Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
59
~
7
6
5
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
59
-
7
6
5
759
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Therm
al d
istributi
on anal
ysis of ri
ce weevil
disin
festation usi
ng
microw
ave he
atin
g treatm
ent
Ma
li
ki I
brahi
m
1
, Rosemiz
i Abd R
ah
im
2
,
Ju
nit
a M
oh
d
No
r
din
3
, S
i
ti
Z
ulaika
Abdu
l Ny
z
am
4
,
Muhamm
ad
Thaqif
Abdull
ah
5
1
School
of
Manu
fac
tur
ing
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
M
al
a
y
s
ia.
2
,3,4,5
School
of
Com
pute
r
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing, Univers
it
i
Ma
lay
sia
Pe
rli
s,
M
a
lay
si
a.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
09
,
2018
Re
vised
Dec
10
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
2
5
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
se
nts
an
an
aly
sis
of
a
m
ic
rowav
e
hea
t
ing
therm
al
distri
buti
on
in
the
rice
wee
v
i
l
disinfe
st
at
ion
tr
ea
tment
.
Th
e
sa
m
ple
of
rice
and
ric
e
wee
vi
l
has
bee
n
h
ea
t
ed
b
y
m
icrow
ave
and
the
infra
r
ed
the
rm
al
ca
m
era
has
been
used
to
ca
pture
t
he
hea
t
ing
distribution.
Th
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
the
rice
a
nd
the
rice
wee
vil
condi
t
ion
due
to
elec
trom
agne
t
ic
ene
rg
y
e
xposure
is
pre
se
nte
d.
The
r
e
are
thr
ee
st
age
s
of
the
m
ic
rowav
e
heating
has
b
e
en
ta
k
en
in
th
e
ana
l
y
sis
i
.
e
.
1
0,
20,
30
sec
o
nds
exp
osure
per
iod
at
100W
of
ene
rg
y
.
Fou
nd
tha
t
th
e
tre
a
tment
of
ri
ce
wee
vil
d
isinfe
st
at
ion
using
m
ic
r
owave
energ
y
is
prom
ising
in
the
futu
re,
bu
t
nee
ds
a
lot
of
improvem
ent
to
be
studie
d
.
The
bea
ut
y
o
f
using
m
ic
rowav
e
en
erg
y
for
r
ice
wee
v
i
l
d
isinfes
ta
ti
on
is
not
o
nl
y
the
ri
ce
wee
vil
c
an
be
ki
ll
ed
,
but
eve
n
it
s
eggs
or
la
rva
e
i
nside
the
rice
ke
rne
l
will
be
kil
le
d
bef
or
e it
h
at
ch
es.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Bubu
k
rice
Diel
ect
ric pro
pe
rtie
s
Mi
cro
wa
ve he
at
ing
Ri
ce weev
il
Ther
m
al
d
ist
ribu
ti
on
Un
e
ve
n heati
ng
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Rosem
izi A
bd
Ra
him
,
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
M
al
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: ro
sem
izi@unim
ap.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ri
ce
is
on
e
of
the
m
a
in
agr
ic
ultur
e
c
omm
o
dity
of
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
food
s
ources.
T
he
de
pende
nce
on
the r
ic
e p
r
oduc
ti
on
in
the c
ountry is n
ot eno
ugh,
th
us
the
rice al
so
i
m
po
rts
f
ro
m
the n
ei
ghbo
ur
i
ng
c
ount
ry too.
To
a
vo
i
d
the
s
hortage
of
sup
ply,
th
e
rice
will
be
store
d
in
la
rg
e
qu
a
ntit
ie
s
in
a
certai
n
pe
rio
d
be
fore
th
ey
can
be
m
ark
et
ed.
Althou
gh
rice
is
a
long
la
sti
ng
com
m
od
it
y
if
sto
red,
but
it
sti
ll
can
be
dam
aged
du
e
to
th
e
var
i
ou
s
fact
ors
su
c
h
as
an
at
ta
ck
by
th
e
insect
kn
own
as
kutu
be
ras
or
ri
ce
wee
vi
l
(S
it
ophilus
or
yz
ae
Linn
ae
us).
They
are
a
fe
w
m
e
tho
ds
ha
s
been
us
ed
in
con
tr
olli
ng
kutu
ber
as
.
The
conve
ntion
al
m
et
ho
d
of
the
insect
ic
ides
is
us
e
d
w
hich
re
qu
i
res
rig
oro
us
con
tr
ol.
I
ns
e
ct
ic
ides
are
spray
ed
di
rectl
y
on
t
o
the
rice
durin
g
un
l
oad
i
ng
i
nt
o
the
stora
ge.
P
est
ic
ides
are
a
m
on
g
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
use
d
c
hem
ic
al
s
i
n
t
he
world
,
a
nd
it
is
dange
rous
t
o
hum
an
healt
h
as
well
as
the
e
nvir
on
m
ent.
Th
e
physi
cal
m
eth
od
is
by
m
anipu
la
ti
ng
the
ph
ysi
cal
env
i
ronm
ent
or
by
ap
plyi
ng
physi
cal
treatm
e
nts
to
the
i
ns
ec
t.
It
includes
t
he
diff
e
ren
t
ty
pe
s
of
tra
ps
(i.e
.probe
traps
a
nd
pher
om
on
e
traps
),
m
anipu
la
ti
on
of
the
physi
cal
env
i
ronm
ent,
m
echan
ic
al
im
pact,
ph
ysi
cal
re
m
ov
al
,
abr
asi
ve
a
nd in
ert dusts.
I
n biolo
gical
m
et
ho
d,
t
he
li
ving
organ
ism
s,
as n
at
ur
al
e
nem
ie
s a
re u
se
d
to
contr
ol th
e
insect
.
T
hey
ar
e
usual
ly
sp
eci
es
sp
eci
fic.
To
co
ntro
l
of
ins
ect
in
store
pro
du
ct
s
,
these
na
tural
enem
ie
s
can
be
release
d
at
a
one locat
i
on and
they will
sea
rc
h
a
nd att
ack t
he
insect.
The
li
fes
pan
of an
ad
ult rice weevils i
s up
t
o
si
x or
se
ve
n m
on
ths.
D
ur
i
ng that pe
rio
d,
t
he
fem
al
e rice
weev
il
capa
ble
of
pr
oducin
g
300
to
400
eg
gs.
The
way
these
egg
s
a
re
de
viati
ng
f
or
hat
chin
g
is
qu
it
e
un
i
qu
e
and
ve
ry
safe
.
The
fem
al
e
ric
e
wee
vil
us
es
her
stron
g
m
a
nd
i
bles
to
dri
ll
a
hole
in
the
r
ic
e
ke
r
nel.
T
he
n
s
he
pu
ts
a
sin
gle
egg
a
nd
seal
s
t
he
hole
with
a
gelat
inous
flu
id
wh
ic
h
they
pro
vid
e
by
the
ir
sal
iva.
In
th
e
ho
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
59
–
7
6
5
760
cl
i
m
ax
li
ke
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
pe
rio
d
f
or
the
e
gg
to
hatc
h
is
norm
al
l
y
in
tw
enty
five
days
.
This
per
i
od
is
l
onge
r
f
or
c
old
cl
im
ax.
T
his
un
i
que
hatchi
ng
m
eth
od
of
t
he
wee
vil
la
rv
ae
ca
use
s
it
s
br
ee
ding
canno
t
be
sto
pped
ev
e
n
th
ough t
he disi
nf
est
at
io
n
tre
atm
ent p
r
ocess
h
as
bee
n per
form
ed.
Th
is i
s a
m
ajo
r
disa
dva
ntag
e
of
co
nventio
na
l
treat
m
ent
m
e
thods.
Ba
sed
on
that
sta
teme
nt,
now
it
is
answere
d
on
how
the
rice
w
eevil
occurs
in
our
ri
ce
stora
ge
e
ve
n
th
ough
the
re
is
no
wee
vil
durin
g
the
rice
pu
rch
asi
ng.
But
a
fter
a
fe
w
days
or
a
week, a l
ot of
weev
il
a
pp
e
ars
in
the
r
ic
e st
orage.
In
this
pa
per,
the
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
t
reatm
ent
m
e
tho
d
a
s
a
te
chn
iq
ue
to
con
t
ro
l
the
i
nse
ct
will
be
discusse
d.
Co
m
m
on
ly
the
pe
op
le
know
t
hat
the
m
ic
ro
wave
energy
on
ly
us
e
d
in
prepa
ring
f
ood.
I
n
rea
li
ty
,
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
e
ne
rg
y
al
s
o
has
be
en
us
ed
in
t
he
chem
ic
al
fiel
d,
m
edical
fiel
d,
and
te
le
com
mu
nicat
io
n
in
du
stri
es.
Howe
ver,
the
us
a
ge
of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
ene
r
gy
in
food
in
du
strie
s
is
sti
l
l
t
he
la
rg
est
am
ount
of
co
ns
um
er
of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
ene
rg
y
[
1].
Food
i
ndus
trie
s
us
ed
this
energy
for
thawin
g,
c
ooki
ng,
tem
per
in
g,
dr
yi
ng,
bak
i
ng,
and
heati
ng.
Mi
cro
wa
ve
can
be
div
ide
d
into
two
cat
eg
or
ie
s
wh
ic
h
a
re
dom
est
ic
m
ic
rowav
e
a
nd
in
dustria
l
m
ic
ro
wa
ve.
2450MHz
is
th
e
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
t
hat
is
us
e
d
by
do
m
est
ic
m
i
crowa
ve
w
hile
915MH
z
is
us
e
d
in
industrial
s m
icr
owa
ve
[
2].
As
we
al
l
kn
ow,
c
onve
ntio
na
l
heati
ng
is
m
or
e
to
surfac
e
heati
ng
a
nd
abs
orption
of
heat
[
3].
T
he
m
ai
n
po
int
m
i
crowa
ve
ene
rgy
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
is
to
i
ncrea
se
the
heati
ng
rate
a
nd
reduce
the
ti
m
e
tak
en
t
o
get
the
f
ood
re
ady
by
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
energy
[1
]
.
T
he
bes
t
par
t
of
m
ic
rowav
e
heati
ng
is
processi
ng
ti
m
e
will
be
s
horter
c
om
par
ed
to
o
t
he
r
dev
ic
e.
Hea
t
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
f
ood
m
at
erial
s
as
vo
lum
et
ric
heati
ng
.
This
m
et
ho
d
will
le
ad
to
fa
ste
r
c
ooki
ng
an
d
re
duce
proce
ssin
g
t
i
m
e.
Mi
cro
wa
ve
e
nergy
to
pe
netrate
int
o
t
he
f
ood
pro
du
ct
a
nd
produce
volum
etr
ic
al
ly
distribut
ed
heat
sourc
es,
du
e
to
t
he
m
olecular
fr
ic
ti
on
ca
us
e
d
by
dipol
e
ro
ta
ti
on
pola
r
s
olv
e
nt
in
respo
ns
e
to
a
cha
ng
i
ng
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
at
a
rate
of
about
2.4
5
bill
ion
ti
m
es
per
second.
Figure
1
sho
w
s
that
the
dipolar
ro
ta
ti
on
due
to
the
cu
rrent
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
due
t
o
the
c
hange
i
n
th
e
po
la
rity
o
f
el
ec
trom
agn
et
ic
f
ie
lds in
the ca
vity
o
ve
r
ti
m
e.
Figure
1. Va
riat
ion
of m
ic
ro
wav
e
pro
pag
at
io
n
in
tim
e [3
]
In
a
rtic
le
[4
]
,
they
rev
ie
w
the
co
nce
pt
of
rad
i
o
f
reque
nc
y
and
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
treatm
ent
to
disinf
e
st
of
ku
tu
ber
as
in
rice.
Re
searche
rs
in
[5
]
us
in
g
Galer
kin
finite
el
e
m
ents
to
ob
ta
ined
the
m
i
crowa
ve
powe
r,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
li
qui
d
volum
e
fr
ac
ti
on
s
f
or
m
ic
r
ow
a
ve
tha
wing
of
ty
lose
sla
bs
.
In
te
rm
s
of
f
ood
qu
al
it
y,
f
ood
t
hat
prepa
re
d
by
m
ic
ro
wav
e
does
no
t
beco
m
e
bro
wn
a
nd
dr
y
becau
s
e
t
he
tem
per
at
ure
ins
ide
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
bo
x
is
room
temperat
ur
e
[
3].
T
he
disa
dv
a
ntag
e
of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
heati
ng
is
it
can
resu
lt
,
un
even
heati
ng
a
nd
it
will
le
ave
cold
sp
ots
w
he
re
it
can
al
low
bac
te
ria
to
su
r
viv
e
.
The
“col
d”
and
“
ho
t”
s
po
t
can
be
anyw
her
e
on t
he
foo
d produc
t.
A
ra
pid
a
nd
rel
ia
ble
m
e
tho
d
was
dev
el
op
e
d
in
[
6]
an
d
ef
fe
ct
ively
locat
e
t
he
col
d
s
po
t
in
m
od
el
f
oo
d
ste
rili
zed
in
m
i
crowa
ve
syst
em
s.
A
Var
ia
ble
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
hea
ti
ng
pro
ced
ur
e
s
wer
e
pro
po
se
d
in
[
7]
to
ove
r
com
e
the
geo
m
et
ry
of
a
roughly
sp
he
rical
fo
odst
uff
do
m
inati
ng
the
heati
ng
patte
rn
w
he
n
heate
d
in
fixe
d
fr
e
quenc
y
app
li
cat
ors.
Th
e
eff
ect
of
the
non
-
unif
or
m
diffusivity
as
we
ll
as
non
-
unif
orm
el
ect
ric
field
s
on
the
f
or
m
at
ion
of
hots
po
ts
wa
s
inv
est
igate
d
i
n
[8
]
.
Wh
il
e
in
[9
]
,
they
stud
i
ed
of
the
unev
en
heati
ng
of
a
heated
Ma
te
rial
in
a
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
oven
by
co
ns
i
deri
ng
ai
r
c
onvect
ion
a
nd
heat
ra
diati
on
.
T
he
uneve
n
te
m
per
a
ture
distrib
utio
n
of
a
heated m
at
erial w
as
com
pu
te
d by the
cou
pled
m
e
tho
d.
An
in
vestigat
i
on
on
th
e
ef
fe
ct
of
var
yi
ng
the
load
,
m
esh
and
sim
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers
in
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
ap
plica
ti
on
s
hav
e
be
en
prese
nted
i
n
[
10]
.
A
c
ompre
he
ns
ive
a
na
ly
sis
on
the
e
f
fect
of
sh
a
pe
on
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
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c Eng &
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m
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Sci
IS
S
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25
02
-
4752
Th
er
ma
l
Distri
bu
ti
on
An
alysi
s o
f
Ric
e
Weev
il
D
isi
nfe
stati
on
u
si
ng Microw
ave
Hea
ti
ng…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
761
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
hea
ti
ng
dynam
ic
s
of
f
ood
m
at
eri
al
s
was
st
ud
ie
d
in
[
11]
.
T
hey
analy
s
ed
t
he
ef
fect
of
s
hap
e
on
th
e
ov
e
rall
h
eat
in
g rate
a
nd sp
at
ia
l heati
ng d
y
na
m
ic
.
This
pa
per
wil
l
pr
e
sent
t
he
hotsp
ot
c
har
act
e
rizat
ion
an
d
pa
tt
ern
of
the
m
i
crowa
ve
heati
ng
wee
vil
in
rice
stora
ge.
T
his
cha
racteri
z
at
ion
is
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
in
order
to
st
ud
y
th
e
eff
ect
ive
ness
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
e
ne
rg
y i
n
c
on
tr
olli
ng the
rice
wee
vils.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
OL
OGY
A
m
ic
ro
wav
a
bl
e
j
ig
will
be
de
velo
ped
f
or
e
xp
e
rim
ental
wo
r
k.
The
e
xper
i
m
ent
will
be
cond
ucted
by
placi
ng
the
sa
m
ple
of
rice
t
og
et
her
with
the
in
sec
ts
in
the
pur
po
se
d
j
i
g
a
nd
ex
pose
d
to
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
ene
rg
y.
The
t
her
m
al
i
m
age of
the
m
at
erial
ex
pose
d t
o
the
m
ic
ro
w
ave e
nergy
will
b
e a
naly
sed.
2
.1
.
Rice a
nd
R
ic
e Wee
vil
Be
fore
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
can
be
co
nducted
,
the
ade
qu
at
e
sam
ple
of
t
he
rice
weev
il
s
houl
d
be
pr
e
par
e
d.
As
al
rea
dy
m
e
ntion
pr
e
vi
ou
sl
y
in
the
introd
uction
se
ct
ion,
there
is
al
ready
hav
e
a
wee
vi
l
egg
or
la
r
vae
inside
the
rice
kernel
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
be
en
de
po
sit
e
d
by
the
fem
a
le
weev
il
duri
ng
la
yi
ng
egg.
In
this
stud
y,
w
e
are
al
read
y
br
ee
di
ng the
rice
wee
v
il
b
y
keep
i
ng
it
f
or a m
on
th
. Fi
gure
2
s
hows
the im
age o
f
the
rice wee
vil.
Figure
2
.
Ri
ce and rice
wee
vil
2
.
2.
Measuri
ng
Eq
uipmen
t
s
In
orde
r
to
m
easur
e
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
dist
rib
ution
hotsp
ot
heati
ng,
t
he
inf
rar
e
d
the
r
m
al
i
m
aging
ca
m
era
had
be
en
ch
os
en
,
ty
pe
FLIR
i5
Th
erm
al
Came
ra.
The
infr
a
re
d
therm
al
ca
m
era
able
to
detect
the
therm
al
reso
luti
on
by
capt
ur
in
g
the
im
age
of
the
heate
d
sam
ple.
T
hu
s
,
it
wi
ll
giv
e
the
readi
ng
of
te
m
per
a
tur
e
and d
i
ff
e
ren
ce
colo
ur of the
i
m
age which o
ne
is h
i
gh tem
pe
ratur
e
a
nd
w
hich on
e
is the
lo
w
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
2
.
3.
E
xp
eri
m
ent
S
etu
p
A
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
heati
ng
syst
e
m
set
up
,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3
has
been
us
e
d
i
n
our
the
the
rm
al
distrib
ution
c
ha
racteri
zat
ion.
The
e
xp
e
rim
en
ts
wer
e
c
onduc
te
d
by
placi
ng
the
sam
ple
of
r
ic
e
in
the
pro
pose
d
m
at
erial
un
de
r
te
st
(MUT
)
c
on
ta
ine
r.
Th
en
,
the
rice
sam
ple
m
ov
ed
int
o
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
a
ppli
cat
or
syst
e
m
with
th
e
sel
ect
ed
require
d
power
a
nd
ex
pos
ur
e
ti
m
e.
In
this
e
xperim
ent,
100W
of
po
wer
ha
s
be
e
n
chosen
to
he
at
the
sa
m
ple.
Af
te
r
the
MU
T
con
ta
ine
r
m
ov
i
ng
ou
t
of
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
app
li
cat
or,
a
therm
al
i
m
age
of
t
he
r
ic
e
sa
m
ple
wa
s
captu
re
d
by
the
therm
al
cam
era.
All
the
data
we
re
rec
orde
d
in
t
he
im
age
acqu
isi
ti
on sys
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
59
–
7
6
5
762
Figure
3
.
The
e
xp
e
rim
ental
w
ork
set
up
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
capt
ur
e
d
inf
rar
e
d
therm
al
i
m
age
distrib
ution
will
be
presente
d
in
thi
s
sect
ion
.
I
nfra
red
the
rm
a
l
i
m
aging
is
a
r
apid
a
nd
non
-
inv
a
sive
proce
dure
f
or
m
app
i
ng
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
distri
bu
ti
on
of
t
he
sam
ple.
T
he
colo
ur
m
app
in
g
is
a
process
that
trans
form
s
the
c
olour
of
a
n
ori
gin
al
im
a
ge
to
ta
r
get
i
m
age.
Im
age
col
our
is
trans
form
ed
by
al
gorithm
and
colo
ur
m
app
ing
al
so
m
ay
be
ref
e
rr
e
d
as
a
n
al
gorit
hm
.
So
m
eti
m
es
this
m
et
ho
d
can
cal
le
d
c
olo
ur
t
ran
s
fer.
T
her
e
are
th
ree
m
ai
n
colo
urs
wh
ic
h
a
re
red,
ye
ll
ow
a
nd
bl
ue.
Re
d
col
our
is
the
highest
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
im
age
w
hile
th
e
ye
ll
ow
is
in
the
m
idd
le
of
the
te
m
per
at
ure.
Bl
ue
c
ol
our
is
th
e
lowest
te
m
per
a
ture.
T
hu
s
,
this
colo
ur
m
app
i
ng
ra
nge
ca
n
s
how
w
hich
pa
r
t
is
in
high
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
wh
ic
h
par
t i
s i
n
th
e lo
w
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
3.1.
Be
f
ore E
xposured
to
Microwa
ve
Figure
4
(a
)
shows
the
sam
ple
of
rice
an
d
rice
weev
il
befo
re
heati
ng
by
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
ene
rg
y.
S
how
n
that a l
ot
of r
ic
e w
ee
vil m
ov
ing ar
ound t
he
r
ic
e. Figure
4(b) s
hows
t
hat th
e therm
al
is d
ist
ribu
te
d
e
ven
ly
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Figure
4
.
Be
f
ore ex
posure to
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
3
.
2
.
E
xposur
ed to
Microw
av
e
The
fo
ll
owin
g
sect
ion
will
presente
d
the
r
esult
of
the
m
at
erial
after
e
xposu
re
to
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
.
Ther
e
are
th
er
e
ph
a
se
of
the
expos
ur
e
in
t
his
stu
dy
w
hic
h
is
ba
sed
on
the
durati
on
of
m
ic
ro
wav
e
e
nergy
expos
ur
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
er
ma
l
Distri
bu
ti
on
An
alysi
s o
f
Ric
e
Weev
il
D
isi
nfe
stati
on
u
si
ng Microw
ave
Hea
ti
ng…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
763
3
.
1.1
.
Fir
st
P
h
as
e
-
10 sec
ond
s
The
first
phas
e
of
the
m
easur
em
ent
of
this
exp
e
rim
ent
was
to
heat
up
th
e
sam
ple
fo
r
10
sec
onds
.
Fr
om
the
ob
se
rv
at
io
n,
fou
nd
that
al
l
the
rice
weev
il
s
we
re
sti
ll
su
rv
ivin
g.
Fig
ur
e
5
(a
)
sh
ows
t
hat
m
os
t
the
rice weev
il
sti
ll
m
ov
ing
with so
m
e o
f
the w
e
evil were
dea
d. Figure 5(b) show
s t
he
inf
rar
e
d
distrib
utio
n
im
age
of
t
he
sam
ple.
The
te
m
per
at
ure
at
the
s
pot
locat
ion
was
74
˚C.
T
he
highes
t
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
t
this
sta
ge
was
89˚C
and the l
ow
e
st
was 30˚C.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Figure
5. Ex
po
s
ur
e
to
m
ic
ro
w
ave
for 10 sec
onds
3
.
1.2
.
Seco
nd Phase
-
20 seco
nds
In
t
his
ph
ase
,
t
he
sam
ple
was
ex
po
se
d
up
to
20
sec
onds.
F
ound
that
s
ome
of
the
rice
w
eevil
we
re
dead
a
nd
s
om
e
o
f
it
sti
l
l sur
viv
es. F
ig
ure 6
(
a) s
hows
the i
m
age
of
r
ic
e we
evil afte
r
expose
d
to the
m
icr
owa
ve
energy
for
20
s
wh
il
e
Figur
e
6(
b)
sho
ws
the
infr
are
d
heati
ng
distrib
ution
im
age
of
the
sam
ple.
The
tem
per
at
ur
e
at
the
spot
locat
ion
was
10
3˚
C.
The
highest
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
t
his
phase
was
124˚C
and
t
he
lowes
t
was 3
2˚C.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Figure
6. Ex
po
su
re
to
m
ic
ro
w
ave
for 20 sec
onds
3
.
1.3
.
T
hird P
ha
se
-
30 se
co
n
ds
In
this
phase,
t
he
sam
ple
was
exposed
to
the
m
ic
ro
wav
e
en
erg
y
up
to
30
seconds
.
Found
that
al
l
the
rice
wee
vils
wer
e
dea
d.
Figure
6(
a
)
s
hows
the
im
age
of
dea
d
rice
weev
il
s
wh
il
e
Fig
ur
e
6(b
)
s
hows
t
he
infr
a
re
d
distri
bu
ti
on
im
age
of
the
sam
ple.
The
te
m
per
at
ur
e
at
the
s
pot
locat
ion
was
103˚
C
.
The
hi
gh
est
tem
per
at
ur
e
at
this
sta
ge
wa
s
124˚C
an
d
the
lo
west
was
32˚C.
E
xposu
re
to
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
f
or
30
sec
onds
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
59
–
7
6
5
764
(
a
)
(
b
)
Figure
7. Ex
po
s
ur
e
to
m
ic
ro
w
ave
for 30 sec
onds
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
the
m
icr
owa
ve
heati
ng
ex
per
im
ental
wo
r
k,
it
is
sh
ow
n
that
the
com
bin
at
ion
s
of
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
le
vel
an
d
ex
posure
pe
rio
d
we
re
able
to
kill
al
l
the
rice
wee
vils.
It
is
al
so
show
n
that
in
th
e
first
ph
a
se,
wh
ic
h
i
s
the
e
xposur
e
in
10
se
co
nds,
so
m
e
of
the
we
evil
are
kill
ed.
The
n
in
the
sec
ond
phase,
it
is
al
s
o
sh
ow
n
t
hat
onl
y
so
m
e
of
t
he
weev
il
wer
e
ki
ll
ed.
I
n
t
he
thi
rd
sta
ge,
al
l
th
e
rice
weev
il
wer
e
kill
ed
a
ft
er
30
s
ex
pos
ur
e
. All
this h
a
ppen
s are
due to
t
he une
ven or
non u
ni
fo
rm
h
eat
ing
by the elect
r
om
agn
et
ic
en
e
rgy
w
hic
h
is
sh
own
by
th
e
infr
a
red
heati
ng
distrib
utio
n
i
m
age.
Ther
e
are
two
facto
rs
that
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
unde
rstan
d
the
syst
e
m
per
for
m
ance
and
iss
ue
of
no
n
-
uni
f
or
m
heati
ng
w
hich
are
c
oupl
ed
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
and
heat
trans
fer
m
od
el
li
ng
of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
he
at
ing
.
As
the
c
on
cl
us
io
n,
the
treatm
ent
of
ri
ce
wee
vil
us
i
ng
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
e
nergy
hav
e
a
fu
t
ur
e,
t
hu
s
a l
ot of tec
hn
i
qu
e
s fo
r
im
pro
vem
ent
m
us
t be st
ud
ie
d
a
ggressi
vely
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
the
Mi
nist
ry
of
E
du
cat
io
n
(MOE
),
Ma
l
ay
sia
fo
r
the
f
unding
un
der
the
F
undam
ental
Re
sear
ch
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e
(F
RGS
9003
-
00
597)
wit
h
ref
e
re
nce
co
de:
FRGS/1/
2016/
TK
04
/
UNIMA
P/02
/
6.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Akara
pu
,
R
.
,
B.
Q.
Li,
Y.
Huo
,
J
.
T
ang
and
F.
L
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“
Inte
gr
at
ed
m
ode
ll
ing
o
f
m
ic
rowave
foo
d
proc
essing
and
compari
son
with
expe
r
imenta
l
M
ea
surem
ent
s”
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J
ournal
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cro
wave
Powe
r
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tromagnet
i
c
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“
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ent
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l
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ic
rowave
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D.
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zi
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c
c
har
ac
t
eriza
t
io
n
of
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-
loss
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te
r
ia
ls
a
compari
son
of
te
chni
q
ues”
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ectric
a
l
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on,
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la
ik
a
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ul
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y
za
m
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Rose
m
iz
i
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Rahim
,
and
Hasl
iz
a
A.
Rahi
m
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“
Review
Article
of
R
a
dio
Freque
n
c
y
a
nd
Micro
wave
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t
ing
Tre
a
tment
to
Disinfest
Kutu
Bera
s
in
Malay
s
ia
n
Rice”
,
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Confe
r
e
nce
on
Eme
rging
El
e
ct
ronic
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on
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OT
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Basak,
T
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and
K.
G.
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y
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“
Anal
y
sis
of
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ic
rowave
tha
w
ing
of
slabs
with
eff
ective
h
ea
t
c
apa
c
ity
m
et
hod”
.
AICHE
Journ
al
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[6]
Bhuwan
Pandit,
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,
J.
T
ang,
F
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L
iu
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y
l
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“
A
computer
visi
on
m
et
hod
to
lo
ca
t
e
co
ld
spots
i
n
foods i
n
m
ic
row
ave
st
eri
l
izati
on
proc
esses”.
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ern
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t
ion
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36
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[7]
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R.
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“
Vari
able
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eque
nc
y
m
ic
ro
wave
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f
food”
.
The
Jo
urnal
of
Mic
ro
wave
Pow
er
and
El
e
ct
rom
agnet
i
c
Ene
rgy:
A
Pub
licati
on
of the
Inter
nati
onal
M
ic
ro
wave
Powe
r Inst
it
ute
34(4):
227
-
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[8]
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
D
.
,
N
u
s
a
n
t
a
r
a
T
.
,
I
m
r
o
n
M
.
A
.
,
“
B
a
s
u
k
i
(
1
9
9
7
)
O
n
t
h
e
F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
H
o
t
s
p
o
t
i
n
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
”
.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
N
u
m
e
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
p
2
4
5
-
2
5
5
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
D
o
r
d
r
e
c
h
t
[9]
W
at
ana
be
S,
T
ets
uhiro
S,
Hashimot
o
O,
“
Study
O
f
Uneve
n
Hea
ti
n
g
Of
A
Hea
te
d
Mate
ri
al
In
A
Microwa
ve
Ove
n
Consideri
ng
Ai
r
Convection
And
Hea
t
R
adiati
on
”,
2007
7t
h
Inte
rnat
ional
Symposium
on
Elec
tromagnet
i
c
Compatibi
lity
an
d
Elec
tromagnet
ic
Ec
olog
y
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ers,
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.
A.
an
d
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“
An
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t
ion
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ect
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y
in
g
the
loa
d
,
m
esh
and
sim
ula
ti
on
par
amete
rs
in
m
ic
rowave
h
ea
t
i
n
g
appl
icati
ons”
.
The
Journal
of
microwave
pow
er
and
el
ectrom
agnet
i
c
ene
rgy:
a
publi
cation
o
f
th
e
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onal
Mic
rowave
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er
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te
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259.
[11]
Bhat
tacha
r
y
a
M,
Basak
T,
“
A
co
m
pre
hensive
an
a
l
y
sis
on
th
e
eff
e
ct
of
shape
on
th
e
m
ic
rowave
h
eating
d
y
namics
of
food
m
at
erials
”
,
Innov
ative Food
Scienc
e
&
Eme
r
ging
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e
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r
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266
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Th
er
ma
l
Distri
bu
ti
on
An
alysi
s o
f
Ric
e
Weev
il
D
isi
nfe
stati
on
u
si
ng Microw
ave
Hea
ti
ng…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
765
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mali
ki
Ibra
h
im
rec
e
ive
d
the
M.
Eng.
(Elec
t
rical
-
El
ectroni
cs
and
Te
lecom
m
unic
at
ions)
from
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mal
a
y
s
ia
and
B.
Eng.
(Ele
ct
ri
c)
from
th
e
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mar
a,
Malay
s
ia.
Curre
ntly
is a
lectur
er at
Facu
l
t
y
of
M
a
nufa
ct
ur
ing
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Univer
s
it
i
Ma
lay
sia
Perli
s
(UniMA
P
)
,
Malay
si
a
.
T
eache
s
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Fundam
ent
al
s
,
In
strum
ent
at
ion
an
d
Inte
gra
t
ed
Manufa
c
tur
ing. I
nte
rsted
in
Tomograph
y
,
Mi
cro
wave
He
at
ing
an
d
Sensors
.
Rosem
iz
i
Abd
Rahi
m
recei
v
ed
the
Diploma
in
El
ec
tr
ical
En
gine
er
ing
from
the
Instit
ut
Te
knologi
Mar
a
,
Malay
sia
(199
7),
B.
Eng
.
in
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
from
the
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mara
,
Malay
s
ia
(2000
),
the
M.Sc.
d
egr
ee
in
E
le
c
tr
onic
S
y
stem
Design
Engi
ne
ering
from
th
e
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
s
ia
(200
4),
and
his
Ph.
D.
in
Com
m
uni
ca
t
ion
Engi
ne
ering
from
the
Univer
siti
Malay
sia
Perl
is
(2013).
From
2000
t
o
2004,
he
was
a
fai
lur
e
ana
l
y
si
s
engi
nee
r
at
a
m
ult
ina
ti
on
al
ele
ct
roni
c
m
anuf
act
uring
compan
y
i
n
Penang,
M
al
a
y
sia
.
The
n,
sinc
e
2005
he
is
with
th
e
Univ
er
siti
Mal
a
y
sia
Perli
s
as
an
ac
ad
emici
an
.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
i
ncl
udes
the
ana
l
y
sis a
nd
dev
el
opm
ent
of
new
source
s of
ene
rgy
har
vest
ing
s
y
st
em a
nd
te
chni
qu
es,
ant
enn
a
design
and
m
ic
rowave
hea
t
ing.
He
is
a
Profe
ss
iona
l
Engi
ne
e
r
(El
ectrical
)
a
nd
Cert
ified
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
En
erg
y
M
ana
ger
.
Junita
Mohd
No
rdin
re
ceive
d
th
e
BS
c
deg
ree
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
from
th
e
Univer
si
ti
Te
nag
a
Nasiona
l,
Malay
si
a
(20
02),
the
M.Sc
.
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
r
onic
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g
from
the
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Southampton,
Unite
d
Kingdom
in
2005,
and
her
Ph.D.
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
sit
i
Malay
si
a
Perlis
(2014).
Her
r
ese
arc
h
int
e
rest
inc
lud
e
RF
Com
m
unic
at
ion
s
y
stem a
nd
optic
al
engi
ne
eri
ng
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.