Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 3,
Jun
e
201
6, pp. 545 ~ 55
3
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i3.pp54
5-5
5
3
545
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 6, 2
016;
Re
vised
Ma
y 10, 2016; Accepted Ma
y 23
, 2016
Design of an Optimum MPPT controller for Solar
Energy System
FR Islam*, K Prakash, KA Mamun, A Lallu, R Mudliar
Univers
i
t
y
of the South Pac
i
fic
Lauc
ala, Suv
a
, Fiji Islands
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: islam_f@us
p
.
ac.fj
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this pa
per,
w
e
propos
e a
new
hybri
d
a
l
g
o
rith
m for o
p
ti
mu
m
max
i
mu
m p
o
w
e
r po
int
trackin
g
alg
o
rith
m
w
i
th the co
mb
inati
on of Pertur
b
a
tion
and Ob
servatio
n (P&
O
)
and
incre
m
ental c
ond
uct
anc
e
(INC). T
he ma
ximu
m efficie
n
cy is achi
eved
w
hen the PV
w
o
rks at its Maxi
mu
m P
o
w
e
r Point (MPP) enti
r
el
y
dep
en
ds o
n
th
e irra
diati
on
a
nd te
mperatur
e.
How
e
ve
r, many tra
d
itio
nal
meth
ods
hav
e
defects for th
es
e
app
licati
ons.
T
he pr
opos
ed
meth
od
is pro
m
pt i
n
the tr
a
n
s
ient of
max
i
mum
pow
er p
o
in
t tracking a
nd
ha
s
goo
d stea
dy-state resp
ons
e.
T
heoretic
al a
n
a
lysis
and
t
h
e
desi
gn
princ
i
p
l
e of the
pro
p
o
sed
metho
d
are
descri
bed
in
d
e
tail. Si
mulati
o
n
s are
perfor
m
ed to
de
mo
nstrate the
effectiveness
of the
prop
osed
hybr
i
d
MPPT
metho
d
aga
inst the tra
d
itio
nal
meth
od
s.
Ke
y
w
ords
: MPP, MPPT
, P&O, INC and Hybrid
alg
o
rith
m
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Photovoltaic
power ge
ne
ration thro
ugh
out
the wo
rld
is be
comin
g
increa
singly
popul
ar
due to
combi
nation fa
ctors: lo
w mai
n
tenan
ce, mi
ni
mal wea
r
an
d tear of
co
mpone
nts
du
e to
absen
ce of moving part
s
, abse
n
ce of fuel cost [1].
PV has devel
oped
to an
e
s
sential
sou
r
ce
of po
we
r f
o
r
wide
ra
ng
e of a
pplications. T
h
is
is gen
erally d
ue to the focus on
gre
ene
r so
urce
of p
o
we
r. Co
st re
ductio
n
s of P
V
module
s
a
nd
improve
d
qu
alities of
pan
els, that a
r
e
use
d
to
c
onv
ert light e
n
e
r
gy into ele
c
tri
c
al e
n
e
r
gy h
a
ve
helpe
d in th
e growth
of
PV system
s.Small sc
ale
PV-Installatio
n
s ha
s
be
co
me
po
pula
r
as
lightining a
n
d
water
pum
pi
ng solution
s i
n
most of
the
developin
g
countrie
s
that has co
nsi
derable
amount of
so
lar irradi
ation
.
Major aim i
s
to
maximi
se the outp
u
t power from the PV syste
m
unde
r vario
u
s lighting co
ndi
tions togeth
e
r with highe
r e
fficiency an
d redu
ce
d co
st. [2]
Major issue
s
faced
is
wh
e
n
the PV
system
tend
s to
exhibit non
-li
near be
havio
r which
eventually va
ries the
MPP
with the
sola
r insolation
a
s
this is a
co
n
c
ern
relate
d t
o
in
crea
sing
the
ef
f
i
cien
cy
of
t
he P
V
sy
st
e
m
and
c
o
mp
e
n
sat
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
it
ial inst
allm
e
n
t
co
st
of
t
h
e
sy
st
em.
Dif
f
e
r
e
nt
strategi
es h
a
v
e bee
n
appli
ed a
n
d
test i
n
the
pros
pe
ct of fa
bri
c
ati
ng n
e
wer me
thods to
achi
eve
the optimum
out of the sol
a
r cell mod
u
l
e
s. Howeve
r;
the other
opt
ion is to b
o
o
s
t output po
we
r of
the PV system by improving it
s m
a
ximum power
point tracking
(MPPT) capability. This is
becau
se MP
PT is the most economi
c
al
way to
impro
v
e the overall
PV system efficiency [3].
In com
pari
s
o
n
to the
abov
e mentio
ned f
a
ctors, im
pro
v
ing the MPP
T
is m
u
ch e
a
s
ier an
d
is le
ss exp
e
n
s
ive; having
redef
ine
d
and
tuned meth
o
d
s of
conve
r
ter technol
ogi
es
would
allo
w
the efficien
cy
of the overal
l PV system t
o
incr
ea
se
a
nd would the
r
efore de
ce
re
ase th
e cost
of
installing such systems, hence it
can easily be ret
r
of
itted in the ex
isting PV
syst
em plants. T
he
essential aim
of the MPPT is to ensu
r
e tha
t, at an
y environme
n
tal conditio
n
,
the maximum
power i
s
ex
tracted
from
the PV m
odule
s
by
matchin
g
its I-V ope
rati
ng poi
nt wit
h
the
corre
s
p
ondin
g
power conv
erter. Typi
call
y, a photov
oltaic array op
e
r
ates in
conj
u
n
ction
with the
DC to DC po
wer
conve
r
ter, where the d
u
ty cycl
e is adjuste
d to track the maxim
u
m power poi
nt
(MPP) of the
array [4]. Ad
ditional po
we
r ha
rvested f
r
om the MPPT is then m
a
de availabl
e
as
increa
sed b
a
ttery cha
r
ge
current.
This jo
urn
a
l provide
s
a
comprehe
nsiv
e co
mm
only use
d
MPPT tech
niqu
es
which a
r
e
Perturb
a
nd
Observe
(P&
O
), In
cremen
tal Co
ndu
cta
n
ce
(I
NC), a
n
d
Hill
Cli
m
b.T
hese te
chni
q
ues
are different from
ea
ch
ot
her by
their co
st,
com
p
le
xity, benefits and d
r
a
w
ba
cks.
Use of
such
techni
que
s result
s to n
on-lin
ea
r I-V cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of the
PV source
unde
r varyin
g
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 545
– 553
546
environ
menta
l
co
ndition
s
and
com
p
lex
i
ty in t
he d
e
sig
n
, thu
s
tracking
of
MPP becom
es
inaccu
rate at
times. Hence,
this paper elaborates
more on a n
e
w hybri
d
MPPT controll
er is
techni
que tha
t
combin
es t
he ben
efits o
f
existi
ng MPPT controllers to get the
maximum out
put
power from th
e PV system unde
r vario
u
s lighting co
ndi
tions.
2. MPPT Techniques
MPPT is an
e
l
ectro
n
ic sy
stem that op
erates
PV mo
d
u
les i
n
a
way
,
so that mo
d
u
les
are
cap
able
of p
r
odu
cing
maxi
mum p
o
wer f
o
r
whi
c
h th
ey are d
e
sig
n
e
d
for. M
a
xim
u
m Po
wer P
o
int
Tra
cki
ng is
a
n
adaptive
structuret
hat is
use
d
to co
ntrol the co
nvert
e
r bet
wee
n
lo
ad and th
e so
lar
panel. Over
the years, m
o
st of the MPPT te
chniq
ues a
r
e bei
n
g
studie
d
, analyze
d
and
are
further defin
ed to
bri
ng
quality outp
u
t. Different
t
e
ch
niqu
es h
a
ve differe
nt algo
rithm
a
nd
conve
r
ge
nce spe
ed which is furthe
r discussed b
e
lo
w.
2.1. Perturb
and Obs
e
rv
e
(P&O
) Alogr
ithm
This te
ch
niqu
e is th
e mo
st
comm
only u
s
ed out
of all
MPPT metho
d
s
due to
its
simpli
city
of execution
and impl
eme
n
tation. P&O techniq
ue
can be e
a
sily
prog
ram
m
ed
and it provides
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
o
ry
r
e
sult
s wit
h
in t
he co
nv
er
gen
ce.
P
&
O
algo
rithms
wo
rk b
y
periodi
cally
pertu
rbin
g (i.
e
.
increa
sing o
r
decrea
s
ing
)
the array terminal
voltage
and com
pares the PV output powe
r
with
that of the previous
pertu
rbat
ion cycle. The
alo
g
rith
m
kee
p
s
i
n
crementing or decrem
enting
the
referen
c
e vol
t
age ba
se
d o
n
the p
r
eviou
s
value
of po
wer until it re
ach
e
s th
e m
a
ximum po
wer
point (MPP)
[5-8]. The pe
rturb
a
tion mo
ves the ope
rating point towards the M
PP if dP/dV
is
greate
r
than
zeroa
s
illustrated in Figure 1. It
contin
ues to pe
rturb the PV voltage in the sa
me
dire
ction u
n
til it reache
s
requi
re
d MP
P. If dP/d
V is le
ss th
an
zero, it is a
s
sume
d that the
pertu
rbatio
n moves the o
peratin
g poin
t
away
from
MPP; hence,
P&O techni
que reve
rse
s
the
dire
ction of p
e
rturbation.
Figure 1. P&O Powe
r Voltage Characte
ritic [9]
In stea
dy
sta
t
e ope
ration
the outp
u
t p
o
we
r
oscillat
e
s
around
th
e MPP a
nd
result
s in
voltage oscill
ations. Hen
c
e, when mult
iplied to
the curre
n
t, these voltage oscillation
s ca
u
s
e
power fluctu
a
t
ions which result
s in po
wer lo
sse
s
. P&O techni
qu
e can al
so f
a
il unde
r ra
pi
dly
cha
ngin
g
atmosp
heri
c
con
d
itions [10].
2.2. Incremental Con
duc
tance (I
C)
Alogrithm
Incre
m
ental
Con
d
u
c
tan
c
e
method wa
s
desi
gne
d
to overco
me som
e
of the drawbacks of
P&O techniq
ue in the year 1993 [11] the main pu
rp
ose of de
sig
n
ing this met
hod wa
s to o
ffer
good
pe
rform
ance u
nde
r
rapidly
cha
ngi
ng atm
o
sphe
ri
c
con
d
ition
s
[
12]. Array terminal voltag
e
is
alway
s
adju
s
ted acco
rdin
g to the MPP voltage when u
s
ed
wi
th Incre
m
ent
al Con
d
u
c
ta
nce
method. Eq.1
-3 sh
ows in
cremental cond
uctan
c
e e
qua
tions.
,a
t
M
P
P
(1)
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
De
sign of an
Optim
u
m
MPPT controller
for Solar Ene
r
gy S
ystem
(F
R Islam
)
547
,l
e
f
t
o
f
M
PP
(2)
,r
i
g
h
t
o
f
MP
P
(3)
Figure 2. Incremental cond
uctan
c
e PV curve [9]
As illustrated
in Figure 2, increme
n
tal c
ondu
ctan
ce method com
pare
s
two
pa
ramete
rs
from PV source; current
a
nd voltage. F
i
rstly, di
fferen
c
e in
current
and voltag
e
is foun
d. On
ce
differen
c
e i
n
voltage an
d
curre
n
t is fo
u
nd comp
ar
i
s
o
n
is m
ade
be
tween th
e ratio of current
to
votgae and ra
tio of difference in current to diffe
ren
c
e i
n
voltage as i
ndicated in Eq. 1-3.
D
r
aw
ba
cks
o
f
th
e
in
c
r
emen
ta
l c
o
nd
uc
tan
c
e
te
chni
qu
e are that it has a complex
desig
n
whi
c
h is h
a
rd
to implement
and ha
s hig
h
impleme
n
tation co
st [13].
3. Proposed
H
y
brid MPPT Controller
As discu
s
se
d above, the
r
e are many
types of
MPPT controll
ers.
With all
of these
techni
que
s th
ere is
ce
rtain
level of difficulties whi
c
h yi
elds a
n
unde
sire
d output. Most co
mmo
nly
use
d
MPPT controlle
rs a
r
e Perturb an
d Ob
se
rve
MPPT and the Increment
al Cond
ucta
nce
MPPTcont
roll
er.The
se co
n
t
rollers
al
so have
few dra
w
ba
cks whi
c
h
at
times co
uld
be an
issue
while trackin
g
power from
PV module
s
. Hen
c
e, a
ne
w hybrid MPPT
controlle
r is
prop
osed in t
h
is
pape
r that el
iminates th
e
down falls of
both
P&O a
nd INC MPPT cont
rolle
r. The p
r
opo
se
d
MPPT cont
ro
ller al
so
aim
s
to
combi
n
e
the be
nefits of both exi
s
ting MPPT controlle
rs. Th
e
prop
osed me
thod vigoro
u
sly compa
r
e
s
all the th
ree
para
m
eters voltage, cu
rre
n
t and po
wer to
extract the
maximum o
u
tput power efficient
ly and un
de
r rapidly ch
ang
ing atmo
sph
e
ric
con
d
ition
s
. PV curve for p
r
opo
sed hyb
r
i
d
method is
shown in Figu
re 3.
Figure 3. Pro
posed MPPT PV Curve
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 545
– 553
548
This Propo
se
d MPPT method extra
c
ts
the maximum
powe
r
u
s
ing
the two pa
ra
meters
dire
ctly from
the PV
sou
r
ce
. It measures
voltage
a
nd
current from th
e solar p
anel
and
cal
c
ul
ate
s
output power using Eq.1. After ca
lculati
ng the output
powe
r
, prop
ose
d
algo
rith
m store
s
po
wer,
measured vol
t
age a
nd m
e
asu
r
ed
curre
n
t in a
temp
o
r
ary
memo
ry
for
comp
ari
s
on [12].
No
w, it
comp
ares the
po
we
r
with
p
r
eviou
s
val
u
e
of p
o
we
r by
finding th
e
ch
ange
in
po
we
r. After
maki
n
g
certai
n
com
p
arison
s it m
o
ves to th
e n
e
x
t param
eter
whi
c
h i
s
volta
ge. It then fin
d
s th
e differe
nce
in voltages
a
nd ma
ke
s re
spe
c
tive co
m
pari
s
on
bef
ore it moves to
the fi
nal parameter
cu
rre
nt.
The p
r
opo
se
d algo
rithm calcul
ates the
cha
nge in
cu
rre
nt and
che
c
ks
whethe
r
∆
/∆
is greate
r
than, less th
an or equal
to
/
. After com
parin
g all the three para
m
eters re
spe
c
tively, th
e
prop
osed hy
brid alg
o
rith
m make
s its decisi
on, w
hether to increa
se or d
e
crea
se the terminal
voltage.The a
l
gorithm of propo
sed hyb
r
i
d
controlle
r is sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 4.
Figure 4. Pro
posed Hyb
r
id
MPPT Flowchart
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
De
sign of an
Optim
u
m
MPPT controller
for Solar Ene
r
gy S
ystem
(F
R Islam
)
549
Table 1. De
ci
sion ma
de by
the hybrid M
PPT Controll
er
∆
0
∆
0
∆
∆
Decision
No No
No
Increase
No No
Yes
Decrease
No Yes
No
Decrease
No Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Increase
Yes
No
No
Decrease
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Increase
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
Increase
Ye
s
Ye
s
Ye
s
De
c
r
e
a
s
e
The Propo
se
d hybrid
MP
PT cont
rolle
r wo
rks in
si
milar ma
nne
r as the X
N
O
R
gate
as
illustrated in Table.
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
the ne
w
co
ntrolle
r ove
r
come
s the
drawb
a
cks of
P&O and
increme
n
tal
con
d
u
c
tan
c
e
MPPT co
ntrolle
rs. It is desi
gne
d t
o
provide g
ood p
e
rfo
r
m
ance un
de
r
rapid
temperature changes.
The output power of pr
oposed controller
does not oscillate around
the
MPP thus, it can
actu
ally determi
ne if the outp
u
t po
wer
ha
s re
ached MPP o
r
not [14]. Thu
s
the
hybrid MPPT
techni
que red
u
ce
s po
we
r losse
s
.
Model of
the hybrid pro
p
o
s
ed
MPPT co
ntro
lle
r was
simulated in
M
a
tlab an
d co
mpared
with the existing MPPT
controller’
s i.e. incr
eme
n
tal
co
ndu
ctan
ce an
d p
e
rtu
r
b an
d o
b
serve
techni
que
s. Simulink mo
de
l of the hybrid controlle
r i
s
shown in Fig
u
re 5. The two inputs of th
e
controlle
r a
r
e
the voltage
and
cu
rre
nt readin
g
s f
r
om
the sola
r pa
nel a
s
in
dicated by ‘I’ a
nd
‘V’.
These readi
ng a
r
e filtered an
d tem
pora
r
ily
sto
r
ed in th
e voltage a
nd
curre
n
t sto
r
a
g
e
respe
c
tively. Voltage and
Curre
n
t readi
ngs a
r
e the
n
multiplied to
give the initial and final po
wer
so that chan
g
e
in po
wer
ca
n be calculat
ed. This
ch
an
ge in po
we
r i
s
u
s
ed to
co
mpare the po
wer
readi
ng
s. Maximum powe
r
point is re
ach
ed wh
en
the cha
nge i
n
power is e
qual to ze
ro.
If
cha
nge i
n
po
wer is
gre
a
te
r than
or le
ss than
ze
ro t
hen the
co
ntroller
com
pares the volta
g
es.
Like
wi
se, ch
ange in volta
ge is calcula
t
ed from the
initial and final rea
d
ing
s
of voltage and
respe
c
tive compa
r
ison i
s
made. Afte
r a
suita
b
le
de
cisi
on i
s
made
curre
n
t rea
d
ing
s
are
comp
ared a
n
d
duty cy
cle i
s
in
crea
sd
or
decrea
s
e
d
co
rre
sp
ondi
ngly to incre
a
se o
r
de
crea
se th
e
referen
c
e voltage. The
pro
posed MPPT
controller i
s
different from
other MPPT
controlle
rs a
s
it
has a b
e
tter
perfo
rman
ce
in terms of h
a
rvestin
g
po
wer from the
sola
r pan
el when compa
r
e
d
to
the othe
r two
MPPT tech
n
i
que
s. The
propo
sed
co
ntroller
also
re
d
u
ce
s h
a
rm
oni
cs
as shown
in
Figure 10.
Figure 5. Pro
posed Hyb
r
id
MPPT Model
in Simulink
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550
4. Hard
w
a
re
Design
The de
sign i
s
as
su
ch th
at base
d
on
the
irra
dian
ce and temp
e
r
ature, the PV array
prod
uces volt
age a
nd
current. With the
prop
os
ed hy
brid m
e
thod,
curre
n
t and v
o
ltage readi
n
g
s
are a
c
cum
u
l
a
ted an
d ch
ange i
n
voltage a
nd
current i
s
calcu
l
ated thro
ug
h formul
as
and
comp
ari
s
o
n
i
s
ma
de i
n
a
c
cordan
ce
wit
h
greate
r
an
d le
ss th
an
zero. T
h
is
co
mpari
s
io
n de
cide
s
whe
a
ther to
decrea
s
e
or i
n
crea
se the
duty cycle to
rea
c
h the
ma
ximum po
wer point. The
d
u
ty
cy
cle i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
t
r
igge
r t
h
e
swit
ch
(I
GB
T
)
of
t
he
DC-DC bu
ck-b
oo
st conve
r
ter
an
d a setpoint i
s
assign
ed via
cal
c
ulatio
ns for th
e
conve
r
ter to
step
up
and
when
to
step
d
o
wn
th
e voltage
lev
e
l.
Figure 6 sho
w
s th
e overa
ll stru
cture of the hardwa
r
e setu
p
with
major
com
p
onent
s used
in
testing the ne
w hybrid MP
PT controller.
Figure 6. Block di
agram of
the PV system
The
pro
p
o
s
e
d
hyb
r
id MP
PT co
ntroll
er wa
s also te
sted
usi
ng th
e ha
rd
wa
re.
A simpl
e
buck boo
st DC-DC
conve
r
ter wa
s
d
e
si
g
ned usi
ngA
ltium softwa
r
e as sh
own
in
Figure
7.
A
PCB
board wa
s th
en de
sign
ed
in altium and
was p
r
inted
in the lab. After softwa
r
e simulatio
n
, a
compl
e
te h
a
rdwa
re
circuit
wa
s b
u
ilt a
nd teste
d
. T
he MPPT al
gorithm
wa
s
prog
ram
m
ed
and
impleme
n
ted
into ardui
no b
oard the
sche
matic diag
ra
m is sh
own in
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Sch
e
matic Di
ag
ram
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
De
sign of an
Optim
u
m
MPPT controller
for Solar Ene
r
gy S
ystem
(F
R Islam
)
551
5. Comparis
on Stud
y
an
d Simulation Results
MPPT algorit
hm wa
s desi
gn and sim
u
l
a
ted in Matlab-Simulin
k a
s
sho
w
n in F
i
gure 5.
The p
r
op
ose
d
tech
nique
wa
s then
co
mpared
with
the commo
nly use
d
existin
g
tech
nique
s
P&O
and INC MP
PT methods.
Simulation wa
s ca
rrie
d
out
by giving a consta
nt tempe
r
ature o
f
4
8
degree
s cel
c
i
u
s with an irradiation of 1
300
W/m
2
. Simulation re
su
lts for output voltage, current
and p
o
wer a
r
e
sho
w
n
on
Figu
re 8
for P&O, Figu
re 9 fo
r INC
techni
que
an
d Figu
re
10
for
prop
osed hyb
r
id controller.
A polycry
stalline sili
c
on
pan
el of 4.5 watt
s was u
s
e
d
fo
r expe
rimenta
l
purp
o
se. Tabl
e 2 sho
w
s the sola
r pan
el spe
c
ification
s
.
Table 2. Pan
e
l Specifications
Theoraticall
y
Max
i
mum Po
w
e
r Pmax
4.5 W
Voltage @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Vma
x
13.
2 V
Curre
nt @ ma
x.
Power Ima
x
0. 3
4
A
Figure 8. Simulation Results for P&O Te
chiq
ue;
Output (a
) Cu
rre
nt; (b) Volt
age; (c) Power
Figure 9. Simulation Results for Increm
e
n
tal Con
d
u
c
tance Techiqu
e
;
Output (a
) Cu
rre
nt; (b) Voltage; (c) Power
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 545
– 553
552
Figure 10. Simulation Results for Pro
p
o
s
ed
Hybrid M
PPT Techiq
u
e
;
Output (a
) Cu
rre
nt; (b) Volt
age; (c) Power
From the sp
ecification in
Table 2, the comp
uted maximum po
wer PMAX for all the
techin
que
s was aroun
d tra
cki
ng toward
s 4.5W
Table 3. Re
sults Com
p
a
r
ison
P&O INC
Hybrid
Approach
Maximum Po
w
e
r
Pmax 4.2 W
Maximum Po
w
e
r
Pmax 4.30 W
Maximum Po
w
e
r
Pmax 4.25
7 W
Voltage @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Vma
x
12.
7 V
Voltage @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Vma
x
13.
1 V
Voltage @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Vma
x
12.
9 V
Curre
nt @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Ima
x
0.3
3
A
Curre
nt @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Ima
x
0.3
2
8
A
Curre
nt @ ma
x.
po
w
e
r Ima
x
0.3
3
A
It is observe
d that simul
a
ted re
sults
of pr
op
osed
co
ntrol alg
o
rith
m sho
w
the i
m
prove
d
conve
r
ge
nce
spe
ed of o
u
tp
ut power a
nd
hen
ce b
e
tter
tracking
effici
ency a
s
sho
w
n in Tabl
e 3. It
is g
r
ap
hically prove
n
in
Fi
gure
10
that
the p
o
wer
o
u
tput of the
prop
osed
co
ntrolle
r i
s
mo
re
effective in
gi
ving qui
cker resp
on
se time
(stead
-s
tate) of the s
y
s
t
em extrac
ting
maximum
power
from a
ph
otovoltaic
syst
em, proving
the
red
u
ced time to track
the MP
Ps
due to fas
t
er
conve
r
ge
nce
spe
ed. The
prop
osed m
e
thod h
a
s
P
&
O
trackin
g
method sho
w
s
l
o
we
st
p
o
we
r
extraction
co
mpared to ot
her m
e
thod
s
whe
r
ea
s IN
C method sho
w
s
fairly
mo
re power
extract
i
on
but has lo
we
r co
nverg
e
n
c
e spe
ed com
pare
d
to
the prop
osed hy
brid meth
od. To evaluate t
he
perfo
rman
ce
of the pro
p
o
s
ed metho
d
, a comp
ari
s
o
n
b
e
twee
n theo
retical value
s
of PV maximum
power an
d that compute
d
from the pro
p
o
se
d hybrid
a
l
gorithm yield
s
94.6% of tracking efficie
n
cy
whe
n
carried
out un
der
the sa
me te
mperature
a
nd irradi
an
ce as P&O
and in
creme
n
tal
con
d
u
c
tan
c
e
MPPT met
hod
s. Ho
wev
e
r, the p
r
o
p
o
se
d hyb
r
id
alogrthi
m
me
thod ha
s
be
en
simulate
d in MATLAB/SIMULINK envi
r
o
n
ment.
6. Conclusio
n
The research
wa
s targete
d
to analy
s
e
t
he MPPT im
plementatio
n
usin
g the p
r
opo
sed
hybrid te
chni
que. The
hybrid te
chni
qu
e wa
s comp
ared
with th
e two mo
st comm
only u
s
ed
method
s P&O and Incre
m
ental Co
nd
uctan
c
e meth
od. Simulink
softwa
r
e was used to sim
u
late
the existing and proposed
MPPT techni
ques. The
si
mulation results illustra
ted that the proposed
MPPT techni
que h
a
s
better p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e tha
n
P&O
and In
crem
ental cond
uct
ance a
s
it yield
maximum power from the PV system
s. The prop
osed method al
so re
duces oscillation
around
the maximu
m po
wer poi
nt thus
avoid
i
ng po
we
r lo
ss. T
he d
r
a
w
back of
pro
p
ose
d
techniq
ue is
that it ha
s
highe
r
settlin
g time
whe
n
com
p
a
r
ed
to the i
n
cre
m
ental
con
d
u
ctan
ce
met
hod.
Ho
wever, thi
s
ca
n be red
u
ce
d by having furthe
r re
sea
r
ch on filters o
r
tune
rs to increme
n
t or
decrem
ent the duty cycle to achi
eve the
optimum out
put.
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nerg
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
De
sign of an
Optim
u
m
MPPT controller
for Solar Ene
r
gy S
ystem
(F
R Islam
)
553
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