I
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Science
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
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J
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ar
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2
2
,
p
p
.
35
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v
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35
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41
35
J
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Power
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18
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se
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alan
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CC B
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C
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A
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:
E
m
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Hu
s
s
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Sad
iq
T
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C
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lleg
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h
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ly
tech
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s
ity
Du
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k
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K
u
r
d
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tan
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eg
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r
a
q
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m
ail:
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ad
.
s
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iq
@
d
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.
e
d
u
.
k
r
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
ical
p
o
wer
is
g
en
er
ated
at
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
,
th
en
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
an
d
f
in
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
icity
i
n
jecte
d
in
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
is
n
o
t
t
o
tally
p
aid
f
o
r
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
elec
tr
icity
en
ter
ed
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
th
at
is
r
ec
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is
ca
lled
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
m
ay
wo
r
k
with
v
o
ltag
e
b
a
lan
ce
/s
y
m
m
etr
ical
o
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
/asy
m
m
etr
ical.
B
esid
es,
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
tech
n
ical
an
d
n
o
n
-
tec
h
n
ical
lo
s
s
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
ec
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n
ical
lo
s
s
es
r
ep
r
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t
th
e
p
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wer
d
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s
ip
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in
d
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tr
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tio
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s
f
o
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m
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s
,
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is
tr
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an
d
m
ete
r
in
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d
ev
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ile
th
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n
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n
-
tech
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ical
lo
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s
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ar
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lt
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f
ex
ter
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al
f
ac
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r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
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t
o
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icity
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non
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p
ay
m
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b
ills
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y
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an
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d
d
is
tr
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tio
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s
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tem
,
th
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e
is
n
o
id
ea
l
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f
icien
c
y
,
wh
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m
ea
n
s
th
er
e
is
n
o
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tr
ical
p
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wer
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u
p
p
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d
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tal
ly
co
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s
u
m
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b
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s
with
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t
a
n
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p
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waste
o
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lo
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s
.
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h
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r
e,
as
lo
n
g
as
el
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tr
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p
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f
lo
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in
an
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p
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m
p
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tain
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etwe
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th
e
g
en
er
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s
tatio
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an
d
lo
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p
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in
ts
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
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al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
tech
n
ical
lo
s
s
es
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
u
ch
as th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
lin
es,
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
a
d
s
an
d
th
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
in
p
h
ase
lo
ad
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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4
7
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2
I
n
d
o
n
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J
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
35
-
41
36
Als
o
,
m
o
s
t
lo
ad
s
ar
e
h
o
m
e
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
lo
ad
s
ty
p
e,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
in
n
atu
r
e
with
lag
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
an
d
th
is
ca
u
s
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
also
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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o
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wer
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jecte
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is
tr
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n
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
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er
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o
r
e,
th
e
lo
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s
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ed
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ce
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s
y
s
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f
icien
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a
s
th
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p
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wer
at
r
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en
d
is
alwa
y
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less
th
an
th
e
s
en
d
in
g
p
o
wer
.
Sev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
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e
s
ea
r
c
h
er
s
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
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f
e
ct
o
f
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
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th
e
p
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lo
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es
[
6
]
.
I
n
wo
r
k
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
co
p
p
er
l
o
s
s
es.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
b
o
th
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
l
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
er
co
p
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ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
.
I
n
[9
]
,
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
n
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
t
o
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
b
alan
c
ed
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
s
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
lo
s
s
es
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
lo
s
s
es
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
asy
m
m
etr
y
is
p
r
o
v
ed
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
4
8
%
wit
h
u
s
in
g
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
u
n
it.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
a
r
a
d
i
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
in
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
Op
en
DSS
s
o
f
twa
r
e
p
latf
o
r
m
t
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
im
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
t h
as b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tep
to
w
ar
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
.
An
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
d
u
cted
in
[
11
]
an
d
tar
g
eted
to
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
in
s
tallatio
n
in
m
a
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
t
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
h
ase
b
alan
cin
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
o
n
ly
av
ailab
le
in
J
ap
an
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
s
h
o
ws
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
f
ee
d
er
s
in
th
e
U
K,
E
u
r
o
p
e,
US
an
d
C
h
in
a.
I
t
m
en
tio
n
s
th
at
in
th
e
C
ar
d
if
f
city
o
f
th
e
UK,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
h
ea
v
iest
p
h
ase
is
5
0
%
h
ig
h
er
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
lig
h
test
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
in
p
h
ase
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
lo
s
s
es,
n
u
is
an
ce
tr
i
p
p
in
g
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
ex
p
an
s
io
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ass
et
is
u
n
ab
le
to
tak
e
t
h
eir
r
ea
l
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
e
p
h
ase
s
o
f
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
b
o
th
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tag
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
lo
s
s
es
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Usu
ally
,
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
h
av
e
an
o
p
tim
u
m
b
alan
ce
d
n
etwo
r
k
d
esp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
o
m
e
p
h
ases
will b
e
h
ea
v
ily
lo
ad
e
d
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
will
b
e
lig
h
tly
lo
ad
e
d
wh
ic
h
will
r
esu
lt
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
in
t
h
e
n
e
u
tr
al
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
c
alcu
lated
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
in
b
o
th
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
d
iag
r
am
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simp
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
n
etwo
r
k
2.
L
O
SS
E
S I
N
DIS
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
I
N
T
RA
NSFO
R
M
E
R
S
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ated
in
b
o
th
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Alm
o
s
t
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
e
s
ar
e
b
elo
n
g
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
lo
s
s
es
[
1
4
]
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
lead
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
s
er
v
ice
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
s
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
o
w
er lo
s
s
es e
va
lu
a
tio
n
in
lo
w
vo
lta
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
k:
a
ca
s
e…
(
E
ma
d
Hu
s
s
en
S
a
d
iq
)
37
C
ase
s
tu
d
y
:
T
h
e
v
ast
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
in
Du
h
o
k
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
p
o
le
m
o
u
n
te
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Du
h
o
k
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
izes
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
1
1
/0
.
4
1
6
k
V
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
5
0
k
VA,
1
0
0
k
VA,
2
5
0
kV
A,
4
0
0
k
VA,
6
3
0
k
V
A,
1
0
0
0
k
VA,
1
2
5
0
k
VA,
1
6
0
0
k
VA,
2
0
0
0
k
VA
an
d
2
5
0
0
k
VA
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
ese
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
o
f
2
5
0
k
VA
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
f
u
ll
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
250
k
VA,
1
1
/0
.
4
1
6
k
V
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
ca
lcu
lated
as p
er
(
1
)
:
=
√
3
∗
∗
(
1
)
w
h
e
r
e
S
i
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
a
r
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
(
V
A
)
,
V
L
i
s
l
i
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
v
o
l
t
,
I
L
i
s
th
e
l
i
n
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
a
m
p
e
r
e
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
c
o
p
p
e
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
(
P
loss
)
u
n
d
e
r
b
a
la
n
c
e
d
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
e
e
d
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
c
a
lc
u
l
a
t
e
d
by
(
2
)
[
8
]
,
[
1
8
]
:
=
3
2
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
I
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
h
a
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
R
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
win
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
to
tal
co
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
th
e
u
n
b
al
an
ce
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
[
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
:
=
(
2
+
2
+
2
)
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
I
R
,
I
Y
,
I
B
ar
e
r
ed
,
y
ello
w,
b
lu
e
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
f
I
1
,
R
1,
I
2
,
R
2
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
1
,
2
ar
e
5
.
2
1
2
3
Ω
an
d
0
.
0
0
2
7
7
1
Ω
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
d
elta
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
en
R
1
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
1
.
5
an
d
e
q
u
al
to
7
.
8
1
8
5
Ω
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
r
esis
tan
ce
R
1,
2
m
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
7
5
℃
as p
er
(
4
)
[
2
1
]
:
(
1
,
2
)
=
1
,
2
75
+
235
+
235
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
T
75
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
7
5
℃
an
d
T
am
is
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
e
q
u
al
to
2
5
.
7
℃
[
2
0
]
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
(
4
)
,
R
1
=9
.
3
Ω
an
d
R
2
=0
.
0
0
3
3
Ω
.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
id
e
o
f
2
5
0
k
VA,
1
1
/
0
.
4
1
6
k
V
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e
I
R
=3
0
0
A,
I
Y
=2
5
0
A,
I
B
=2
0
0
A.
T
h
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t p
er
ce
n
tag
e
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
(
5
)
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
=
∗
100%
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
I
u
is
th
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
I
d
is
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
ev
iatio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e,
I
a
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
=
50
250
×
100%
=
20%
Fo
r
id
ea
l tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
2
6
]
,
1
1
=
2
2
(
6
)
wh
er
e
1
1
2
2
,
,
,
V
I
V
I
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
1
=
11000
&
2
=
416
Ap
p
ly
in
g
(
6
)
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e:
=
11
.
345
,
=
9
.
46
,
=
7
.
56
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
e
to
tal
c
o
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es in
b
o
th
s
id
es o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
(
7
)
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
:
=
1
2
1
+
2
2
2
(
7
)
C
o
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es f
o
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
f
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
=
(
11
.
34
5
2
+
9
.
4
6
2
+
7
.
5
6
2
)
×
9
.
3
=
2561
W
.
C
o
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
o
f
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
(
30
0
2
+
25
0
2
+
20
0
2
)
×
0
.
0033
=
635
.
25
W
.
So
,
th
e
to
tal
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
=
2561
+
635
.
25
=
3196
.
25
.
I
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
e
q
u
all
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
h
ases
,
th
e
lo
s
s
es
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
s
h
o
wn
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
22
:
35
-
41
38
C
o
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
=
3
×
9
.
46
2
×
9
.
3
=
2496
.
8
.
C
o
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
=
3
×
250
2
×
0
.
0033
=
618
.
25
.
So
th
e
to
tal
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
u
n
d
er
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
=
2496
.
8
+
618
.
75
=
3115
.
5
.
T
h
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
lo
s
s
e
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
lo
ad
s
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
(
8
)
[
7
]
.
=
(
(
2
+
2
+
2
)
−
3
2
)
(
8
)
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lev
el
o
f
20%
=
3196
.
25
−
3115
.
5
=
80
.
75
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es
wh
ich
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
co
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
u
n
e
v
en
ly
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
p
p
er
lo
s
s
es v
er
s
u
s
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
#
I
R
(A)
I
Y
(A)
I
B
(A)
Lo
sse
s
d
u
e
t
o
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
(W)
1
2
8
0
2
7
0
2
5
0
7
.
7
5
2
2
8
0
2
8
0
2
4
0
10
3
2
9
0
2
8
0
2
3
0
1
7
.
7
1
4
2
8
5
2
9
5
2
2
0
3
4
.
3
1
5
2
9
5
2
9
0
2
1
5
5
5
.
0
6
6
2
8
0
3
1
0
2
1
0
8
7
.
4
3
7
3
3
0
2
7
5
2
0
5
1
3
0
.
3
2
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
p
p
er
l
o
s
s
es a
n
d
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
3.
L
O
SS
E
S CA
U
SE
D
B
Y
UN
B
AL
ANC
E
D
L
O
ADING
O
F
DIS
T
RI
B
U
T
I
O
N
N
E
T
WO
R
K
S
T
h
e
ter
m
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
u
s
u
all
y
r
ef
e
r
to
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
co
p
p
er
o
r
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
class
if
ied
u
n
d
er
tech
n
ical
lo
s
s
es
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
lo
s
s
es
u
n
d
er
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
b
elo
w
ca
s
es
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
well
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Ca
s
e
1
A
s
s
u
m
e
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
o
f
7
5
0
A
is
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
-
f
o
u
r
w
i
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
at
t
h
e
d
is
t
a
n
ce
o
f
2
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
s
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
o
v
e
r
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
d
n
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
t
y
p
e
i
s
a
l
l
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
(
AAC
)
95
mm
2
w
i
t
h
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
0
.
3
0
8
1
Ω
/
k
m
a
t
2
0
℃
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
a
t
a
c
t
u
a
l
te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
(
9
)
[
2
3
]
:
1
=
+
(
3
∗
+
)
2
(
3
∗
)
2
(
−
)
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
o
w
er lo
s
s
es e
va
lu
a
tio
n
in
lo
w
vo
lta
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
k:
a
ca
s
e…
(
E
ma
d
Hu
s
s
en
S
a
d
iq
)
39
w
h
er
e
I
b
is
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
n
i
s
th
e
n
eu
tr
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
t
a
is
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
t
p
is
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lim
it
an
d
eq
u
al
to
9
3
℃
[
1
7
]
,
t
r
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
eq
u
al
to
2
0
℃
[
9
]
,
I
t
is
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
r
r
y
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
eq
u
al
to
3
3
5
A
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
t
a
,
t
p
,
t
r
ar
e
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
lim
it
(
9
3
℃
)
an
d
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
r
r
y
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
AAC
9
5
mm
2
is
3
3
5
A
[
2
9
]
.
Flo
win
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
is
h
ig
h
er
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
h
as
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
with
DC
co
n
d
u
cto
r
r
esis
tan
ce
wh
ich
is
(
1
0
)
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
:
=
20
[
1
+
20
(
−
20
)
]
(
1
0
)
R
20
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
20
℃
,
an
d
20
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
eq
u
al
to
0
.
0
0
3
9
1
at
2
0
℃
[
3
1
]
.
At
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
3
5
℃
an
d
b
ased
o
n
(
8
)
a
n
d
(
9
)
,
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
as:
1
=
35
+
(
3
×
250
+
0
)
2
(
3
×
335
)
2
(
93
−
20
)
=
75
.
65
°
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
DC
r
esis
tan
ce
is
,
=
0
.
3081
[
1
+
0
.
00391
(
75
.
65
−
20
)
]
=
0
.
3753
/
T
h
e
to
tal
o
h
m
ic
l
o
s
s
es u
n
d
er
b
alan
ce
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
10
)
[
2
6
]
.
=
3
×
2
×
×
(
1
1
)
I
is
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
cir
cu
it (
A
)
,
R
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
(
(
/
)
km
,
L
is
co
n
d
u
cto
r
le
n
g
th
(
km
).
=
3
×
25
0
2
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