TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 20
15, pp. 321 ~ 328
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i2.708
6
321
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 22, 2014; Revi
se
d No
vem
ber
25, 2014; Accepted Decem
ber 16, 20
14
Identifying of the Cielab
Space Color for the Balinese
Papyrus Characters
Made Sudar
m
a
Dep
a
rtment of Electrical
and
Comp
uter S
y
st
em Engi
ne
erin
g, Uda
y
a
na U
n
iversit
y
,
Bukit Jimbar
an
, Bali, Indon
esi
a
E-mail: sud
a
rm
a@e
e
.unu
d.ac.
i
d
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Bali
nese
pa
pyrus is on
e of th
e medi
a to w
r
ite the
id
eas fro
m
mi
nstrels in
anci
ent times. Currentl
y
,
ma
ny anci
ent l
i
teratures w
h
ic
h are w
r
itten in the papyr
u
s, that also very difficult to ide
n
tify becaus
e the
w
r
itings w
e
re
beg
inn
i
n
g
to r
o
t or fa
de
infl
uenc
ed
by
ag
e. In this
stud
y takes th
e B
a
lin
ese
p
apyr
u
s
characters
as i
t
s object. T
he i
m
pr
ove
m
ent of
the i
m
ag
e q
u
a
lity in i
m
age
pr
ocessi
ng of the
characters
her
e
refers to the chan
ge for the
qua
lity
of the i
m
a
ge b
e
fore it
s next devel
op
me
nt. T
here is
the process o
f
i
d
en
ti
fyi
n
g th
e
co
l
o
r sp
a
c
e
to
sp
o
t
th
e sha
pe o
f
th
e p
apyrus
char
acters. T
h
e d
i
fferenc
e of
the co
lors
is s
o
sma
ll so that it nee
ds CIELa
b
to process t
he i
dentific
atio
n ou
t of
its background a
nd n
o
ise.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Bal
i
nes
e lont
ar, papyrus ch
aract
e
r, ima
ge i
m
pr
ove
m
e
n
t, noise
, CIELab
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The main tex
t
format con
s
i
s
ts of a flat left-right col
u
m
n
s on A4 pa
p
e
r (q
uarto
). T
he The
pre
s
e
r
vation
of the Baline
s
e
cultu
r
e in
the middle
of
the glob
aliza
t
ion is
see
n
t
o
be n
e
cessa
r
y.
Ho
wever, m
o
st of the Balin
ese yo
ung
ge
neratio
n
see
m
s
to b
e
ne
gl
ect it a
s
they
are tryin
g
thin
gs
to be more u
pdated. Thi
s
is one
of the
recent
probl
ems that n
e
e
d
s a q
u
ick re
spo
n
se. In this
ca
se the lo
cal govern
m
e
n
t has be
en
steppi
ng up t
o
their be
st to handl
e it.
One of the steps
taken
seri
ou
sly is preservi
ng the traditi
onal Ba
line
s
e
scri
p
t, name
l
y by papyrus digitizing. The
digitizin
g
of Balinese pa
p
y
rus
refers t
o
taking
and
transfo
rmin
g
of the papyrus ima
ge to
the
image file [4].
More
over, th
e quality of th
e image
of pa
pyrus in files
can
be imp
r
o
v
ed before th
ey
are p
r
o
c
e
s
se
d further to th
e quality of readabl
e and b
e
transl
a
ted i
n
to a different
code.
Papyru
s is a literature whi
c
h ha
s goo
d quality,
fine,
and bea
utiful that often teache
s u
s
about life
phi
loso
phy, relig
ion, an
d m
a
ny othe
r
kn
o
w
led
ge
whi
c
h is very
u
s
eful for u
s
a
s
a
provisi
on of li
fe, so that we
as you
ng ge
neratio
n
it is
very importa
n
t
to understa
nd an
d take
care
of papyrus. B
u
t the proble
m
in un
derst
andin
g
pa
py
rus i
s
that p
a
p
yrus is
co
nsidere
d
sacre
d
for
Hind
us i
n
Bali
. Not everyo
n
e
ca
n re
ad a
n
d
und
er
stand
papyru
s, con
s
ide
r
ing th
e d
i
fficulty to rea
d
Balinese scri
pts on the papyrus. Besides for longe
r period the papyrus w
ill be susceptible for
damag
e.
This
study i
s
focu
sing
on
the id
entificati
on
of th
e
col
o
r
spa
c
e
of t
he ima
ge
of
papyru
s,
namely to di
stinguish the
color of the
ch
ara
c
ters fro
m
its ba
ckgro
u
nd in
whi
c
h it
is so slim th
at it
take
s
CIELab
to do it i
n
o
r
der to
re
ach t
he go
od
outcome. Fo
rme
r
studie
s
o
n
p
a
pyrus that h
a
v
e
been lea
r
ne
d
include the
study to rem
o
ve noise fro
m
the papyrus [5], and to segm
ent color
image
s usi
n
g
CIELAb [1].
2. Fundame
ntal Theory
2.1. Lontar
One of the
pre
s
e
r
ved h
e
ritage
of o
u
r an
ce
stor
is their m
a
n
u
script
s. The
ancie
nt
manu
script
s in variou
s local langua
ge
s have been fo
und acro
ss the archip
elag
o. Most of them
are
stored by
comm
on p
e
o
p
le. Some a
r
e pre
s
e
r
v
ed
well in th
e lo
cal governme
n
t
al agen
cie
s
and
traditional
co
mmunitie
s
.
One of such
manu
scripts is lontar th
at are mo
stl
y
found in Bali besi
d
e
s
in Java,
Lombo
k, an
d
Sulawe
si isl
and
s. Lonta
r
were u
s
ed
as the pl
ace
for writin
g b
e
fore p
ape
r
wa
s
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 321 – 328
322
prod
uced [7]. In Java be
sides lo
ntar,
use
d
for the
same
purpo
se inclu
ded ni
pa leaf,
dluwang
(the skin of ki
nd of wood
), and
pe
rkam
en
(skin of go
at). In Sulawesi peo
ple u
s
ed bamb
oo a
n
d
rotan. In Batak the wo
od skin use
d
to wri
t
e is calle
d
tribak
.
Figure 1. The
Lontar of
De
wa Sege
ning
Neg
a
ra
One of our ance
s
tor’
s
cultural lega
cie
s
whi
c
h
have impo
rtant value is ancie
nt
manu
script
s. All over Indo
nesi
a
it
is kn
own that the
r
e are l
o
ts of
anci
ent
man
u
s
cripts written
in
variou
s scri
pts and la
ngua
ges. Mo
st of the manu
scri
p
t
s still store
d
or owned by
ordin
a
ry pe
op
le.
The othe
rs a
r
e existed in central an
d re
gional a
gen
ci
es, and traditional in
stitutions.
2.2. Balinese
Script
Acco
rdi
ng to
the
Pasamuhan Agung
the spelling sy
stem of Bali
nese characters i
n
Latin
letters
sh
ould
be in
acco
rd
ance with
the
Indone
sia
n
spelli
ng
syste
m
[7]. To the
reg
u
lation th
e
followin
g
equi
valents bet
we
en the lang
ua
ges a
r
e e
s
tab
lishe
d.
1.
Balinese vowels: a, e, i, u,
e. o (6 ha
s be
en ch
ang
ed to
pepet
an
d
taling
).
Table 1. Balin
ese Voi
c
e Scripts
The
cha
ngin
g
tran
scriptio
n of the Bali
nese vo
wels
into the L
a
tin syste
m
a
s
detaile
d
belo
w
.
a.
Wis
a
rg
a
ha (with its attach
ment) is to be
written a
s
the same a
s
ä kara.
b.
Suara di
rga
(ulu sa
ri, su
ku
ilut etc.)
is to be written a
s
the same a
s
aksara hrasu
a
.
c. The
pep
et
an
d
taling
are e
quali
z
ed
d.
Diptho
ng
s: ai / ia = e (taling
)
and au / ua
= o (shoul
d b
e
a)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Identifying of
the Ciela
b
Space
Colo
r for
t
he Balinese Papyru
s Ch
aracters (Made
Sudarm
a
)
323
Acco
rdi
ng to
the Baline
s
e
schola
r
s, the
words
sp
elle
d in
wi
sar
g
a
ha
ch
aracte
rs, are in
gene
ral of Ba
li origin
s o
r
at
least
con
s
id
ered
so.
Wh
e
r
ea
s the
one
s in
a ka
ra
a
r
e not, kn
own
as
from the lang
uage of eithe
r
Jawa Kuna o
r
Sans
ke
rta. The followi
ng
table sho
w
s the ch
ang
e.
Table 2. The
Substitution o
f
Voice Script
s
2.
Con
s
o
nant: h
,
n, c, r, k, g, t, m, ng,
b, s,
w, l, p, d, j, y,
ny, (18 buah
).
Table 3
Wianj
ana scri
pt
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 321 – 328
324
Not
e
:
a.
The nu
mbe
r
of Balinese chara
c
te
rs i
n
Latin is th
e same a
s
the
n
u
mbe
r
s
of
ha
, na,
c
a
, ra, ka,
Bali (18 ch
aracte
rs)
b. The
writing
Tabel 4. The
Wianj
ana scri
pt
(da m
adu,
m
u
rda
n
ia
)
h
a
s
no p
a
rti
c
ula
r
f
o
rm,
whi
c
h
is
different from
the
Old
Java
nese in
Latin. The na
mes
su
ch a
s
dantia
da
n
mu
r
d
an
i
a
a
r
e o
ften rega
rde
d
misgui
ding. It is expecte
d that
the name
s
sh
ould re
presen
t the articulati
on are
a
of the cha
r
a
c
ters.
3.
Pengan
gge
Pangan
gge
i
s
the ch
ara
c
t
e
r that can
n
o
t
be used
itself. They sho
u
ld be put to
gether to
the vowel
s
o
r
con
s
o
nant
s for thei
r fun
c
tions to
chang
e the
soun
ds
of them. The
kind
s a
r
e
call
ed,
among the
m
, pang
angg
e suara, pa
nga
n
gge teng
ena
n
and pan
gan
g
ge aksa
ra.
2.3. CIELab
CIELab
i
s
o
ne of the
co
lor
stru
ctures defined
a
s
CIE
(Com
m
i
cion
Intern
ational d
e
1
’
Eclairage/T
he Internation
a
l Com
m
i
ssion on
Illum
i
nation
in 197
6 (
CIE
197
6 L*
a
*
b*). A
c
cordi
n
g
to
CIELab
, th
e amo
unt of
CIE
_L* to
de
scribe
the b
r
i
ghtne
ss
of th
e col
o
r i
s
0 for bl
ack a
nd
L* =
100 fo
r white
.
CIE
_a* dim
ensi
on d
e
scribes th
e
colo
rs of g
r
e
en
– re
d, in
whi
c
h n
egative
a*
indicates g
r
e
en wh
ere
a
s
CIE
_a* po
siti
ve indicate
s red.
CIE
_b* di
mensi
on for
blue – yello
w is
the negative
b* indi
cate
s b
l
ue and
CIE
_
b
* po
sitive indicate
s yello
w. The tra
n
sf
ormatio
n
of RGB
(
Re
d, Gre
en, Blue
) –
CIEL
ab
ca
n be do
ne as d
e
scri
b
ed in the follo
wing formulat
ions [6, 2]:
(
1
)
In which:
′
(
2
)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Identifying of
the Ciela
b
Space
Colo
r for
t
he Balinese Papyru
s Ch
aracters (Made
Sudarm
a
)
325
G= 2.2. and
C=
R, G, B
/
(
3
)
/
(
4
)
/
(
5
)
(
6
)
(
7
)
(
8
)
Then L*
a*b* t
o
be:
∗
116
1
6
(
9
)
∗
500
(
1
0
)
∗
200
(
1
1
)
3. Rese
arch
Metho
d
3.1. Data
Ac
quisition
Data a
c
qui
siti
on is the
pro
c
ess of acquiri
ng dat
a from
analo
g
to digi
tal, namely from the
physi
cal pap
yrus to be
co
me papyru
s i
m
age by us
i
ng scann
er.
Thus, first, the Balinese Lontar
Bali is sca
n
n
ed to obtain t
he imag
e. When it is
d
one
, the image i
s
store
d
a
s
a
comp
uter
bef
ore
being furth
e
r
analysed in the pro
c
e
s
sin
g
stage.
3.2. Preproc
essing
3.2.1.
Cropping a
nd pap
y
rus
merging
The
right, left, and mi
ddle i
m
age
of the l
ontar
obtained from the
scanning is cropped for
the further
stage.
The Bali
ne
se
papy
ru
s u
s
u
a
lly ha
s t
w
o
parts.
The
writing on
the
first li
ne i
s
con
t
inued i
n
the se
con
d
o
ne as
can b
e
see
n
in the following Fi
gure 2.
Figure 2. Papyrus ima
g
e
The yello
w lin
es a
r
e th
e bo
rde
r
of the im
age t
hat a
r
e t
o
be
croppe
d. To crop, the
l
e
ft line
is first, middle
,
and the
n
the
right. Bein
g cropp
ed to
be
two pa
rts, th
e
image
will
be
merg
ed to
b
e
one a
s
sh
own in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The
image after croppi
ng
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 321 – 328
326
3.2.2.
The Color S
p
ace o
f
CIEL
ab
On the image
obtained afte
r the cro
ppin
g
, the
color space identification is don
e throug
h
CIELab
.
CEIL
ab
is a
colo
r
model in
whi
c
h the L* com
pone
nt is a p
e
rception
of the light inten
s
ity
a* and b* is the comp
on
ent sho
w
in
g the
numbe
r
of the colo
rs displaye
d [1]. The
CIELab
is
use
d
becau
se it is not all of the colors o
n
pap
yrus a
r
e different from t
he backg
ro
u
n
d
.
Sometimes the colors a
r
e
different very litlle
beca
u
s
e d
u
rin
g
the
writing
the p
apyru
s writers d
o
not u
s
e th
e n
a
tural type
s (burn
ed
ca
ndl
enut) for th
e
final processi
ng. Th
e.
CIE
Lab
is
the
ver
y
effective method to do the
sep
a
ratio
n
.
The color
of the imag
e obt
ained i
s
of RGB, from whi
c
h it is n
e
cessary to alte
r it into the
CIELab col
o
r
sp
ace
u
s
ing
the formula
(1) to (11).
RGB is
a thre
e dime
nsi
ona
l colo
r
stru
ct
ure
use
d
for the t
r
ue
col
o
r type
on di
gital im
age, in
whi
c
h
R is for
Re
d
, G for
Gr
e
e
n
and
B for
Blue
.
Whe
r
ea
s CIE
Lab (L*a
*b)
is
the
ima
ge co
lor stru
ct
ure t
hat re
present
s L
for li
ghtin
g an
d a fo
r
re
d
or g
r
e
en
and
b fo
r yello
w
or bl
ue. T
he
transfo
rm
atio
n produ
ce
s
d
i
fferent
colo
r
st
ru
ct
ur
e of
t
h
e
image from th
e origin
al one
.
4. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
The expe
rim
ent in this study is about
how to
iden
tify or spot the colo
r spa
c
e of the
papyru
s
usi
n
g CIELa
b
. Fi
gure
4 i
s
th
e imag
e of t
he p
r
intscree
n sy
stem th
at used to
the
identificatio
n.
Figure 4. The
early displ
a
y
On this
ea
rly displ
a
y there
are
seve
ral
menu
s. The
one u
s
e
d
in t
h
is exp
e
rim
e
nt is the
PrePro
ce
ssin
g CIELab. Fo
r inputting the
image
the pi
cture
(imag
e
) search
can b
e
use
d
.
Figure 5 Ope
n
image fiture
After clicking
on the image sear
ch, the
computer
will show su
ch as Figure 5. Here, the
sele
ction of the papyrus i
s
done.
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Identifying of
the Ciela
b
Space
Colo
r for
t
he Balinese Papyru
s Ch
aracters (Made
Sudarm
a
)
327
Figure 6. The
loaded a
nd i
m
age cro
ppin
g
In the Figure
6, the papyru
s imag
es that
has
be
en en
tered
will be
dire
ctly carrie
d out to
the pro
c
e
s
s o
f
cutting imag
e that startin
g
from the
lef
t
side, middle
,
into the upp
er si
de, so th
at
the image p
r
o
c
e
s
sed will b
e
immediatel
y
appear u
n
d
e
r the ori
g
inal
papyru
s ima
ge.
Figure 7. Pro
c
e
ss of CIEL
ab
The process
of identifying
the colo
r sp
ace Proses u
s
ing the
CIELab can be
done by
clickin
g
the
PrePro
ce
ssing
CIELab.
The
syste
m
p
r
o
c
esse
s the
loo
p
ing
as many
as the
num
b
e
r
of the
bit fou
nd o
n
the
im
age. T
he
out
come
can
be
se
en
on
the
table di
spl
a
yed by
the
system.
From the
r
e th
ere will b
e
the pro
c
e
ss of
obtainin
g
the mean
s of the L*, a*, dan b*
values.
5. Conclusio
n
Based o
n
the
outcome o
b
tained fro
m
the experime
n
t it can be co
nclu
ded that the col
o
r
spa
c
e
of
CIELab
ca
n
be
u
s
ed
to i
dentif
y and
sepa
ra
t
e
the
color of
the Bali
ne
se
ch
aracte
rs from
the one
s of the ba
ckgro
u
nd. This is
cl
early inform
e
d
throug
h the
values of L*
= 45, a* = 1
2
8
,
and b* = 12
7,
in whi
c
h L*
of
th
e CIELab rep
r
e
s
ents
th
e
b
r
ig
htness of
th
e
color
a
s
a
little
differentiato
r. The next stud
y can be don
e to analyzed
from the pre pro
c
e
ssi
ng till the extracting
to finally traslating the Balinese
ch
ara
c
t
e
rs o
n
the pa
yrus to
latin
sc
ript.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The app
re
cia
t
ion is awa
r
d
ed to the members
of this rese
arch tea
m
, along with
all the
colle
ague
s
who have
give
n a lot
of help
both in
di
sc
u
ssi
on of i
dea
s u
n
til the tria
l impleme
n
tation
stage
of the
device. Not forgotten
al
so th
e a
ppre
c
iation
is del
ivered to
the
De
partm
ent
of
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 321 – 328
328
Electri
c
al
an
d Comp
uter
System Engi
neeri
n
g
Un
iv
ersity
of Uda
y
ana
whi
c
h
has supp
orte
d in
lendin
g
the e
quipme
n
ts fro
m
instru
ment
ation labo
rato
ry in this re
se
arch.
Referen
ces
[1]
Bansa
l
. Seema
,
Aggar
w
a
l De
epak. C
o
lor Im
age S
egme
n
tat
i
on Us
ing
CIEL
ab Co
lor Sp
ac
e Usin
g Ant
Colony
Optimization.
IJCSET
. 201
2; 1(7): 415
-420.
[2]
Gernot Hoffma
nn. CIE Color
Space. 20
10.
[3]
HR Mamath
a
,
K Srikanta
m
urth
y
.
Mor
p
hol
ogi
c
a
l
Op
e
r
ations and Projecti
on
Pr
ofiles base
d
Segme
n
tatio
n
of Hand
w
r
itten Ka
nna
da
Docum
ent.
Internati
ona
l Jo
u
r
nal of Ap
pl
ie
d Informatio
n
System
s (IJAIS)
. 2013; 4(5)
[4]
Made Su
darm
a
, Sutramini N
P
.
T
he
T
h
inni
n
g
Z
hang-
S
u
e
n
Appl
icatio
n Me
thod in th
e Image of Bali
nes
e
Scripts on the
Pap
y
rus.
Intern
ation
a
l Jo
urna
l of Computer A
pplic
atio
ns.
20
14; 91(1): 0
975
-888
7.
[5] Prapitasari.
Luh
Putu
A
y
u.
Noise
R
e
mova
l for Anc
i
e
n
t
Palm L
eaf M
a
nuscri
p
t of Ba
li. Konf
erens
i
Nasio
n
a
l
Siste
m
Informasi (KNSI) No ISBN 978
60
298
76
80
2. 2012
[6]
Putra. IKG Darma, Pengo
la
ha
n Citra Di
gital,
Andi N
o
ISBN 978
97
929
14
43
6, 2010
[7]
http://
w
w
w
.
b
a
b
adb
ali.com/aks
a
rab
a
li/b
oo
ks/p
peb
b.htm, cited: August 10, 2
014
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