In
d
o
n
e
sian
Jou
r
n
al of
Ele
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
erin
g
a
n
d
C
om
pu
t
er S
c
ien
ce
Vol.
14, No.
1, April 2019,
pp.
340~345
ISSN: 2502-
4752,
DOI
:
10.115
91/ijeecs.
v
14.
i
1
.
pp340-345
340
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/
i
j
eec
s
An artificial intel
ligent approa
ch for the optim
ization of orga
nic
rank
ine cycle p
o
wer gen
eration systems
Ji
an
D
in
g
Tan
, C
h
i
n
Wai L
i
m,
S
i
aw
P
aw
K
oh
,
S
i
e
h
K
ion
g
T
ion
g
, Y
i
n
g Y
i
n
g
Koa
y
Instit
u
t
e o
f
Sus
t
a
ina
b
le Energy
(I
SE
),
Univers
i
t
i
Tenaga Nas
ion
al, S
e
l
an
go
r, M
alay
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
ug
9,
201
8
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Oct
30
, 2
0
18
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 18,
2
0
1
8
Th
e
s
t
ud
y
on
O
rgani
c
R
an
ki
ne
C
y
c
le
(
ORC)
p
ower
g
en
er
atio
n
sy
st
e
m
has
gai
n
ed
s
i
gnif
i
cant
po
pu
larit
y
a
mong
r
es
earch
ers
over
th
e
p
a
s
t
d
ecad
e,
m
ain
l
y
du
e
to
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
a
nd
e
nv
ironm
ent
a
l
b
e
nef
i
t
s
t
hat
th
e
syste
m
p
ro
vide
s.
A
go
od
m
ax
im
um
p
ower
p
oint
t
rackin
g
(M
P
P
T)
m
echan
is
m
ca
n
p
u
s
h
t
h
e
ef
fici
ency
o
f
an
O
RC
t
o
a
h
i
g
h
er
r
ate.
I
n
this
r
esearch,
a
Sel
f
-Ad
j
us
te
d
P
e
a
k
S
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(
S
A
P
S
)
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
M
P
P
T
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
a
n
O
R
C
sy
st
e
m
.
Th
e
S
A
P
S
h
as
t
h
e
a
bi
li
ty
t
o
perf
orm
a
rel
a
tiv
ely
det
a
il
ed
s
earch
wh
en
t
he
c
on
v
e
r
g
en
ce
r
e
aches
t
h
e
n
e
a
r-opt
im
a
peak
w
i
t
ho
ut
j
eopa
rdizi
n
g
the
sp
eed
o
f
t
h
e
ove
ral
l
c
on
vergen
ce
p
ro
cess
.
T
he
S
A
P
S
i
s
t
est
e
d
in
a
s
im
ulati
on
t
o
t
r
a
c
k
f
o
r
a
m
o
v
i
n
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
i
n
t
(
M
P
P
)
o
f
a
n
O
R
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Ex
peri
ment
r
es
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
t
h
e
S
AP
S
o
u
t
p
erfo
rmed
s
ev
eral
o
th
e
r
wel
l
-
est
a
blish
e
d optim
i
zati
on alg
o
rith
m
in
t
racking
the
movi
ng
M
P
P
,
es
pecial
ly
i
n
term
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
on
accuraci
es.
It
can
t
h
u
s
b
e
c
on
clud
ed
t
hat
t
h
e
p
r
op
osed
SAP
S
per
f
o
rms well as
a
m
ean
o
f
an
MP
P
T scheme in
an
ORC
s
yst
e
m
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
r
tificia
l i
n
tel
l
i
ge
n
t
MPP
T
O
r
ga
ni
c
ra
nk
in
e
cyc
l
e
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ji
a
n
Di
n
g
Tan
Name
o
f
C
o
rre
s
p
ondi
ng
Au
t
ho
r,
Inst
i
t
u
t
e
of S
us
t
a
ina
b
le
Ene
rg
y (IS
E),
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
n
aga
N
a
si
o
n
a
l
,
43
0
00 K
a
ja
ng,
S
e
l
a
ng
or,
Mala
ys
ia.
Em
ail:
t
j
ia
nd
i
n
g@
u
n
ite
n.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
O
v
e
r
t
he
p
ast
fe
w
dec
a
des,
r
esea
rche
rs
a
r
ound
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
h
a
s
bee
n
w
o
r
k
ing
for
me
tho
d
s
t
o
e
n
hanc
e
the
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
pow
er
g
e
n
er
at
ion
s
y
ste
m
s
a
nd
w
a
ys
t
o
impro
v
e
th
e
m
.
Th
e
h
eat
w
as
t
e
f
r
o
m
p
o
we
r
gene
ra
ti
o
n
p
la
n
t
s
an
d
h
uge
e
ng
ine
s
h
as
b
ec
om
e
a
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
i
n
tere
s
t
f
or
e
n
e
r
gy
rec
o
very
a
nd
o
p
timiz
a
t
ion
[1]
.
Re
sear
ch
o
n
s
u
c
h
l
ow
t
em
pe
rature
e
ne
r
g
y
re
cove
ry
s
ys
te
ms
i
s
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
not
onl
y
a
s
a
m
ea
n
to
p
ro
vi
de
add
i
tio
na
l
p
o
w
e
r
gene
rat
i
on,
b
u
t
a
ls
o
to
r
e
duce
the
nega
t
i
ve
i
m
p
act
o
f
t
h
e
h
eat
w
a
s
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
cl
i
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
env
i
ro
nm
en
t.
Or
ganic
Ra
nk
i
n
e
Cyc
l
e
(O
RC)
i
s
a
hea
t
w
aste
b
ased
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
era
t
i
on
sy
st
e
m
d
es
igne
d
wi
t
h
h
i
g
h
ada
p
ta
bil
i
t
y fo
r
imple
m
e
n
ta
t
i
ons
i
n
a
w
i
d
e
r
ange
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
].
T
he past
de
ca
de
s
how
s
ra
pi
d
r
e
sea
r
ch
and
im
p
l
em
en
t
a
tio
n
of
O
RC
s
yste
ms
i
n
the
effort
t
o
im
pr
ove
t
he
overa
ll
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
con
v
e
n
ti
ona
l
e
n
erg
y
gene
ra
ti
o
n
s
ys
tem
s
.
G
e
ner
a
lly
s
pe
ak
i
ng,
a
n
O
R
C
sys
t
em
c
on
sis
t
s
o
f
f
ou
r
ma
j
o
r
c
o
mp
on
en
t
s
,
n
a
me
l
y
t
h
e
eva
por
at
or,
th
e
expa
n
d
er,
th
e
pum
p
a
n
d
the
co
n
d
ens
e
r.
O
rganic
w
o
r
k
i
ng
f
l
u
id
i
s
in
iti
a
lly
boi
le
d
u
n
d
e
r
pressure
to
m
a
ke
hi
g
h-pre
s
su
r
e
vap
o
u
r. This va
po
ur the
n t
u
rns t
he
t
urb
i
ne
w
hile
passes
t
h
r
o
u
gh t
h
e e
x
pa
nder
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
t
urn,
g
e
n
era
t
e
s
e
lec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
.
The
low
-
pr
essure
v
a
p
o
u
r
t
he
n
flow
s
t
o
t
he
c
onde
nse
r
.
A
t
t
his
sta
g
e
,
t
he
v
a
pou
r
c
o
nd
ense
s
t
o
l
i
q
u
i
d
ph
as
e.
T
h
e
l
o
w
-p
re
ssu
re
l
i
qui
d
wo
rk
i
n
g
f
l
u
id
i
s
t
h
e
n
p
um
p
e
d
t
o
t
he
e
va
p
o
rat
o
r
and
the
cyc
l
e r
e
starts.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
ot
her
t
u
rb
ine
-
b
a
se
d
pow
er
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s,
O
RCs
ca
n
be
i
mp
le
me
nt
e
d
t
o
a
w
i
de
varie
t
y
of
h
ea
t
source
s,
s
uch
as
s
ol
id
f
uels,
conce
n
t
r
ate
d
s
ola
r
ene
r
gy,
g
e
o
the
r
m
a
l
hea
t
,
a
nd
eve
n
i
ndus
trial
hea
t
w
a
s
te
s.
T
he
O
R
C
h
as
m
ul
t
i
p
l
e
a
dv
an
ta
ge
s,
s
uch
as
t
he
s
imp
l
ic
ity
o
f
t
h
e
sys
t
em
a
nd
the
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
orga
nic
w
o
r
k
ing
fl
u
i
d
i
n
stea
d
of
w
ater
[
3]
.
G
e
nera
ll
y
s
p
ea
kin
g
,
o
rg
a
n
ic
f
lu
id
h
as
r
e
l
a
t
iv
el
y
lo
w
e
r
b
o
il
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
An ar
tif
ic
ia
l i
n
t
e
l
lig
en
t a
ppr
o
a
ch
for
the
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n o
f
org
a
n
i
c
ra
nk
ine
…
(Jian D
i
n
g
T
an)
34
1
po
int
t
o
t
hat
o
f
t
he
w
ater
.
Th
i
s
e
ssen
t
ial
fe
a
t
ure
ma
kes
the
O
R
C
systems
suit
a
b
l
e
t
o
be
i
m
p
l
e
mented
a
t
low
tem
p
era
t
ur
es
a
nd
pr
essures
[4
].
I
t
ca
n
be
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
atu
re
t
ha
t
t
h
e
O
RC
sy
stem
s
a
r
e
effec
tive
l
y
u
s
ed
f
or
w
a
ste
hea
t
r
e
c
over
y
from
in
te
rnal
c
om
bu
st
i
on
e
n
g
i
ne
s
e
x
ha
us
t
[5
,
6
]
a
n
d
a
l
so
f
ro
m
i
ndust
r
i
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
sse
s
[
7
,8
].
Th
is
p
r
o
v
i
de
s
fi
nanc
ia
l
be
n
e
fi
t
as
t
he
r
e
c
ove
re
d
e
n
e
r
gy
w
h
ic
h
o
t
h
erw
i
se
w
ould
be
r
ele
a
sed
to
t
he
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
can
n
ow
b
e
co
n
v
er
t
e
d
to
e
lec
t
rici
t
y
,
in
t
he
m
ea
nwh
i
le
r
ed
uc
e
s
g
ree
nho
use
gas
em
iss
i
o
n
[
9,
10
]
.
ORC
s
a
re
a
l
s
o
f
oun
d
t
o
b
e
a
u
x
ili
a
r
i
e
s
in
s
e
v
era
l
t
y
p
e
s
of
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s,
s
uc
h
a
s
b
i
o
ma
ss
[
11,
1
2
],
conc
e
n
trate
d
s
olar
t
her
m
a
l
[
1
3
,1
4],
geo
t
h
e
rm
al
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
,
oce
a
n
t
herm
al
e
nerg
y
co
n
v
e
r
sion
[
1
7
,
8
]
a
n
d
com
b
i
n
e
d
he
a
t
and
p
o
w
e
r
syste
m
s
[19,20].
The
c
ontr
i
b
u
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
is
t
w
o
fo
ld
a
nd
ca
n
be
g
e
n
e
r
all
y
de
sc
ri
be
d
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
F
i
rst,
a
S
e
l
f-
A
d
j
u
sti
n
g
P
e
a
k
S
e
a
rc
h
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(S
A
P
S)
i
s
pro
p
o
se
d.
T
h
i
s
sea
r
c
h
m
ech
a
n
ism
ha
s
t
h
e
abi
lit
y
t
o
p
erfor
m
a
rela
tive
l
y deta
i
l
ed
s
e
a
rc
h
w
i
t
h
ou
t
je
opar
d
i
z
in
g the spe
e
d
of
th
e
ov
e
r
all
co
nv
erg
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
ess.
S
ec
o
n
d
ly
,
a
n
e
w
ma
ximum
po
w
e
r
po
i
n
t
t
r
ac
ki
n
g
(
MP
P
T
)
me
chani
s
m
for
a
n
O
R
C
s
ys
te
m
i
s
p
r
op
o
s
ed
b
y
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ti
ng
t
h
e
deve
l
ope
d
S
A
P
S
algor
it
hm.
S
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
are
ca
rried
o
u
t
t
o
va
l
i
da
t
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
A
P
S
i
n
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
the m
o
v
i
ng m
a
ximum
pow
e
r
p
o
i
nt (
M
P
P
)
of
an O
RC sys
te
m
.
2.
MPPT OF A
N
ORC
I
n
a
c
onsta
nt
t
e
m
pe
rature
a
n
d
f
low
r
a
te,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
on
eff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
o
f
a
pow
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
direc
t
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
t
o
t
he
s
at
urati
o
n
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
[2
1].
Lite
r
at
ure
st
u
d
y
s
h
o
ws
t
ha
t
the
flow
r
ate
o
f
t
he
w
o
rki
n
g
fl
uid
ha
s
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nt
i
mpa
c
t
o
n
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ow
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
yst
e
m
[22].
A
n
o
pt
im
al
w
ork
i
ng
f
lui
d
f
l
o
w
rate
g
ran
t
s
an
o
p
t
ima
l
p
ower
g
enera
t
ion
r
a
t
e
.
High
e
r
o
r
l
o
we
r
f
low
r
a
te
c
an
c
ause
u
nnecessar
y
l
osses
to
t
he
overa
ll
p
o
w
e
r
ge
ner
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
s
yste
m.
T
h
u
s,
a
m
a
x
im
um
pow
er
p
oi
n
t
t
rac
k
i
n
g
(
M
P
P
T)
m
ec
ha
ni
sm
i
s
impor
ta
nt
t
o
e
n
sure
a
m
ax
i
m
um
pow
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
fr
om
a
n
O
R
C
syst
em
.
The
ge
nera
l
ide
a
o
f
a
n
M
P
P
T
me
cha
n
ism
i
n
a
n
O
R
C
i
s
t
o
m
a
ximiz
e
t
he
pow
e
r
g
ener
a
tion
b
y
c
o
n
t
rol
l
in
g
th
e
flo
w
r
a
t
e
of
t
h
e
w
o
r
king
f
lui
d
.
The
MP
PT
s
che
m
e
ca
l
c
u
l
ates
t
he
p
owe
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
by
m
e
a
s
u
r
ing
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
ur
rent
a
nd
v
o
lta
ge,
an
d
a
d
ju
st
t
he
spee
d
of
t
he
p
u
m
p
ac
cord
i
n
g
l
y
by
v
a
ry
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
i
a
pu
lse
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
(P
W
M
).
F
igure
1.
s
how
s
a
s
i
mpl
e
M
PP
T
m
e
c
h
an
i
s
m
f
o
r
an
O
R
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
2
3
]
.
F
i
gure
1. MP
P
T
sc
hem
e
i
n
an
O
RC sys
tem
3.
SELF-ADJ
US
TED PEAK SE
ARC
H
AL
GORIT
HM
I
n
t
his
r
e
sea
r
ch,
a
S
e
lf-
A
dju
s
te
d
P
e
a
k
S
e
a
rc
h
al
g
o
ri
th
m
(
S
AP
S)
i
s
p
r
opose
d
f
or
t
he
M
P
P
T
sc
hem
e
of
t
he
O
RC.
The
pro
pos
ed
S
AP
S
an
e
nha
nc
ed
o
p
t
i
m
iz
at
io
n
m
echa
n
i
s
m
tha
t
c
a
n
g
ra
n
t
t
he
a
l
gor
ithm
t
h
e
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
h
i
t
a
more
acc
urat
e
so
lu
tio
n
w
i
tho
u
t
h
ea
v
i
ly
s
low
i
n
g
dow
n
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
re
c
o
n
v
e
rge
n
ce
proc
es
s.
T
he
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
d
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
S
A
P
S
i
s
t
o
b
e
g
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
i
t
h
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
ly
l
a
r
ger
se
arc
h
s
te
ps.
A
s
t
he
i
tera
t
i
o
n
s
g
o
,
the
SA
PS
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
a
lly
a
d
j
ust
and
reg
u
l
at
e
t
h
e
si
ze
o
f
t
h
e
se
arch
s
te
ps.
This fe
a
ture
g
iv
es the
S
APS the abi
l
ity
t
o
perform
a m
uch de
t
a
ile
d sea
r
ch,
w
h
ich
in
t
ur
n lea
d
s
t
o
a
b
etter
o
ptim
ize
d
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
.
Th
e
SAPS
i
n
i
ti
al
i
zes
w
i
t
h
ra
nd
o
m
ly
t
ab
ul
at
ed
s
o
l
uti
o
n
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
hi
n
th
e
f
e
a
s
ib
l
e
P
WM
d
uty
ra
tio
.
Th
en
,
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
b
e
gi
ns
t
h
e
e
xpl
o
r
at
ion
f
o
r
hi
g
h
er
p
ower
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
a
t
w
o
-
w
a
y
p
r
o
b
i
n
g
,
o
n
e
w
a
y
pro
b
es
t
ow
ard
s
t
he
u
pper
l
i
m
it
a
n
d
the
o
t
her
pro
b
e
s
t
o
w
ar
ds
t
he
l
ow
er
limi
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
yc
le
v
a
l
ue
.
T
h
e
pro
b
i
n
g
b
e
gins
w
ith
r
ela
tive
l
y
large
r
s
ea
rch
ste
p
s.
W
he
n
bo
t
h
p
r
obe
s
retur
n
e
d
w
it
h
n
o
h
ighe
r
p
o
w
e
r
,
t
he
SA
P
S
r
e
a
d
j
u
sts
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
e
p
l
e
ngt
h
using
t
h
e
e
q
u
a
ti
on
a
s
sho
w
n
i
n
e
q
u
a
t
i
on
(
1)
.
Th
i
s
n
on-
l
i
ne
ar
e
qua
t
i
on
is
s
pec
i
al
ly
d
e
s
i
gne
d
t
o
c
o-re
late
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
i
ter
a
t
i
on
n
u
m
ber
a
nd
t
he
s
ize
of
t
he
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
sear
ch
s
te
p.
I
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
340 –
3
45
34
2
equa
t
i
o
n
(
1)
,
i
r
e
pre
s
ents
t
he
c
ur
rent
num
b
e
r
of
l
oca
l
s
ea
r
c
h
i
tera
tio
n
w
h
i
l
e
Ma
x_
LS
It
e
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
s
e
t
ma
ximum
num
ber
of
i
te
ra
ti
o
n
.
_
(
1
)
Ta
b
l
e
1.
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
s
ear
ch
a
n
d
a
d
j
us
t
m
en
t
m
e
c
h
ani
s
m
of
t
he
p
rop
o
se
d
S
A
P
S
.
T
he
d
e
c
i
s
i
on
f
l
ow
i
s
furt
her
dep
i
c
t
e
d
and
il
lu
stra
te
d
i
n
F
ig
ure
2.
Ta
b
l
e
1
. Th
e
sea
rch
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
mec
h
a
ni
sm o
f
t
h
e p
r
op
osed
SA
P
S
f
o
r
t
h
e MP
PT
of an O
RC
F
i
gure
2.
T
he de
c
i
s
io
n
fl
ow
of t
h
e pr
o
pose
d
S
A
P
S
,
w
here D
r
efer
s
t
o
t
he
dut
y r
a
tio
o
f
t
h
e
P
W
M t
o
be
fe
d
in
t
o
the
v
o
ltag
e
re
gula
t
or a
n
d
λ
d
e
n
ot
es
t
h
e
sea
rch
st
e
p
si
ze
4.
EXPE
RIMENTAL
R
ESULT
S
S
i
mulat
i
o
ns
w
ere
car
ried
o
ut
t
o
va
lid
ate
a
n
d
inve
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
the
pe
rfor
ma
nc
e
of
t
he
p
ro
pos
ed
a
lg
ori
t
h
m
in
t
ra
ck
in
g
t
h
e
MPP
of
t
he
O
RC
.
T
o
s
imu
l
ate
a
m
o
re
r
eali
s
tic
t
e
st
,
t
h
e
M
PP
was
d
e
s
i
gn
ed
t
o
ch
an
ge
a
nd
move
from
o
n
e
v
a
l
ue
t
o
a
n
o
t
her.
T
he
f
i
r
st
M
P
P
i
n
th
is
e
xper
i
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
se
t
t
o
b
e
14.
7
3
k
W
a
t
6
3
.
1
%
dut
y
cyc
l
e
o
f
P
W
M
f
ee
d.
A
fter
a
w
hi
le,
t
h
e
va
l
u
e
move
d
t
o
1
5.
32
kW
a
t
75.2
2
%
d
ut
y
c
y
c
l
e
.
T
he
p
r
o
pose
d
S
AP
S
w
a
s
teste
d
i
n
the
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
trac
k
f
o
r
th
e
m
oving
MP
P
.
T
he
p
erfor
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
S
A
P
S
i
s
benc
hma
r
ke
d
w
ith
t
ha
t
of
s
ome
ot
her
w
e
l
l
-
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
he
d
sea
r
ch
a
l
g
orit
h
m
s
fou
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
at
ure
,
i
ncl
u
din
g
t
he
R
a
n
d
o
m
Se
lf-
A
djuste
d
P
e
ak
S
e
a
r
c
h
(S
A
P
S
)
Step
1
Se
t
ma
xi
mu
m nu
mbe
r
of ite
r
a
tion a
s
te
r
m
i
n
a
ting c
r
it
e
r
ia.
Step
2
Ca
l
c
ula
t
e
th
e
le
ngt
h
of
t
he
p
robe
s
usi
n
g
e
qua
ti
on (1).
Step
3
E
xplore
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
l
o
we
r
a
nd
hi
ghe
r
PWM
duty
ra
t
i
os
r
e
s
pe
cti
v
e
l
y
t
o
se
a
r
c
h
f
o
r
h
i
ghe
r
p
o
w
e
r
output
w
ith
t
h
e
cal
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
s
ear
ch
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
.
Step
4
C
h
e
c
k
i
f a
ny
of
t
he
s
o
l
utions
r
e
t
urne
d
a
r
e
wi
thin
f
ea
s
i
bl
e
ra
ng
e.
Step
5
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
n
e
w
f
ound
sol
u
ti
ons
a
nd
m
ov
e
p
a
r
t
ic
l
e
t
owa
r
ds
t
he
b
et
t
e
r
y
i
e
l
d
.
Step
6
A
d
a
p
t
th
e
n
e
w
found
pow
e
r
output
i
f
it
i
s
h
ighe
r
th
a
n
t
he
c
urre
nt
pow
e
r
output.
Step
7
From
th
e
n
ew f
oun
d duty
ra
ti
o, r
e
p
ea
t
St
e
p
s 3 to 7 until no a
n
y
h
i
g
he
r
ou
t
p
ut
c
a
n
b
e
found.
Step
8
E
x
it
if
t
he
ite
ra
tio
n
num
be
r
re
ac
h
e
s
te
r
m
in
a
tion
c
r
i
t
e
r
ia
.
E
l
s
e
,
a
d
just
t
he
p
robe
l
e
ngth,
m
ove
on
to
t
he
n
e
x
t
ite
r
a
tion (
i
=
i
+
1) and
re
pe
a
t
from
St
ep
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
ones
i
a
n
J
E
lec
En
g & Co
mp
S
c
i
IS
S
N
: 2502-
47
52
An ar
tif
ic
ia
l i
n
t
e
l
lig
en
t a
ppr
o
a
ch
for
the
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n o
f
org
a
n
i
c
ra
nk
ine
…
(Jian D
i
n
g
T
an)
34
3
Step-
s
i
z
e
H
ill
C
limb
i
ng
(
RS
H
C
)
an
d G
e
n
e
tic
A
l
g
ori
t
h
m
(
G
A
)
.
I
n
o
rde
r
t
o ease
t
h
e
be
nc
hm
arki
ng
an
d
t
o have
a fa
ir com
par
i
s
on, 1
0
s
o
lu
tio
n
part
ic
les w
e
re
use
d in bo
t
h
S
A
PS
a
nd
RS
H
C. T
he num
ber
o
f
t
he
c
hrom
o
s
om
es
em
plo
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
GA
was
also
s
et
t
o
1
0
.
The
sim
u
l
a
ti
ons
w
ere
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
out
w
ith
a
1
.
6
G
H
z
I
nte
l
i
5
proc
es
sor
i
n
Wi
n
dow
s-7
o
p
e
r
a
ti
ng
syste
m
w
i
t
h
4
giga
b
y
t
e
s
o
f
R
A
M
.
1
0
i
n
d
epe
n
d
en
t
ru
ns
w
e
r
e
ca
rri
e
d
out
t
o
av
o
i
d
stoc
has
t
i
c
d
iscre
p
anc
y
.
The
pe
rform
a
n
c
e
of
a
l
l
t
he de
v
el
o
p
ed
a
l
gor
ithm
s
i
n
trac
k
i
n
g
t
he
m
ov
ing
M
P
P
are
a
n
al
y
s
ed
.
Ta
bl
e
2
.
show
s
the
per
f
orm
a
nce
o
f
e
ach
a
lg
or
ithm
in
t
r
ack
i
ng
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
M
P
P
,
w
h
i
c
h
wa
s
se
t
to
b
e
14
.7
3kW.
Th
e
com
p
aris
on
s
a
r
e
sec
t
i
o
ned
i
n
t
o
t
he
b
es
t
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,
w
or
st
s
ol
u
t
i
on
s,
a
ve
ra
g
e
s
olu
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
rd
dev
i
a
t
i
o
ns
f
r
o
m
the
1
0
i
n
d
e
p
en
de
nt
r
uns.
Ta
b
l
e
2
s
h
ow
s
the
per
f
orm
a
nce
com
p
ar
i
s
on
o
f
the
S
A
P
S
a
nd
t
h
e
ot
her
benc
hm
ar
ks
i
n
tra
c
k
i
ng
t
he
s
ec
ond
MP
P
,
w
hich
w
as
s
e
t
a
t
1
5.32
k
W
.
F
r
om
T
able
1
.
an
d
Ta
b
l
e
2.
a
ll
t
h
e
a
l
go
rith
ms
s
u
cce
ssfu
l
l
y
f
ou
nd
b
oth
t
h
e
st
at
i
c
M
P
P
s.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
t
c
an
b
e
o
b
ser
v
e
d
t
ha
t
the
pr
o
pose
S
A
P
S
ou
tpe
r
for
m
e
d
o
the
r
b
e
n
c
h
ma
rks
in
t
erm
of
acc
urac
y
as
t
h
e
s
ol
ut
i
o
n
s
r
e
turne
d
by
t
h
e
S
A
P
S
foun
d
re
la
t
i
ve
ly
hi
ghe
r
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
nera
tio
n.
T
h
e
G
en
Co
g
ener
atio
n
s
y
s
t
em
c
ons
i
s
ts
o
f
15
t
h
e
rma
l
uni
ts.
Tabl
e
2
.
s
ho
ws
d
at
a
of
t
h
e
th
e
r
mal
u
n
it
s wi
th
a
n
in
iti
a
l
st
a
t
u
s
of
un
its a
t
t
h
e b
e
g
i
nn
i
ng o
f
t
he
pla
n
n
i
n
g
pe
r
i
od.
Tab
l
e 2.
P
e
rform
ance
com
par
i
son
o
f
t
he
f
irs
t
MP
P
se
a
rc
hing
,
set
a
t 14.73
k
W
SA
PS
R
S
H
C
G
A
Be
st S
olution
14.
73
14.
71
14.
67
W
o
st
S
oluti
on
14.
71
14.
23
14.
27
Av
er
ag
e
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
14.
73
14.
45
14.
55
SD
5.
71E
-
0
4
7.
78E
-
0
3
6.
83E
-
0
2
Ta
b
l
e
3.
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
p
er
form
ance
c
om
paris
o
n
of
t
he
S
A
P
S
a
nd
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
b
e
n
chm
a
rks
in
t
rac
k
in
g
t
h
e
seco
nd
MP
P
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s
s
e
t
a
t
15.3
2
k
W.
F
rom
Table
1
a
n
d
Ta
ble
2,
a
ll
t
he
a
lg
ori
t
h
m
s
s
uc
cessfu
l
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
bo
th
t
he
s
t
a
t
i
c
MP
P
s
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
it
can
b
e
o
b
s
erve
d
t
h
at
t
he
p
ro
p
os
e
SAPS
o
utperform
ed
o
t
h
er
b
enc
h
ma
rks
i
n
term
of ac
cura
cy
a
s the
solu
t
i
ons
r
et
urne
d b
y
the
S
A
P
S
foun
d r
e
lat
i
vel
y
hi
g
her
pow
er
g
ene
r
at
io
n.
Tab
l
e 3:
P
er
form
anc
e
c
ompa
rison o
f
t
he
sec
o
nd MP
P
sea
r
chin
g,
s
e
t
at
1
5
.
32
kW
SA
PS
R
SHC
G
A
Be
st Solut
ion
15
.
3
2
15.
29
15.
29
Wost
S
olution
15
.
3
1
15.
2
15.
07
Av
er
ag
e
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
15
.
3
2
15.
23
15.
18
SD
2
.
62E
-
0
5
6.
61E-0
3
1.
72E
-0
2
F
i
gure
3.
s
ho
w
s
s
om
e
ra
nd
om
l
y
s
am
p
l
e
d
c
o
n
v
erge
nc
e
pr
ocesses
p
e
r
form
ed
b
y
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
alg
o
ri
t
h
ms
i
n
t
r
ac
king
t
h
e
mov
i
ng
MP
P.
I
t
can
b
e
o
b
serv
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
graph
tha
t
p
ro
po
sed
S
A
P
S
con
v
e
r
ge
rela
tive
l
y
fa
st
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
in
it
ial
s
t
age
o
f
t
he
s
ea
rch
for
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
M
PPs
.
I
t
al
so
s
u
c
ce
ssf
u
ll
y
a
c
h
i
ev
ed
com
p
ara
t
i
v
e
l
y
hig
h
e
r
sol
ut
ion
s
, w
hic
h
in
tur
n
pus
he
d t
h
e
g
e
ne
ra
te
d
pow
er
h
ighe
r.
Figure
3.
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
ence
proc
e
s
s
sam
ple
com
p
a
r
iso
n
of
SAPS, RSHC a
nd G
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2502-
4752
I
n
do
n
e
si
an
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
ci
, V
o
l
.
1
4
,
No. 1, April 2019 :
340 –
3
45
34
4
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
I
n
t
his
res
e
arc
h
,
a
Self-Adjus
te
d
Peak
S
ear
c
h
algo
rith
m
(S
A
PS)
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
S
A
P
S
beg
i
ns
t
he
s
ea
r
c
h
for
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
so
l
u
ti
ons
i
n
rela
ti
ve
ly
l
a
r
ger
st
eps,
a
n
d
r
eg
ula
t
es
t
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
ste
p
s
iz
es
a
s
the
it
e
r
a
t
i
o
ns
g
o.
T
h
i
s
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
S
AP
S
to
f
in
d
so
l
u
t
i
ons
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
acc
ur
ac
ies
q
u
i
cker
by
no
t
pr
ob
i
ng
aroun
d
to
o
fi
nel
y
a
t
th
e
be
gin
n
i
n
g
o
f
the
sear
ch.
Ex
per
i
m
e
n
t
o
ut
c
o
me
s
show
t
ha
t
the pro
pose
d
S
A
P
S
pe
rfor
med
w
e
ll
in
t
ra
ck
i
ng
t
h
e
ma
xi
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
poi
n
t
o
f
a
n
O
rga
n
ic
R
a
n
ki
ne
C
yc
le
p
o
w
e
r
g
ener
at
ion
sys
t
e
m
.
The
r
e
su
lt
s
als
o
s
how
t
ha
t
the
S
A
PS
ou
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed o
t
h
er
w
e
l
l-
e
s
ta
b
lis
h
e
d
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
c
h
an
isms,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g ran
d
o
m
st
ep
h
il
l-
climb
i
ng a
nd g
e
ne
tic
al
g
orit
h
m
i
n
the MP
PT
o
f ORC power
ge
n
e
ra
t
ion sys
t
em
s.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
t
hors
ex
pre
ss
grea
t
a
c
k
now
led
g
em
e
n
t
to
U
n
i
vers
it
iTe
n
aga
N
a
si
o
n
al
(
U
N
I
T
E
N
)
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
f
o
r
the s
u
pport of this
r
esearch.
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u
s
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an
O
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t
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c
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r
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v
i
ew
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f
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a
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e
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a
n
d
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rg
anic
R
an
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n
e
Cycl
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(
O
RC)
i
n
o
n
-off
h
i
ghw
ay
v
ehi
c
le
h
eavy
d
u
t
y
d
i
es
el
e
n
g
i
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a
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u
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i
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p
e
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a
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ad
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i
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esi
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was
t
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a
t,
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ves
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f
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mi
cr
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b
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org
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a
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d
des
i
ccant
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ng
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n
it
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l
a
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T
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p
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age,
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R.
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lu
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as
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ss
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org
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i,
S
m
a
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Or
gan
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Ran
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Cy
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or
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V.
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del
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a s
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ganic
Rank
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Cycle,
Applied
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h
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mal Eng
i
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09
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racki
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(M
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o
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