Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
4
53
~
460
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
453
-
460
453
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
The use
of enhan
ce
m
ent m
aterial
in grou
nd
ing system
:
a
revi
ew
Aiz
at
Az
mi
, Noo
r
A
z
li
nda
A
hma
d
, L
au
K
w
an
Yiew
, Z
. A
bd
ul
-
M
alek
Instit
u
t
Vo
lt
an
&
Arus
Ti
nggi
(I
VA
T),
Univer
si
t
i
T
eknol
ogi
Mal
a
y
si
a
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
1
6
, 2
018
Re
vised
Sep
2
0,
2018
Accepte
d
Oct
4
, 2
018
Thi
s
pape
r
rev
i
e
ws
the
improve
m
ent
of
grounding
impedanc
e
i
n
grounding
s
y
stem
b
y
m
ea
n
s
of
enha
nce
m
e
nt
m
at
eri
a
ls.
Va
rious
enha
nce
m
ent
m
at
erials
for
the
past
20
y
e
ars
will
be
re
vie
wed
a
cc
ordin
g
to
the
ir
adv
a
nta
ges
an
d
disadva
nt
age
s,
f
oll
owed
b
y
a
foc
us
on
th
e
te
chn
i
que
for
prop
er
m
ea
surem
ent
set
up
b
ase
d
on
the
st
anda
r
d.
In
addi
t
ion
to
th
at,
th
e
condi
ti
on
of
enha
nc
ement
m
at
eri
a
ls
unde
r
high
volt
ag
e
exposure
is
rev
ie
wed
.
Man
y
r
ese
ar
c
her
s
cl
a
im
t
hat
soil
r
esi
stivi
t
y
,
m
oisture
content
,
and
surrounding
envi
ronm
ent
are
the
m
ost
cont
ribut
ed
to
th
e
grounding
s
y
stem
spec
ifi
c
a
lly
on
the
grou
nding
impedan
c
e.
Hen
ce,
the
u
t
il
izati
on
of
enha
nc
ement
m
at
er
ia
ls
is
essenti
al
in
ord
er
t
o
m
ai
nta
in
the
grounding
s
y
stem pe
rform
a
nce
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
En
han
cem
ent m
at
erial
Groun
ding
im
ped
ance
Groun
ding syst
e
m
So
il
r
esi
sti
vity
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Noor Azli
nd
a
Ah
m
ad
,
In
sti
tut
Vo
lt
a
n & Ar
us
Tin
ggi
(IVA
T
),
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
,
81310,
S
kudai
Jo
ho
r,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
no
orazl
ind
a
@u
tm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ligh
t
ning
strike
is
on
e
of
the
natu
ral
disaste
rs
w
hich
occu
r
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
world
.
The
high
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
of
c
urr
ent
an
d
volt
ag
e
at
ra
pid
rise
-
tim
es
cou
l
d
l
ead
to
the
des
tructi
on
of
el
ect
rical
pro
per
ti
es
a
nd
pose
seri
ou
s
je
op
a
r
dy
to
hu
m
an
safety
a
nd
li
fe.
Be
sides
that,
li
ghtni
ng
can
al
so
dam
age
t
he
structu
re
of
th
e
bu
il
di
ng
a
nd
can
cat
ch
fire
in
tho
se
a
ff
ec
te
d
area.
T
herefo
re,
it
is
very
i
m
po
rtant
to
hav
e
a
syst
e
m
w
hich ca
n
pr
otect
the b
uildi
ngs and
avo
i
d
li
gh
t
ning
stroke. Hence
,
the grou
nd
i
ng
syst
e
m
is intro
du
ce
d
in
or
der
to
dive
rt,
distrib
ute,
and
dis
pe
rse
t
he
high
c
urre
nt
s
(ch
a
r
ge)
of
l
igh
tni
ng
stri
ke
into
the
ea
rth
[1,
2].
An
e
xcell
ent
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
a
gro
unding
sy
stem
is
essential,
to
eff
e
ct
ively
dissipate
the
fau
lt
cu
rr
e
nts
t
o
the
earth
[3]
.
T
he
gro
unding
im
ped
ance
is
re
po
rted
to
be
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
crit
eria
for
th
e
gro
unding
s
yst
e
m
[4,
5]
.
Its
im
ped
ance
s
ho
uld
be
m
ai
ntained
in
low
le
vels
for
lo
ng
d
ur
at
ion.
Pr
act
ic
al
ly
,
the
bac
k
-
stri
ke
trip
cou
l
d
ha
pp
e
n
wh
e
n
t
he
gro
undi
ng
re
sist
anc
e
is
hi
gh.
So
il
t
ype
is
a
pri
m
ar
y
facto
r
to
determ
ine
the
gro
undi
ng
resist
ance
valu
e.
Dif
fer
e
nt
soi
l
po
ssesse
s
dif
fer
e
nt
be
hav
i
or
an
d
c
har
act
er
ist
ic
su
ch
as
r
e
sist
ivit
y,
io
nizat
ion,
and
the
le
vel
of
co
rrosi
ve
env
i
ronm
ent
[6]
.
So
il
ion
iz
at
io
n
increase
s
the
so
il
con
duct
iv
it
y
and
decr
ea
se
the
so
il
resist
ivit
y.
Me
anwhil
e,
cor
r
os
i
on
c
ould
de
grade
t
he
el
ect
rode
cond
uctivit
y
per
f
or
m
ance.
Be
sides,
the
weat
her
c
onditi
ons
in
w
hi
ch
the
locat
io
n
of
a
syst
em
is
about
to
be
instal
le
d,
al
so
com
po
se
a
co
m
plex
factor
on
gr
ound
i
ng
syst
em
,
du
e
to
the
va
riat
ion
i
n
the
s
oi
l
resist
ivit
y
va
lue.
T
he
gro
undi
ng
im
ped
an
ce
is
repor
te
d
to
b
e
var
y
fr
e
quently
b
eca
us
e
of the
w
eat
he
r
c
ondi
ti
on
a
nd s
urrou
nd
i
ng
en
vir
on
m
ent.
In
fact,
to
ob
ta
in
the
low
le
ve
l
of
i
m
ped
anc
e
in
the
ro
c
ky
and
sa
ndy
so
il
is
so
m
ewh
at
im
po
ssible.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
m
a
ny
resea
rch
e
rs
have
intr
oduc
ed
se
ver
al
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
to
re
du
ce
an
d
m
ain
ta
in
the
gro
undi
ng
resist
ant
in
lo
w
le
vel.
S
uc
h
te
chn
iq
ues
a
r
e
i
m
ple
m
entation
of
reduci
ng
age
nt/bac
kf
i
ll
m
at
eria
ls
[7
-
10]
or
perform
ed
the
chem
ic
al
treatm
ent
in
the
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
[1
1,
12]
.
T
hese
m
a
te
rial
s
are
placed
ins
ide
the
trenc
h,
w
he
re
the
gro
undi
ng
e
le
ct
ro
de
is
inst
al
le
d
and
m
ixed
with
the
natu
ral
so
il
[13,
1
4]
.
It
is
li
ke
inter
fa
c
e
con
ta
ct
bet
wee
n
the
groun
ding
el
ect
rode
a
nd
so
il
.
T
hese
m
at
erial
s
are
rep
ort
ed
t
o
ha
ve
the
abili
ty
to
reduce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
4
53
–
460
454
the
im
ped
ance
betwee
n
t
he
con
ta
ct
a
reas.
Hen
ce
,
the
tot
al
so
il
resist
iv
it
y
will
be
re
duced
.
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
the
overall
ob
je
ct
ive
is
to
revi
ew
the
curre
nt
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
s
of
groun
ding
syst
em
,
with
an
em
ph
a
sis
on
gro
undi
ng
i
m
ped
ance
im
pr
ov
em
ent.
This
pap
e
r
prov
i
des
a
re
presentat
ive
s
urvey
of
the
sc
ie
ntific
li
te
ratur
e,
s
uch
as
strat
egies
to
facil
it
at
e
gr
oundin
g
im
ped
ance
im
pr
ov
em
ent
in
va
rio
us
so
il
ty
pe
an
d
ge
ology
.
As
far
as
the
auth
or
s
co
nce
r
n,
t
her
e
is
le
ss
ex
planati
on
a
bout
the
kn
owle
dg
e
on
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
er
ia
l
in
gro
unding syst
e
m
. Th
ere
f
or
e
,
this
pap
e
r wil
l el
aborate i
n de
ta
il
.
2.
GROU
ND
I
N
G S
YS
TE
M
MEASU
REM
ENT SET
UP
Ins
ti
tute
of
Ele
ct
rical
and
Ele
ct
ronics
En
gine
ers
(IEEE
)
ha
s
publishe
d
a
guideli
ne
f
or
so
i
l
resist
ivit
y
m
easur
em
ent
set
up
[
15
]
.
T
he
We
nn
e
r’
s
Four
Pin
m
eth
od
is
a
popula
r
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
in
s
oil
re
sist
ivit
y.
This
te
ch
nique
requires
se
ve
ral
com
po
ne
nt
s
for
the
m
ea
su
rem
ent.
Su
c
h
com
ponen
ts
are
pro
bes
m
ade
of
galva
nised
ste
el
,
and
po
te
ntiom
et
er
[16]
.
T
he
ar
rangem
ent
of
W
e
nner
’s
Fo
ur
Pin
m
eth
od
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
1.
Va
riou
s
resear
ches
hav
e
im
ple
m
e
nted
this
te
ch
ni
qu
e
t
o
st
ud
y
th
e
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
s
oil
wh
e
n
m
ixed
with
e
nhancem
ent
m
at
erial
.
The
resist
ivit
y
outp
ut
will
be
t
he
i
nd
ic
at
or
as
to
m
on
it
or
the
eff
e
ct
ivenes
s
of
the
enh
a
ncem
ent m
at
erial
in
red
ucin
g
the
gro
undi
ng
im
ped
an
ce. N
. H. Sh
uh
ada
et
. a
l
.
[9]
ha
ve
co
nducte
d a st
ud
y
us
in
g
Fou
r
point
m
et
ho
d
to
inv
e
sti
gate
the
ben
t
on
it
e
pe
rfo
rm
ance
at
two
diff
e
re
nt
so
il
s.
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
,
this
te
chn
i
que
can
prov
i
des
di
ff
ere
nt
rea
d
in
g
of
resist
ance
for
diff
e
re
nt
s
oil
ty
pes.
T
he
m
ini
m
al
chan
ge
s
of
so
il
’s
resist
anc
e
can
be
obser
ved.
J.
Jasni
e
t.
al
.
[7]
ha
ve
util
iz
ed
the
fo
ur
point
m
eth
od
in
their
st
ud
y
to
m
easur
e
the
groun
ding
im
ped
ance.
Ma
ny
typ
es
of
e
nh
a
nce
m
ent
m
at
erial
hav
e
bee
n
intr
oduce
d
in
the
natu
ral
so
il
.
As
a
re
sul
t,
the
so
il
pro
per
ti
es
ha
ve
be
en
al
te
red.
T
he
physi
cal
an
d
chem
ic
al
chan
ge
s
of
the
s
oil
are
represe
n
te
d
by
the
var
ia
ti
on
in
i
m
ped
ance
values
.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
dem
onstrat
e
that,
i
m
ped
a
nce
of
s
oil
us
in
g
diff
e
re
nt
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
a
ter
ia
ls
has
dif
f
eren
ce
im
ped
ance.
H
ence
,
this
te
chn
iq
ue
is
su
it
able
fo
r
t
he
m
easur
em
ent
fo
r
va
riet
y
so
il
s
ty
pe
an
d
e
nhancem
ent
m
a
te
rial
s.
The
soi
l
resist
ivit
y
based
on
f
our
po
i
nt
m
et
ho
d
ca
n be
appr
ox
im
at
ed
by 1
[
5]
:
(ρ)= 2×π
×
a
×R
(1)
wh
e
re
a
is
t
he
distance betwe
en
tw
o
c
onsec
utive g
r
ound
st
akes (
as
il
lustr
at
ed
in Figure
1
(
a)
)
a
nd
R
is t
he
s
oil
resist
ance
m
ea
su
re
d
f
ro
m
the
te
st
instru
m
en
t.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
the
distance
bet
ween
tw
o
co
nse
cutive
gro
und
sta
kes,
a
is
no
t
fixe
d.
Ba
sed
on
the
li
te
ratur
e
the
value
of
a
can
be
va
ried
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
sit
e
geo
lo
gy
a
nd
structu
re.
Be
si
des
that,
the
re
are
va
rio
us
ty
pe
s
of
inst
ru
m
ent
us
e
d
in
the
m
easur
em
ent.
Diff
e
re
nt
m
odel
s
of
instru
m
ent
pr
ov
i
de
diff
e
re
nt
perform
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
accu
racy,
re
pe
at
abili
ty
an
d
reli
a
bili
ty
wh
ic
h
sign
ific
a
ntly
eff
ect
to
the
m
ea
su
rem
ent r
esul
t. Hen
ce, the s
el
ect
ion
o
f
inst
ru
m
ent is esse
ntial
w
hile addressi
ng
accuracy,
r
e
pe
at
abili
ty
, an
d r
el
ia
bili
ty
r
equ
irem
ents.
3.
ENHAN
CI
N
G MATE
R
IA
LS FO
R
G
ROUN
DI
NG SY
S
TE
M
I
MPRO
VEME
NT
Since
1981,
s
oil
cha
racteri
st
ic
has
bee
n
i
de
ntifie
d
t
o
ha
ve
a
co
ns
id
era
ble
ef
fect
on
gro
und
-
fa
ult
currents
.
The
i
nduce
d
pote
nti
al
s
fr
om
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
or
r
esi
sti
ve
(d
irect
earth
co
nnect
ion)
co
upli
ng
ha
s
the
pro
bab
il
it
y t
o
dam
age th
e eq
uip
m
ent o
r
faci
li
ty
that conne
ct
ed
with the g
rou
nd
i
ng
syst
e
m
[17]
. More
over
, th
e
non
-
unif
or
m
it
y
of
s
oil co
uld
l
ead to
higher p
otentia
l rise sp
eci
fical
ly
in
the g
r
oundin
g
sy
stem
[18]
. T
he
refor
e
,
the d
em
and
of
good
gro
unding syst
em
incr
eased as
to
e
ff
ec
ti
vely
d
ist
rib
ute the in
duce
d p
otentia
l t
o gro
und.
Ther
e
are
sev
e
ral
te
ch
niques
hav
e
bee
n
i
ntr
oduce
d
in
re
du
ci
ng
ea
rth
resis
ta
nce.
S
uc
h
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
are
deep
-
groun
d
-
w
el
l
Me
tho
d
[
19,
20]
,
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
ea
rth
co
nduct
or
[21
-
23
]
,
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
ent
ati
on
of
cond
uctance
-
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
.
Deep
-
gro
und
-
well
m
e
thod
is
a
well
-
known
te
c
hn
i
que
w
hich
ca
n
pe
rfor
m
without
the
in
f
luences
of
sea
so
na
l
conditi
on
an
d
cl
i
m
at
e.
This
te
chn
i
que
is
su
it
able
fo
r
m
ou
ntain
ou
s
area.
Howe
ver,
the
biggest
chall
en
ge
of
this
te
ch
nique
is
to
fi
nd
the
optim
iz
ed
dep
t
h
of
de
ep
well
in
orde
r
to
get
a
bette
r
resist
an
ce
reducin
g
r
ole
[
24
]
.
Be
si
des
tha
t,
t
he
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
ea
rth
c
onduct
or
by
al
te
r
ing
it
s
dim
ension
s
(i
nc
reasin
g
it
s
le
ngth
)
is
re
porte
d
c
ou
l
d
dec
rea
sed
the
im
ped
ance
[
24]
.
H
ow
ever,
due
t
o
th
e
high
m
at
erial
cost
and
li
m
it
ed
of
s
pace,
t
his
idea
is
restrict
ed
i
n
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s.
He
nce,
it
has
now
bec
om
e
a
popula
r
pract
ic
e
to
us
e
c
ondu
ct
ance
-
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
ent
m
at
erial
to
reduce
the
earth
resist
a
nc
e.
Su
c
h
m
at
eri
al
s
ar
e
com
m
on
ly
te
r
m
ed
backfil
l
m
at
erial
.
Figure
2
dem
on
str
at
es
the
locat
ion
of
e
nhan
ci
ng
m
at
erial
i
n
the
gro
unding
syst
e
m
.
In
the
pas
t
sever
al
deca
des,
resear
che
r
s
ha
ve
sta
rted
to
ex
plore
the
su
it
abili
ty
of
us
in
g
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
s.
The
util
iz
at
ion
of
enh
a
n
cem
ent
m
at
erial
is
vital
,
especial
ly
in
high
s
oil
res
ist
ivit
y
area,
ro
c
ky,
a
nd
san
d
s
oil
s
tructu
re.
Thes
e
m
a
te
rial
s
giv
e
a
posit
ive
sign
ific
a
nt
im
pact
on
t
he
groun
ding
syst
e
m
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
sp
eci
f
ic
al
ly
to
lowe
rin
g
the
gro
unding
im
pedance.
Ma
ny
r
esearche
s
hav
e
bee
n
cond
ucted
to
s
tud
y
var
i
ous
typ
es
of
enh
a
nce
m
ent
m
a
te
rial
on
their
prop
e
r
ti
es,
char
act
eri
sti
c,
and
be
havi
our.
The
obj
ect
ives
of
t
he
re
searc
h
are
t
o
fi
nd
th
e
best
m
at
erial
that
can
im
pr
ove
the
gro
undi
ng
im
ped
a
nce
for
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
us
e
o
f e
nh
an
ce
me
nt mate
rial in
groun
din
g syst
em
-
a
re
vi
ew
(
Aizat Az
mi
)
455
sp
eci
fic
ty
pe
of
so
il
.
The
re
a
r
e
two
ty
pes
of
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
s
hav
e
been
int
rod
uce
d.
S
uch
m
at
eri
al
s
are
natu
ral an
d
c
he
m
ic
al
.
Figure
1.
The
wenne
r’
s
four
pin
f
our po
i
nt
m
et
ho
d
[16,
25]
Figure
2.
En
ha
ncin
g
m
at
erial
in gr
oundin
g
s
yst
e
m
[26]
3.1.
Natur
al
Enhan
c
emen
t Ma
terial
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
natur
al
m
at
erial
do
es
not
al
te
r
the
ori
gin
a
l
pr
ope
rtie
s
of
the
so
il
.
He
nc
e,
the
so
il
conditi
on
ca
n
be
m
ai
ntained.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
t
he
che
m
ic
al
enh
ance
m
ent
m
at
erial
cou
l
d
al
te
r
the
so
il
pro
per
ti
es.
T
he
refor
e
,
the
s
oi
l
pr
operti
es
s
uch
a
s
ph
le
ve
l,
fer
ti
li
ty
,
and
m
ineral
are
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
affe
ct
ed.
Seve
ral
stu
dies
on
natur
al
m
at
erial
hav
e
bee
n
co
nduct
ed
to
fin
d
t
he
m
os
t
su
it
able
m
a
te
rial
wh
ic
h
ca
n
eff
ic
ie
ntly
re
duce
the
gro
un
ding
im
ped
anc
e.
G.
Ed
uful
et
.
al
.
[27]
ha
ve
in
vestigat
e
the
cha
racteri
sti
c
of
orga
nic
m
at
er
ia
l,
Palm
ker
nel
oil
cake
(PK
OC)
as
a
backfil
l
m
at
erial
in
crit
ic
al
resist
an
ce
are
a
.
Chem
ic
a
l
analy
sis
sh
ows
tha
t
the
PKOC
c
on
sist
s
of
relat
ively
la
rg
e
c
onduct
ive
ca
rbo
naceous
a
ggre
gate
of
56.22%
.
Be
sid
es,
fi
nd
i
ng
d
e
m
on
strat
es
that
PK
OC
can
ab
so
r
b
m
oistur
e about
tw
o
a
nd a
half
ti
m
es
it
s
weig
ht.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
P
KO
C
has
the
a
bili
ty
to
pro
vide
an
d
m
ai
ntain
an
e
xcell
ent
e
arth
resist
ance
-
reducin
g
e
ff
ect
f
or
a
long
pe
rio
d
of
tim
e.
J.
Jasni
et
.
al
.
[
7]
ha
ve
con
ti
nue
d
the
inv
est
igati
on
on
natu
ral
m
ater
ia
l
to
be
us
e
d
as
a
gro
unding
e
nh
ancem
ent
m
ater
ia
ls
in
t
he
gro
undi
ng
syst
em
.
Sever
al
m
a
te
rial
s
ha
ve
be
en
pro
po
se
d
in
th
ei
r
researc
h.
S
uc
h
m
at
erial
s
are
coconu
t
coir
peat,
pa
dd
y
dust,
an
d
planti
ng
-
cl
ay
so
il
.
The
ob
j
ect
ive
of
the
researc
h
is
to
fin
d
the
be
st
m
at
erial
to
rep
la
ce
ben
to
nite.
The
be
st
m
ater
ia
l
is
cho
se
n
based
on
the
lowest
i
m
ped
ance
a
nd
du
rab
le
.
Planti
ng
-
cl
ay
so
il
has
been
i
de
nt
ifie
d
as
the
m
os
t
ef
fecti
ve
gro
undi
ng
fill
er
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
to
ben
t
on
it
e,
c
oc
onut
coir
peat
and
paddy
dust
as
it
giv
es
the
lowest
gro
unding
resi
sta
nce.
The
sig
nificant
diff
e
ren
t
of
to
ta
l
i
m
ped
ance
betwee
n
the
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
the
gro
unding
fil
le
r
against t
ho
se
without i
s
obse
rv
e
d
i
n
this
res
earch
.
Be
ntonit
e
is
a
natu
ral
cl
ay
wh
e
re
it
is
widely
us
e
d
as
a
groun
d
en
ha
ncem
ent
m
at
er
ia
l
(G
EM).
This
m
at
erial
i
s
favor
e
d
du
e
to
it
s
abili
ty
to
absor
b
m
oistur
e
w
hile
m
ai
nt
ai
ned
the
hum
i
dity
in
so
il
.
H
ence,
m
akes
it
the
best
so
luti
on
to
be
app
li
ed
in
th
e
gr
ou
nd
i
ng
sy
stem
in
hig
h
s
oil
resist
ivit
y
a
rea
li
ke
a
ro
ck
y
so
il
.
In
19
80
s
,
Warren
R.
J
ones
ha
s
int
r
oduce
d
ben
t
on
it
e
as
a
backfil
l
m
a
te
rial
in
the
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
.
In
thi
s
researc
h,
he
di
scov
e
rs
the
s
pecial
char
act
erist
ic
of
be
nt
on
it
e
w
hich
is
an
excell
ent
cond
uctive
ba
ckf
il
l
.
In
a
dd
it
io
ns
,
t
he
be
ntonit
e
ha
s
the
abili
ty
t
o
abs
orb
up
t
o
five
tim
es
it
s
weig
ht
in
wate
r
an
d
swell
up
to
13
tim
es
it
s
dr
y
vo
l
um
e.
The
m
os
t
sign
ific
ant
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
of
be
ntonit
e
in
im
pr
ov
i
ng
the
groun
ding
syst
e
m
perform
ance
is
by
re
duci
ng
it
s
i
m
ped
anc
e.
He
nce,
im
pr
ovin
g
it
s
co
nductivit
y
[
28
]
.
Since
the
n,
va
rio
us
i
m
pr
ovem
ent i
n
the
elec
tri
cal
p
r
operti
es
of
gro
undi
ng
syst
em
h
as b
een
r
e
porte
d usin
g be
ntonit
e [
29,
30]
.
Z.
R.
Ra
da
kovi
c
et
.
al
.
[31]
ha
ve
co
nducte
d
a
stud
y
on
bent
on
it
e
m
a
te
rial
durin
g
a
real
gro
und
fau
lt
.
The
stu
dy
re
ve
al
s
that,
the
be
ntonit
e
form
(m
on
olit
hic
bloc
k)
is
m
ai
ntained
w
hich
no
cr
ack
is
ob
se
rv
e
d
afte
r
the
exposi
ng
t
o
the
gro
und
fau
lt
curre
nt.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
th
e
therm
al
stress
of
ben
t
on
it
e
cou
ld
i
ncr
ea
se
the
gro
unding
resi
sta
nce
f
or
on
ly
sh
ort
pe
rio
d
of
tim
e.
This
posit
ive
char
act
er
ist
ic
de
m
on
stra
te
s
the
ad
van
ta
ge
of
ben
t
on
it
e
as
a
backfil
l
m
a
te
ri
al
.
The
f
ur
t
her
stud
y
on
the
be
hav
i
or
of
ben
t
on
it
e
un
der
high
volt
age
im
pu
lse
is
carried
ou
t
by
S.
C.
Li
m
et
.
al.
[5]
.
The
f
ind
in
gs
s
ugges
te
d
that,
ben
t
onit
e
can
perfor
m
bette
r
than
oth
e
r
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
un
de
r
dry
co
ndit
ion
wh
e
re
it
s
br
ea
kdow
n
volt
age
is
the
l
ow
est
.
Be
side
s
that
,
the
dissi
patio
n
heat
rate
of
ben
t
on
it
e
is
great
er
t
han
oth
e
rs
un
der
al
te
rn
at
in
g
hi
gh
volt
age
(
AHV).
The
im
ple
m
en
ta
ti
on
of
be
ntonit
e
m
at
erial
un
de
r
hi
gh
so
il
resist
ivit
y
has
been
st
ud
ie
d
in
[
29
]
.
T
he
fi
nd
i
ng
dem
on
strat
es
the
gro
undi
ng
r
esi
sta
nce
can
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
red
uce
by
m
eans
of
ben
t
on
it
e
sl
urry.
20
%
reducti
on
in
gr
oundin
g
r
esi
sta
nce
is
ob
t
ai
ned
i
n
the
fir
st
5
m
on
th
of
m
easur
em
ent.
Fu
rt
her
stu
dy
on
be
ntonit
e
ha
s
be
e
n
carried
out
in
[9]
.
T
hey
ha
ve
stud
ie
d
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
be
ntonit
e
m
a
te
rial
wh
e
n
m
ixed
with
tw
o
different
ty
pes
of
s
oil
nam
el
y
laterit
e
and
peat
s
oil.
The
fin
dings
dem
on
strat
e
tha
t,
be
ntonit
e
ha
s
the
a
bili
ty
to
reduce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
4
53
–
460
456
the
gro
un
ding
i
m
ped
ance
f
or
both
so
il
s.
W
eat
he
r
s
uc
h
as
rain
fall
,
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
and
hum
idit
y
are
the
par
am
et
ers
that
hig
hly
infl
ue
nce
the
be
nt
onit
e’s
perform
a
nce.
Howe
ver
,
the
m
ai
n
disadv
a
ntage
of
be
ntonit
e
is
hig
h
c
os
t
as
it
is
of
te
n
i
m
po
rte
d
especial
ly
in
the
dev
el
opin
g
co
untry
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
l
oc
al
m
at
erial
wh
ic
h
ha
d
si
m
il
ar
beh
avi
or
to
ben
t
on
it
e
is
pr
efer
re
d
in
order
to
re
duc
e
cost
of
gr
ound
i
ng
syst
em
[
7]
.
Pr
e
vious
re
search
us
in
g
c
hem
ical
com
po
und
shows
a
sign
ific
a
nt
im
pr
ov
em
ent
on
t
he
gro
undi
ng
syst
em
[32].
Howe
ver
c
he
m
ic
al
co
m
po
und
te
nd
s
t
o
ch
ang
e
t
he
nat
ure
of
the
s
oils.
Ther
e
f
or
e
the
us
e
of
nat
ur
al
m
at
erial
has
a
ddresse
d
t
he
iss
ue wh
il
e
i
m
pr
ovin
g
the
gro
unding im
ped
ance
[3
3]
.
3.2.
W
aste P
rodu
c
t
En
han
ceme
nt
M
at
er
ials
Waste
pr
oduct
s
release
d
f
ro
m
the
in
dustry
c
on
t
rib
ute
ne
gat
ive
im
pact
on
env
i
ronm
ent.
Ma
ny
re
ports
sta
te
that
po
ll
ut
ion
issue
s
are
m
ai
nly
ca
m
e
from
the
ind
ust
rial
waste.
It
cou
l
d
be
an
a
dvanta
ge
if
t
he
waste
pro
d
uct
can
be
recyc
le
s
back
fo
r
good
pur
poses.
Re
ce
ntly
,
researc
her
s
ha
ve
ta
ke
n
an
ini
ti
at
ive
to
stud
y
the
po
s
sibil
it
y
to
use
the
waste
pr
oduct
i
n
a
gro
undi
ng
syst
em
.
Seve
ral
ty
pes
of
waste
pr
oduc
ts
from
the
in
du
st
ry
hav
e
bee
n
ide
ntifie
d
in
re
duci
ng
gro
unding
im
ped
ance.
Chan
dim
a
Go
m
esa
et
.
al
.
[
10]
ha
ve
intr
od
uced
a
n
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
fr
om
the
m
et
a
l
com
pounds
that
c
on
ta
in
s
of
ir
on
oxid
e
(F
e
2
0
3
).
It
is
repo
rted
that,
this
m
at
erial
i
s
fr
om
the
steel
ind
us
try
.
T
he
fin
ding
de
m
on
strat
es
that,
the
per
f
or
m
ance
of
iro
n
oxide
is
prom
isi
ng
whe
re it has
r
eac
he
d
the
sam
e level
as the
c
onve
ntion
al
e
nha
nc
e
m
ent
m
at
erial.
Fly
ash
is a
no
t
her
ty
pe
of
was
te
m
at
erial
. Th
is m
a
te
rial
is p
r
oduce
d by the
com
bu
sti
on
i
n a coal
-
fire
d
powe
r
plant.
T
he
dis
po
sal
of
the
fly
ash
requires
co
ns
i
der
a
ble
capit
al
and
gen
e
rates
env
i
ronm
ental
po
ll
utio
n
and
ec
ologica
l
eff
ect
s.
Hen
c
e,
le
ads
to
a
serio
us
pr
ob
le
m
fo
r
bo
t
h
powe
r
ge
ne
rato
rs
an
d
govern
m
ent
agen
ci
es
.
S
hin
-
De
r
C
hen
et
.
al
.
[13]
hav
e
s
tud
ie
d
the
c
harac
te
risti
c
and
perform
ance
of
fly
a
sh
m
at
er
ia
l
as
a
gro
unding
syst
e
m
enh
ancem
ent
m
a
te
rial
.
The
fi
nd
i
n
g
dem
on
strat
es
th
at
,
after
so
il
s
ta
bili
zat
ion
,
35
%
of
reducti
on
in
t
he
gro
unding
i
m
ped
ance
is
obta
ined
by
m
eans
of
fly
ash
.
This
fin
ding
pro
ved
t
hat
th
e
fly
ash
m
at
erial
can
be
us
e
d
as
en
ha
ncem
ent
m
at
er
ia
l.
Be
sides
th
at
,
the
resid
ues
from
ind
us
tria
l
m
iner
al
pr
oc
essin
g
wh
ic
h
was
cal
le
d
as
reducti
on
ad
diti
ve
(RRA)
i
n
[
34]
,
has
b
ee
n
im
pl
e
m
ented
to
ac
hieve
a
re
duct
ion
of
resist
ance
a
nd
exte
nd
e
d
t
he
li
fe
of
e
le
ct
rical
gr
ou
nd
el
ect
r
odes.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
dem
on
strat
e
that,
RR
A
m
ai
ntained
it
s
resist
an
ce
value
f
or
per
i
od
s
gr
eat
e
r
than
a
ye
ar
without
the
add
it
io
n
of
w
at
er.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
34%
le
ss
resist
a
nce
to
im
pu
lse
cu
rr
e
nt
(
out
s
ta
nd
a
rd)
with
resp
ect
t
o
t
he
industrial
f
re
quency
vo
lt
age
is
obse
rv
e
d
us
in
g
RR
A.
T
hese
fin
di
ng
s
ha
ve
open
m
or
e
opportu
niti
es
for
the
r
esearche
rs
t
o
e
xp
l
or
e
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
waste
m
at
e
rial
s
that
can
be
po
ssi
bly
us
e
d
as
e
nhancem
ent
m
ater
ia
ls.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
the
env
i
ronm
e
ntal
po
ll
utio
n
can
be
re
duce
d
by
m
eans
of
waste
m
at
eria
l
pr
od
uct
in
the
groun
ding
syst
e
m
.
Gen
e
rall
y,
enhancem
ent
m
a
t
erial
s
reduce
the
co
ntact
resist
ance
betwee
n
the
gro
undi
ng
el
ect
rode
an
d
so
i
l
.
This
is
du
e
to
t
he
diam
et
er
of
gro
unding
el
ec
tro
de
incre
ased
wh
e
n
a
pp
li
ed
the
en
han
c
em
e
nt
m
a
te
rial
int
o
th
e
gro
unding
syst
e
m
.
As
a
res
ul
t,
the
scat
te
r
flo
w
resist
anc
e
is
reduced
[
24
]
.
Be
sid
es
that,
di
ff
e
ren
t
t
ypes,
sh
a
pe
[
35
]
,
a
nd
qua
ntit
y
of
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
s
us
ed
i
n
the
gro
undi
ng
syst
e
m
will
gi
ve
di
ff
e
ren
t
res
ponse
of
im
ped
ance
values
[
36,
37
]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
the
increm
ent
of
co
nducti
vity
by
m
eans
of
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
can
pote
ntial
ly
le
ad
to
qu
i
cker
el
ect
rical
cur
re
nt
dissi
pation
durin
g
a
li
gh
tnin
g
strike
[
38
]
.
T
able
1
su
m
m
arizes t
he
ad
van
ta
ges
a
nd d
isa
dvanta
ge
s of
var
i
ou
s
ty
pes of en
ha
nce
m
ent
m
at
erial
i
n gro
unding sy
stem
.
4.
GROU
ND
I
N
G ROD
D
E
V
EL
OPMENT
US
I
NG A
DVANCED
MAT
ERIALS
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
co
nventio
nal
ste
el
an
d
c
oppe
r
m
at
erial
s
are
the
m
os
t
po
pu
la
r
m
at
e
rial
s
us
e
d
to
dev
el
op
a
gro
unding
syst
em
rod
[
39
-
42]
.
Stee
l
m
at
erial
has
a
lo
w
c
onduct
ivit
y
an
d
high
per
m
eabil
it
y
char
act
e
risti
cs.
The
in
duct
ive
com
po
ne
nt
of
ste
el
m
at
erial
le
a
ds
to
t
he
po
te
ntial
diff
e
ren
ces
.
A
s
a
r
esult,
it
cou
ld
e
nd
a
nger
the
el
ect
r
onic
com
pone
nt
in
the
s
ub
sta
ti
on
[
43]
.
Be
sid
es
that,
c
oppe
r
m
at
erial
is
repor
te
d
to
hav
e
se
ver
al
di
sadv
a
ntages
s
uch
as
c
orr
os
ion,
high
c
os
t
of
co
ns
tr
uctio
n,
ba
d
c
on
ta
ct
with
so
il
du
e
to
it
s
hard
ness,
m
edium
con
duct
iv
it
y,
et
c.
Am
ong
t
hese,
co
rros
ion
is
the
m
ain
pro
blem
whic
h
c
ou
l
d
ca
use
the
degra
dation
in
the
gro
unding
syst
em
per
f
or
m
ance.
C
orr
os
io
n
process
happe
ns
w
hen
the
c
oppe
r
m
at
erial
reacts
with
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
su
ch
as
m
oistur
e
that
con
ta
i
ns
w
at
er.
This
proc
ess
is
norm
al
l
y
t
ak
e
s
tim
e
bef
ore
fu
l
ly
cor
rode
d.
Be
sides
that,
co
pp
e
r
m
at
eria
l
has
an
aver
a
ge
of
co
nducti
vity
char
act
erist
ic
wh
ic
h
cou
l
d
only
re
du
ce
a
m
ini
m
um
a
m
ou
nt
from
the
total
gro
unding
im
ped
a
nce.
I
n
orde
r
to
c
om
par
e
the
perform
ance
of
thes
e
tw
o
m
at
erial
s,
[
44
]
ha
ve
ta
ken
an
ini
ti
at
ive
to
stu
dy
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
galva
nize
d
ir
on
(ty
pe
of
ste
el
)
and
co
pper
m
a
te
rial
as
a
gro
unding
syst
e
m
m
a
te
rial
.
The
fin
dings
dem
on
strat
e
th
at
,
to
m
ake
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
these
t
w
o
m
at
erial
s
com
par
able,
the
diam
e
te
r
of
G
al
van
iz
e
d
Iro
n
has
to
be
des
ign
e
d
la
rg
er
tha
n
t
ha
t
of
co
pper
m
a
te
rial
as
the
c
onduct
ivit
y
of
c
oppe
r
is
bette
r
than
Galva
nized
Iron.
As
a
r
esult,
m
or
e
cur
re
nt
can
pass
th
r
ough
the
c
onduc
tor.
Howe
ver
,
corrosi
on
issu
e
is
the
big
ge
st
issue
to
these
two
m
at
erial
s.
Therefo
re,
var
i
ous
adv
a
nce
m
at
erial
hav
e
bee
n
i
nt
rodu
ce
d
i
n
or
der
t
o
m
ini
m
ize
the
c
orro
si
on
issue
on
th
e
gro
undi
ng
rod.
R
uoha
n
G
ong
et
.
al
.
[45]
have
intr
oduce
d
a
ne
w
ty
pe
of
gro
undi
ng
m
at
erial
nam
el
y
a
flexible
gra
ph
i
te
-
co
op
e
r
com
po
sit
e
d
gro
undi
ng
m
at
erial
(F
GCG
).
G
ra
ph
it
e
m
at
erial
can
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
as
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
e
us
e
o
f e
nh
an
ce
me
nt mate
rial in
groun
din
g syst
em
-
a
re
vi
ew
(
Aizat Az
mi
)
457
adv
a
nce
m
at
er
ia
l
du
e
to
it
s
char
act
e
risti
c
su
ch
as
hi
gh
ly
cond
uctive
m
a
te
rial
and
has
a
big
ge
r
dim
e
ns
io
n
(surf
ace
)
area co
m
par
ed
to
coppe
r
m
at
erial
.
Si
m
ulati
on
analy
sis
de
m
on
strat
e
that
FG
CG
has
sm
al
l
sk
in
eff
ec
t
wh
e
re
t
he
s
hor
t
ci
rcle
curre
nt
withsta
nd
c
ap
aci
ty
of
F
GCG
is
great
er
t
ha
n
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
m
et
a
ll
ic
m
at
erial
.
More
ov
e
r,
F
G
CG
has
dem
on
strat
ed
hi
gh
t
he
rm
al
capaci
ty
capab
il
it
y.
To
com
par
e
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
FG
C
G
with
the
c
onve
ntion
al
gro
unding
m
at
erial
,
Ruohan
G
ong
et
.
al
.
[
46]
hav
e
ca
rr
ie
d
out
the
m
easur
e
m
ent.
The
fin
dings
dem
on
strat
e
th
a
t,
FG
C
H
has
l
ess
co
ntact
res
ist
ance
tha
n
st
eel
du
e
to
it
s
bigger
diam
et
e
r
a
nd
flexibili
ty
.
Be
sides
that,
FG
C
G
an
d
ste
el
ha
ve
sim
il
ar
per
f
or
m
ance
wh
e
n
gro
unding
bo
dy
was
buried
i
n
sm
al
l
gr
a
nula
rity
so
il
.
Table
1.
Var
i
ous
Ty
pes
of
E
nhancem
ent Mat
erial
in
G
rou
ndin
g
Syst
em
Article
A
d
v
an
tag
es
Disad
v
an
tag
es
Enh
an
ce
m
en
t
m
ate
rials
[
2
6
]
,
2
0
1
0
Co
n
crete
an
d
b
en
to
n
ite,
w
h
ich
ar
e
th
e
ch
eapes
t
an
d
m
o
st
f
requ
en
tly
u
sed
m
aterials
Co
n
crete
an
d
b
en
to
n
ite
are
r
eliab
le
so
lu
tio
n
to h
i
g
h
r
esis
tan
ce prob
le
m
s
Rain
f
all
an
d
s
o
il
h
u
m
id
ity
are
sig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ect
th
e
p
erfo
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
Natu
ral
so
il,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e con
crete
,
b
en
to
n
ite,
ch
e
m
ica
l co
m
p
o
u
n
d
A,
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
B,
an
d
che
m
ic
al
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
C
[
2
7
]
,
2
0
0
9
Can
h
o
l
d
th
e
m
o
is
tu
re
co
n
ten
ts
f
o
r
a
co
n
sid
erable perio
d
Pal
m
ke
rnel o
il ca
k
e (
PKOC
)
o
rgan
i
c
m
a
te
rial
[
2
9
]
,
2
0
1
3
This
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
redu
ctio
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
sig
n
if
ican
t
esp
eci
ally
in
sites
with
ex
tre
m
e
so
il r
esis
ti
v
ity
con
d
itio
n
The
co
st
f
o
r
st
eel
cage
co
n
stru
ctio
n
is
ex
p
en
siv
e
wh
ich
ap
p
rox
i
m
at
ely
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
co
st
o
f
th
e
co
p
p
er
rod
B
en
to
n
ite M
ix
ed
Co
n
crete
[
4
7
]
,
2
0
1
2
Ben
to
n
ite
h
as
sho
wn
its
b
eh
av
io
r
to
b
reakd
o
wn
f
aster
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
m
a
te
rials
su
ch
as
a
ir
g
ap
an
d
ce
m
en
t
wh
en
p
erfo
r
m
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
u
lse
cu
rr
en
t test
Fu
lg
u
rite
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
b
en
to
n
ite
co
u
ld
i
n
crea
se
th
e
to
tal
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
Ben
to
n
ite
[
4
8
]
,
2
0
1
6
Less sk
in
ef
f
ect
Sp
ark
d
isch
arge
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
n
FGCGM
un
d
er
h
ig
h
i
m
p
u
lse
curre
n
t
Hig
h
ly
r
esis
tiv
e
m
aterial
Flex
ib
le
g
raph
ite c
o
m
p
o
site
g
rou
n
d
i
n
g
m
at
erial
(
FGCG
M)
5.
C
H
ARA
CTERISTI
C
O
F E
NHAN
CEME
NT
MA
TE
R
I
AL UN
DER
HIGH
IMPU
LSE
S
VOLTA
GE
Re
centl
y,
m
any
research
es
on
en
han
cem
en
t
m
a
te
rial
un
de
r
high
volt
ag
e
are
carried
ou
t
[
49
-
52
]
.
These
researc
he
s ar
e esse
ntial
as to
in
vestiga
te
the p
e
rfor
m
ance a
nd
be
hav
i
our of
e
nhance
m
ent
m
at
erial
whe
n
high
vo
lt
age
is
ap
plied.
I
n
oth
e
r
word
s
,
t
hese
researc
he
s
hel
p
to
pre
dict
the
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
e
rial
’s
perform
ance when real l
ig
htn
i
ng strike
o
cc
ur
s.
The
ef
fect
of
ba
ckf
il
l
unde
r
li
gh
t
ning
co
ndit
ion
with
that
un
der
powe
r
fr
e
quency
c
onditi
on
has
bee
n
carried
out
bas
ed
on
a fiel
d
te
sti
ng
.
T
his
in
ve
sti
gation
is
do
ne
by W
. H
u
et
.
al
.
[49]
.
I
n
th
e
researc
h,
W
e
nn
e
r'
s
Tri
-
P
robe
Me
t
hod
is
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
the
gr
oundin
g
im
ped
ance.
SM
ART
EC
MI2
127
produce
d
by
ME
TREL,
vo
lt
age
div
ide
r,
R
ogows
ki
coil
an
d
os
ci
ll
os
co
pes
a
re
us
e
d
in
the
i
m
pu
lse
fiel
d
t
est
ing
.
Th
e
fi
nd
i
ngs
dem
on
strat
e
th
at
,
at
bo
t
h
w
hi
ch
un
der
pow
er
f
reque
ncy
a
nd
im
pu
lse
c
onditi
on,
t
he
co
nductive
bac
kfi
ll
is
dense
with
sm
al
l
gr
ai
n
siz
e
a
nd
t
he
gr
ounding
resist
ance
i
s
reduce
d.
Hence
,
co
nductive
backfil
l
can
be
us
e
d
for
reducin
g
gro
unding
im
ped
a
nce.
Be
si
des
that,
the
eff
ect
of
the
cond
uctive
ba
ckf
il
l
on
re
du
ci
ng
the
gro
unding
resi
sta
nce
under
li
gh
tni
ng
co
ndit
ion
is
dif
ficul
t
to
com
par
e
with
that
unde
r
po
wer
f
requen
c
y
conditi
on.
Re
m
bu
luwan
i
Ph
i
ll
ip
Tshubwa
na
et
.
al
.
[
51
]
ha
v
e
c
onduct
ed
a
resear
ch
on
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
s
unde
r
i
m
pu
lse
conditi
on
.
I
n
the
resea
rc
h,
the
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
and
c
har
act
erist
ic
of
bac
kf
il
l
m
a
te
rial
s
(S
oil,
Be
ntonit
e
an
d
Ce
m
ent)
unde
r
li
gh
t
ning
im
pu
lse
volt
age
wav
e
form
(1.2
/
50
μs)
is
c
arr
ie
d
out
in
t
he
high
vo
lt
age
la
b.
T
he
find
i
ng
dem
on
strat
es
that
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
un
de
r
disc
ha
rg
e
c
onditi
on
s
is
hig
hly
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
it
s
im
pu
lse
i
m
ped
ance.
Wh
e
n
they
a
r
e
m
assive
i
m
pu
lse
c
urre
nt
flo
ws,
it
caus
es
the
so
il
ar
ound
th
e
el
ect
ro
de
to b
r
eakdo
wn r
es
ulti
ng
i
n
a
dec
rea
se
in
resist
ance
.
Ligh
t
ning
stri
ke
with
high
i
m
pu
lse
s
volt
age
c
ou
l
d
gen
e
rate
f
ulgurite
s
form
at
ion
.
F
ulgurite
s
a
re
repor
te
d
co
ul
d
sign
ific
a
ntly
red
uce
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
wh
en
it
f
or
m
ed
on
t
he
groun
ding
rod
s
urface.
T
hese
f
ulgurite
s
are
pro
duce
d
wh
e
n
al
l
li
gh
tn
ing
stri
kes
hit
the
gro
und.
F
ulg
uri
te
s
are
cl
as
sifie
d
as
a
natu
ral
tu
be
of
glass
f
orm
ed
by
the
f
usi
on
of
sil
ic
a
s
and
or
r
ock
from
a
l
igh
tni
ng
strike.
T
he
ori
gin
al
pro
per
ti
es
of
m
at
erial
su
ch
as
physi
cal
an
d
el
ect
rical
are
aff
ect
e
d
by
f
ul
gu
rite
s
f
or
m
ation
.
He
nce,
f
orm
ation
of
fu
l
gurite
s
can
m
od
ify
th
e
perform
ance
of
gro
unding
syst
e
m
s.
Be
sides
that,
f
ulgurite
s
ha
ve
a
high
resist
ivit
y
chara
ct
erist
ic
in
it
s
or
igi
nal
sh
a
pe
.
As
a
res
ult,
it
can
enh
a
nce
t
he
gro
und
re
sist
ance
of
a
n
el
ect
rode
syst
e
m
.
Zulk
ifli
bin
Burhan
ud
din
et
.
al
.
[
50
]
hav
e
ta
ke
n
th
e
init
ia
t
ive
to
stud
y
the
fu
l
gur
it
e
fo
rm
ation
unde
r
high
volt
age
co
ndit
ion
s
usi
ng
al
te
rn
at
i
ng,
direct,
a
nd
im
pu
lse
c
urren
t
on
t
w
o
dif
fer
e
nt
m
at
erial
s
.
Su
c
h
m
at
erial
s
are
be
ntonit
e
and
sa
nd.
I
n
the
resea
rch
it
is
fo
un
d
that
the
arti
fici
al
fu
l
gurite
s
ha
ve
been
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary 2
019
:
4
53
–
460
458
form
ed
in
sand
and
be
ntonit
e
unde
r
direct
volt
age.
T
he
sim
il
ar
trend
s
ar
e
ob
se
rv
e
d
un
der
al
te
rn
at
i
ve
vo
lt
age
.
The
f
orm
ation
of
fu
l
gurite
s
ta
kes
p
la
ce
w
he
n
the
vo
lt
ag
e
e
xceeds
ab
out
10
kV.
O
n
the
ot
her
hand,
fu
l
gurite
s
did
no
t
f
or
m
ed
at
25
0
kV
un
der
im
pu
lse
s
volt
age.
Be
side
s
that,
fu
l
gurite
s
in
pow
der
f
or
m
are
sign
ifi
cantl
y
diff
e
re
nt f
r
om
tho
se of r
es
pec
ti
ve
or
igi
nal
m
at
erial
s in
te
r
m
s o
f
el
ect
rical
pro
per
ti
es. Th
i
s r
esearc
h
has pro
ve
d
that
f
ulgurite
s
form
ation
has
a
sig
nificant
i
m
pact
on
the
gro
unding
im
ped
ance
.
S.
C.
Li
m
et
.
al
.
[5]
ha
ve
con
ti
nue
d
the
researc
h
on
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
beh
a
vio
ur
under
im
pu
lse
an
d
al
te
r
nating
high
volt
age
.
Their
i
nv
e
sti
ga
ti
on
f
oc
us
es
on
50
Hz
of
f
reque
ncy.
T
he
researc
h
f
ound
that,
al
l
te
ste
d
m
at
erial
s
unde
r
al
te
r
nating
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
pro
duced
a
f
ulgu
rite
s
f
or
m
at
ion
.
Fu
lg
uri
te
s
can
be
f
orm
ed
at
be
ntonit
e
an
d
sa
nd
but
the
la
tt
er
is
possible
at
m
uch
lowe
r
al
te
rn
at
ing
high
volt
ag
e
in
the
pr
e
sen
ce
of
m
oistur
e.
Ligh
tni
ng
st
rike
a
nd
high
im
pu
lse
volt
age
a
re
repo
rted
t
o
ca
u
se
f
ai
lures
t
o
el
ect
ronic
syst
em
du
e
to
ov
e
rvolta
ge.
Eve
n
t
houg
h
th
e
sta
nd
a
rds
are
f
ulfill
ed,
to
uc
h
and
ste
p
volt
ages
are
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d,
ye
t
the
overvolt
age
issue
is
sti
l
l
the
tou
gh
e
s
t
chall
enge to
b
e
so
l
ved [
53,
54]
.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
ai
m
of
t
his
stu
dy
was
to
c
on
si
der
va
rio
us
ways
t
hat
the
en
hancem
ent
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
and
m
at
eria
l
sci
ences
has
pl
ay
ed
a
pr
om
inent
a
nd
rele
va
nt
ro
le
in
im
pro
ving
gro
unding
syst
e
m
.
The
im
pr
ov
em
ent
m
a
y
com
e
fr
om
the
introd
uction
of
en
ha
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
into
a
gro
unding
sys
tem
wh
ic
h
will
resu
lt
the
redu
ct
ion
of
gro
undi
ng
i
m
ped
ance.
T
he
pe
rfor
m
ances
of
the
groun
ding
rods
with
en
han
c
em
ent
m
at
erial
s
again
st
tho
se
without
it
see
m
to
hav
e
a
sign
ific
a
nt
dif
fer
e
nce.
T
he
gro
unding
im
ped
a
nce
of
gr
oundin
g
syst
em
us
ing
en
ha
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
is
mo
re
sta
ble,
w
hile
the
one
without
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
ent
m
at
eri
al
see
m
to
fluctuate
.
Be
sides
that,
var
io
us
par
a
m
et
ers
hav
e
been
i
den
ti
fie
d
that
af
fect
the
gro
undi
ng
im
ped
ance
value
.
Su
c
h param
et
e
rs
a
re th
e
so
il
r
esi
sti
vity
,
m
oistur
e c
onte
nt,
a
nd surro
undi
ng envir
on
m
ent.
A
plenty
of
en
han
cem
ent
m
ater
ia
ls
hav
e
bee
n
intr
oduce
d.
These
en
ha
nce
m
ent
m
at
eria
ls
are
div
ide
d
into
two
cat
e
gories
w
hich
a
r
e
organ
ic
an
d
inor
gan
ic
.
General
ly
,
an
orga
nic
enh
a
ncem
ent
m
at
erial
is
m
ade
of
natu
ral
m
a
te
rial
wh
il
e
i
nor
ga
nic
m
at
eria
l
con
sist
s
of
a
c
hem
ic
al
pr
oduct
.
Re
centl
y,
the
dem
and
f
or
na
tural
m
at
erial
incre
ased.
T
his
is
du
e
to
the
plenty
of
ra
w
m
at
erial
,
inexp
en
sive,
a
nd
easy
to
be
prepare
d.
The
draw
bac
k
of
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
coppe
r
m
at
erial
su
ch
as
cor
r
os
i
on
ha
s
been
hi
gh
li
ghte
d.
T
hus,
a
dv
a
nc
e
m
at
erial
s
hav
e
been
intr
oduc
ed
to
ad
dr
es
s
the
issue.
Be
sides,
f
ulgu
rite
s
fo
rm
at
ion
is
produce
d
wh
e
n
gro
unding
im
ped
ance
is
s
ubje
ct
ed
to
hi
gh
volt
age
s
upply.
Ar
ti
fici
al
fu
l
gurite
s
are
f
or
m
ed
in
sa
nd,
ben
t
on
it
e,
and
their
m
ixt
ur
es
un
der
t
he
app
li
cat
io
n
of
direct
vo
lt
age
and
al
te
rn
at
ive
volt
age.
Fu
l
gurite
s
f
or
m
at
ion
co
ul
d
reduce t
he gr
oundin
g sy
stem
p
er
form
ance where
it
incr
ease
s the im
ped
anc
e.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
N.
Kum
ara
singhe,
“
A
low
co
st
li
ghtn
ing
prot
ec
t
ion
s
y
st
em
and
it
s
eff
e
ct
iv
e
ness,”
in
Int
ern
ati
onal
l
ight
nin
g
det
e
ct
ion
con
fe
r
enc
e
,
1999
,
pp
.
1
–
6.
[2]
E.
A.
Am
m
ar,
Y.
Khan,
N.
M
al
ik
,
and
N.
W
ani
,
“
Deve
lopment
of
Low
Res
isti
vity
Ma
te
ri
al
For
Grounding
Resista
nc
e
Redu
ct
ion
,
”
in
Ene
rg
y
Conf
ere
nc
e
an
d
Ex
h
ibi
t
ion
(
En
ergy
Con)
,
2010,
vol.
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[3]
I.
Ulla
h,
M.
N.
R.
Baha
rom
,
H.
Ahm
ad,
H.
M.
Luqman,
and
Z.
Za
inal,
“
El
e
ct
ri
c
File
d
Inte
nsi
t
y
of
the
Li
ghtni
n
g
Strike
s
on
Li
ght
ning
Air
Te
rm
ina
ls
Instal
l
ed
on
Buil
ding
Struct
u
res,
”
Int
.
J.
E
le
c
t
r.
Comput.
Eng.
,
vol.
7,
no.
6,
pp
.
3105
–
3113,
201
7.
[4]
Z.
R
.
Rad
akovi
c
,
M.
V
Jovanovi
c,
V.
M
.
Milose
vic
,
and
N.
M
.
Il
ic
,
“
Appli
ca
t
ion
of
Ea
rth
ing
Ba
c
kfil
l
Ma
te
ri
al
s
i
n
Desert
Soil
Con
dit
ions,
”
IE
EE Tr
ans.
Ind.
Appl.
,
vol.
51
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no
.
6
,
pp
.
5288
–
5297
,
20
15.
[5]
S.
C.
Li
m
,
C.
Gom
es,
M.
Z
.
A.
A.
Kadir
,
G.
Nourira
d,
and
Z.
A.
Male
k
,
“
Beh
avi
our
of
B
ac
kf
i
ll
Mat
erials
for
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Grou
nding
S
y
stems
Under
High
Volta
ge
Condit
ions,”
J.
Eng.
Sci
.
Technol.
,
vol.
10,
no.
6,
pp.
811
–
826
,
20
15.
[6]
M.
Kizhl
o
and
A.
Kanbe
rgs,
“
R
ese
arc
h
of
th
e
Para
m
et
er
Chang
es
of
the
Grounding
S
y
st
em,”
in
World
Non
-
Gr
id
-
Connec
t
ed
Wind
Powe
r and
En
ergy
Conf
ere
nc
e,
WNWEC
,
2009
,
pp.
1
–
4.
[7]
W
.
F.
W
an
Ahm
ad,
M.
S.
A
.
Rahman,
and
J.
Jasni,
“
Natur
al
Mat
erials
As
Grounding
Fill
er
for
Li
ghtn
in
g
Protec
ti
on
S
y
s
tem
,
”
in
30th
In
te
r
nati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
Lightni
ng
Protecti
on
-
IC
LP
,
2010,
pp.
1
–
6.
[8]
L.
Ch
en,
J.
Ch
e
n,
T
.
Li
ang
,
and
W
.
W
ang,
“
A
Stud
y
of
Groundi
ng
Resista
n
ce
R
educ
t
ion
Agent
Us
ing
Granul
ate
d
Bla
st Furna
ce Sla
g,
”
IE
EE Tr
ans
.
Pow
e
r Del
iv.
,
v
ol.
19
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
973
–
978,
2004
.
[9]
N.
H.
Shuhada,
N.
A.
Ahm
ad,
and
Z.
Adzis,
“
Grounding
Enha
n
ce
m
ent
Mat
eri
a
l
Us
ing
Bent
onite,
”
J.
Ad
v.
R
es.
Mate
r.
S
ci.
,
vol
.
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no
.
1
,
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.
1
–
8,
2016
.
[10]
C.
Gom
esa
,
C.
La
litha
,
C.
Pri
y
a
dar
shane
e
,
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E.
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“
Im
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tem
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esi
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E
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N:
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4752
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nh
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Ind
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