TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.5, May 2014, pp
. 3678 ~ 36
8
3
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i5.4899
3678
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 2
3
, 201
3; Revi
se
d Decem
b
e
r
17, 2013; Accept
ed Ja
nua
ry 5,
2014
High Voltage Security System Design and Testing of
Electric Car
Peng Hailan
1
, Jiang Zhilong
2
1
Jiaxin
g Vocati
ona
l T
e
chnical
Coll
eg
e, Mech
anic
a
l an
d Elec
tronic an
d Auto
motive Branc
h
Jia
x
in
g, 31
403
6;
2
Minkai Auto Parts co.,
L
T
D.,
Rese
arch an
d
Devel
opm
ent Dep
a
rtment,
Jia
x
in
g, 31
403
1
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Safety des
ig
n
of hi
gh v
o
lta
g
e
part is
the
fou
ndati
on
of
the
w
hole auto
m
ob
ile des
ign; it
is base
d
o
n
safety desi
gn
requ
ire
m
e
n
ts
of the e
l
ectric
car, an
d the
security functi
on of
hardw
ar
e. T
he d
e
sig
n
th
e
different functi
ons of har
dw
are modu
les ar
e prese
n
ted, throu
gh circ
uit princi
pl
e di
agr
am l
a
yo
ut of PCB
,
and
circu
i
t bo
a
r
d is
made, th
e
systems
har
d
w
are test bo
ar
d is
desi
g
n
acc
o
rdi
ng to
the fu
nction
al test
of
the
system
. Test r
e
sults s
how that relati
v
e
errors between the measur
em
ent
of ins
u
lation r
e
sistanc
e value of
the safety system a
nd the th
eoretic
al val
u
e
is only 0.
3%,
thus the rationality of
the d
e
sig
n
calcu
l
ati
o
n
mo
de
l of th
e i
n
sul
a
tion
resis
t
ance
is ver
i
fie
d
. T
he r
e
spo
n
s
e ti
mes
of D
C
(dir
ect curre
nt) contactor
a
r
e
higher than t
he national st
andar
d requir
ements, so th
e system
s
e
c
u
rity des
ign
m
e
ets the design
re
q
u
i
r
em
en
ts.
Ke
y
w
ords
: ele
c
tric vehicl
e, hi
gh volta
ge, saf
e
ty desig
n, test
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The
wo
rkin
g
voltage of el
e
c
tri
c
vehi
cle
s
in mo
re th
an
200v, workin
g current
can
rea
c
h
tens or eve
n
hundred
s a
m
pere, when
there exists
a high voltag
e safety failures, hig
h
voltage
and la
rge
cu
rrent will
not
only end
ange
r pa
sseng
ers sa
fety ca
n a
l
so affe
ct the
norm
a
l work of
low volta
ge
electri
c
al
[1-3
]. Therefo
r
e,
high volta
ge
safety de
sig
n
in the
ele
c
tric
car ha
s th
e
extremely important si
gnifi
can
c
e. Hi
gh
voltage syst
e
m
for electri
c
car is p
r
o
p
o
s
ed in the p
a
per,
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of the electric
ca
r high
-voltage circui
t are analyze
d. Throu
gh the high volta
ge
circuit p
a
ra
m
e
ter
cal
c
ulati
on mo
del, a
nd dete
c
tion
of importa
nt
electri
c
al
pa
rameters in
real-
time, we c
an
k
e
ep the s
a
fety of
the vehic
l
e [4].
In the pape
r, it is based
on the de
sig
n
r
equi
rem
e
n
t
s of the hig
h
voltage sy
stem of
electri
c
vehi
cle and d
e
si
g
n
relate
d fun
c
tion
s, on thi
s
ba
si
s, the hard
w
a
r
e
circuit de
sign
a
nd
developm
ent
system of e
a
ch fun
c
tion
module
a
r
e
given out, and the prin
ci
ple of hard
w
are
comp
ositio
n and its re
alization of each f
unction mo
d
u
le are al
so p
r
esented [5
-9
].
2. Sy
stem Securit
y
Hardw
a
r
e
Design
Requireme
n
t
s
In the process of the
ele
c
tric
car re
se
a
r
ch
an
d its h
i
gh voltage
system, every
safety
indicators mu
st meet safet
y
requirement
s; the sy
stem
shoul
d have
the followin
g
main functio
n
s:
1. The insul
a
tion re
sista
n
ce testing;
2. The tran
sie
n
t impact;
3. High an
d low voltage p
r
otection;
4. The over-current dete
c
tion;
5. High pressure loo
p
interl
ock testing.
3. Relate
d Hard
w
a
r
e
Circ
uit Design
In this study, the high volta
ge safety de
sign of electri
c
vehicle mainl
y
include
s:
1. The main control ci
rcuit.
2. The power
sup
p
ly circuit;
3. The po
sitive and ne
gative side
conta
c
tor cont
rol an
d curre
n
t sam
p
ling ci
rcuit;
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
High Voltag
e Secu
rity Syst
em
Design a
nd
Testin
g of Electri
c
Ca
r (Peng Hail
an)
3679
4. The battery positive and
negative volt
age an
d total voltage acqui
sition ci
rcuit;
5. High voltag
e circuit voltage mea
s
u
r
em
ent circuit;
6. High an
d low voltage p
r
otection
circui
t;
7. High pressure loo
p
interl
ock circuit,
8. Insulation resi
stan
ce mo
nitoring
circui
t;
9. Power b
a
ttery temperature me
asure
m
ent circuit.
Introdu
ction o
f
main circuit desi
gn are gi
ven out as be
low:
3.1. Po
w
e
r S
upply
Circuit
Figure 1. Power Su
pply Circuit
In the de
sign
of the whole
circuit, first
o
f
all it need
s t
o
de
sign th
e
power
sup
p
ly circuit;
power ci
rcuit desi
gn princi
ple
i
s
to i
m
prove the
reliability of power
conversi
on ci
rcuit, at
the same
time in orde
r to make the
design of th
e system
mo
re pr
act
i
cal.
De
sign
ed se
curit
y
sy
st
e
m
is
sup
p
lied
with
12V
and
5V
two
po
we
r f
o
rm
s, be
ca
use the
ele
c
tri
c
ca
r
of the l
o
w voltag
e p
o
w
er
sou
r
ce is DC 12V, so it needs to convert 12V
power suppl
y to 5V power su
pply circuit.
Schem
atic ci
rcuit diag
ram i
s
sh
own as in
Figure 1.
3.2. Contactor Con
t
rol a
nd Curr
ent S
a
mpling Circ
uit
High
pressu
re loo
p
m
u
st i
n
stall th
e
co
rr
esp
ondi
ng hi
gh
voltag
e DC conta
c
to
r, and high
voltage DC contacto
r ne
e
d
spe
c
ific
on
-off cont
rol
ci
rcuit to d
r
ive
the co
ntacto
r, so the sy
stem
desi
gn is sh
own in Fig
u
re 2. At
the same time
it also h
a
s the
function of acq
u
isitio
n of the
conta
c
tor coil
cu
rre
nt. Hig
h
voltage
DC conta
c
tor
sho
u
ld b
e
arrang
ed in th
e location of
the
power b
a
ttery pack,
whi
c
h is to en
su
re the re
lia
bili
ty and high
efficien
cy of the high volt
ag
e
circuit. And
o
n
the p
o
sitive
side
an
d ne
gative si
d
e
of
each
con
n
e
c
tion, we
re
sp
ectively co
nn
ect
and di
sconn
e
c
t the po
sitive and n
egati
v
e side of
hi
gh voltage
circuit an
d ma
ke the co
nne
ction
betwe
en the
positive an
d neg
ative side of batte
ry. Battery th
roug
h two
DC conta
c
tor
are
con
n
e
c
ted to
the positive
and neg
ative side in
th
e high p
r
e
s
sure
system,
in whi
c
h a
DC
conta
c
tor ma
lfunction
ca
n'
t be di
sconn
ected,
anoth
e
r DC co
nta
c
tor also
ca
n
gua
ra
ntee the
norm
a
l wo
rk
of the contact
o
r, so a
s
to lose c
ontrol of the high volta
ge circuit, wh
en high volta
ge
circuit in
any
contactor di
sconnec
t, high pressure
ci
rcuit
will be
cut off, which
is more
security
than just u
s
in
g a conta
c
tor.
In the Fig
u
re
2, it incl
ude
s
the conta
c
tor
co
ntrol and
the conta
c
tor coil cu
rrent sampling
circuit. As
ca
n se
e fro
m
th
e table, the
DC
co
ntacto
r cont
rol i
s
co
nne
cted to
o
ne en
d of the
coil
and the 12V
power.
By controllin
g whethe
r th
e othe
r e
nd
of t
he coil g
r
oundi
ng, it can reali
z
e th
e on
-off
control of th
e conta
c
tor.
In the figu
re,
VCRe
lay+ a
nd VCRel
a
y–
are
the
co
n
t
rol
signal
fro
m
control pa
rt. The si
gnal i
s
throug
h the fi
eld effect
tub
e
IRFD912
0 (Q2, Q5) to
co
ntrol whethe
r
the
relay
coil
is i
n
form
ation
of co
ndu
ction
.
The
prin
cipl
e of u
s
e
effe
ct tube
to
co
ntrol th
e o
u
tput
curre
n
t is thro
ugh
ch
angi
ng
the i
nput volt
age.
Conta
c
t
o
r
coil
current
is thro
ugh
th
e LM
258
si
ng
le
basi
c
subtra
ction circuit to obtain the current.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3678 – 36
83
3680
Figure 2. Positive and Neg
a
tive End of the Rel
a
y Con
t
rol and Curre
n
t Sampling
Circuit
Figure 3. Hig
h
and Lo
w Vo
ltage Prote
c
tion Circuit
3.3. Insulatio
n
Resis
t
anc
e
Monitoring
Circuit
Electri
c
ca
rs
are u
s
ually e
quipp
ed with
highe
r po
wer supply voltage, the purp
o
s
e is to
redu
ce the transmi
ssion li
ne cu
rrent, there
b
y
redu
cing the loss of lines and
equipm
ent, thus
improve
the transmi
ssion
ef
ficien
cy
of the
vehicl
e e
ner
g
y
s
y
s
t
em. Ho
w
e
ver
,
h
i
ghe
r
po
we
r su
pp
ly
voltage of
th
e vehi
cle
ele
c
tri
c
al
safety
is p
u
t
forwa
r
d hig
her req
u
irem
ents,
e
s
pe
cially fo
r
high
voltage insul
a
tion perfo
rm
ance of the system, more
requi
rem
ents are put forward. Throug
h the
related el
ectri
c
vehicle
saf
e
ty
standards, it can be found that the in
sul
a
tion re
si
stan
ce is on
e
of
the impo
rtant
paramete
r
s t
o
evaluate
th
e ele
c
tri
c
car elect
r
ical safety, and in o
r
der to
elimin
ate
the hig
h
volt
age
of vehi
cl
e an
d d
r
ivin
g pe
rsonn
el person
a
l
p
o
tential
threats, guarantee
the
safety of
electrical
sy
stem
of pu
re
ele
c
tri
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
. Acc
o
rd
in
g to
the n
a
t
io
na
l
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
ds
, in
or
de
r
to meet th
e v
ehicl
e u
nde
r
any ci
rcum
stances fo
r in
sulation
co
nditi
on d
e
tectio
n
and fa
ult ha
n
d
ling
requi
rem
ents
accordingly, we de
sign a
set of r
eal-time
detection ci
rcuit; the insul
a
tion re
sista
n
c
e
is to satisfied
with quantitatively analyzing of
the DC insul
a
tion
perfo
rman
ce.
Detection
circuit
prin
ciple di
ag
ram is a
s
sho
w
n in Figu
re
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
High Voltag
e Secu
rity Syst
em
Design a
nd
Testin
g of Electri
c
Ca
r (Peng Hail
an)
3681
Figure 4. Insu
lation Re
si
sta
n
ce Mo
nitori
n
g
Circuit
3.4 Anti
-inter
feren
ce Desi
gn of Hard
w
a
re
As for
ele
c
tric vehi
cle
s
,
the high
voltage DC system i
s
definitely a strong
electroma
gne
tic interfe
r
e
n
ce source,
an
d the
hi
gh vo
ltage
safety
monitori
ng
sy
stem in
such
a
stron
g
ele
c
tromagn
etic in
terfere
n
ce en
vironm
e
n
t, the elect
r
oma
g
netic inte
rference re
si
stan
ce
is very important. The electrom
agn
etic interfer
e
n
ce
resi
stan
ce could dete
r
mi
nes
wheth
e
r
the
se
curity
syste
m
is
stable
a
nd reliable, m
o
re im
po
rtant
is that the
sy
stem
can
det
ect the
relia
bl
e
electri
c
p
a
ra
meters so a
s
to re
alize t
he syst
em fu
nction. So it
is not ha
rd
to see h
o
w t
h
e
importa
nce of security mon
i
tor system fo
r high voltage
.
The mai
n
int
e
rferen
ce
so
urces are: hi
gh
p
r
e
s
s
u
re
sy
st
em
D
C
int
e
rf
er
en
ce
,
spa
c
e
electroma
gne
tic interferen
ce and the
power in
terfe
r
en
ce. For hi
gh voltage DC interfe
r
en
ce,
system a
dop
ts high p
r
e
s
sure dam
pe
r, shunt capa
citan
c
e an
d
high ten
s
ion
line method
to
redu
ce i
n
terf
eren
ce; a
s
fo
r sp
ace ele
c
t
r
oma
gneti
c
in
terfere
n
ce, ra
dio interfe
r
e
n
c
e, the
syste
m
adopt
s the sh
ielding meth
o
d
to redu
ce the sp
ace
el
e
c
trom
agn
etic
interferen
ce. As for the po
wer
interferen
ce, it adopts integ
r
ated ma
no
stat
to redu
ce the po
wer inte
rfere
n
ce.
In addition, in the circuit
desi
gn, the desi
gn of the singl
e poin
t
groun
ding t
hat is to
sep
a
rate the
digital and
analog g
r
o
undin
g
ca
n redu
ce the i
n
terferen
ce. Thro
ugh the
s
e
measures, it can
effectivel
y redu
ce the
interfer
en
ce;
the system
can
wo
rk i
n
the reli
able a
n
d
stable
state.
After ado
ptin
g ha
rd
ware
anti-jammi
ng
mea
s
u
r
e
s
, a
c
cordi
ng to
the
stated b
e
fore
each modul
e circuit sche
m
a
tic diag
ram,
system
h
a
rd
ware PCB di
agra
m
ca
n b
e
obtaine
d, which
is sh
own as i
n
Figure 5.
Figure 5. System Hardware Circuit Board
Fi
gure 6. Hig
h
Voltage System Te
st Platform
of the Electric Car
4. Relate
d Experimental Tests
Experimental
test obj
ect i
s
the
ele
c
tric ca
r
is high
voltage safety system
circuit, a
s
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 6. It is the electri
c
car high voltage
safety syste
m
inside b
e
fo
re addi
ng cl
o
s
ed
shell
stru
cture, which ca
n be se
en from
the char
t, the system ha
rdwa
re is m
a
d
e
up of a main
control
circuit
boa
rd a
nd a
data di
splay
panel
s, respe
c
tively, they are u
s
e
d
to
co
mplete the
da
ta
colle
ction p
r
oce
s
s and d
a
ta displ
a
y. Five relay are use
d
in the main control circuit boa
rd,
inclu
d
ing a
chargi
ng
relay
,
two co
ntrol
on-off
relays and two bia
s
re
si
stors
conne
cted to t
he
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046
TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2014: 3678 – 36
83
3682
relay d
a
ta di
splay
pan
el,
it also
contai
ns
a TF
T-L
C
D
scree
n
, re
al-time te
st
result
s
can
b
e
dynamically displaye
d on the scre
en.
4.1. The Test Platform
Electri
c
car
h
i
gh voltage
safety test experim
ent
plat
form of the t
e
sting
syste
m
, mainly
inclu
d
ing 2
0
0
V
high voltag
e DC
power
sup
p
ly,
regul
ated DC 12V
powe
r
suppl
y, oscillog
r
ap
h,
multimeter,
and comput
er an
d high
voltage saf
e
ty monitori
ng and
cont
rol sy
stem. The
debu
gging a
n
d
testing data
of the whole
system
work
are to be do
n
e
on this platf
o
rm.
4.2. Validation Experimen
t
In ord
e
r to
verify wh
ether the hig
h
vol
t
age sy
stem
insul
a
tion
co
ndition
s a
r
e i
n
goo
d
con
d
ition, it is nece
s
sary to
make qu
antitativ
e analysis of high voltage insul
a
tion
perfo
rman
ce
of
the system.
The impe
dan
ce of the in
sulatio
n
re
si
stance i
s
ne
e
d
to mea
s
ure, so it is n
o
t
conve
n
ient
a
nd di
re
ctly to
ma
ke th
e v
a
lidatio
n
exp
e
rime
nts. T
h
e me
asure
method
is to
put
impeda
nce of
re
sista
n
ce in
to the po
sitive or neg
ative of ci
rcuit, system
can
calculate
mod
e
l
of
insul
a
tion re
sistan
ce a
c
cording to the collectio
n of electri
c
al pa
ra
meters, and
finally throug
h
comp
ari
ng m
easure
d
valu
es
and
the
th
eoreti
c
al val
u
e, the m
odel
for
cal
c
ulatin
g the
insulati
on
resi
stan
ce
ca
n be verified.
In the test experim
ents,
the output volt
age is 2
00V high vo
ltage DC po
wer; the
measurement
of in
sulatio
n
resi
stan
ce
is
simula
te
d th
rough
the
re
si
stan
ce
betwe
en p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
and bi
g re
si
stan
ce. As
shown in the
Table 1,
rela
tive erro
r b
e
twee
n the m
easure
d
valu
e
s
relative to th
e theoretical
value of insul
a
tion re
si
stan
ce i
s
0.3%, the stan
da
rd
deviation is
4
.
15
,
whi
c
h can prove the corre
c
tne
ss of the
ca
l
c
ulatio
n model for in
sul
a
tion re
sista
n
c
e.
Table 1. The
Insulatio
n
Re
sista
n
ce Test
Results (
K
)
Measured value
Theoretical Value
error
The first time
96
100
-4
The second time
104
+4
The third time
100
0
The fou
r
th time
98
-2
The fifth time
96
-4
The sixth time
102
+2
The seventh time
101
+1
The averag
e value
99.5
-0.5
Standard deviati
on
4.15
4.3. Experiment of
Con
t
a
c
tor Resp
on
se
The hig
h
voltage Conta
c
to
r used in
clo
s
i
ng and
openi
ng test is TY
CO KILOVAC EV200,
the its ch
arg
ed ca
pa
city is more than
500A,
in the DC 3
20V the
current
can
be ch
ang
ed to
2000A; its Built-in energy-saving coil can
remain
7
W
u
nder
DC 12V
powe
r
only, and its co
unt
er
electromotive
force i
s
0V.
Thro
ugh th
e
colle
ction
of high-volta
ge
DC
co
ntacto
r coil
curre
n
t cal
c
ulatio
n, a
nd the
quantitative d
a
ta cu
rve,
we
ca
n
an
alyze
the co
ntacto
r on p
r
o
c
e
s
s
perfo
rman
ce,
and th
en ju
d
ge
the co
ntacto
r wheth
e
r i
s
reliable, al
so
can j
udge
whether th
e re
lated feature
s
of hig
h
voltage
se
curity sy
ste
m
of the desi
gn is reli
able.
Thro
ugh th
e
cha
nge
of co
ntactor p
r
o
c
e
s
s curr
ent
cu
rve, it ca
n cl
early sho
w
current
cha
nge p
r
o
c
e
ss in th
e high
voltage cont
actor
coil, an
d it can sho
w
the time nee
ded for
clo
s
in
g,
also
ca
n p
r
ov
ide comp
arati
v
e data fo
r subsequ
ent
a
nalysi
s
. As
shown in Fi
gu
re 7, th
e current
cha
nge
s of DC co
ntacto
r cl
osin
g coil i
s
g
i
ven out.
From
the Fi
g
u
re
7, it can
be fo
und
tha
t
the conta
c
to
r dyna
mic proce
s
s
can
be
divided
into the three
stage
s that is the re
spo
n
se pro
c
e
ss, st
able process
and no
rmal
cl
ose
d
, whe
n
the
input MCU el
ectri
c
ity is lo
w, co
ntacto
r
coil
curr
ent
will have a le
ss than 1
m
s
resp
on
se lag,
the
lag is
cau
s
e
d
by MCU a
n
d
the hardware circuit.
After anthe
r 20
m
s
, co
ntacto
r coil cu
rre
nt there
will be in the
process of decline,
at thi
s
point, it can be judged as
t
he first contacts
of contact
o
r.
As ca
n be se
en from the fi
gure, fro
m
produ
cing of
the c
ontac
tor coil c
u
rrent to t
he c
o
ntac
tor firs
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
High Voltag
e Secu
rity Syst
em
Design a
nd
Testin
g of Electri
c
Ca
r (Peng Hail
an)
3683
conta
c
t, this
pro
c
e
s
s take
s for
16m
s, i
n
the late
r p
e
riod
of 11
5
m
s i
s
the
st
able p
r
o
c
e
s
s of
conta
c
tor, the
n
conta
c
tor
can be no
rmall
y
close
d
.
Figure 7. Clo
s
ed for
DC
Contacto
r Coil
Curre
n
t Cha
n
ge Cu
rve in the Pro
c
e
s
s
Thro
ugh the
experim
ents,
it c
an be
known that in
desig
n of
control p
r
og
ra
m of the
system, th
e
clo
s
ed
sig
nal
judgm
ent ti
me shoul
d b
e
set to at l
east m
o
re th
an 2
30m
s. T
he
mech
ani
cal v
i
bration
of hi
gh voltage
contacto
r i
s
in
evitable. Ho
wever in Fi
g
u
re
7 it
sho
w
s n
o
vibration, con
t
act bou
nce time ca
n be i
gnored, th
is i
s
be
ca
use th
e frequ
en
cy of the co
ntact
boun
ce i
s
g
r
e
a
ter tha
n
the
lKHz, a
nd
systemati
c
data
colle
ction
interval i
s
2m
s,
whi
c
h m
a
kes it
impossibl
e to
colle
cted
the
data in
the p
r
ocess
of re
b
ound. But th
e
pro
b
lem
doe
s n
o
t affect t
he
respon
se te
st of the c
ontactor clo
s
ing p
r
oce
s
s.
5. Conclusio
n
This arti
cle
is mainly
aime
d at th
e el
ect
r
ic
car hig
h
v
o
ltage
pa
rt of
ha
rd
ware
de
sign
an
d
t
e
st
ing
of
t
h
e
se
cu
rit
y
sy
st
em.
Fir
s
t
it
p
r
es
ents sy
ste
m
ba
sic com
positio
n an
d
desi
gn of
ke
y
circuit corre
s
pondi
ng exp
e
rime
ntal dat
a are o
b
tain
ed thro
ugh t
he rel
e
vant test platform and
experim
ents,
and the te
st
data of
the e
x
perime
n
t are analy
z
ed
a
nd summa
rized, re
sults
show
that the desi
gn of safety
perfo
rman
ce
of the
syste
m
is reli
able,
and it ca
n be u
s
ed in t
h
e
pra
c
tical a
ppli
c
ation of ele
c
tric cars.
Referen
ces
[1]
W
ang
Z
han
jia
n
g
.
Is it safe to e
l
ectric vehicle
.
W
o
rld cars. 20
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[2]
T
he Car of
the Y
ear
20
11:
th
e
Clos
e
w
i
n
for Nis
san Leaf [EB/OL].
2010
29.
http://
w
w
w
.
car
o
fthe
y
ear.or
g
/
w
i
n
n
e
r/Niss
an/
Leaf / 201
1 _5
2 / cot
y
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[3]
Jian
g Jiuc
hu
n, jack ne
o,
w
u
Qiu Ruic
ha
ng
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Electric car insulation on
line m
o
nitoring
system
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h
. Jour
nal of man
u
fac
t
uring a
u
tomati
on. 200
5; 27(5)
: 74-77.
[4]
Li Ji
ng
xin F
a
n
YanJ
ian
g
, Ji
ang
Jiuc
hu
n e
t
c.
Electric motor
i
n
sul
a
tio
n
on
lin
e mo
nito
ring metho
d
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Journ
a
l of auto
m
obil
e
en
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nee
ring. 20
06; 28(
10): 884-
88
7.
[5]
W
ang
Jinz
hon
g.
T
he devel
op
me
nt of the electr
ic ins
u
lati
on det
ecti
on dev
ice
. Beiji
ng Ji
aoton
g
Univers
i
t
y
. 2
0
0
6
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[6]
Guo H
ong
sl
ip
per
y
,
Ji
ang
Ji
u
c
hun
W
en G
u
Pen
g
etc.
Ne
w
electric c
a
r i
n
sul
a
tion
d
e
te
ction
metho
d
researc
h
Gui
. Journ
a
l of el
ectronic me
asure
m
ent
and i
n
strument. 201
1; 2
5
(3): 253-
25
7.
[7]
W
ang Jiaj
un,
Hon
g
Bin, W
ang H
ongm
ei.
Electric Insul
a
tion D
e
tectio
n Method for
High-vo
ltag
e
Insulators.
T
E
L
K
OMNIKA Indones
ian J
ourn
a
l of Electrica
l
Engi
neer
in
g
. 2013; 11(
7): 408
6-40
90.
[8]
Z
hengr
en
W
u
,
Mei L
i
u, Xi
n W
ang. Pre
d
icti
on
of Electric
P
o
w
e
r Consu
m
pti
on Bas
ed
on t
he I
m
prov
ed
GM (1, 1).
T
E
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ian J
ourn
a
l of Electrica
l
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neer
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g
. 2013; 11(
8): 466
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Xu, Ya
ng
Han. Res
earc
h
on the AVC T
e
sti
ng Pl
atform for the Regi
on
al Grid bas
ed
on Re
al-T
ime
Digital S
i
mulator (RT
D
S).
T
E
LKOMNIKA In
don
esia
n J
our
nal
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l
ectric
al E
ngi
ne
erin
g
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476-
483.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.