Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
N
o.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
94
~
8
0
0
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
94
-
8
0
0
794
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Detectio
n of atte
ntion an
d medi
tation st
ate
-
bas
ed b
ra
inw
ave
system to
co
nt
rol prosthet
ic arm
Ah
m
ad
D
an
ia
l
,
A
bdul
Rah
man
2
,
H
an
im
Hussin
3
1,2,3
Facul
t
y
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknol
ogi
Mara
(
UiTM),
Sel
ango
r,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
3
Inte
gra
te
d
Micr
oel
e
ct
roni
cs
S
y
st
em a
nd
Appl
ic
a
t
ion
Rese
arc
h
Group,
Univer
si
ti
Te
knologi Mar
a (UiTM),
Sel
ang
or,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
13
, 201
8
Re
vised
Dec
14
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
28
, 201
8
Neurot
ec
hno
log
y
has
l
ed
to
th
e
deve
lopment
of
Brai
n
-
Com
puter
Inte
rfa
ce
s
(BCIs)
or
Brai
n
-
Mac
hine
Inte
rf
a
ce
s
(BMIs
)
whic
h
are
device
s
th
at
use
b
rain
tra
nsm
ission
signal
to
ope
rate.
El
e
ct
roe
n
c
eph
alograph
y
(EE
G)
is
one
of
the
rec
en
t
m
et
hods
t
hat
cou
ld
ret
r
ie
v
e
tra
nsm
ission
signal
of
th
e
bra
in
from
sca
lp
safe
l
y
.
Thi
s
pap
er
will
d
iscuss
t
he
developm
ent
of
Neuroprosthetic
s
l
imb
b
y
using
patient
s’
at
t
ent
ion
and
m
edi
t
at
ion
le
v
el
t
o
produc
e
m
ovement.
Th
e
m
ai
n
objecti
v
e
of
thi
s
pro
je
c
t
i
s
to
restor
e
m
o
bil
ity
of
p
at
i
ents
tha
t
have
suffere
d
from
m
otor
disabilities.
Thi
s
project
is
c
arr
ie
d
ou
t
b
y
in
t
erf
acing
th
e
dat
a
ac
quisi
ti
on
devi
c
e
which
i
s
NeuroSky
Mi
ndwave
s
Hea
dset
with
the
m
ic
roc
ontroller
to
m
ove
th
e
pr
osthet
ic
arm
as
the
outpu
t.
Ar
duino
Nano
m
ic
roc
ontroller
ac
ts
as
dat
a
pro
ce
ss
ing
and
a
cont
roll
e
r
to
the
arm
as
the
output
.
Th
e
pro
sthet
ic
arm
is
designe
d
b
y
usin
g
SO
LIDW
OR
KS
software
and
fab
r
ic
a
te
d
b
y
3D
pr
int
ed
.
From
thi
s
proje
ct
,
the
us
er
will
be
ab
le
t
o
cont
rol
the
pros
the
tic
arm
ran
gi
ng
from
rota
ti
n
g
the
h
and
to
b
endi
ng
th
e
finge
rs c
r
eating a
gra
sp
and relea
se
gesture.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Brai
n
-
c
om
pu
te
r
inter
face
(BC
I)
Brai
n
-
m
achine
interf
ac
e (BM
I)
Ele
ct
ro
e
nceph
al
ography (
EE
G)
Neur
opro
st
hetic
Neur
oS
ky
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Han
im
H
us
si
n,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
a
ra
(
UiTM),
40450 S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
isi
a.
Em
a
il
: han
i
m
h@
sal
am
.u
itm
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
br
ai
n
is
the
fastest
s
uperco
m
pu
te
r
on
earth,
w
hich
al
so
the
c
omm
and
cente
r
of
the
hu
m
an
nerv
ou
s
syst
e
m
that
con
trol
s
ever
yt
hi
ng
i
n
the
hum
an
body
incl
ud
i
ng
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
a
body.
T
he
buil
ding
blo
c
ks
of
the
br
ai
n
pro
du
ce
br
ai
nw
a
ves
sig
nals
wh
e
n
ne
uro
ns
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
with
ea
ch
oth
e
r.
Brai
nw
a
ves
are in
the
form
o
f
el
ect
rical
pulses w
hich
m
easur
e
d
in
he
rtz (H
z
).
Typ
es
of
br
ai
nw
a
ves a
re classi
fied b
ased on
their
freq
ue
ncies
wh
ic
h
are
Alpha,
Be
ta
,
Theta,
D
el
ta
,
and
Gam
m
a.
Each
ty
pe
of
br
ai
nw
a
ve
h
as
it
s
ow
n
functi
ons
an
d
diff
e
re
nt
sign
al
wav
e
[1
]
.
Alpha
wa
ves
a
re
ge
ner
at
e
d
w
he
n
hu
m
an
are
in
t
he
sta
te
of
rela
xation
or
cal
m
ness
an
d
it
s
fr
e
quency
betwee
n
8
t
o
12Hz
a
nd
7
to
13
pulse
s
pe
r
s
econd.
Be
ta
w
aves
hav
e
t
he
f
ast
est
wav
e
s
betwee
n
12
to
38
Hz
fr
e
quency
a
nd
13
to
60
pu
l
ses
pe
r
sec
ond.
It
is
usual
ly
gen
e
rated
du
ring
th
e
hu
m
an’
s
norm
al
sta
te
wh
en
t
hey
gain
co
ns
c
iou
s
ness.
F
or
t
heta
wa
ves,
t
he
y
us
ually
occ
ur
w
hen
hum
a
n
are
i
n
the
dee
p
m
edita
ti
on
to
act
a
s
a
geta
way
in
the
le
a
rn
i
ng
process
.
T
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ra
nge
of
t
heta
w
aves
is
betwee
n
3Hz
to
5Hz.
T
he
brai
n
can
com
m
un
ic
at
e
an
d
pa
ss
inform
at
ion
bo
th
in
c
onsc
iou
s
or
unc
ons
ci
ou
s
m
ind
.
Delt
a
is
the
slow
e
st
but
has
the
lo
udes
t
br
ai
nwav
es
be
tween
0.5
to
3
Hz
.
It
is
ge
ne
rated
w
he
n
a
hu
m
an
ta
kes
a
deep
sl
eep
a
nd
it
em
i
ts
betwee
n
fou
r
cy
cl
es
pe
r
se
cond.
Gam
m
a
wav
e
s
ha
ve
t
he
la
rg
est
fr
e
qu
ency
a
m
on
g
al
l w
hi
ch
is f
ro
m
3
0
t
o
10
0
Hz
. G
am
m
a w
aves ar
e
gen
e
rated
duri
ng
acti
ve
le
a
rni
ng
or
i
n
hy
perac
ti
vity
sta
te
.
This
sta
te
is
the
best
ti
m
e
to
retai
n
in
form
ation
[2
]
.
All
of
the
se
w
aves
ca
n
be
obta
ined
th
rou
gh
four
pr
im
ary
reco
rdi
ng
m
od
al
it
ie
s
wh
ic
h
are
Ele
ct
ro
e
ncephalo
gr
aph
y
(EE
G
),
E
le
ct
ro
co
rtic
ogr
aph
y
(EC
oG),
Local
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Detect
ion
of
at
te
ntion
and me
ditati
on state
-
base
d bra
i
nwa
v
e syste
m
t
o
c
ontrol p
r
os
t
hetic
…
(
Ahmad Da
nia
)
795
Fiel
d
Po
te
ntial
s
(LFPs)
,
an
d
Sing
le
-
ne
uro
n
act
ion
po
te
ntial
reco
r
di
ng
s
(si
ng
le
un
it
s
).
T
he
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
al
l
of
t
hese
m
e
tho
ds
is
w
her
e
t
he
el
ect
ro
de
is
placed
w
heth
er
on
t
he
sc
al
p
or
i
n
th
e
hea
d.
Ele
ct
ro
e
nceph
al
ography
(EE
G)
is
the
safes
t
m
e
tho
d
am
on
g
al
l
wh
ic
h
el
ect
ro
des
a
re
pl
aced
on
the
s
cal
p
to
m
on
it
or
elec
tric
al
acti
vity
o
f
t
he brai
n
[
3].
Fo
r
a
no
rm
al
pe
rs
on,
br
ai
nw
a
ves
a
re
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
thro
ug
h
the
ne
urom
us
cular
pa
thway
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with the e
xter
na
l env
ir
onm
ent
. I
n si
m
ple w
ords,
the elect
ric
al
sign
al
fro
m
t
he
ne
r
vous
sys
tem
is
transm
itted
to
the
m
us
cl
e
to
pro
du
ce
m
ov
e
m
ent.
But
f
or
a
perso
n
who
su
f
fer
s
f
ro
m
m
oto
r
disabili
ti
es,
the
sign
al
f
ro
m
the
br
ai
n
ca
nnot
r
each
that
fa
r
a
nd
m
ay
on
ly
set
tl
e
fo
r
le
ss.
Accor
ding
to
the
sta
ti
sti
c
up
da
te
d
on
Ju
ne
2011
by
Jabatan
Ke
ba
j
ikan
Ma
sya
ra
ka
t
Ma
la
ysi
a,
115,0
00
Ma
la
ys
ia
n
w
ere
re
gis
te
red
with
phy
sic
a
l
disabili
ti
es
[4
]
.
Ph
ysi
cal
ly
disabili
ty
us
ually
ref
e
rs
to
t
he
lo
ss
of
lim
b,
de
f
or
m
ed
lim
bs
at
birth
or
pa
raly
sis
of
the
li
m
b.
Thes
e
pe
op
le
usual
ly
hav
e
lim
it
e
d
m
ov
em
ents.
They
will
nee
d
help
f
ro
m
oth
ers
or
from
assist
ive
te
chnolo
gies
to
survi
ve
their
daily
li
fe.
Ther
e
are
th
ousan
ds
of
assist
ive
pro
du
ct
s
a
vaila
ble
for
these
people
.
Pr
ost
hetic
arm
is
on
e
of
the
a
ssist
ive
pro
duc
ts
avail
able
in
the
m
ark
et
nowad
ay
s
.
T
hese
arti
fici
al
dev
ic
es
can
be
w
orn
or
sur
gical
ly
i
m
plant
ed
to
rep
la
ce
t
he
disease
d
or
m
issi
ng
lim
b.
Seve
ral
ty
p
es
of
t
he
pro
sthet
ic
arm
are
the
co
sm
etic
arm
,
functi
onal
arm
or
bot
h.
C
os
m
et
ic
pr
os
theti
c
a
rm
us
ually
looks
li
ke
a
real
hu
m
an
a
rm
,
bu
t
just
a
re
plica
that
can
not
be
m
ov
ed
.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
the
f
unct
ion
al
prost
hetic
arm
can
flexibly
wor
k,
bu
t
l
ooks
ab
nor
m
al
or
rob
ot
li
ke.
Brai
n
-
Com
pu
te
r
I
nte
rf
aces
(BCIs
)
or
al
so
known
as
B
rain
-
Ma
chine
In
te
r
faces
(BMIs)
a
re
no
t
new
things
to
t
his
world
.
F
or
t
he
past
40
ye
ars
,
researc
hers
ha
ve
see
n
the
pote
ntial
of these tec
hnol
og
ie
s a
nd they
h
a
ve been
tryi
ng to
c
onve
rt t
ho
ught i
nto
a
ct
ion
[
5].
This p
r
oj
ect
is dev
el
op
e
d
t
o
buil
d
a p
ort
able and
li
gh
t
weig
ht
,
functi
onal
co
sm
e
ti
c
pr
os
thet
ic
arm
that
can
be
c
ontr
olled
wi
relessl
y
thr
ough
a
w
ear
able
EEG
Hea
ds
et
by
us
in
g
a
tt
ention
a
nd
m
edita
ti
on
sta
te
of
t
he
us
ers
.
T
he
m
ain
ob
j
ect
iv
e
of
this
pro
j
ect
is
to
de
velo
p
a
B
rain
-
Ma
c
hin
e
I
nterf
ace
de
vic
e
that
co
uld
re
store
m
oto
r
disabili
ti
es.
The
m
os
t
sign
ific
a
nt
im
p
act
of
t
his
pro
je
ct
is
to
those
disable
d
pe
ople
w
ho
s
uffe
red
from
injur
e
d
or
loss
of
arm
,
defor
m
ed
arm
since
birth
or
pa
raly
sed
pe
rson
who
can
us
e
t
heir
brai
n
to
get
help
fr
om
a
prosthetic
ar
m
.
This
prost
hetic
arm
wil
l
ease
par
al
yse
d
pe
op
le
a
nd
a
m
pu
te
es'
daily
li
fe
as
a
po
rtable
assist
ive d
e
vic
e.
Re
cent stud
ie
s
hav
e
pro
ven
t
ha
t neu
ral inte
rfac
e syst
e
m
s h
ave a
big
pote
nt
ia
l i
n
rest
or
in
g m
ob
il
i
ty
o
f
patie
nts
w
ho
s
uffer
e
d
from
m
oto
r
disabili
ti
es
as
assist
ive
dev
ic
es
[
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
13
]
.
This
ne
ural
int
erf
ace
syst
e
m
us
ed
data
fr
om
cor
tical
act
ivity
reco
r
de
d
by
sev
eral
ty
pes
of
da
ta
acqu
isi
ti
on
dev
ic
es.
A
previo
us
stud
y
by
Schw
artz
et
al
.
[3
]
di
scov
e
red
seve
ral
m
e
tho
ds
in
retrievin
g
data
from
the
br
ai
n.
They
are
cl
ass
ifie
d
base
d on the
di
sta
nce
betwee
n t
he
el
ect
r
od
e
a
nd the c
ort
ex o
f br
ai
n as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
Figure
1
.
Com
par
is
ons
of
t
he fo
ur prim
ary data acqu
isi
ti
on
of brai
n
act
i
viti
es [
3]
EEG
el
ect
r
ode
s
locat
ed
a
ppr
ox
im
at
el
y
3
ce
nti
m
et
ers
from
the
surfa
ce
of
the
co
rtex
.
It
is
the
safest
way,
but
the
la
rg
e
dista
nces
be
tween
the
el
ect
rode
and
c
or
t
ic
al
su
rf
ace
m
a
kes
it
diff
ic
ult
to
ob
ta
in
the
si
gn
al
.
Com
par
ed
to
EEG,
EC
oG
obta
ins
a
fin
er
sign
al
beca
us
e
it
l
ie
s
app
r
oxim
at
ely
on
the
cor
ti
cal
surfac
e.
For
local
fiel
d
po
te
ntial
s
and
sin
gle
-
unit
act
ion
potenti
al
s,
both
are
rec
orde
d
in
the
brai
n
par
e
nch
ym
a.
All
of
these
m
et
ho
ds
nee
d
su
r
ge
ry
excep
t
EEG
and
e
very
m
e
tho
d
ha
s
their
pros
a
nd
c
on
s
.
Re
searc
he
rs
ha
ve
pro
ven
that
ever
y
patie
nt
c
an
us
e
on
e
of
t
ho
s
e
m
e
tho
ds
as
long
as
their
br
ai
n
are
f
un
ct
ion
in
g.
E
ven
a
par
al
yz
ed
pe
rson
’
s
cereb
ral c
or
ti
cal
m
oto
r
a
reas
beco
m
e act
ive
wh
e
n
t
ryi
ng to m
ov
e h
is/
her b
od
y
pa
rt [6, 8,
9,
11, a
nd
12
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
9
4
–
8
0
0
796
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
pro
j
ect
is
div
ide
d
into
se
ver
al
pa
rts
wh
i
ch
are
the
desi
gn
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent
of
the
har
dware
a
nd
syst
e
m
This
proj
ect
is
div
i
de
d
int
o
se
ver
al
par
ts
w
hich
a
r
e
the
de
sig
n
a
nd
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
the
ha
rdwar
e
a
nd
syst
e
m
and
an
oth
e
r
is
on
the
so
ftwa
re.
T
he
desig
n
of
the
prosthetic
arm
and
fabrica
ti
on
of
the
pr
oto
ty
pe
ar
e
the
m
ai
n
co
m
pone
nts
in
the
desig
n
a
nd
de
velo
pm
ent
of
the
ha
rdwa
re.
The
syst
em
i
s
desig
ne
d
to
receiv
e
sign
al
s
from
t
he
br
ai
n
to
m
ov
e
the
arm
.
In
the
s
of
t
war
e
par
t,
a
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
pr
ogram
m
ed
to
r
ead
th
e
at
te
ntion
an
d
m
edita
ti
on
le
vel
fr
om
the
se
ns
ors
as
the
in
pu
t
an
d
the
n
r
otate
the
servo
m
oto
rs
as
the
ou
tp
ut
.
The o
verview
of the
pro
j
ect
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
is sho
wn in
Figure
2.
Figure
2. O
verview
of
proj
ect
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
2
.
1.
H
ardw
ar
e desig
n
The
fir
st
ph
a
se
in
hard
ware
desig
n
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
design
i
ng
the
prostheti
c
arm
us
ing
SO
L
IDWO
R
K
S
so
ft
war
e
.
T
he
ha
nd
is
des
ign
e
d
base
d
on
a
fe
w
pieces
of
res
earc
h
m
ade
to
m
i
m
ic
a
real
hu
m
an
ha
nd.
T
he
fi
nal
desig
n
of
t
he
ha
nd
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
3.
T
he
desig
n
m
ade
is
si
m
u
la
te
d
us
in
g
the
sam
e
so
ft
war
e
to
m
a
ke
sure
the
pr
os
theti
c
arm
is
fu
ll
y
fu
nctio
na
l,
and
the
ha
nd
can
hold
vari
ou
s
ty
pes
of
s
hap
e
s
su
c
h
as
cy
li
ndrical
sh
a
pe,
ba
seball
'
s
ball,
a
nd
ti
ny
thi
ng
s
.
So
m
e
aspects
are
c
onside
re
d
in
desig
ning
this
prosthetic
a
rm
su
c
h
a
s
weigh
t,
siz
e,
an
d
f
un
ct
io
nalit
y.
The
la
st
ph
a
se
of
ha
rdware
de
velo
pm
ent
is
a
fabrica
ti
on
of
the
arm
us
ing
the
3D
pr
inte
r.
T
he
m
at
eria
l
us
ed
t
o
fa
br
i
cat
e
the
prost
hetic
arm
is
a
bio
-
degra
dab
le
po
l
ym
er,
PLA
tha
t
sta
nd
s
for
P
ol
yl
act
ic
ac
id
w
hich
is
harder
than
ABS,
Acry
lon
it
rile
Butadie
ne
Sty
ren
e.
Figure
3. Final
d
esi
gn of
hand
u
si
ng SOLI
D
WO
R
KS
softw
are
2
.
2
.
S
ystem
Architec
tu
re
In
de
velo
ping
and
desi
gn
i
ng
the
syst
e
m
fo
r
this
pro
j
ect
,
w
earable
wireles
s
EEG
hea
ds
et
,
Mi
ndwa
ve
from
Neu
r
oSk
y
is
us
e
d
as
th
e
brai
n
se
nsor
s
to
detect
the
br
ai
n’
s
el
ect
rical
act
ivit
y.
Th
e
el
ect
rical
pu
l
ses
are
then
c
onve
rted
into
a
sig
nal
and
a
fter
t
hat
tra
nsfer
red
t
o
the
m
ic
ro
con
t
r
oller
wir
el
essly
throu
gh
Bl
ue
too
th
.
Bl
uetoo
t
h
m
od
ule,
HC
-
05
is
c
onnected
t
o
th
e
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
l
le
r,
A
rduin
o
to
receive
the
si
gnal
transm
it
te
d
from
Mi
nd
w
ave H
e
adset.
A
rdui
no
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
then
inte
rpre
ts
and
pr
ocess
the
sign
al
recei
ved
a
nd
trans
fe
rr
e
d
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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on
esi
a
n
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E
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p
Sci
IS
S
N:
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02
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4752
Detect
ion
of
at
te
ntion
and me
ditati
on state
-
base
d bra
i
nwa
v
e syste
m
t
o
c
ontrol p
r
os
t
hetic
…
(
Ahmad Da
nia
)
797
to
ser
vo
m
oto
r
s
that
are
co
nnect
ed
to
strin
gs
in
the
prost
hetic
ar
m
to
create
m
ov
em
ent.
The
bl
ock
diag
r
a
m
of
the syst
em
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4
.
Figure
4. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e syst
e
m
2
.
3
.
S
ystem
Verifica
tion
Figure
5
sho
ws
the
set
up
for
the
Bl
ue
too
th
m
odule
HC
-
05
t
o
c
onnect
to
EE
G
sen
sor
a
nd
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r bo
a
rd. LE
Ds
are
us
ed
as t
he subst
it
ution
of
the ser
vo m
oto
r
f
or
ver
ific
at
io
n pur
po
se
.
Figure
5. Test
ing set
up t
o
c
he
ck
the
fu
nctiona
li
ty
o
f
the
syst
e
m
2
.
4
.
S
oftware
I
mple
men
tati
on
Hype
rTer
m
inal
is
us
ed
to
ex
ecute
AT
m
od
e
of
the
HC
-
05
in
orde
r
to
c
hange
the
properti
es
of
th
e
HC
-
05
Bl
uet
ooth
m
od
ule.
T
his
ste
p
is
i
m
po
rta
nt
to
ensur
e
the
HC
-
05
w
il
l
on
ly
pair
with
the
hea
ds
et
.
Deep
e
r
into
the
s
of
tw
are
par
t,
t
he
cod
i
ng
wa
s
m
ade
to
detect
the
sig
nal
f
r
om
the
hea
ds
et
as
the
i
nput
to
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
T
he
va
riabl
es
that
wer
e
bein
g
fo
c
us
e
d
are
t
he
stre
ngth
i
n
c
onnec
ti
on
,
at
te
ntion
le
vel,
m
edita
ti
on
lev
el
an
d d
urat
ion o
f
the
last
d
at
a
ex
ec
uted.
Atte
ntion
le
vel
s
are
pro
gr
am
m
ed
t
o
ro
ta
te
t
he
se
rvo
m
oto
r
s
to
pull
the
str
ing
i
n
t
he
prototype,
so
th
e
hand
will
gr
a
s
p
wh
il
e
m
editation
le
vels
a
re
us
e
d
to
ro
ta
te
t
he
se
rvo
m
oto
r
s
to
r
otate
the
hand.
The
soft
war
e
flo
wch
a
rt
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
F
or
this
w
or
k,
the
res
ult
di
scusse
d
is
ba
se
d
on
pr
el
im
ina
ry
data
up
on
sign
al
detect
ion
a
nd
base
d
on
t
he
wr
ist
m
ov
em
e
nt.
F
ur
t
her
w
ork
will
be
c
on
du
ct
e
d
to
chec
k
the
f
un
ct
io
na
li
ty
fo
r
hu
m
an
ap
plica
ti
on
.
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IS
S
N
:
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-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
9
4
–
8
0
0
798
Figure
6. S
of
t
war
e
Flo
wc
hart
o
f
the syste
m
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Figure
7(a)
s
hows
the
gr
a
ph
of
at
te
ntio
n
an
d
m
editation
ve
rsu
s
ti
m
e
in
second
w
he
n
th
e
us
er
trie
s
to
get
f
oc
us
ed
.
A
t
high
le
vels
of
at
te
ntion
(
70%
an
d
a
bove
),
the
gr
as
ping
ge
sture
w
ou
l
d
be
pro
duced
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
7(b
)
.
If
the
at
te
ntion
le
vel
is
be
low
70%,
it
will
release
the
gr
as
p.
The
r
easo
n
for
set
ti
ng
the
m
ov
e
m
ent at th
e level
of 70
% is becau
se it
is q
uite diff
ic
ul
t t
o
achieve a d
efi
nite 100%
or
90
% e
ve
n.
Be
sides,
even
if
the
use
r
m
anag
es
to
r
each
100%
of
at
te
ntion
le
ve
l,
it
is
near
t
o
i
m
po
ssible
to
m
ai
ntain
it
.
70%
is
the
aver
a
ge value
of att
ention t
ha
t i
nd
ic
at
es the
us
er
is a
bout to
g
et
fo
c
us
e
d.
Fo
r
m
edita
ti
on
le
vel,
t
he
sam
e
co
nce
pt
as
t
he
at
te
ntio
n
is
us
e
d,
but
t
he
diff
e
re
nce
li
es
only
in
t
he
m
ov
e
m
ent
pr
oduce
d.
Fig
ur
e
8(
a
)
sho
ws
the
gr
a
ph
w
hen
t
he
us
er
trie
s
to
m
edita
te
.
In
th
is
case,
the
high
le
vel
of
m
edita
ti
on
(
70%
an
d
a
bove
),
would
r
otate
the
w
rist.
Fi
gure
8(b
)
s
how
t
he
init
ia
l
co
nd
i
ti
on
of
t
he
hand
a
nd
after
ro
ta
ti
ng t
he wrist.
Figure
7(
a
). G
r
aph of
Atte
ntio
n
a
nd Medit
at
ion l
evel
(%) ve
rsu
s
Tim
e(s
)
Per
cen
tag
e
(%
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Detect
ion
of
at
te
ntion
and me
ditati
on state
-
base
d bra
i
nwa
v
e syste
m
t
o
c
ontrol p
r
os
t
hetic
…
(
Ahmad Da
nia
)
799
Figure
7(b
).
Graspin
g
a
nd r
el
e
ase gest
ur
e
of t
he han
d
Figure
8(
a
). G
r
aph of
Atte
ntio
n
a
nd Medit
at
ion l
evel
(%) ve
rsu
s
Tim
e(s)
Figure
8(b
).
In
i
ti
al
co
nd
it
io
n o
f han
d
a
nd afte
r
r
otati
ng wrist
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
com
m
on
pro
blem
that
r
esearche
r
face
d
in
BC
Is
pro
j
ect
is
cost.
By
us
ing
a
low
-
cost
sin
gle
el
ect
ro
de
EE
G
head
set
li
ke
Neur
oS
ky
Mi
ndwa
ve
f
or
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
is
the
lim
i
ta
ti
on
of
BC
Is
proj
e
c
ts.
In
a
nu
ts
hell,
this
pro
j
ect
is
su
cc
essfu
l
to
c
on
t
r
ol
prost
het
ic
arm
based
on
a
tt
ention
an
d
m
edita
ti
on
sta
te
-
base
d
br
ai
nw
a
ve
syst
e
m
.
This
pro
j
e
ct
has
t
he
pote
ntial
to
giv
e
people
who
suffe
red
f
ro
m
m
otor
disabili
ti
es
feel
cl
os
er
t
o
no
rm
al
functi
onal
it
y
back.
It
is
be
li
eved
to
gi
ve
tho
se
disa
ble
hope
s
an
d
se
ns
e
of
to
uc
h
agai
n
ease
their
daily
act
ivit
ie
s.
For
f
uture
im
pr
ov
em
e
nts,
it
is
bette
r
to
us
e
a
m
ultip
le
el
ect
rode
EEG
Head
set
su
c
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
9
4
–
8
0
0
800
Em
otiv
EPO
C
al
tho
ug
h
it
will
cost
so
m
e
mo
ney.
By
us
i
ng
m
ulti
ple
el
ec
tro
de
EEG
hea
ds
et
s,
the
m
ove
m
ent
and
gestu
re
of
the
hand
co
uld
be
m
or
e
com
plex
and
var
ie
ty
.
Othe
r
than
th
at
,
pr
ess
ur
e
se
ns
ors
co
ul
d
be
adde
d
at
the
fin
ger
ti
ps
to
e
xten
d
the
f
or
ce
of
gr
a
spi
ng
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he
m
echani
s
m
of
ha
nd
ca
n
be
a
dded
to
bend
the h
a
nd.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Brai
n
W
orks
(2015)
W
hat
are
Brai
n
W
ave
s.
R
et
ri
eve
d
from
ht
tp:
//
ww
w.brainworks
neur
o
the
rap
y
.
com/what
-
a
re
-
bra
inwave
s.
[2]
Dr Hugo
H.
(20
15)
Brai
nwav
es.
Ret
ri
eve
d
f
rom
htt
p://ww
w.doc
t
orhugo
.
org/brain
wave
s/brai
nwav
es.
html.
[3]
Andrew
B.
Sch
wart
z,
X
.
Tr
acy
Cui,
Douglas
J.
W
ebe
r,
Dani
el
W
.
Moran,
“
Bra
in
-
Control
l
ed
In
te
rfa
c
es:
Mov
e
m
ent
Restora
ti
on
with
Neura
l
Pros
the
t
i
cs
”
,
N
eur
on: El
s
evi
er
,
Volum
e
5
2,
Iss
ue
1
,
5
Oct
ober
2006,
Page
s 205
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