
2
.
5
GHz
,
3
.
5
1
GHz
to
3
.
7
9
GHz
an
d
5
.
4
7
GHz
to
5
.
9
8
GH
z,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
An
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
[
2
3
]
,
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
with
a
tr
ip
le
s
tate
with
d
u
al
wid
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
a
n
d
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
W
L
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
PIN
d
io
d
e
with
tr
ip
le
s
tate
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
th
at
en
ab
led
th
e
an
ten
n
a
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
wid
th
s
wer
e
2
.
4
to
2
.
6
G
Hz,
3
.
6
to
3
.
8
GHz
an
d
5
.
4
5
to
5
.
8
GHz
f
o
r
b
lu
e
t
o
o
th
,
W
iMAX
an
d
W
L
AN
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
An
o
t
h
er
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
was
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
4
]
in
w
h
ich
th
e
an
ten
n
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
tili
ze
s
a
r
eso
n
ato
r
with
an
H
-
s
h
ap
e
r
ad
iato
r
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
a
d
o
u
b
le
s
tu
b
,
as
well
as
a
d
o
u
b
le
PIN
-
d
io
d
e.
B
o
th
o
f
th
e
s
tu
b
s
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
wa
y
o
n
th
e
to
p
s
id
es
o
f
t
h
e
r
eso
n
ato
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
it
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
PI
N
-
d
io
d
es,
th
u
s
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
to
o
p
er
ate
in
two
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
b
an
d
wa
s
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
o
m
2
.
4
8
GHz
t
o
2
.
5
3
GHz
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
2
.
8
3
GHz
to
2
.
8
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
[
2
4
]
i
llu
s
tr
ated
its
m
u
ltimo
d
e
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
b
y
s
witc
h
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
in
g
PIN
d
io
d
es,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
eig
h
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
r
ee
d
io
d
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
u
s
ca
u
s
in
g
a
s
h
if
t
i
n
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
s
.
B
y
tu
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
d
io
d
es
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
,
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
en
er
ated
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
b
lu
eto
o
th
(
2
.
4
GH
z
t
o
2
.
6
GHz
)
an
d
W
L
AN
(
5
.
4
GHz
to
5
.
6
GHz
)
b
an
d
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
[
2
5
]
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
a
n
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
W
L
AN
an
d
W
iMAX
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
.
4
GHz
to
2
.
4
5
GHz
an
d
5
.
1
5
GHz
to
5
.
3
5
GHz
f
o
r
W
L
AN
an
d
3
.
3
GHz
to
3
.
6
GHz
f
o
r
W
iMAX
.
N
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
s
[
4
]
,
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
an
ten
n
as
g
en
er
atin
g
d
u
al
an
d
tr
ip
le
b
an
d
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
2
.
4
,
3
.
5
an
d
5
.
5
GHz
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
f
a
ct,
th
er
e
a
r
e
d
esig
n
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
e
d
f
iv
e
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
s
s
u
ch
a
s
[
2
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
th
ese
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
th
ey
s
till
co
u
l
d
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
e
wid
eb
a
n
d
an
ten
n
as
h
av
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
v
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
d
el
iv
er
m
o
r
e
v
er
s
atility
th
an
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lar
m
u
ltib
an
d
an
ten
n
as
[
2
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
ap
p
r
e
ciate
d
,
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
ce
ilin
g
o
r
h
an
g
ed
o
n
th
e
wall
to
co
v
er
d
ea
d
z
o
n
es
wh
er
e
an
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
an
ten
n
a
co
u
ld
b
e
wastin
g
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
RF
)
en
er
g
y
i
n
u
n
d
esire
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
u
al
b
an
d
s
witch
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
with
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
at
2
.
4
GHz
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
at
5
.
8
GH
z.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
W
L
AN
(
2
.
4
G
a
n
d
5
G)
as
well
as
th
e
W
iMAX
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
w
h
ile
[
3
0
]
u
s
es
a
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
with
in
a
b
an
d
r
ejec
t
f
ilter
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
itry
in
m
icr
o
wav
e
to
s
witch
b
etwe
en
b
an
d
s
to
p
f
ilter
an
d
all
p
ass
f
ilter
,
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
n
o
v
al
m
o
d
if
ied
d
esig
n
b
ased
o
n
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
1
8
]
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
o
l
e
s
in
g
le
th
r
o
w
(
SPST
)
s
witch
es
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
with
o
u
t u
s
in
g
ex
tr
a
cir
c
u
itry
to
en
ab
le
an
d
d
is
ab
le
5
GHz
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as we
ll a
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
an
ten
n
a
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
2.
ANT
E
NNA
D
E
SI
G
N
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
u
b
s
tr
at
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
an
ten
n
as
s
u
c
h
as
f
o
am
,
d
u
r
o
id
an
d
f
lam
e
r
etar
d
an
t
4
(
FR
4
)
,
with
ea
ch
h
av
in
g
its
o
wn
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
as d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ea
r
lier
.
2
.
1
.
Ant
enna
th
eo
r
y
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
l
cu
latin
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
to
(
4
)
as a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
in
[
3
1
]
.
=
√
+
1
2
(
1
)
=
(
+
1
)
2
+
(
+
1
)
2
[
1
+
12
ℎ
]
−
1
2
⁄
(
2
)
=
√
∈
−
2
∆
(
3
)
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o
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p
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t
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a
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3
a
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9
.
T
h
e
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r
o
u
n
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p
l
a
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e
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s
3
5
m
m
w
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,
3
0
m
m
l
o
n
g
a
n
d
1
.
6
m
m
t
h
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c
k
.
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h
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a
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b
a
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0
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5
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ee
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,
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ttin
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a
s
tr
ip
o
f
6
m
m
lo
n
g
an
d
4
m
m
wid
e.
T
h
e
u
p
p
er
s
l
o
t
h
as
a
len
g
th
o
f
3
0
m
m
an
d
a
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th
o
f
5
m
m
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
wer
s
lo
t
is
s
h
ap
ed
lik
e
a
s
tr
ip
lin
e
with
a
len
g
th
o
f
3
0
m
m
p
u
n
ch
ed
i
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e,
attac
h
ed
to
a
tr
a
p
ez
o
id
s
lo
t
h
av
i
n
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two
9
.
6
m
m
tilt
ed
s
id
es
as
well
a
s
a
3
m
m
lo
we
r
s
id
e,
b
o
th
etc
h
ed
b
ac
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Kh
a
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,
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[7
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[8
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2
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.
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3
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[1
9
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R.
A
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lar,
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.
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0
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A.
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A.
Als
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B
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RS
Mu
sta
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s Co
m
m
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s.
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h
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s p
ra
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rtme
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h
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c
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g
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t,
c
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rti
fied
in
p
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d
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sig
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imp
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m
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tatio
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m
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th
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rlan
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s.
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h
a
s
a
lso
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d
6
c
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rti
fica
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fro
m
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ES
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g
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c
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fica
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m
M
ET
U
U
n
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q
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ti
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.
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h
a
s writ
ten
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
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1
p
a
p
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rs i
n
t
h
e
field
o
f
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lec
tro
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ics
,
m
a
c
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a
n
d
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s.
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m
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.
Al
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Ba
y
a
ti
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ss
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t
lec
tu
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r
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t
t
h
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U
n
iv
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y
o
f
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f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
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m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
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o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
e
d
ia
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
(M
S
c
)
in
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e
c
tr
o
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
S
y
ste
m
)
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
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n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
s
ia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
,
M
a
lay
sia
),
a
n
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
De
g
re
e
(B
S
c
)
i
n
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
(UO
B,
Ira
q
).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
is
m
a
i
n
ly
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
R
F
a
n
d
M
icro
wa
v
e
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
Wi
re
les
s
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
An
te
n
n
a
a
n
d
W
a
v
e
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
S
a
tell
it
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
Ali
S
a
li
m
Ra
shee
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is ma
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
Artifi
c
ial
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
/Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
F
UM
(
F
e
rd
o
ws
i
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
sh
h
a
d
).
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
in
g
in
th
e
M
in
istr
y
o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Re
se
a
rc
h
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M
in
ister
Offic
e
,
a
n
d
Lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
ts
o
f
M
e
d
ia
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
Ra
so
o
l
H
a
sa
n
F
in
ja
n
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
e
d
ia
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
I
n
2
0
1
9
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
Artifi
c
ial
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
sc
ien
c
e
.
H
e
sp
e
c
ialize
s
in
th
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
v
isio
n
.
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