Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of
El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No.
1
,
A
pr
il
201
9
, p
p.
375
~
380
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
4
.i
1
.pp
375
-
380
375
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance eff
ect of
applyin
g pa
raffin w
ax on sol
ar
ph
otovo
l
taic ba
ck
plate
E.
R
os
la
n
,
A.
Ra
z
ak
Depa
rtment
o
f M
ec
hanica
l
,
Co
l
le
ge
of
Engi
ne
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
ena
ga
Nasiona
l,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1,
2018
Re
vised
N
ov
25
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
13
, 201
8
The
eff
iciency
o
f
solar
photovolt
ai
c
(PV
)
pan
el
s
is
aff
ecte
d
b
y
its
oper
at
ing
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
Ha
ving
high
irra
diance
produc
es
hi
gh
el
ec
tr
ical
out
put
but
al
so
hea
ts
up
the
p
an
el
and
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
pane
ls
ef
ficie
nc
y
.
Th
is
stud
y
i
nvesti
gates
the
eff
ec
t
of
co
oli
ng
solar
PV
pane
ls
using
750g
of
par
aff
in
wax
as
phase
cha
nge
m
aterial
(PCM
)
appl
ie
d
to
the
bac
k
pl
a
te
of
a
solar
PV
pane
l.
The
expe
riment
is
do
ne
a
t
Kaj
ang,
Se
la
ngor,
Malay
si
a
.
Th
e
re
sul
t
is
r
e
duct
ion
of
up
to
9.
5°C,
increa
se
of
up
to
0.
947W
or
11.
82
%
of
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
power
output
when
compare
d
to
the
pan
el
w
it
hout
an
y
PC
M
appl
ie
d
.
Th
e
p
ane
l
cool
ed
with
PC
M a
lso
p
roduc
ed
4
.
69%
m
ore
ene
rg
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Panel e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
Ph
ase
ch
a
nge
m
at
erial
So
la
r
ph
otovo
l
ta
ic
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd E
qwan
bin
M
ohd R
os
l
an,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f M
echan
ic
al
, C
ollege
of Engi
neer
i
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
na
ga Nasi
onal
,
Jal
an
I
KR
AM
-
UNITE
N,
43
000 Ka
j
a
ng, S
el
ango
r,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: eqw
an
@unit
en.
e
du.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Located
on
t
he
eq
uato
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
bless
ed
with
t
he
a
bundance
of
s
olar
i
rr
a
diance
m
aking
it
su
it
able
f
or
s
olar
ph
otov
oltai
c
(PV)
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion.
T
his
has
be
en
well
ex
ploi
te
d
with
Ma
la
ysi
a
giv
in
g
fo
c
us
on
instal
li
ng
so
la
r
PV
syst
e
m
s
t
hro
ughout
the
country.
U
p
un
ti
l
2018,
sol
ar
PV
co
ns
ist
s
of
381.4
7M
W
of
instal
le
d
capac
it
y
or
66.
42%
of
t
he
total
Re
new
a
ble
E
nerg
y
te
chnolo
gies
instal
le
d
unde
r
the
Feed
-
in
-
t
ariff
schem
e
[1]
.
Ma
la
ysi
a
has
al
so
awa
rd
e
d
1.2
2
8G
W
of
Lar
ge
Scal
e
So
la
r
pro
j
ect
s
an
d
is
exp
ect
e
d
to
be
fu
ll
y
op
e
rati
onal
by
2020
[
2]
.
H
oweve
r,
hav
i
ng
the
abun
dan
c
e
of
sunli
ght
not
on
ly
br
in
g
usa
ble
energy
bu
t
al
so
heat
that
will
aff
ect
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
s
ol
ar
pa
nels.
A
n
ave
rag
e
dec
re
ase
of
0.25
–
0.3%
s
olar
P
V
pa
nel
eff
ic
ie
ncy
is
e
stim
at
ed
fo
r
e
ver
y
Ce
lsi
us
increase
of
s
ola
r
P
V
pan
el
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
depen
di
ng
on
t
he
m
at
erial
us
e
d
[3]
.
T
his
resu
lt
s
n
ot
on
ly
in
losses
of
el
ect
rical
ou
tpu
t
but
al
so
a
waste
of
sp
ac
e
du
e
to
le
ss
ou
t
put
ob
ta
ine
d
pe
r
s
qu
a
re
m
et
er
of
PV
instal
le
d.
The
e
ff
ect
of
i
ncr
easi
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
so
la
r
P
V
pe
rfor
m
ance
ca
n
be
see
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
[
4]
.
Var
i
ou
s
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
bee
n
te
ste
d
in
the
at
tem
pt
to
coo
l
dow
n
pa
nel
temperat
ur
e
an
d
increase
th
e
el
ect
rical
ou
tp
uts.
A
recent
com
pr
ehensi
ve
re
view
wa
s
done
by
Si
ecker
et
.
al
.
on
s
olar
P
V
coo
li
ng
te
chnolo
gies
inclu
ding
fl
oating,
wate
r
spra
yi
ng
,
heat
sin
k,
f
or
ce
d
ai
r
a
nd
wate
r
ci
rc
ulati
on
,
phase
-
c
hange
-
m
at
erial
s
(P
CM
),
i
m
m
ersion,
coati
ng
a
nd
t
her
m
oelect
ric
coo
li
ng
[5]
.
T
he
te
chn
i
qu
es
c
an
be
ge
ner
al
iz
ed
int
o
two,
a
ct
ive
an
d
pa
ssive
m
et
ho
ds.
Acti
ve
m
e
thods
r
eq
uire
e
xter
nal
ene
rg
y
to
operate
s
uc
h
as
us
i
ng
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
for
pum
ps
and
passive
m
et
hods
not
re
quirin
g
any
e
xternal
energy
to
ope
r
at
e.
On
e
of
t
he
passive
m
et
hods
is
us
in
g
PCM
to
abs
orb
the
hea
t
fr
om
so
la
r
pan
el
s.
Hasa
n
et
.
al
.
has
evalua
te
d
the
us
e
of
PCM
as
a
m
ea
ns
of
therm
al
reg
ula
ti
on
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
buil
d
i
ng
-
inte
gr
at
e
d
so
la
r
PV
an
d
has
s
umm
ariz
ed
th
e
adv
a
ntage
s
inc
lud
in
g
high
he
at
transf
e
r
rate
and
heat
abs
or
ption,
pas
sive
heat
exc
hange
with
no
no
ise
and
no
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
A
pr
il
201
9
:
375
–
380
376
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
os
t
[
6]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
he
al
so
not
ed
t
he
disad
va
ntages
of
us
i
ng
PCM
incl
ud
i
ng
t
ox
ic
it
y,
fir
e
safety
issue, c
orr
os
iv
eness
a
nd
disposal
[
6]
.
Figure
1
.
Effec
t
of
te
m
per
at
ure o
n powe
r ou
t
pu
t
of s
olar
PV
This
stu
dy
inve
sti
gates
the
eff
ect
of
us
i
ng
par
a
ff
i
n
wa
x
as
PCM
on
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
s
olar
P
V
perform
ance. The a
dvanta
ge a
nd d
isa
dvanta
ge of
u
si
ng p
a
r
aff
in
w
a
x
a
re i
n
Ta
ble
1
[
7]
.
Table
1
. A
dv
a
ntages
and
Dis
adv
a
ntage
s
of
PCM
[7]
Ad
v
an
tag
e
s
Disad
v
an
tag
es
Reliab
le
Low th
er
m
al con
d
u
ctiv
ity
Predictab
le
No
co
m
p
atib
ility
with
plas
tic con
tai
n
ers
Mod
erate
l
y
f
la
m
m
ab
le
No
n
-
co
rr
o
siv
e
Ch
e
m
icall
y
inert
Stab
le belo
w 50
0
0C
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
sit
e
sel
ect
ed
was
at
TN
B
Re
search
S
dn.
B
hd.,
locat
e
d
in
Ka
j
a
ng,
Ma
la
ysi
a,
on
a
n
op
e
n
sp
ace
without
a
ny
s
had
e
to
a
void
any
los
s
of
su
nli
gh
t.
The
locat
ion
is
sel
ect
ed
due
t
o
the
locat
io
n
of
the
m
easur
em
ent eq
ui
pm
ent b
ei
ng
borro
wed f
or this stu
dy.
The
PCM
us
e
d
f
or
this
is
pa
raffin
wa
x,
w
hich
has
a
m
elting
po
i
nt
of
30°C.
The
m
elt
ing
point
is
higher
tha
n
the
Stan
dard
Test
ing
Co
ndit
ion
f
or
s
olar
pan
el
s
but
a
lso
lowe
r
tha
n
the
en
vir
onm
ental
tem
per
at
ur
e
at
the
l
ocati
on
duri
ng
no
on.
T
he
pr
ic
e
is
al
s
o
within
the
budget
,
costin
g
RM
60
f
or
a
kg
of
th
e
m
at
erial
.
The
m
at
erial
is
expect
ed
to
lo
wer
the
te
m
per
at
ure
of
the
pa
nel
by
ab
sorbi
ng
the
heat
f
r
om
t
he
pan
e
l
and
c
ha
ng
i
ng
i
ts
sta
te
to
li
qu
id
w
he
n
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
incr
eases
ab
ov
e
it
s
m
el
t
ing
point.
750g
of
the
m
at
erial
s
wer
e
us
e
d
by
f
il
li
ng
an
al
um
i
niu
m
con
ta
iner
and
at
ta
chi
ng
it
to
the
back
of
the
s
olar
P
V
pan
el
.
The
physi
cal
pro
per
ti
es
of
t
he
PCM us
ed
in
this stu
dy is as
in
Ta
ble
2.
Table
2
. Physi
cal
Prop
e
rtie
s
of PCM
Used
in
this
Stu
dy
Prop
erty
Valu
e
Melting
Poin
t (
℃
)
30
Latent He
at (
k
j/k
g
)
226
Den
sity
(10
3
k
g
/
m
3
)
1
.40
Ther
m
a
l Co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
(
W
/
m
.K
)
0
.55
Tw
o
pa
nels
ar
e
us
ed
,
one
w
it
h
PCM
at
ta
c
hed
to
t
he
bac
k
an
d
one
wit
hout
PCM
at
ta
ched
as
the
con
t
ro
l
set
up.
The
pa
nels
are
placed
on
a
sta
nd
to
a
vo
i
d
he
at
trapp
in
g
be
neath
the
pan
e
ls.
The
m
easur
e
m
ent
dev
ic
es a
re conn
ect
e
d
to the M
C4 w
ires of the p
a
nels and t
og
et
her
with th
e
m
ultim
et
er to
m
easur
e the cu
r
ren
t
and
volt
age
ou
tpu
t
of
the
pa
ne
ls.
All
the
m
e
asur
em
ent
de
vi
ces
are
co
nnec
te
d
to
a
c
om
pu
te
r
f
or
data
rea
ding.
Ov
e
rall
exp
e
ri
m
ental
set
up
con
sist
s
s
olar
powe
r
m
et
er
fo
r
so
la
r
ir
ra
diati
on
detect
ion
,
two
set
of
so
l
ar
P
V
wh
ic
h
one
of
it
being
at
ta
ched
with
PC
M
and
an
oth
e
r
one
is
with
ou
t
PCM
,
tw
o
m
ulti
-
m
e
te
rs
for
I
-
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce e
ff
ect
o
f a
pp
ly
in
g pa
r
affi
n
w
ax on sol
ar
phot
ov
oltaic b
ack
plat
e
(
E. Ro
sl
an
)
377
m
easur
em
ents,
wind
s
pee
d
m
et
er
fo
r
wi
nd
velocit
y
m
e
asur
em
ents
tog
et
he
r
with
hu
m
idit
y
and
the
su
r
face
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
a
nd
la
st
but
not
le
ast
,
pe
rs
ona
l
co
m
pu
te
r
for
data
st
or
a
ge.
The
s
chem
at
ic
dia
gr
am
for
overall
set
up is s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
2 below.
Figure
2
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
fo
r
e
xper
i
m
ent setup
Durin
g
the
e
xperim
ent,
the
tem
per
at
ur
es
of
each
pa
nel
and
t
he
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
re
m
easur
ed
. A
ls
o,
a
no
t
her
im
po
rta
nt p
aram
et
er of
ra
w
da
ta
is colle
ct
ed
wit
hin
15
m
inu
te
s
in
4
-
hours
’
pe
rio
d
of
exp
e
rim
ent
du
r
ing
the
peak
hours
of
opti
m
um
rad
ia
ti
on
of
su
nli
gh
t
sta
rtin
g
at
11.00
pm
un
ti
l
3.
00
pm
o’
cl
ock
for
th
ree
days.
These
pa
ram
eter
s a
r
e rec
orde
d
in
the ta
ble a
nd are
calc
ulate
d by usi
ng a
Mi
cro
s
of
t E
xc
el
.
The
n,
the
data
for
s
olar
ir
rad
i
ance,
c
urre
nt,
vo
lt
age
,
power
input,
powe
r
ou
t
pu
t,
so
la
r
P
V
ef
fici
ency
as
well
as
the
data
of
the
wi
nd
s
pee
d
or
ve
locit
y
to
ob
se
rv
e
a
ny
irre
gu
la
r
eff
ect
f
or
both
s
olar
pan
e
ls
are
recorde
d.
Using
the
data
ob
ta
ine
d
from
the
m
et
ers,
th
e
el
ect
rical
po
wer
outp
ut
is
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
the
powe
r
form
ula:
=
×
The
pan
el
e
ff
i
ci
ency,
de
fine
d
as
the
el
ect
rical
ou
t
pu
t
ov
e
r
the
irra
diance
from
the
su
n,
is
cal
culat
e
d
us
in
g:
=
=
×
×
×
100%
wh
e
re:
=
;
=
;
=
2
;
=
Gr
a
phs
of
pa
ne
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
vs
.
e
nv
i
ronm
e
nt
tem
per
at
ur
e
and
powe
r
out
pu
t
vs
.
ti
m
e
for
pa
nels
with
and w
it
ho
ut P
CM
. Th
e
en
e
rgy
o
ut
pu
t
f
or
bo
th p
a
nels a
re c
al
culat
ed usin
g
:
=
∑
×
=
0
Wh
e
re:
=
;
=
;
=
;
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
A
N
ALYSIS
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
irrad
ia
nc
e
reco
r
de
d
f
or
Day
1
unti
l
Day
3.
The
irra
di
ance
was
recor
ded
sta
rti
ng
11.00
a
.m
.
un
ti
l
3.00
p.m
.
on
each
day.
It
ca
n
be
see
n
t
hat
for
the
pe
rio
d,
the
irra
dian
ce
kep
t
i
ncr
easi
ng
with
dro
ps
inte
rm
i
ttently
befo
re
de
creasi
ng
at
t
he
end.
F
or
Day
2,
the
irra
diance
is
m
uch
m
or
e
err
at
ic
.
T
he
sudde
n
dro
ps
ca
n
be
a
tt
ribu
te
d
to
pa
ssing
cl
ouds,
wh
ic
h
si
gn
ific
antly
aff
ect
s
th
e
am
ou
nt
of
ir
rad
ia
nce
reach
ing
t
he
su
r
face.
T
he
hi
gh
est
irra
dian
ce
reco
r
de
d
w
as
on
Day
2
at
1
p.
m
.
in
t
he
af
te
r
noon,
reachi
ng
a
pe
ak
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
A
pr
il
201
9
:
375
–
380
378
1181
W
/m
2
.
The
irrad
ia
nce
on
Day
1
of
th
e
exp
e
rim
ent
was
relat
ively
low
du
e
t
o
the
cl
oudy
weath
er.
T
he
a
m
ou
nt
of
so
la
r
irra
diance
on
the
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
or
powe
r
input
is
dep
e
nd
e
nt
on
the
siz
e
of
the
so
la
r
pa
ne
l.
The
resu
lt
s
f
or
Day
3
will
be
discuss
e
d
in
detai
le
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
sect
io
n
due
to
hav
i
ng
t
he
best
weat
her
of
th
e
three
days.
Figure
3
.
Irra
diance
record
ed
for
th
ree
days
Figure
4
Sho
ws
t
he
pan
el
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
gainst
t
he
e
nv
iro
nm
ent
tem
p
eratur
e
.
T
he
hi
gh
est
pa
nel
tem
per
at
ur
e
re
corde
d
was
on the p
anel with
ou
t
PCM
at
63.2°C.
T
he
lo
we
st
is
42.
3°
C
on
the p
a
nel w
it
h
PCM
.
It
can
be
seen
that
at
the
sa
m
e
a
m
bient
temp
erat
ur
e,
the
pa
nel
with
PC
M
con
sist
ently
has
lowe
r
temperat
ur
e
com
par
ed
to
th
e
pan
el
wi
th
out
PCM
.
The
pa
nel
with
PCM
achieve
d
up
to
9.5°C
lo
wer
te
m
per
at
ur
e
com
pare
d
to
the
pa
nel
wi
thout
PCM
.
Th
ese
show
t
hat
the
PCM
ser
ve
d
it
s
obj
ect
ive
of
lo
we
rin
g
th
e
pan
el
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
Howe
ver,
it
sh
ou
l
d
be
note
d
t
hat
the
PCM
has
it
s
ther
m
al
c
apacit
y,
at
wh
ic
h
after
ab
sorb
ing
en
ough
he
at
an
d
changin
g
phas
e
com
plete
ly
,
will
increase
in
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
I
n
this
stu
dy,
it
is
no
t
deter
m
ined
w
heth
er
al
l
the
PCM
h
as
abs
orbed en
ough
he
at
to
com
plete
ly
ch
an
ge p
hase
to
li
quid.
Figure
4
.
Pa
nel
tem
per
at
ures
vs
. e
nvir
on
m
ent tem
per
at
ur
e
s
Figure
5
s
hows
the
power
o
ut
pu
ts
f
or
both
pa
nels
thr
ough
out
the
data
colle
ct
ion
tim
e.
Excep
t
for
th
e
first
point
of
ti
m
e,
pan
el
with
PCM
co
ns
ist
ently
produce
hi
gh
e
r
powe
r
out
pu
t
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
pa
nel
wit
hou
t
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
0
1
1
4
5
1
2
0
0
1
2
1
5
1
2
3
0
1
2
4
5
1
3
0
0
1
3
1
5
1
3
3
0
1
3
4
5
1
4
0
0
1
4
1
5
1
4
3
0
1
4
4
5
1
5
0
0
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
T
i
m
e
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
R
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
f
o
r
D
a
y
1
u
n
t
i
l
3
D
a
y
1
D
a
y
2
D
a
y
3
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
3
5
.
7
3
7
.
1
3
7
.
1
3
7
.
7
3
6
.
5
3
5
.
2
3
5
.
7
3
7
.
2
3
5
.
7
3
4
.
7
3
7
.
3
3
6
.
5
3
7
.
7
3
6
.
5
3
8
.
1
3
7
.
2
3
8
.
1
P
a
n
e
l
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
v
s
.
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
W
i
t
h
P
C
M
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
C
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce e
ff
ect
o
f a
pp
ly
in
g pa
r
affi
n
w
ax on sol
ar
phot
ov
oltaic b
ack
plat
e
(
E. Ro
sl
an
)
379
PCM
.
Th
e
hi
ghest
power
out
pu
t
dif
fer
e
nce
is
at
0.9
47W
or
11.
82%
m
or
e
power
outp
ut
f
or
the
pa
ne
l
with
PCM
co
m
par
e
d
to
w
it
ho
ut P
CM
, o
cc
urrin
g at
1
43
0.
Figure
5
.
P
ow
e
r
ou
t
pu
t
of p
a
ne
ls vs. t
i
m
e o
f day
Table
3
s
hows
the
c
om
par
iso
n
of
ene
rg
y
pr
oductio
n
betw
een
th
e
s
olar
pa
nel
wit
h
par
a
ff
in
wa
x
as
PCM
app
li
e
d
at
the
bac
kp
la
t
e
of
so
la
r
P
V
pan
el
for
c
oo
li
ng
a
nd
withou
t
PCM
.
For
f
our
hours
eac
h
day
f
or
three
days,
the
energy
produ
ct
ion
f
or
pa
nel
with
PCM
is
90.40
3Wh
c
om
par
ed
to
86.
3
53
Wh
f
or
t
he
pa
nel
without
PCM
.
The
pa
nel
w
it
h
PCM
co
ol
ing
it
s
bac
kp
l
at
e
pro
du
ce
d
4.051
Wh
or
4.6
9%
m
or
e
e
nergy
com
par
ed
to
the
one
with
out
PCM
.
This
m
eans
that
fo
r
the
sa
m
e
a
m
o
un
t
of
area
of
so
la
r
P
V
instal
le
d,
a
higher
c
on
ce
nt
rati
on
o
f
ene
r
gy
can
be
pro
du
ced.
T
his
will
save
la
nd
o
r
s
urface
area,
or
m
or
e
ca
n
be
pro
du
ce
d
in
the
sam
e
a
m
ou
nt
of
are
wh
e
n
PCM
is
app
li
ed
for
bac
kp
la
te
co
olin
g.
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
cost
of
ins
ta
ll
at
ion
of
ba
ck
plate
coo
li
ng,
it
has
po
te
ntial
to
giv
e
ad
diti
on
al
r
et
urn
for
the
e
nergy
so
l
d
to
t
he
gri
d
ei
ther
thr
ough
feed
-
in
-
ta
rif
f
or
net
-
e
nergy
-
m
et
ering
,
hence
lowe
rin
g
it
s
paybac
k
pe
rio
d
or
incr
easi
ng
it
s
ROI.
F
or
com
m
ercial
or
residen
ti
al
ap
plica
ti
on
,
a
be
tt
er
desig
n
pro
cess
of
a
pp
ly
ing
the
bac
kp
la
te
coo
li
ng
m
e
t
hod
i
s
need
e
d,
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
cov
ere
d
in
this
resea
rch.
In
the
cas
e
of
this
pro
j
e
ct
,
the
cost
of
app
ly
in
g
the
P
CM
i
s
37.5%
of
the
pan
el
al
on
e
,
without
inv
e
rters
an
d
wiri
ng
c
os
t
ty
pical
with
reside
ntial
and
com
m
ercial
instal
la
ti
on
.
If
include
d,
the
pe
rcen
ta
ge
c
os
t
of
PCM
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
wi
ll
be
lowe
r.
T
he
op
ti
m
al
a
m
ou
nt
of
PCM
is al
so
no
t e
val
uated
i
n
this
experim
ent.
Table
3
. T
otal
Energy P
r
oduc
ed
Day
Energy P
rod
u
ced (
W
h
)
W
ith
PC
M
W
ith
o
u
t PCM
1
2
4
.23
9
2
3
.56
2
3
2
3
2
.49
6
5
3
0
.70
9
7
3
3
3
.66
7
5
3
2
.08
0
6
Total
9
0
.40
3
8
6
.35
3
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Using
PCM
t
o
abs
orb
heat
f
r
om
the
so
la
r
pa
nel
bac
kpla
te
aff
ect
s
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
pan
el
by
coo
li
ng
it
dow
n,
he
nce
dec
re
asi
ng
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
pro
duci
ng
high
er
el
ect
rical
outp
ut,
up
to
11.
82%
higher
po
wer
outp
ut.
Th
rou
ghou
t
the
f
our
ho
ur
s
f
or
three
da
ys,
the
pan
el
with
PCM
pro
du
ce
s
4.051
W
h
m
or
e
energy
com
par
ed
to
the
pa
ne
l
witho
ut
PC
M.
This
transl
at
es
into
4.69%
m
or
e
energ
y.
Fu
ture
st
udy
cou
ld
include
t
he
hea
t t
ran
sfe
r
stud
y
the d
et
erm
ine
the o
ptim
al
q
uan
ti
ty
o
f
PCM
to
be
us
e
d
a
nd
cost b
e
nef
it
ana
ly
sis
to d
et
e
rm
ine w
hethe
r
the
co
st
of instal
li
ng P
CM
is justi
fied
b
y t
he
addit
io
nal en
e
r
gy produ
ce
d.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
ackn
owle
dge
TNB
Re
search
S
dn.
Bhd.
for
pro
vid
in
g
the
eq
uip
m
ent
and
s
pace
f
or
the expe
rim
ent
.
0
.
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
2
.
0
0
0
3
.
0
0
0
4
.
0
0
0
5
.
0
0
0
6
.
0
0
0
7
.
0
0
0
8
.
0
0
0
9
.
0
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
0
1
1
4
5
1
2
0
0
1
2
1
5
1
2
3
0
1
2
4
5
1
3
0
0
1
3
1
5
1
3
3
0
1
3
4
5
1
4
0
0
1
4
1
5
1
4
3
0
1
4
4
5
1
5
0
0
P
o
w
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
(
W
)
T
i
m
e
P
o
w
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
s
.
T
i
m
e
W
i
t
h
P
C
M
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
C
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
4
, N
o.
1
,
A
pr
il
201
9
:
375
–
380
380
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
SEDA
Malay
s
ia,
“
Instal
le
d
Cap
a
ci
t
y
(MW
)
of
Co
m
m
is
sioned
RE Ins
ta
llati
ons.
”
[
Online
]
.
Avai
la
b
le
:
htt
p://s
eda.gov.m
y
/
?
om
ane
g
=00
010100000001010101000100001000000000000000000000&s=539.
[Ac
ce
ss
ed: 0
4
-
N
ov
-
2018]
.
[2]
J.
W
ong,
“
Malay
sia
awa
rds
1,
22
8MW
proje
ct
s,
”
The
Star Onl
in
e
.
[3]
F.
Grubisic
-
Cab
o,
S.
Nizeti
c, a
n
d
T. G.
Marc
o
,
“
Photovolt
aic
Pan
el
s :
a
Rev
ie
w of
the Cool
ing
,
”
Tr
ans.
Fame
na
X
L
,
vol.
1
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
63
–
74,
2016
.
[4]
E.
R
adzie
m
ska,
“
The
eff
ec
t
of
tem
per
at
ure
on
th
e
power
drop
in
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
si
li
con
solar cells,”
R
en
ew.
Ene
rgy
,
vo
l.
28,
pp
.
1
–
12
,
20
03.
[5]
J.
Siec
k
er,
K.
Kus
aka
na, a
nd
B.
P.
Num
bi,
“
A review
of
sol
ar
ph
otovol
taic
s
y
st
e
m
s c
ooli
ng
t
ec
h
nologi
es,
”
Re
ne
w.
Sus
tai
n.
Ene
rgy
Re
v
.
,
vol
.
79
,
no
.
Jul
y
2016,
pp.
1
92
–
203,
2017
.
[6]
A.
Hasan, S.
J
.
McCorm
ac
k,
M.
J.
Huang
,
and
B
.
Norton
,
“
Evalu
at
ion
of
ph
ase
ch
ange
m
ateri
al
s f
or
the
rm
al
re
gulation enha
n
ce
m
ent
of
bui
lding integra
t
ed
ph
otovol
taics,
”
So
l
.
En
ergy
,
vol
.
84
,
n
o
.
9
,
pp
.
1601
–
1612,
2010
.
[7]
A.
Sharm
a,
V
.
V
.
T
y
a
gi
,
C
.
R
.
C
hen,
and
D
.
Bud
dhi,
“
Review on
the
rm
al
ene
rg
y
s
tora
ge
with
phas
e
ch
ange
m
at
eri
a
ls
and
ap
pli
c
at
ions,
”
Re
n
ew.
Susta
in. E
ne
rgy
Rev.
,
vo
l. 13
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
318
–
345,
2009
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.