TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol. 11, No. 12, Decem
ber 20
13, pp.
7014
~70
2
0
e-ISSN: 2087
-278X
7014
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
27, 2013; Revi
sed Aug
u
st
2, 2013; Accepted Augu
st
18, 2013
A Future Home Power System with Contactless Power
Transmission Technologies
Lan Jian
y
u
*, Tang Houju
n
, Gen Xin
Dep
a
rtment of Electrical E
ngi
neer
ing, Sh
ang
hai
Ji
ao T
ong Univers
i
t
y
, N
o
. 800, Do
ng C
h
u
an RD., 200
24
0
Min Ha
ng, Sha
ngh
ai, Chi
na,
Ph.: +
86189
162
299
23
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: jian
y
u
_
l
a
n
0
0
8
@
y
a
hoo.com.
cn
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he trad
ition
a
l
ho
me
pow
er s
ystem
is n
o
t s
u
itab
le for
the
current c
o
mpl
e
x ho
useh
ol
d a
ppli
anc
es
for its low
effic
i
ency, w
h
ich n
eed a
new
po
w
e
r system.
In this pap
er, a future ho
me
p
o
w
e
r system
w
i
th
contactless p
o
w
er transmissi
on (CPT
) technol
ogi
es is pr
o
pose
d
. Besid
e
s
, w
i
th
the consider
ation of u
s
in
g
renew
ab
le p
o
w
er, a solar pow
er hybrid g
ener
ation syst
em is i
n
tegr
ated in th
e future pow
er system.
I
n
add
ition, th
e
d
i
stribute
d
p
o
w
e
r syste
m
is
i
n
troduc
ed to
the futur
e
p
o
w
e
r syste
m
i
n
stead
of trad
itio
na
l
central
i
z
e
d
po
w
e
r metho
d
. The distri
bute
d
pow
er system
i
s
mor
e
stabl
e and effici
ent. On the other h
and
,
thanks to the
CPT technol
o
g
ies, ho
use
hol
d app
li
ances
w
ill be
more
safe an
d frien
d
ly by us
ing
CP
T
system
s than before by elim
inating
c
o
rds and plugs. A simulation by PSI
M DEMO version of the
proposed
future p
o
w
e
r s
ystem show
s t
hat th
e pr
op
os
ed c
onc
ept
is
f
easi
b
le. F
u
rthe
rmor
e, a
CPT
prototype
h
a
s
bee
n
fabricated to analy
z
e the circ
uit
characteristics of the CPT
system
. A
nov
el c
oncept of
home
power sys
tem
is prop
osed, e
l
abor
ated i
n
det
ail a
nd si
mu
lat
ed by co
mp
ute
r
softw
are.
Ke
y
w
ords
: CP
T, renew
able p
o
w
e
r, distribute
d
pow
er system, si
mul
a
tio
n
Copy
right
©
2013 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
With the dev
elopme
n
t of electroni
c technolo
g
ies, th
e hou
seh
o
ld
electroni
c ap
plian
c
e
s
are mo
re a
nd com
p
lex
than before. Thus
, th
e desi
gnin
g
of powe
r
system h
a
s been
sop
h
isti
cated.
The
cu
rrent
home
po
we
r sy
stem i
s
not fit for m
any ne
w el
e
c
troni
c
produ
cts,
becau
se it is i
nefficient a
n
d
uns
afe. So many po
wer
conve
r
ters
li
ke AC/DC, DC/DC, AC/AC,
and
DC/AC a
r
e a
dded b
e
fore t
hese ele
c
tron
ic appli
ances
to transfe
r po
wer e
n
e
r
gy b
y
different wa
ys.
Although by u
s
ing
high freq
uen
cie
s
mag
netic te
ch
n
o
l
ogie
s
,
these power conve
r
ter’s
volu
me and
weig
ht are de
cre
a
si
ng, and
powe
r
tran
sferri
ng effi
cien
cy is highe
r than linea
r po
wer, which used
power transi
s
tor to reg
u
la
r energy in line
a
r a
r
ea.
However, those p
o
we
r convert
e
rs
almo
st work
in pul
se
wi
dth mo
dulation
(PWM
) m
ode
whi
c
h
intr
od
uce
s
se
rio
u
s electro-m
agn
etic
inte
rferen
ce
(EMI) and el
ectro
-
ma
gneti
c
com
patibilit
y (EMC) pr
o
b
lems [1]. As a re
sult, the utility power
system ha
s b
een pollute
d by harmo
nic
curre
n
t oc
curred by those power c
onverters. The
r
efo
r
e,
efforts sh
ould
been ma
ke to filter this harmoni
c cu
rr
en
t by using a large am
ount
of active filter or
passive filter,
whi
c
h increases
cost of
utility power system [2
,
3]. Furtherm
ore, the
seri
ous
probl
em
s of environm
ent p
o
llution and
e
nergy de
pleti
on call for a g
r
een p
o
wer
system.
Among the al
ternative ene
rgy sou
r
ce
s, the so
la
r ene
rgy gene
ratio
n
is re
cog
n
ized as a
clea
n a
nd in
exhau
stible
e
nergy
so
urce
. In th
is
pap
er, a
sol
a
r p
o
we
r hyb
r
id
home
gen
era
t
ion
system i
s
pro
posed. Th
e
structu
r
e
of the
pro
p
o
s
ed
po
wer sy
stem i
s
distri
buting
system, whi
c
h
is
more
sta
b
le
and
ene
rgy
saving tha
n
traditional
po
wer
system
[4-6]. In additio
n
, the h
o
u
s
e
hold
electroni
c a
p
p
lian
c
e
s
a
r
e
power
by the
co
ntactl
e
s
s power
tran
smissi
on
(CP
T
) sy
st
em
s [
7
-
10]
.
Not relying o
n
the
wire
s
and pl
ug
s, th
e CPT
syst
e
m
reali
z
e
s
electri
c
p
o
wer transmissio
n by
ways
of elect
r
o-m
agn
etic i
ndu
ction, ra
di
o fr
equ
en
cy tech
nolo
g
y, electro
-
ma
gneti
c
re
so
nan
ce
s,
and micro
w
a
v
e technol
og
y [11-13].
CPT sy
stem
can t
r
an
sfer
energy
from power sup
p
ly
to
load wi
tho
u
t dire
ctly co
ntactle
ss,
the gap bet
ween the po
wer supplie
s to
the powe
r
c
onsume
r
vari
es from
seve
ral millimete
r
s to
ten more me
ters, and the
powe
r
tran
sferri
ng is vari
ed from seve
ral mW to more than 10
kW.
Such en
ergy
transfe
r has high se
cu
rity for ch
ildre
n
at home becau
se no di
rect co
ntact with
ecle
ctic a
nd, it is also comf
ortable fo
r user be
cau
s
e of
no plug
s and
cord
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
e-ISSN:
2087
-278X
A Future Home Power Sys
t
em with Contac
tle
ss Po
wer T
r
an
sm
ission Te
ch
nol
ogie
s
(La
n
Ji
anyu)
7015
This
pape
r i
s
orga
nized a
s
followin
g
. In part 2, the
co
nce
p
t of the p
r
opo
se
d future hom
e
power sy
ste
m
is expre
s
sed a
nd di
scu
s
sed. Th
e
n
, the detailed features
of
CP
T sy
st
em is
analyzi
ng in
part 3. Fi
nall
y
, a simulati
on of p
r
op
osed sy
stem i
s
given,
an
d some
expe
ri
ment
results verify the feasibility of this system
.
2.
Proposed P
o
w
e
r Sy
stem
2.1. Traditio
nal Po
w
e
r Sy
stem
Figure 1
sh
o
w
s the traditional h
o
me
p
o
we
r
sy
stem.
It is a
cent
ra
lized
po
we
r system, in
whi
c
h th
e po
wer flows
on
a b
u
s li
ne, t
hen
a vari
et
y of converte
rs tra
n
sfo
r
m
p
o
we
r to
different
forms to then
to feed the loads.
Me
te
r
220
A
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
AC
/
D
C
DC
/A
C
PC
W
a
shing
Ma
c
h
ine
DC
/A
C
DC
/A
C
Au
d
i
o
TV
DV
D
L
i
ghtin
g
A
i
r Conditioning
Phon
e Pa
d
M
p
3 ect
.
Util
ity
Pow
e
r
Sy
ste
m
A
c
t
i
v
e
/Pa
ssiv
e
F
i
l
t
er
Figure 1. Tra
d
itional Home
Power Sup
p
l
y
System
With the adv
ances of te
ch
nologi
es, the
age of
in
can
d
escent ha
s g
one, and
cu
rrently so
many
compl
e
x load
s exi
s
te
d at eve
r
y h
o
m
e. Fo
r
exa
m
ple, washin
g ma
chin
es a
nd ai
r
con
d
itions
need
a ve
ry high frequ
en
cy a
c
current
so
urce to
drive its moto
rs; fluoresce
nt lamp
s n
eed
a
balla
st whi
c
h rectified the a
c
cu
rrent to dc first, t
hen in
vert it to a hig
h
freque
ncy a
c
cu
rrent at the
freque
ncy at
30 to 80kHz then to ignite l
a
mps;
the
co
nsum
er el
ectronics with g
r
owin
g amou
n
t
s
need a d
c
voltage to cha
r
ge its batte
ry. Therefor
e
there a
r
e so many power
conve
r
tors like
AC/DC
and
DC/AC
and a
ll kind
s of ch
arge
r for
con
s
ume
r
ele
c
tro
n
ics in ou
r ho
me, whi
c
h m
a
ke
the po
wer sy
stem, be
com
e
co
mplicate
d
and
un
stabl
e.
On the oth
e
r ha
nd,
with
the increa
sin
g
of
household appliances, the cord
s and plugs will be a great
quantity
which make rooms
be
diso
rde
r
ly an
d the plug
s is unsafe fo
r ch
ildren.
Beside
s, m
a
ny re
ctifiers
are
used to
t
r
an
sf
er the
a
c
voltag
e
so
urces to
a d
c
voltag
e
sou
r
ces in a
traditional
p
o
we
r
system.
A very im
p
o
rtant rectifie
r-config
uratio
n for h
o
u
s
eh
old
applia
nce
s
is the
dio
de bri
d
ge re
ctifier.
T
he circui
t
s
and waveform
s
of this rectifier are shown in
Figure 2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
e-ISSN: 2
087-278X
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 12, Dece
mb
er 201
3: 701
4 – 7020
7016
(a
) Di
ode
bri
dge
re
ct
ifi
e
r
(b
) Wav
e
fo
rm
s
(c
) F
F
T
of l
i
ne curre
n
t
Figure 2. Dio
de Bridg
e
Re
ctifier
The
discontin
uou
s lo
ad
cu
rre
nt pul
se
s
cau
s
e
pul
sati
ng lin
e
curre
n
t as sho
w
n i
n
Figu
re
2(b). The
ripple in the
capacitor voltage
will be
reduced with hi
gher
capaci
tance value, but
whi
c
h
will
cause narrow current pulses.
Looking at Fi
gure
2(c) wh
i
c
h i
s
the F
FT (fast Fourier
transfo
rm
) fo
rmation
of line current, the inp
u
t
cu
rrent incl
ude
s
plenty of harmonics. Sev
e
re
harm
oni
c dist
ortion of the
curre
n
t wave
make
s lo
w PF and the li
ne po
we
r factor (PF)
can
be
define a
s
:
1
22
1
1,
2
,
3
,
.
.
.
A
v
er
ag
e
p
o
w
e
r
S
upp
l
y
r
m
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
upp
l
y
r
m
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
sn
n
P
PF
VI
I
(1)
2.2. Propose
d
Po
w
e
r Sy
s
t
em
The propo
se
d powe
r
sy
stem is sh
own in Figure 3.
T
he highlig
ht of this system is that a
sola
r hyb
r
id
power
syste
m
is in
clu
ded
; the
distri
but
ed po
we
r
system is a
dopt
ed; and th
e
CPT
system
which
acts a
s
a re
son
ant dc/d
c conver
te
r is
adapte
d
to supply all kind
s of hou
seh
o
l
d
applia
nce
s
.
In a no
rmal
solar
po
wer hy
brid
syste
m
, a
boo
st
type DC/
DC co
nverter
is used to
setu
p
the input voltage. The
n
, an inverter i
s
use
d
to co
nvert dc to 6
0
o
r
50
Hz a
c
vol
t
age to interf
ace
with po
we
r uti
lity. At last the ac
po
we
r is conve
r
ted
ba
ck to
d
c
ag
ai
n by re
ctifiers to be inte
rfa
c
ed
w
i
th
va
r
i
o
u
s
h
o
u
s
e
ho
ld
app
lia
nc
es
. In
a d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
ed p
o
we
r system,
however,
the
sola
r e
nergy is
dire
ctly transf
e
rred to an energy
tank
con
s
i
s
ting of supe
r ca
pa
citors o
r
batteries by a bo
ost
DC/
DC conv
erter. Afterwa
r
ds t
he
CPT system
s acti
ng as DC/DC converte
r tra
n
smit ene
rgy
to
all kind
s of ap
plian
c
e
s
with
the conta
c
tle
ss m
e
t
hod. It is mention to
note that the bus lin
e voltage
is 3
6
V d
c
, wh
ich i
s
safe
for peo
ple, an
d
no
cords an
d
plug
s in
ou
r
home,
whi
c
h
make
room
s
be
clea
n.
Distri
buted
p
o
we
r
system
as sho
w
n i
n
Figu
re
4, is bee
n
widely
used fo
r
se
rver an
d
telecom
po
wer
system
s. I
n
a
distri
bute
d
po
we
r
sy
st
em,
po
we
r
i
s
pro
c
e
s
sed by
two stag
es. First
stage
co
nvert
s
a
c
inp
u
t to 36V interm
e
d
iate d
c
bu
s.
This d
c
volt
age i
s
then
d
i
stribute
d
to the
load si
de.
Many advant
age
s of di
stri
buted
p
o
wer system pro
m
pted
its
u
s
e
i
n
these ap
pli
c
ation
s
.
First, with fa
st droppi
ng on
sup
p
ly voltage of digital
system, it is n
o
t reali
s
tic to
deliver the
po
wer
with such lo
w voltage. Second, si
nce th
e se
co
nd
sta
ge (l
oad
co
nverter) i
s
pla
c
ed very
clo
s
e
to
the load. Th
e impa
ct of para
s
itic i
s
minimized.
T
h
is
conve
r
ter can h
a
ve very fast tran
sient
respon
se to p
r
ovide the fa
st current sl
ew rate
to the lo
ad. Third, fo
r
a
distri
buted power syste
m
;
front-e
nd co
nverter i
s
in
depe
ndent o
f
the load
requireme
nt. Each lo
ad converte
r is
also
indep
ende
nt to other loa
d
. This provides
si
gnifi
ca
nt benefit for t
he fast changi
ng sy
stem
requi
rem
ent. In the pro
p
o
s
ed di
stribute
d
power
sy
ste
m
, the CPT system is u
s
e
d
to act a
s
th
e
se
con
d
power stag
e whi
c
h pe
rform
s
the func
tion
of DC/DC conversion. Compa
r
ed to the
traditional
DC/DC
conve
r
ter, CPT
is
a resonant
converte
r
whi
c
h
ha
s the
a
d
vantage
of
high
freque
ncy an
d high efficie
n
cy.
There is on
e
thing wo
rth to mention that
in the propo
sed p
o
wer sy
stem, the PWM
rectifie
r i
s
used. Comp
are
d
to
diode
b
r
i
dge-re
ctif
ier,
it has the
ad
vantage
s of
power flowin
g in
two way
s
, uni
ty power fa
ctor and lo
w ha
rmoni
c curren
t in primary si
de [14-1
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
e-ISSN:
2087
-278X
A Future Home Power Sys
t
em with Contac
tle
ss Po
wer T
r
an
sm
ission Te
ch
nol
ogie
s
(La
n
Ji
anyu)
7017
Me
te
r
220 A
C
PW
M
R
ect
ifi
e
r
U
t
i
l
i
t
y
Po
w
e
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
Batt
ery
S
uper-
Ca
p
a
c
ito
r
Boost
C
onv
er
ter
Fuel C
e
l
l
C
P
T
sy
st
em
CP
T
CP
T
CP
T
36V
D
C
PC
PC
CPT
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
L
i
ght
ing
TV
P
h
one
Figure 4. Dist
ributed Po
we
r System for
Home Po
we
r Sy
stem
Figure 3.
Future Home Power Sys
t
em
3.
Structure o
f
CPT Sy
stem
A
t
y
pical st
ru
ct
ure
of
t
h
e CP
T sy
st
em
is sh
o
w
n
in
Figure 5, i
n
whi
c
h th
e
co
ntactle
s
s
transfo
rme
r
is an esse
ntial element [18]. The
pri
m
ary coil
s o
f
the contact
l
ess tran
sformer
transmit en
ergy to the
coil
s of
seconda
ry si
de
s.
It is note
that th
ere
is a l
a
rg
e ga
p b
e
twe
e
n
prima
r
y coil
s and second
ary coils than traditional tra
n
s
form
ers.
Com
p
ensation
Com
p
ensation
L
oad
r
e
sonant
conv
ere
r
Figure 5. Sch
e
matic of the
CPT System
Seen fo
rm Fi
gure
5, the
CPT syste
m
co
nsi
s
ts
of a
hi
gh fre
que
ncy
plus ge
nerato
r
an
d a
comp
en
sated
net in se
rie
s
both o
n
the prima
r
y an
d the se
co
n
dary si
de, which a
c
ts
as a
resona
nt co
n
v
erter. Th
rou
gh the
conta
c
tless tr
a
n
sfo
r
mer, the i
n
d
u
ce
d po
we
r
of the se
co
n
dary
side i
s
re
ctified to provide the
load. Because of a large air ga
p
existed bet
wee
n
the primary
coil
and the
se
co
ndary
pick-up
coil, the m
u
tual coupli
ng
i
ndu
ctan
ce
within CPT
syst
ems i
s
g
ene
rally
wea
k
. As a
result, the
po
wer efficie
n
cy
tran
sferre
d
t
o
t
he
se
con
d
a
ry
si
de i
s
rel
a
t
i
v
e
ly
low.
S
o
a
resona
nt tank circuits shoul
d be a
dde
d in
to both
the p
r
imary an
d se
con
dary p
a
rt
s. Norm
ally, the
comp
en
sated
net includ
es
the
PP
,
PS
,
SP
and
SS
.
4. Simulations
Figure 6 sh
ows the mai
n
circuit of the
future ho
me power system by using the
simulatio
n
to
ol of PSIM DEMON ve
rsi
o
n. The
sola
r
cell o
u
tput vo
ltage is boo
st
ed to
con
s
ta
n
t
36VDC, and
the ene
rgy is tran
sferred t
o
a supe
r
ca
pacito
r
, whi
c
h co
nne
cted
to the dc
bu
s. In
addition, a
P
W
M re
ctifier
i
s
con
n
e
c
ted
betwe
en
th
e
utility powe
r
system
an
d t
he e
n
e
r
gy ta
nk.
PW
M
r
e
c
tif
ie
r
En
er
y
S
t
o
r
ag
e
B
oost
c
onv
e
r
te
r
PV
sy
ste
m
U
n
til
ity
sy
st
em
b
us
dc
36V
DC
/
D
C
CP
T
Lo
a
d
DC/
D
C
CP
T
Lo
a
d
DC/
D
C
CP
T
Lo
a
d
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e-ISSN: 2
087-278X
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 12, Dece
mb
er 201
3: 701
4 – 7020
7018
The PWM
re
ctifier is a t
w
o way po
we
r flowing
conv
e
r
ter, so the h
o
me po
we
rin
g
system
can
not
only acquire
energy from
utility power
system b
u
t al
so fee
d
s
ba
ck the
sola
r e
nergy to the
utility
power sy
ste
m
.
Figure 7 sho
w
s th
e main
waveforms
of the future h
o
me po
we
r system. In Fig
u
re 7
(
a
)
,
the cu
rrent a
nd voltage
waveform
s of
PMW rect
ifie
r are
sho
w
n,
whi
c
h m
ean
that the p
o
w
er
fac
t
or of this
s
y
s
t
em is
almos
t
at unity.
Figure 7(b)
shows the f
eat
ure
s
of the CPT system, the left is the
prima
r
y sid
e
curre
n
t,
se
con
dary
side cu
rrent, and the output
dc voltage
waveforms of
this system.
The right
sh
ows
that the curre
n
t of the cont
actl
e
ss tran
sforme
r, whi
c
h
mean that
th
e CPT works as a resona
nt
conve
r
ter.
Figure 6. Model of Future
Home Po
we
r System
I
U
t
(a)
Wav
e
fo
rm
s of PWM re
c
t
ifier
1
U
2
U
out
U
t
(b)
Wav
e
fo
rm
s of CPT sy
st
em
Figure 7. Wa
veforms of Fu
ture Ho
me Powe
r System
5. Experimenta
l
Results
Experimental
result
s of a
CPT pr
ototype are used to verify t
he
feasibility of this
system.
Table
1
sho
w
s the
spe
c
ifications an
d m
easure
d
pa
r
a
me
te
rs
o
f
the C
P
T
s
y
s
t
em. F
i
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
ow
s
the experim
e
n
t waveform
s of CPT system, which
is nearly co
rre
s
po
ndin
g
with the simulat
i
on
res
u
lts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
e-ISSN:
2087
-278X
A Future Home Power Sys
t
em with Contac
tle
ss Po
wer T
r
an
sm
ission Te
ch
nol
ogie
s
(La
n
Ji
anyu)
7019
Table 1. Para
meters of Pro
t
otype Circuit
Parameters
Res
u
l
t
s
Input Voltage
12 V
Output Voltage
4.2V
Distance 5mm
Load
10.5
Ω
Primar
y
Coil
Self-inductance
120
μ
H
Secondar
y
Coil
self-inductance
10.8
μ
H
Mutual Inductance
15.1
μ
H
Primar
y
Capacitor
333nF
Secondar
y
Capa
citor
370nF
Resonant F
r
equ
enc
y
79.5kHz
t/
μ
s
4V
/
di
v
N
U
r
I
2.5
μ
s/div
14
0m
A
/
d
i
v
Figure 8. Experime
n
t Wav
e
form
s of CP
T
Sys
t
em
6. Conclu
sion
In this pap
er,
a future ho
me po
wer
sy
stem is p
r
o
p
ose
d
. Com
p
a
r
ed
with the tradition
al
power
syste
m
, the pro
p
o
s
ed
syste
m
i
s
g
r
ee
n an
d
efficient. Besi
des, it is safe
and
comfo
r
table
for u
s
er by u
s
ing conta
c
tless po
we
r tra
n
smissi
on te
chn
o
logie
s
. The
distrib
u
ted p
o
w
er con
c
ept i
s
introdu
ce
d to
future po
we
r system, a
n
d
the ch
ara
c
te
ristics a
nd a
d
v
antage
s of this meth
od a
r
e
explained
in
detail. On the
other
hand,
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic analysi
s
of t
he CP
T
syste
m
s i
s
present
ed.
Then, a sim
u
l
a
tion of the future ho
me p
o
we
r
syste
m
by PSIM DEMON VERSI
ON is p
r
e
s
en
ted,
whi
c
h
sho
w
s
the main fe
ature
s
of the
propo
sed
po
we
r sy
stem. Fin
a
lly, some
experim
ent re
su
lts
of the p
r
op
o
s
ed
po
we
r
system validat
e the
co
ncep
t and fe
asi
b
il
ity of prop
osed future h
o
m
e
power sy
ste
m
.
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NIKA
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