I
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ia
n J
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urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
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Co
m
p
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t
er
Science
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
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ar
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2
0
2
1
,
p
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.
1
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:
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3
4
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1
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1.
I
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O
N
No
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it
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a
v
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.
Net
w
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k
r
eliab
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ca
n
b
e
d
ef
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ed
a
s
t
h
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p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
p
er
f
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r
m
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g
t
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
ali
t
y
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
w
a
y
[
1
]
.
A
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
eli
ab
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y
s
tates
th
at
it
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
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o
f
ac
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g
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
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l
co
m
m
u
n
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o
p
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atio
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b
et
w
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n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
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in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
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t
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
ev
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co
n
s
eq
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ce
f
o
r
v
ar
io
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s
co
n
tr
o
lled
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ili
tar
y
,
air
cr
af
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
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a
n
d
b
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k
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s
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te
m
s
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f
a
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lt
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m
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s
e
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
h
u
m
an
li
f
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d
am
a
g
e
s
[
3
].
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
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y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
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t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
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a
n
d
t
y
p
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o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
u
c
h
as
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
4
]
,
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
[
5
]
,
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
[
6
]
,
elec
tr
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
7
]
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
r
eliab
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y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
[
8
,
9
]
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
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y
i
s
clas
s
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t,
is
th
e
t
w
o
-
te
r
m
in
a
l
r
eliab
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y
,
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
o
n
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
ea
ted
w
id
el
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
th
e
b
asic
o
f
o
t
h
er
r
eliab
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t
y
p
es
[
1
0
-
12
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
r
m
is
t
h
e
a
ll
-
ter
m
i
n
al
r
eliab
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w
h
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e
al
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n
o
d
es
ar
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co
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r
ce
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in
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p
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as
p
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in
[
13
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.
Fi
n
all
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t
h
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m
o
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ter
m
is
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d
in
g
to
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v
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lu
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o
f
k
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
Var
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tec
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n
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J
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Sci,
Vo
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21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
1
85
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11
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alg
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s
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co
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b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
ev
al
u
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
tak
i
n
g
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
ea
ch
b
asic
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
as
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
e
ctin
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
av
ailab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
la
y
er
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
o
r
d
er
to
i
n
d
icate
th
eir
i
m
p
ac
t.
A
r
ev
ie
w
h
as
r
ec
en
tl
y
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
[
2
5
]
,
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
s
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
es
en
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
e
w
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
t
w
o
-
ter
m
i
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
;
th
e
Mu
lti
s
tag
e
H
y
b
r
id
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
MH
T
)
,
w
h
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
w
o
k
n
o
w
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
es:
t
h
e
G
R
T
,
an
d
th
e
T
ie
-
Set
Me
th
o
d
(
T
S
M
)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
w
ith
a
co
m
p
le
x
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
2
0
-
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
w
el
l
-
k
n
o
w
n
clas
s
ical
tie
-
s
et
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
al
g
o
r
ith
m
h
as
p
r
o
v
ed
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
ea
l
tim
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
o
r
g
an
i
ze
d
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
b
as
ic
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Sect
i
o
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
e
th
o
d
an
d
th
e
MH
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
S
ec
t
io
n
4
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
is
w
o
r
k
.
2.
P
RE
L
I
M
I
NARIE
S
2
.
1
.
Net
w
o
rk
m
o
de
lin
g
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
n
etw
o
r
k
(
C
N)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
e
le
d
g
r
a
p
h
ica
lly
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
e
tr
ea
t
ed
ea
s
ily
d
u
r
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
p
h
as
es.
A
ny
C
N
c
o
n
s
is
ts
b
asi
c
ally
o
f
co
m
p
u
te
r
d
ev
ic
es,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
l
in
k
s
,
r
o
u
t
e
r
s
,
s
w
itch
es,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d
t
o
g
eth
er
.
I
t c
an
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
t
e
d
b
y
an
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
g
r
a
p
h
G
=
(
N
,
E
)
,
w
h
er
e
N
(
)
is
th
e
s
et
o
f
k
-
n
o
d
es
an
d
E
(
)
is
a
s
e
t
o
f
m
-
lin
k
s
.
E
ac
h
li
n
k
h
as
tw
o
s
tat
es
i.
e.
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
al
s
t
ate
w
ith
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
f
ailin
g
s
t
ate
w
ith
p
r
o
b
a
b
ili
ty
.
T
h
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
te
d
as
a
m
atr
ix
w
h
er
e
elem
en
t
,
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
ity
o
f
a
lin
k
b
etw
ee
n
n
o
d
es
,
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
d
i
ag
o
n
a
l
elem
en
ts
g
iv
e
n
o
d
es
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lity
.
A
s
s
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
s
atis
f
i
es
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
a)
P
e
r
f
e
ctly
r
eli
ab
le
n
o
d
es
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
m
ater
i
als
(
),
b)
Netw
o
r
k
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
ai
l in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
,
c)
E
ac
h
e
d
g
e
is
eith
er
in
w
o
r
k
in
g
s
ta
te
o
r
in
f
ai
lin
g
s
t
ate
w
ith
k
n
o
w
n
co
n
s
tan
t
d
is
c
r
et
e
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
p
e
r
f
e
ct
n
o
d
es
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
n
eg
at
iv
ely
r
ef
lect
e
d
to
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ec
au
s
e
a
n
o
n
-
p
er
f
e
ct
n
o
d
e
af
f
ec
ts
o
n
ly
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
t
iv
ity
m
atr
ix
.
A
n
o
n
-
p
er
f
e
ct
n
o
d
e
is
r
e
p
la
ce
d
b
y
t
w
o
p
er
f
ec
t
n
o
d
es
w
ith
a
lin
k
b
etw
ee
n
th
en
w
ith
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
eq
u
a
l
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lity
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
n
o
n
-
p
er
f
ec
t
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
i
s
w
ill in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
e
ctiv
i
ty
m
atr
ix
b
y
o
n
e.
2
.
2
.
T
SM
a
nd
G
RT
t
heo
re
t
ica
l p
rinciple
s
A
tie
-
s
et
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
etw
o
r
k
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
ith
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
th
at
if
all
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
in
an
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
s
ta
te
,
th
en
th
er
e
is
a
p
ath
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
t
o
th
e
t
ar
g
et
n
o
d
e
.
I
f
n
o
n
e
o
f
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
c
an
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
th
en
th
e
t
ie
-
s
et
is
m
in
i
m
al
[
2
6
]
.
T
S
M
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
l
is
tin
g
a
ll
m
in
i
m
al
t
ie
-
s
et
,
an
d
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
th
e
a
p
p
lica
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
in
clu
s
i
o
n
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
c
alle
d
Po
in
ca
r
e
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
.
,
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
u
c
ce
s
s
iv
e
lin
k
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
m
in
i
m
al
p
ath
b
etw
ee
n
,
an
d
.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
ti
e
-
s
et
s
,
th
en
th
e
tw
o
-
ter
m
in
al
r
el
ia
b
ili
ty
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
(
)
(
1
)
W
h
e
r
e
is
th
e
ev
en
t
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
t
y
I
f
th
e
tie
s
ets
ar
e,
al
l
d
is
jo
in
t
s
o
r
m
u
tu
ally
ex
clu
s
iv
e,
th
en
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itten
as
=
(
2
)
Sin
ce
tie
s
e
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
d
is
jo
in
t
e
v
en
ts
in
g
en
er
al
,
th
en
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itten
as
[
2
7
]
:
=
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&
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o
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p
Sci
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N:
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-
4
752
Hyb
r
id
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
t
wo
-
t
ermin
a
l
r
elia
b
ilit
y
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a
lu
a
tio
n
in
…
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s
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a
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im
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h
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o
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1187
=[
]
–
[
+
[
+
.
.
.
+
(
-
1)
i
-
1
[
]
(
3
)
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
th
e
T
S
M
c
o
m
es
w
ith
tie
s
ets
en
u
m
er
ati
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
o
f
P
o
in
ca
r
e
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
,
es
p
e
cia
lly
w
h
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
tie
s
ets
in
cr
ea
s
e
as
a
n
etw
o
r
k
b
e
co
m
e
co
m
p
lex
.
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
co
m
p
lix
ity
,
GR
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ase
d
o
n
a
s
i
m
p
le
p
a
r
a
lle
l
an
d
s
e
r
i
es
s
im
p
li
f
icati
o
n
is
u
s
e
d
as
f
ir
s
t
s
te
p
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
T
SM
.
T
h
e
C
N
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
u
s
u
ally
s
h
o
w
s
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
a
r
all
el
an
d
s
e
r
ies
co
n
n
e
cti
o
n
w
h
ich
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
ch
s
im
p
lif
icat
io
n
.
S
e
r
ies
an
d
p
a
r
a
lle
l
s
im
p
lif
i
ca
t
io
n
s
a
r
e
a
p
p
lie
d
to
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
as
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
t
,
m
,
an
d
c
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies
w
h
er
e
m
ca
n
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
an
d
b
e
r
e
p
l
ac
e
d
b
y
a
d
ir
ec
t l
in
k
b
etw
ee
n
t
an
d
c
w
ith
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
:
(
4
)
a
c
m
a
c
e
f
e
f
P
1
P
3
P
4
P
2
P
s
P
p
(
a
)
S
e
r
i
e
s
(
b
)
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ser
ies an
d
p
ar
allel
s
i
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
s
,
(
a)
s
er
ies,
(
b
)
p
a
r
allel
T
w
o
p
a
r
all
el
lin
k
s
b
etw
ee
n
n
o
d
e
(
e
)
an
d
n
o
d
e
(
f
)
a
r
e
s
im
p
lif
i
ed
an
d
m
ay
b
e
r
e
p
la
ce
d
b
y
o
n
e
lin
k
w
ith
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lity
:
(
5
)
3.
RE
ASE
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
MH
T
is
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
e
d
b
y
th
r
e
e
s
t
ag
es,
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
s
t
ag
e
is
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
-
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
in
itial
iz
ati
o
n
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
t
ag
e,
f
o
l
lo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
t
io
n
o
f
GR
T
.
Fin
ally
,
all
th
e
m
in
i
m
al
tie
-
s
ets
ar
e
d
e
d
u
c
ed
,
an
d
th
e
r
el
ia
b
il
ity
is
ev
alu
at
ed
b
y
th
e
T
SM
.
3
.
1
.
I
niti
a
l
iz
a
t
io
n
s
t
a
g
e
T
h
e
N
-
n
o
d
e
C
N
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
w
it
h
a
t
h
r
ee
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d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l
co
n
n
ec
t
iv
i
t
y
m
atr
i
x
,
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
allel
ed
g
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
n
o
d
es,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
if
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
ar
allel
l
in
k
s
b
et
wee
n
t
w
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
o
d
es,
th
e
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
as
n
o
p
ar
allel
li
n
k
s
,
is
ta
k
e
n
to
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e
eq
u
al
to
2
a
n
d
t
h
is
is
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
ar
is
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
ir
th
o
f
n
e
w
p
ar
allel
lin
k
s
af
ter
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
er
ies
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
ta
g
e.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
e
le
m
en
ts
o
f
m
atr
i
x
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
ed
g
es
o
f
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ile
all
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
m
atr
i
x
ar
e
s
et
to
ze
r
o
s
.
E
ac
h
ele
m
e
n
t
in
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
n
e
ed
g
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
l
y
.
T
h
e
ele
m
en
t
s
o
f
d
escr
ib
e
"o
n
l
y
"
th
e
p
ar
allel
ed
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
b
ein
g
u
p
an
d
s
et
to
“
0
”
f
o
r
th
e
r
est
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
Ma
tr
i
x
M
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
m
u
lti
-
la
y
er
m
atr
i
x
w
h
er
e
ea
c
h
la
y
e
r
is
m
atr
i
x
w
it
h
:
a)
,
b)
I
f
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ia
g
o
n
al
el
e
m
en
t
s
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
(
1
f
o
r
p
er
f
er
ct
n
o
d
es),
c)
,
an
d
,
an
d
ea
ch
m
atr
i
x
la
y
er
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
:
[
]
(
6
)
3
.
2
.
P
a
ra
lle
l
re
du
ct
io
n
pr
o
ce
du
re
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p
is
to
t
est
th
e
t
h
ir
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
M
m
atr
ix
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
d
e
ci
d
e
w
ith
w
h
ich
lay
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e
r
e
d
u
ct
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w
ill
s
tar
t.
Hen
ce
,
th
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s
e
c
o
n
d
lay
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as
to
b
e
ch
e
c
k
ed
f
o
r
an
y
p
ar
all
el
e
d
g
e
.
I
f
is
a
ze
r
o
m
atr
ix
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
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-
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I
n
d
o
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J
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lec
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g
&
C
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
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ar
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2
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85
-
11
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th
en
th
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a
r
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n
o
p
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r
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llel
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d
s
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ies
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d
u
ctio
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ir
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tly
ap
p
lied
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f
at
least
o
n
e
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
atr
i
x
is
n
o
t
n
u
ll,
th
e
n
a
p
ar
allel
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Fo
r
all
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
f
M
m
atr
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x
,
i
f
,
th
en
:
(
7
)
(
8
)
I
n
ca
s
e
p
ar
allel
ed
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
l
ast
la
y
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m
atr
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tr
ea
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i
r
s
tl
y
b
y
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n
s
id
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in
g
la
y
e
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as th
e
b
ase
la
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.
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f
ter
ap
p
l
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n
g
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allel
r
ed
u
ctio
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r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
t
w
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
atr
ices
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
d
elete
d
(
all
i
ts
ele
m
e
n
t
s
b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
s
)
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
o
n
e
i
s
u
p
d
ated
to
co
n
tain
th
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n
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w
ca
lc
u
lated
v
alu
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s
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
3
.
3
.
Seri
es
re
du
ct
io
n
pr
o
ce
du
re
T
h
e
s
e
r
ies
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
a
p
p
lie
d
af
t
er
th
e
p
a
r
al
lel
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
I
t
s
t
ar
ts
b
y
ch
ec
k
in
g
th
e
in
iti
al
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
o
f
n
o
d
e
v
al
id
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o
n
th
at
is
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
n
eith
e
r
a
s
o
u
r
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e
n
o
d
e
n
o
r
a
d
est
in
ati
o
n
n
o
d
e
T
h
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
o
f
is
in
s
p
ec
te
d
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m
M
.
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f
is
c
o
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ec
t
e
d
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ly
t
w
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te
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m
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al
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d
,
th
en
it
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r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
b
y
s
er
ies
s
im
p
lif
ica
t
io
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d
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
M
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
r
o
w
,
an
d
c
o
lu
m
n
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
e
q
u
ati
o
n
s
d
e
cla
r
es
th
e
a
d
d
it
io
n
o
f
a
n
ew
lin
k
b
etw
ee
n
an
d
an
d
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
n
o
d
e
.
(
9
)
(
1
0
)
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
n
e
w
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
p
ar
allel
lin
k
s
b
et
wee
n
,
an
d
to
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
ar
allel
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
tin
u
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
v
ia
t
h
e
i
n
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel_
in
d
e
x
n
u
m
b
er
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
t
r
i
x
M
N
,
N
,
t
P
i
,
j
,
t
-
1
=
1
-
q
i
,
j
,
t
×q
i
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j
,
t
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1
,
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i
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j
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t
=
t
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1
I
f
t
=
2
a
n
d
a
l
l
P
i
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j
,
2
=
0
t
=
1
S
t
a
r
t
E
n
d
No
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s
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e
s
Y
e
s
N
o
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a
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
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d
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c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
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e
d
u
r
e
M
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
3
t
o
2
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
m
a
t
r
i
x
M
(
N
,
N
)
=
M
(
N
,
N
,
1
)
P
j
,
m
=
P
j
,
i
×
P
i
,
m
P
j
,
i
=
P
i
,
m
=
0
F
o
r
k
=
1
:
N
j
,
m
s
u
c
h
t
h
a
t
P
i
,
j
0
,
P
i
,
m
0
O
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
P
i
,
k
=
0
E
n
d
Y
e
s
i
=
1
:
N
n
i
=
n
s
,
or
n
i
=
n
d
?
I
f
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
_
i
n
d
i
x
0
P
j
,
m
=
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
_
i
n
d
i
x
No
Y
e
s
No
N
o
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
l
i
n
k
s
N
e
x
t
i
No
i
=
N
?
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
(
a
)
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(
b
)
S
e
r
i
e
s
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
ar
allel
an
d
s
er
ies r
ed
u
ctio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
752
Hyb
r
id
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o
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ith
m
fo
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1189
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On
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leti
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t
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e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
tag
e
t
h
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m
atr
ix
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l
m
a
tr
ix
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
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e
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at
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
m
atr
i
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,
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
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es
a
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ter
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licatio
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o
f
G
R
T
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d
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is
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h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
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d
if
f
er
en
t a
r
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
n
o
d
es (
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
)
,
th
at
is
:
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
tie
-
s
ets
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tep
s
tar
ts
b
y
d
en
o
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
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r
ce
n
o
d
e
,
an
d
th
e
d
esti
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n
n
o
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e
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e
n
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ee
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
all
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e
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o
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ib
le
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i
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m
p
ath
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n
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t
h
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p
air
.
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s
in
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r
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te
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p
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f
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o
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d
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r
e
r
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u
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n
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th
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g
e
m
en
t
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p
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s
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Ma
tr
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T
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
en
u
m
er
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g
all
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o
s
s
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le
co
m
b
in
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s
o
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t
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m
ai
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(
n
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T
h
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ele
m
en
t
s
o
f
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ar
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n
o
d
e
n
u
m
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g
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t
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e
lo
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li
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t
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m
atr
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x
R
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h
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f
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s
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m
n
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it
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m
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f
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r
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m
p
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i
f
,
an
d
,
it
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
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(
5
)
is
lo
ca
ted
i
n
r
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w
s
(
3
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an
d
co
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m
n
n
u
m
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2
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in
t
h
e
T
m
atr
i
x
,
an
d
th
e
ele
m
e
n
t
af
ter
(
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
w
)
i
s
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
(
3
)
.
I
n
o
r
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er
to
f
i
n
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th
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r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
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p
r
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et
w
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n
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5
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,
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d
n
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(
3
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,
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m
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[
,
is
co
p
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f
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m
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.
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f
,
th
e
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th
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is
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ir
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t
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n
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et
w
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n
o
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d
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n
ac
ti
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m
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ch
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k
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k
ip
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I
n
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t
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eq
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tie
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e
f
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li
f
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s
tep
s
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a
v
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to
b
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f
o
llo
w
ed
:
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E
li
m
i
n
ate
all
t
h
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r
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n
o
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o
n
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r
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w
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b)
R
e
m
o
v
e
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
af
ter
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
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,
an
d
c)
E
li
m
i
n
ate
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t tie
-
s
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ts
.
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all
y
,
w
e
w
ill
g
et
a
m
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(
,
)
,
w
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tire
tie
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n
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m
b
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Fig
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3
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tie
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DE
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
MH
T
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
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y
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2
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d
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m
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m
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le
m
e
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tatio
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s
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o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
as
lin
k
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
er
f
ec
t
n
o
d
es
.
Fo
r
clar
it
y
,
o
n
l
y
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
is
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
,
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
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s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
v
el
y
as
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
s
f
o
r
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
MH
T
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
a
i
n
s
t
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
cla
s
s
ical
tie
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s
e
ts
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
S
i
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
w
h
ile
D
i
s
th
e
d
est
in
atio
n
n
o
d
e
.
R
is
t
h
e
r
eliab
ili
t
y
,
w
h
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
i
m
u
lated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
,
an
d
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tie
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s
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d
ti
m
e
r
eq
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ed
f
o
r
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e
v
al
u
at
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n
f
o
r
t
h
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n
e
w
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T
alg
o
r
it
h
m
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,
an
d
ar
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s
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m
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ar
iab
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es
f
o
r
t
h
e
class
ical
t
ie
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s
ets
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g
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
t
h
e
P
ath
T
r
ac
in
g
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
P
T
A
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.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
clea
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
b
y
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clea
r
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u
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n
in
th
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n
u
m
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e
r
o
f
tie
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s
u
s
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g
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T
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
PT
A
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h
is
d
ec
r
e
ase
w
ill
h
av
e
a
d
ir
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t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
d
ec
r
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s
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g
t
h
e
co
m
p
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tin
g
ti
m
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
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o
r
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e
v
al
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atio
n
.
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r
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m
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le,
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
m
o
d
it
y
(
S=
;
D
=
)
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
e
-
s
et
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
(
3
0
)
to
(
8
)
as
s
h
ow
n
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
o
w
o
f
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
is
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
r
e
f
lecte
d
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ti
m
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
t
i
m
e
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
(
)
in
PT
A
to
(
)
w
h
en
MH
T
is
ap
p
lied
.
Fo
r
co
m
p
lica
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
,
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t is e
x
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
u
lated
to
p
o
lo
g
y
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
ilatio
n
r
esu
lts
S
D
(
s)
(
s)
R
S
D
(
s)
(
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R
1
2
8
0
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0
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:
i
s mo
r
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t
h
a
n
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Sev
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
m
p
u
te
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
e
liab
ilit
y
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
T
SM,
an
d
GR
T
ar
e
v
er
y
o
f
te
n
u
s
ed
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
co
n
tex
t.
T
ie
-
s
et
ca
n
tr
ea
t
s
m
al
l
to
m
ed
iu
m
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
GR
T
is
u
s
ed
to
e
v
alu
a
te
all
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
y
p
es.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
an
ef
f
icien
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
n
a
m
ed
M
HT
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
alg
o
r
it
h
m
h
as
i
ts
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
it
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
b
o
th
T
SM
an
d
GR
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
an
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eg
ar
d
les
s
o
f
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
i
m
p
le,
m
ed
i
u
m
o
r
co
m
p
lex
.
MH
T
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
o
f
GR
T
f
ir
s
t,
w
h
ic
h
y
ield
s
to
s
im
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
e
s
u
l
tin
g
a
s
i
m
p
le
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
SM.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
e
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ti
m
e
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
e
liab
ilit
y
e
v
al
u
atio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t,
MH
T
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as a
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
to
o
l f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
lc
u
lat
io
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
K.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
e
w
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
ti
e
se
t
m
e
th
o
d
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
w
it
h
a
m
o
d
if
ied
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
T
ikr
it
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
P.
Z
h
u
,
J.
Ha
n
,
Y.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
F
.
L
o
m
b
a
rd
i,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
c
rit
ica
li
ty
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
b
y
sto
c
h
a
stic c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
”
IEE
E
N
e
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
0
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
A
.
P
.
G
u
im
a
r
a
e
s,
H.
M
.
N
.
Oliv
e
ira,
R.
Ba
rro
s.
a
n
d
,
P
.
R
.
M
M
a
c
i
e
l,
“
Av
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
A
stra
te
g
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
i
m
p
o
rtan
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
Ch
i
n
a
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
-
3
3
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
A
.
M
.
S
h
o
o
m
a
n
.
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
-
n
e
tw
o
rk
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis:
p
ro
b
a
b
il
ist
ic
g
ra
p
h
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
An
n
u
a
l
Relia
b
i
li
ty a
n
d
M
a
in
t
a
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
S
y
mp
o
siu
m,
p
p
.
4
4
1
-
4
48
,
1
9
9
2
.
[5
]
Q.
L
iu
.
,
“
Co
v
e
ra
g
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
c
o
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
c
a
u
se
fa
il
u
re
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
–
s ev
id
e
n
c
e
th
e
o
r
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
p
p
.
1
-
15
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
]
V
.
K.
S
in
g
h
,
P
.
S
a
m
u
n
d
isw
a
r
y
a
n
d
M
.
S
iv
a
sin
d
h
u
,
“
Cl
u
ste
r
b
a
se
d
re
li
a
b
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
5
G
n
e
tw
o
r
k
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
I
n
d
ia,
p
p
.
8
5
3
-
8
5
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[7
]
K.
B.
Ke
la,
B.
N.
S
u
t
h
a
r,
a
n
d
L
.
D.
A
r
y
a
,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
sy
ste
m
s
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
e
x
p
e
n
d
it
u
re
s
o
n
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
u
sto
m
e
r
in
terru
p
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
7
-
1
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
A
.
M
.
A
g
wa
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
g
rid
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
b
y
fa
u
lt
tree
a
n
a
ly
sis
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
7
.
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
7
-
1
1
3
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
sh
e
h
h
ri,
Y.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
G
.
Lei,
“
A
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
o
f
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
stu
d
ies
o
f
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
m
icro
g
rid
s
,
”
2
nd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
te
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ista
n
b
u
l
,
T
u
rk
e
y
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
0
]
M.
L
e
,
M
.
W
a
lt
e
r
a
n
d
J.
W
e
i
d
e
n
d
o
rf
e
r
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
Ku
o
-
Lu
-
Ye
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
a
ss
e
s
sin
g
tw
o
-
ter
m
in
a
l
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
l
e
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Ne
w
c
a
stle,
UK
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
22
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
F.
M
a
ji
d
,
a
n
d
H.B.
L
u
iz,”
F
in
d
i
n
g
a
ll
th
e
lo
w
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
a
ry
p
o
in
t
s
in
a
m
u
lt
istate
tw
o
-
ter
m
in
a
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Relia
b
il
i
ty
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
p
p
.
6
7
7
-
6
8
8
,
2
0
1
7
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2
]
M
.
K.
M
a
h
m
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o
d
,
F
.
M
.
A
.
Na
ima
,
a
n
d
L
.
S
.
A
b
d
u
l
la,
“
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n
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f
f
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a
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u
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n
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o
rk
re
li
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it
y
,
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ter
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ti
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o
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rn
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ter
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o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
J.
S
il
v
a
,
T.
G
o
m
e
s,
D.
T
ip
p
e
r,
L
.
M
a
rti
n
s,
a
n
d
V
.
Ko
u
n
e
v
,
“
A
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ti
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g
a
ll
-
term
in
a
l
r
e
li
a
b
il
it
y
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
”
6
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Relia
b
le
Ne
two
rk
s
De
sig
n
a
n
d
M
o
d
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l
in
g
,
Ba
rc
e
lo
n
a
,
S
p
a
in
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
83
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
Ery
il
m
a
z
,
S
.
a
n
d
Bo
z
b
u
lu
t,
A
.
R.
,
“
A
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
ic
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
re
li
a
b
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y
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n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
re
p
a
irab
le
m
u
lt
i
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sta
te
w
e
ig
h
ted
k
-
out
-
of
-
n
:
G
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Relia
b
il
it
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m S
a
fety
,
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o
l.
1
3
1
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
6
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
X
.
S
h
ih
u
a
n
d
Y.
J
u
n
,
“
k
-
T
e
r
m
in
a
l
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
d
h
o
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n
e
tw
o
rk
s
c
o
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sid
e
rin
g
th
e
im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
n
o
d
e
f
a
il
u
re
s
a
n
d
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Reli
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
5
-
7
3
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
G
.
B
a
i,
e
t
a
l.
,”
A
n
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
re
li
a
b
il
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y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
tw
o
-
ter
m
in
a
l
m
u
lt
istate
n
e
t
w
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rk
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
sta
te
sp
a
c
e
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
,
p
p
.
1
-
12
,
2
0
2
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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5
0
2
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4752
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21
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r
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2
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2
1
:
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1192
[1
7
]
P
.
L
’Ecu
y
e
r,
S
.
S
a
g
g
a
d
i,
a
n
d
B.
T
u
ff
in
,
“
G
ra
p
h
re
d
u
c
ti
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u
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m
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ti
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,
”
2
0
1
1
W
in
ter
S
imu
l
a
t
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C
o
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fer
e
n
c
e
,
P
h
o
e
n
ix
,
A
Z,
USA
,
p
p
.
4
2
9
-
4
3
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
8
]
M
.
K.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
I
.
M
y
d
e
rrizi
,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
a
c
lu
ste
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g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
ie
-
se
t
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
43
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
lec
o
mm
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n
ica
ti
o
n
s
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n
d
S
ig
n
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l
Pro
c
e
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in
g
(
T
S
P)
,
I
taly
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
-
142
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
P
.
P
ra
k
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
M
o
n
te
-
Ca
rl
o
b
a
se
d
re
li
a
b
il
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y
m
o
d
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ll
in
g
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f
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g
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n
e
t
w
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rk
u
sin
g
g
r
a
p
h
th
e
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ry
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
9
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Av
a
i
la
b
il
it
y
,
Reli
a
b
i
li
ty a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rity
,
F
rib
o
u
rg
,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
-
3
8
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
M.
F
.
F
ir
u
z
a
b
a
d
,
R.
Bil
li
n
t
o
n
,
T
.
S
.
M
u
n
ia
n
,
a
n
d
B.
Vin
a
y
a
g
a
m
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
d
e
term
in
e
m
in
im
a
l
ti
e
-
se
ts
o
f
c
o
m
p
lex
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Relia
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
7
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
1
]
R.
Do
n
g
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
Z.
Xu
,
a
n
d
F.
L
i,
“
D
e
c
isio
n
d
iag
ra
m
b
a
s
e
d
s
y
m
b
o
li
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
m
u
lt
istate
f
lo
w
n
e
t
w
o
rk
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
b
lem
s
in
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
”
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ica
l
Pro
b
lem
s
in
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
13
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Ra
i,
R.
C.
V
a
len
z
u
e
la,
B.
T
u
ff
in
,
a
n
d
P
.
De
rsin
,
“
A
p
p
ro
x
im
a
t
e
Zero
-
V
a
rian
c
e
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
sa
m
p
li
n
g
f
o
r
sta
ti
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
n
o
d
e
f
a
il
u
re
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
ra
il
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
W
in
ter
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
W
a
sh
in
g
to
n
,
DC,
USA
,
p
p
.
3
2
0
1
-
3
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
C.
Bh
a
rg
a
v
a
,
a
n
d
R.
L
o
k
a
,
“
A
n
o
p
e
n
so
u
rc
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
M
o
n
te
Ca
rlo
sim
u
latio
n
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
.
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
5
-
1
0
7
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
D.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hy
b
rid
lea
rn
in
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
o
f
ra
d
ial
b
a
sis
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
p
p
.
1
-
14
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
V
.
G
a
u
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
m
e
tri
c
s,
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
M
a
c
a
o
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
9
-
1
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
M
a
li
n
o
w
sk
i,
J.,
”
A
n
e
w
e
ff
icie
n
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
a
ll
m
in
i
m
a
l
ti
e
-
se
ts
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
se
lec
ted
n
o
d
e
s
in
a
m
e
sh
stru
c
tu
re
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Reli
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
5
9
.
no.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
-
2
1
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
7
]
M
u
sa
ria
K.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
F
a
w
z
i
M
.
A
l
-
Na
i
m
a
,
a
n
d
Zah
ra
a
Zaid
a
n
,
"
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
Ira
q
i
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
.
p
p
.
4
4
8
-
4
5
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.