Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
1
88
~
1
9
6
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I:
10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
1
88
-
1
96
188
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Vibratio
n harves
ting inte
grated i
nto vehi
cle suspe
nsion an
d
bodywork
So
u
ad Tou
airi
, Must
apha
Mabr
ou
ki
Ind
us
tria
l En
gi
neer
i
ng Labo
ra
tory (L
GI
)
, F
ac
ulty
o
f
Science
s and Tec
hniq
ue
s,
S
ultan M
oula
y
Slim
ane
Un
i
ver
sit
y (
USM
S)
, Be
ni Mel
la
l, Morocco
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
4
, 2
021
Re
vised
Jun
2
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
1
, 202
1
Thi
s
work
pro
poses
a
new
pie
zo
el
e
ct
ri
c
tr
ansduc
er
s
y
ste
m
with
four
fre
edoms
of
m
o
vement
m
odel
led
and
eva
luated
b
y
m
ec
hat
roni
c
te
chni
qu
es.
The
proposed
m
odel
li
ng
te
chn
ique
s
(
fin
it
e
e
lem
ent
and
bond
gra
ph
)
wer
e
per
form
ed
in
a
20
-
Sim
fra
m
ework
at
t
ac
h
ed
to
the
AN
SY
S
sof
twar
e.
Th
e
esta
bli
sh
ed
har
v
este
r
s
y
stem
has
the
abi
lit
y
to
inc
rea
se
th
e
driver'
s
comfort
when
tra
velling
on
seve
ral
t
y
pes
of
roa
d
surfac
es.
The
pie
zo
elec
tr
i
c
har
veste
r
is
designe
d
to
inve
stigate
and
provide
the
hea
l
th
req
uire
m
e
nt
and
ride
comfort
of
the
vehi
c
le'
s
driv
es
on
ran
dom
ro
a
d
surfac
es.
The
sim
ula
ti
o
n
result
s
af
f
irm
th
at
th
e
improved
pie
zo
el
e
ct
ri
c
trans
duce
r
arr
angem
ent
is
m
ore
produc
ti
v
e
for
v
ari
ous
aspe
c
ts.
T
he
power
re
cover
y
is
signifi
c
ant
l
y
enha
nc
e
d
as
well
as
the
drivi
ng
comfort
on
the
three
r
oad
c
at
egor
ie
s.
Final
l
y
,
th
e
har
vesta
b
le
pow
er
amount
is
hi
ghli
ght
ed
and
is
gra
phically
dis
cussed
for
seve
ral specific
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ele
ct
ric powe
r
Energy
harvest
ing
Piez
oelect
ric
Su
s
pensi
on sys
tem
Vibrat
ion ene
r
gy
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Souad T
ou
ai
ri
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Physi
cs,
In
dust
rial
Enginee
rin
g
La
borato
ry
Faculty
of S
ci
e
nces a
nd Tec
hniq
ues
Su
lt
an
M
oula
y Sl
i
m
ane Univ
ersit
y
Cam
pu
s
M
gh
il
a, BP
523,
23000 B
eni Mel
la
l, Mo
ro
cc
o
Em
a
il
:
tou
ai
risou
a
d@gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Thro
ughout
t
he
la
st
decade
,
the
a
doptio
n
of
aut
onom
ou
s
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
,
ha
ndhel
d
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
syst
em
s,
s
m
art
instru
m
e
nts,
a
nd
i
ntell
i
gen
t
ci
ti
es
has
been
gro
wing
ste
adily
.
Those
la
tt
er
aff
ect
the
dem
and
for
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
(E
E)
w
hich
ha
s
al
so
bee
n
incr
easi
ng.
This
te
chnolo
gical
ex
pansi
on
has
place
d
sev
eral
con
st
raint
s
on
el
ect
ric
powe
r
pro
duct
ion
by
a
prop
e
r
and
co
ntin
uous
so
urce
of
el
ect
rical
powe
r.
H
owev
er,
the
powe
r
so
urces
bec
ome
a
barrier
be
cause
the
qua
ntit
y
of
ene
rgy
con
s
um
ed
by
the
aut
onom
ou
s
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
(
AEV
)
is
el
evated
due
to
the
prol
onge
d
dr
i
vin
g
distances
[
1
]
,
[
2].
In
this
re
sp
ect
,
a
novel
piezoe
le
ct
ric
transdu
cer
syst
e
m
has
been
an
nounc
ed
to
pro
gr
e
ss
the
recovery
of
vi
br
at
io
nal
energy
and
offe
r
ne
w
eff
ic
ie
nc
ie
s
a
nd
im
ple
m
ent
new
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s
[3
]
,
[
4].
Wh
il
e
vibrat
io
nal
ene
r
gy
sca
venge
r
(V
E
S)
util
iz
ing
the
piez
oelect
ric
su
bs
ta
nc
e
has
previ
ously
been
dis
cusse
d
in
gre
at
sci
entifi
c
research
database
,
m
any
inv
est
igat
or
s
ha
ve
bee
n
fo
c
us
e
d
on
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
canti
le
ve
r
[5
]
.
The
m
ain
pu
r
po
s
e
is
t
ha
t
the
harvester
’s
be
a
m
s
ensure
a
la
rg
e
el
ect
ric
al
powe
r
am
ou
nt
for
s
uppl
yi
ng
se
ver
al
i
ndus
trie
s
de
vi
ces
as;
autom
otive
are
a,
soph
ist
ic
at
ed
wireless
ra
da
rs
an
d
sm
art
instru
m
ents
[6
]
,
[
7].
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
the
VES
sc
hem
es
pro
du
ce
a
nd
s
tore
po
wer
cl
os
e
to
loads
an
d
co
ns
um
ption
need
s
[
8].
Th
is
te
chn
iq
ue
colle
ct
s
the
a
m
bien
t
vibrat
ion
ene
r
gy
of
the
wea
k
s
us
pe
ns
i
on
distor
ti
on
a
nd
co
nv
e
rts
it
in
to
po
wer
s
uppl
y
[9
]
.
T
he
c
om
m
on
perform
ance
of
the
piezoele
ct
ric
pac
kag
e
os
ci
ll
at
es
natu
rall
y
in
res
pons
e
to
the
nor
m
al
su
perfici
al
plan
e
os
ci
ll
at
ion
of
t
he
tra
nsd
ucer’
s
beam
s
[
10
]
,
these
vibrat
ions
are
noti
ced
in
t
he
strai
n
of
unc
hangin
g
s
urface
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Vibra
ti
on
harv
est
ing
i
ntegr
at
ed
int
o
ve
hicle
su
s
pen
si
on
and b
od
yw
or
k
(
Souad To
uairi
)
189
m
at
erial
[1
1
]
,
[
12]
.
The
m
ano
eu
vre
is
essenti
al
to
decr
ea
se
the
i
m
pact
of
vi
br
at
io
n
an
d
pr
e
ser
ve
dri
ver
s
by
wasti
ng
this
v
ibrati
onal
energ
y
in
dissipati
ng
heat
[13].
More
over,
the
w
ho
le
suspe
ns
io
n
of
the
seat
operate
s
as
a
vib
rati
on
i
so
la
tor
t
o
rem
ov
e
t
he
pe
rturbati
on
from
hi
gh
rou
ghness
of
the
ro
a
d
pr
ofi
le
.
The
ef
fort
s
of
the
researc
hers
we
re
im
ple
m
ente
d
to
e
nha
nce
the
tra
ns
du
ce
r
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
auth
or
s
in
[14]
ap
plied
a
tra
nsduc
e
r
canti
le
ver
i
nto
wh
eel
’s
ti
res
t
o
dist
rib
uted
powe
r
in
t
he
ve
hicle
s
an
d
syn
chro
nizing
t
he
stora
ge
of
vibr
at
ion
al
energy
in
t
he
c
hargin
g
batte
ries.
A
s
a
resu
lt
,
there
has
bee
n
gro
wing
pro
gress
in
tra
nsd
uc
er
en
gi
neer
in
g
as
a
m
os
t
po
w
er
fu
l
too
l
f
or
the
de
velo
pm
ent
of
a
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
syst
e
m
.
Nev
ertheless,
a
past
stud
y
has
perf
or
m
ed
an
e
xten
de
d
a
nd
com
pr
e
hensi
ve
a
naly
sis
of
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
piezoele
ct
ric
substance
to
c
ollec
t
vibrat
io
n,
nam
ely
ener
gy
sc
ave
ng
i
ng
from
fu
el
gen
e
ra
tors
in
a
nucl
ear
ene
rg
y
f
act
ory
[15].
I
n
the
ver
y
sam
e
sit
uation,
the
sci
entifi
c
in
[
16
]
,
[
17]
ha
ve
bee
n
re
vi
ewin
g
these
i
nteresti
ng
area
s
and
offer
i
ng
so
m
e
so
luti
on
s
f
or
m
od
el
li
ng
.
In
add
it
io
n,
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
ener
gy
reco
ve
ry
by
v
ibrati
on
(PVE
H)
ci
rc
uit
and
stocki
ng
detac
hm
ent
are
wi
dely
discuss
e
d
in
the
l
it
eratur
e
[
18]
.
On
t
he
ot
her
s
ide,
the
re
are
m
any
popu
la
r
te
chn
iq
ues
t
hat
ha
ve
been
a
ppli
ed
a
nd
reali
zed
to
colle
ct
var
io
us
vib
rati
on
e
nergies
carry
ou
t
on
t
he
ve
hicle
body.
T
his
ext
ern
al
excit
at
ion
ca
n
change
the
ve
hicle
'
s
eng
ine
beh
a
viou
r
or
the
ca
r'
s
antil
oc
k
br
a
kes
de
vi
ce
(
ABD
)
[19].
T
he
auth
or
s
of
[
20
]
,
[
21]
ha
ve
be
en
propose
d
an
a
pp
li
cable
strat
egy
to
c
ol
le
ct
hig
h
ba
nd
width
of
vib
ra
ti
on
s
energy
thr
ough
the
us
e
of
tra
nsduc
er
at
ta
che
d
to
the
su
s
pe
nsi
on
syst
em
.
N
ever
t
heless,
thi
s
appro
ac
h
doe
s
no
t
pr
ese
r
ve
c
onduct
ion
safety
f
or
t
he
c
onduct
or
due
t
o
the
c
hange
d
s
uspen
sion
pro
pe
rtie
s.
A
fter
re
viewi
ng
the
per
ti
ne
nt
li
te
r
at
ur
e,
the
a
ut
hors
ha
ve
str
uggled
to
so
l
ve
tw
o
c
riti
cal
te
chn
i
cal
prob
le
m
s:
Pr
ot
ot
yped
a
trans
du
ce
r
t
hat n
ee
ds
process
with lo
w oscil
la
ti
on
e
nergy a
nd app
ropr
ia
te
sh
a
pe
fact
or fo
r
the
suspe
ns
io
n.
This
arti
cl
e
propose
d
a
nove
l
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
fo
r
tran
sduc
er
m
od
el
li
ng
t
hat
prov
i
des
a
n
excell
ent
ov
e
r
view
an
d
exp
a
nds
the
po
w
er
am
ou
nt.
T
he
vibrat
io
n
ha
rv
est
in
g
syst
em
(
VHS
)
de
vice
est
ablished
in
this
pap
e
r
e
nsures
high
perform
a
nce
for
el
ect
ri
c
ve
hicle
(
EV
)
su
s
pe
ns
io
n
wi
th
re
gard
t
o
a
un
i
fied
reg
e
ne
rati
ve
appr
oach.
Pa
rtic
ularly
the
bond
gra
ph
(B
G)
ap
proac
h
is
a
pp
li
ed
to
t
he
whol
e
harveste
r
syst
em
(
m
ec
han
ic
a
l
su
s
pen
si
on
co
m
po
nen
ts
a
nd
piezoelec
tric
tr
ans
du
ce
r).
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
pe
r
pendicula
r,
tra
ns
ve
rsal
a
nd
bi
la
te
ral
forces
of
the
veh
ic
le
'
s
su
sp
en
sio
n
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
are
evaluate
d.
T
his
approac
h
ta
kes
into
acc
ount
the
geo
m
et
rical
and
no
n
-
li
nea
riti
es
associat
ed
with
the
s
uspe
ns
io
n
syst
em
,
i
nclu
ding
the
pi
ezoele
ct
ric
hys
te
resis
beh
a
viou
r
as
well
as
the
cri
ti
cal
ti
re
par
a
m
et
ers.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
t
he
a
ppr
opriat
e
m
at
rix
of
m
ass,
dam
pin
g
a
nd
sti
ff
nes
s
sta
te
s
is
cal
culat
ed
tak
in
g
into
acco
un
t
the
dyna
m
i
cs
of
the
EV.
In
ad
diti
on
al
,
th
e
hyste
resis
prop
e
rty
of
t
he
piezoele
ct
ric
act
uato
r
ha
s
bee
n
ver
ifie
d
by
em
plo
yi
ng
a
n
im
pu
lse
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
m
odulati
on
(
P
WM)
wi
t
h
var
i
ou
s
op
e
rat
ion
al
cy
cl
es
i
nto
MAT
LAB
\
SU
MIL
INK
f
ram
e.
The
m
od
el
co
ntr
olled
dynam
ic
da
m
pin
g
par
am
et
ers
an
d
in
put
value
s
wer
e
rec
ognise
d
tr
ough
the
te
st
resu
lt
s.
T
he
nu
m
erical
valu
es
of
the
sim
ulati
on
dem
on
strat
e
be
tt
er
vib
rati
on
isolat
ion
.
T
he
syst
e
m
is
es
tab
li
sh
e
d
f
or
the
m
axi
m
u
m
/
m
i
nim
u
m
da
m
pi
ng
a
nd
with
a
conve
nt
ion
al
refor
m
ative
su
s
pen
si
on.
The
syst
e
m
'
s
reco
ve
ra
ble
powe
r
RM
S
is
386
m
W
th
ough
the
consum
ption
of
the
P
W
M
aut
om
ob
il
e
switc
h
ind
ic
at
or
is
122
m
W
.
Th
eref
or
e
,
this
dam
pin
g
fact
or
of
the
su
s
pen
si
on
e
nsure
com
fo
rta
ble
ride
thr
ough
m
ini
m
al
po
we
r
c
harge.
Furth
erm
or
e,
the
sim
ula
ti
on
af
f
ir
m
that
the
tran
sducer
at
ta
ched
in
t
he
path
of
thick
ne
ss
has
a
r
ound
35%
m
ino
r
na
tural
f
reque
ncy
and
10%
a
dva
nced
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
(10
V)
t
hat
the
narrow
-
wi
dth
tra
nsd
ucer.
Finall
y,
this
pa
per
pro
vide
s
evide
nce
t
hat
the
piezoelec
tric
be
a
m
can
be
em
plo
ye
d
i
n
a
vas
t
arr
ay
of
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
with
e
qu
i
valent
m
ass
and
el
e
vated
outp
ut
resist
ance,
res
pecti
vely
.
Th
e
se
value
s
de
m
on
strat
e
that
the
im
pr
ov
e
d
instr
um
ent
decr
ease
str
ongly
the
influ
e
nce
am
on
g
w
heels
an
d
ro
a
ds
eve
n
pr
ese
r
ving
the
operati
ve
vibrat
ion
ene
r
gy
reco
ver
y
capa
ci
ty
in
el
ect
ric energy
(
EE
)
from
5
0
m
W
to
7.4
W.
2.
MEC
HAT
RONIC
S
MO
DE
LL
ING
MET
HODOL
OG
Y
Ma
ny
adv
a
nce
d
trans
ducer
s
yst
e
m
s
in
VH
S
are
pro
pose
d
an
d
analy
se
d
but
they
didn'
t
con
side
r
a
sta
nd
a
rd
co
nn
ect
ion
m
od
el
[22].
In
this
sect
ion
,
a
m
e
chan
ic
al
s
hea
r
ha
rv
est
in
g
s
yst
e
m
fo
r
t
he
V
HS
te
chnolo
gy
wi
th
an
unli
m
it
e
d
num
ber
of
input
co
ns
trai
nts
an
d
a
m
a
xim
u
m
of
ou
t
pu
t
f
orces
has
been
est
ablished
.
T
he
dynam
ic
beh
avi
our
of
th
is
transducer
syst
e
m
is
a
fu
nction
of
the
sta
te
of
ver
ti
c
al
and
bounde
d
horiz
on
ta
l
forces
(
1
)
.
T
he
piez
oelect
ric
hyste
res
is
is
m
od
el
le
d,
an
d
only
the
ver
ti
cal
m
ov
e
m
ent,
pitch
r
otati
on
and
r
oll
m
ov
em
ents
of
the
ve
hicle
we
re
ta
ken
into
acco
unt
[
23
]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
beam
a
tt
ached
to
the
con
duc
tor'
s
seat
su
spe
ns
io
n
is
exh
i
bited
to
per
t
urbati
on.
This
la
tt
er
is
a
com
pl
ic
at
ed
dynam
ic
fu
nction
of
m
ov
em
ent
f
or
this
ty
pe
of
c
om
plex
m
echan
ic
al
c
ompone
nt
[
24
]
.
M
or
e
over,
t
he
ve
hicle
handlin
g
eq
uation
has
been
e
xtracted
e
xclu
ding
the
trans
ducer
dy
nam
ic
s
influ
e
nce
that
adopted
the
produce
d
force
of
the
ve
rtic
al
m
ov
e
m
e
nt
of
the
syst
em
[2
5].
Furthe
rm
or
e,
the
exhi
biti
ng
BG
ca
lc
ulate
d
the
m
o
vem
ent
equ
at
io
ns
of
cond
ucto
r’
s
s
eat
su
sp
e
ns
io
n.
T
hese
la
tt
er
are
com
po
s
ed
of
the
pa
ssen
ger’s
susp
ensi
on
,
cond
ucto
r’
s
m
ass
an
d
the
roues
s
us
pe
ns
i
on.
The
pro
pose
d
BG
c
om
po
s
ed
of
m
ass
value,
s
pr
i
ng
fact
or,
an
d
dam
per
p
a
ram
et
er’
s m
at
rices for t
he
p
ie
z
oel
ect
ric h
a
rv
est
e
r
ty
pical
syst
e
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
1
88
-
1
9
6
190
2.1.
Pie
z
oelectri
c tr
an
s
duce
r mo
unt
e
d b
e
t
w
een th
e
seat
an
d
t
he
tyre
s
uspensi
on
The
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
piezoelec
tric
m
at
erial
us
ed
in
PVEH
is
PZTK
-
4
wit
h
D
33
c
har
act
erist
ic
s.
The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
us
ed
zi
rc
on
i
um
le
ad
at
e
that
underg
oes
a
structu
ral
sta
ge
transiti
on
w
he
n
it
s
infecti
on
dro
ps
to
the
Curie
tem
per
at
ure
[26
]
,
[
27]
.
H
ow
ever,
to
deter
m
ine
it
s
ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
fo
r
powe
r
fl
ow,
an
el
ect
rified
piezoelec
tric
tra
nsdu
ce
r
unit
has
been
m
od
el
le
d
by
t
he
BG
in
ve
rse
Fi
gu
re
1.
This
wav
e
s
ource
is
a
sinu
s
oid
al
s
our
ce
direct
to
the
capaci
tor
C
pz
of
it
s
m
idd
le
cond
ucto
r
by
th
e
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
the
s
us
pe
nsi
on
(sprin
g,
m
ass
an
d
dam
per
el
e
m
ent)
[
26
]
.
This
c
once
pt
disc
us
se
d
and
est
ablish
e
d
in
a
m
or
e
detai
le
d
descr
i
ption
in
the
ne
xt
sect
io
n.
T
he
m
agn
it
ud
e
i
nput
of
e
xcita
ti
on
vo
lt
a
ge
V
pz
c
ha
ng
e
s
with
the
le
ve
l
of
piezoelec
tric
m
echan
ic
al
po
la
rity
that
assum
ed
to
be
c
on
ti
nu
ous
re
ga
rd
le
ss
of
the
exter
nal
in
pu
t
load
.
Accor
ding to
this
propose
d
m
od
el
,
the
dyna
m
ic
stat
e equ
at
ion
s
of m
o
ti
on
are
pr
ese
nted
a
s foll
ow
s:
"
2
(
)
=
(
"
2
(
)
−
"
1
(
)
)
+
(
′
2
(
)
−
′
1
(
)
)
+
(
2
(
)
−
1
(
)
)
+
(
(
)
)
(1)
wh
e
re
,
M
sm
is
the
sp
r
ung
m
a
ss
(kg),
K
spr
is
the
su
sp
e
ns
io
n
sti
ff
ne
ss
(
N/m
),
C
PZT
is
the
su
sp
e
ns
io
n
da
m
ping
(N
s/m
),
F
road
is
the
total
vib
r
at
ion
f
or
ce
(
N
),
Z
1
unspra
ng
m
ass
m
otion
(m
),
Z’
1
un
s
prang
m
ass
trans
la
ti
on
sp
ee
d
(m
/s),
Z
2
sp
r
ung
m
a
ss
m
otion
(m
),
Z’
2
s
pru
ng
m
ass
translat
ion
s
pee
d
(m
/s
),
Z
PZT
m
otion
of
the
piezoelec
tric
be
a
m
s accordin
g
to
the
D
33
(m
)
a
nd Z’
PZT
tran
sla
ti
on
s
peed (
m
/s).
Accor
ding
to
t
he
I
EEE
sta
ndard
facto
rs,
t
he
li
nk
am
on
g
th
e
exter
nally
pract
ic
al
fo
rce
e
m
plo
ye
d
on
the
PEA
.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
m
ov
em
ent
is
direct
and
prov
e
s
the
pr
eci
s
e
at
ta
ch
m
ent
op
tim
al
.
This
disru
ptiv
e
fo
rce
pro
du
ces
a
pe
r
m
anen
t
sh
ear
de
form
ation
in
the
PZT
m
at
eri
al
patches
an
d
as
a
resu
lt
a
m
echan
ic
al
m
ov
e
m
ent
on the
sides
of
the PZT
-
7K surface i
n
th
e c
ourse
of
pola
rizat
ion
, calc
ulate
d
th
r
ough the
for
m
ula as foll
ows
:
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
D
d
E
(2)
In
cl
ud
i
ng,
the
su
pe
r
fici
al
po
t
entia
l
-
thick
nes
s
m
ov
e
m
ent
D
33
on
t
he
as
pe
ct
s
of
the
P
ZT
-
7K
a
reas;
the
PZT
stress
facto
r
d
33
;
the
sh
ave
t
ensio
n
31
wor
king
norm
al
t
o
the
trac
k
of
the
PZT
pro
pe
ll
ing
;
the
diele
ct
ric
con
ti
nual
value
11
an
d
the
elec
tric
al
g
r
ound
E
1
in the
1
-
path
in
side t
he
PZ
T
-
7K.
Althou
gh
t
he
ge
ner
al
e
qu
al
isa
ti
on
of
the
e
ne
rg
y
tra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
us
e
s
a
dist
rib
uted
te
ch
nique
thr
ough
the m
od
el
li
ng
of the B
G,
it
w
as easy
to de
rive,
optim
ise
an
d
e
xp
la
in
the
e
qu
at
io
ns o
f
sta
t
e:
3
3
1
2
2
sin
(
2
)
1
(
)
m
p
wd
F
n
n
t
I
wC
R
(3)
3
3
1
2
2
sin
(
2
)
1
(
)
m
p
wd
F
n
n
t
VR
wC
R
(
4)
The res
ult
ing
powe
r o
utput ca
n be e
xpresse
d as f
ollows:
2
3
3
1
2
2
s
in
(
2
)
(
)
.
[
]
.
1
(
)
m
R
M
S
p
w
d
F
n
n
t
P
t
V
I
R
w
C
R
(5)
wh
e
re
,
F
m
is
a
pr
ess
ure
force
on
the
PZT
-
7K
beam
s
ver
ti
cal
to
th
e
poolin
g
f
un
ct
io
n
of
ti
m
e
t,
w
pr
e
sen
ts
the
patch
widt
h,
n
1
is
the
nat
ur
a
l
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(
Hz)
a
nd
n
2
pr
esents
the
bea
m
s
qu
antit
y
attached
cl
os
e
t
o
the
su
s
pen
si
on.
2.2.
B
on
d
gr
ap
h
of s
uspen
sion
el
emen
t
c
omb
ine
d wi
th
th
e
transduc
e
r beam
s
The
est
a
blishe
d
sc
hem
e
is
design
e
d
c
on
si
de
rin
g
sprin
g
el
e
m
ent,
m
ass
equ
ivale
nt
m
od
el
and
shoc
k
abs
orber
sc
he
m
e
fo
r
each
m
od
e
.
The
s
ub
s
yst
e
m
is
con
structe
d
with
se
ver
al
schem
e
degrees
of
li
ber
ty
.
This
prototypic
al
pr
ov
i
des
a g
reat ride h
an
dlin
g
a
nd
provides
t
he
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
th
e
ar
bitrary
in
pu
t of
t
he
ro
a
d
su
r
face.
T
he
pe
rturbati
on
input
w
pr
es
ents
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
the
co
ntr
ol
ou
t
pu
t
z,
as
il
l
us
trat
ed
in
Fi
gure
1.
The
pro
pose
d
BG
of
the
c
onduct
or'
s
seat
su
s
pen
si
on
syst
e
m
aff
ir
m
a
global
view
of
the
syst
e
m
a
nd
it
s
par
am
et
ers
op
t
i
m
isa
t
ion
.
T
his
m
od
el
ta
kes
into
acc
ount
al
l
the
pe
rtu
rb
at
i
on
s
im
ple
m
ented
in
t
he
c
onduct
or
sie
ge.
The
pr
e
dicte
d
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
am
ou
nt
is
a
fu
nction
of
the
nu
m
ber
of
vib
rati
ons
on
an
in
differe
nt
ro
ad
.
This
new
a
ppr
oach
est
i
m
at
es
an
el
ect
rical
powe
r
with
a
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
of
50km
/h.
This
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
al
lows
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Vibra
ti
on
harv
est
ing
i
ntegr
at
ed
int
o
ve
hicle
su
s
pen
si
on
and b
od
yw
or
k
(
Souad To
uairi
)
191
about
58
W
of
need
e
d
e
nergy
recovery
am
ou
nt.
In
this
se
ct
ion
,
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
the
c
ar
w
heel
su
s
pe
ns
io
n
at
ta
ched
t
o
the
ha
rv
est
e
r
syst
e
m
m
od
el
.
T
he
volt
age
ou
t
put
(i
n
a
se
ries
config
ur
at
io
n)
or
t
he
c
urre
nt
sign
al
ou
t
pu
t
(i
n
a
pa
rall
el
con
fi
gur
at
ion
)
is
am
pli
fied
by
the
t
w
o
el
ect
rical
ly
s
epar
at
e
d
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
segm
e
nts.
T
he
par
al
le
l
assem
bly
will
du
plica
te
the
cur
re
nt
sing
le
-
el
em
ent
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
ha
rv
est
i
ng
as
the
piezoelec
tric
eff
ic
ie
ncy
ca
pa
bili
ty
.
This
l
at
te
r
has
bee
n
ch
os
e
n
t
o
in
crease
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
ha
rv
est
in
g
c
onfig
urat
io
n
by
enh
a
ncin
g
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
res
pecti
ng
to
a
sel
ect
ed
el
e
m
ent
arr
a
ngem
ent.
T
he
rand
om
inp
ut
f
un
ct
i
on
was
app
li
ed
to
t
he hy
ste
resis c
hange c
ourse
i
n
th
e crit
ic
al
seco
ndary
l
oops
of t
he
piezoelec
tri
c h
a
rv
est
e
r
(
PH
)
.
Figure
1. Bo
nd grap
h
m
od
el
of
piezoelec
tric
harvester
syst
em
u
nd
er
d
y
na
m
ic
co
nd
it
io
n
In
a
dd
it
io
n
,
pi
e
z
oe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
e
ch
n
ol
og
i
e
s
a
r
e
m
or
e
s
ui
ta
bl
e
t
ha
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
om
ag
ne
t
i
c
t
e
c
hn
ol
og
i
e
s
f
o
r
t
he
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
M
E
M
S
,
du
e
t
o
t
he
l
im
it
s
of
m
a
gn
e
t
m
i
ni
a
tu
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
m
i
c
r
of
a
br
i
c
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
s
e
xp
os
e
d
:
Fr
om
Juncti
on
1,
t
he
sta
te
e
quat
ion
s
ha
ve be
en
e
xtracted
as
foll
ow
:
3
1
5
4
1
3
4
1
5
1
2
2
6
7
1
4
2
3
6
2
7
2
2
8
9
1
0
8
9
1
0
2
1
''
'
''
m
e
e
e
f
f
f
F
Z
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
Z
e
e
e
f
f
f
Z
Z
(6)
Fr
om
Juncti
on
0,
t
he
e
qu
at
i
ons of sta
nd
a
rd st
at
e h
ave
bee
n e
xcerpted
as
fo
l
low:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
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on
esi
a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
1
88
-
1
9
6
192
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
7
8
1
1
7
8
1
1
'
m
f
f
f
F
e
e
e
f
f
f
e
e
e
(7)
Fr
om
Ele
m
ent I
, t
he
sta
te
e
quat
ion
s
ha
ve be
en
e
xtracted
as
foll
ow
:
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
21
''
:
M
a
n
d
:
M
11
''
p
e
p
e
II
f
p
Z
f
p
Z
MM
(8)
Fr
om
Ele
m
ent C, the state
e
quat
ions
hav
e
bee
n
e
xtracted
a
s foll
ow
:
99
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
9
1
9
'
'
:
:
qf
qf
K
a
n
d
K
e
K
q
e
K
q
(9)
I
n (
10)
s
hows
the linea
r
c
har
a
ct
erised c
oeffic
ie
nts of pat
che
s:
(
,
)
(
)
(
)
'
(
)
(
,
)
(
,
)
'
(
,
)
(
)
.
(
)
p
z
t
L
o
a
d
p
z
t
p
z
t
p
z
t
p
z
t
e
Z
t
R
R
i
t
L
i
t
e
Z
t
r
Z
t
Z
P
Z
t
V
t
I
t
(
10)
This
co
ndit
ion
is
m
ai
ntained
un
ti
l
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
po
we
r
ha
r
vested
ass
um
es
the
highest
le
vel
that
is
equ
i
valent
to
the outp
ut
pote
ntial
.
T
he
e
qu
at
io
n
is
li
nea
rized f
or
a sp
e
ci
fic
value
of
t
he
veh
ic
le
'
s
vel
ocity
in
im
per
m
anen
t
cal
culat
ion
s.
In
oth
e
r
words,
both
t
he
c
urre
nt
am
ou
nt
and
t
he
powe
r
rate
f
ro
m
the
su
sta
ine
d
m
od
el
s
of
hyste
resis
ha
ve
been
car
ried
ou
t
from
the
em
bed
ded
piez
oelect
ric
trans
du
ce
rs
(
EP
T)
f
reque
ncy.
T
he
ov
e
rall
si
m
plici
t
y
of
the
pro
pose
d
al
te
rn
at
ive
pres
ented
a
be
ne
fit
in
the
rati
os
of
ge
ne
rati
on
and
inte
rn
al
powe
r
consum
ption
.
3.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
In
t
hi
s
sect
ion
,
the
nu
m
erical
proof
from
si
m
ula
ti
on
has
be
en
disc
us
se
d
for
this
com
plex
dynam
ic
piezoelec
tric
ha
rv
est
e
r.
T
he
syst
e
m
exh
ibit
s
a
sm
al
l
a
m
o
un
t
of
vi
br
at
io
n
lost
t
hat
is
conve
rted
t
o
e
le
ct
ric
powe
r
w
he
n
t
he
m
od
el
ch
a
racteri
sti
cs
ta
ke
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
le
vel
of
value
s.
N
um
erical
m
easur
em
ents
are
perform
ed
in
this
sect
io
n
to
dem
on
strat
e
th
e
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
tra
nsdu
ce
r
com
bin
ed
with
th
e
su
s
pen
si
on
syst
e
m
.
The
stora
ge
ap
proac
h
al
lows
inc
reasin
g
the
ene
r
gy
pro
duct
ion
a
nd
reducin
g
the
e
nerg
y
consum
ption
.
The
r
oad
fact
ors
in
volve
d
i
n
these
dem
on
str
at
ion
s
a
re
ve
ry
cl
os
e
t
o
t
he
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
a
n
act
ual
autom
ob
il
e
see
Table
1.
T
he
su
sp
e
ns
i
on
pa
ram
et
ers
of
the
car
seat
ha
ve
bee
n
ada
pt
ed
to
the
acce
le
rati
on
conditi
ons
of
the
dr
i
ver
'
s
bo
dy
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
vibrat
io
n
im
pact
on
the
m
ass
of
t
he
ca
r
ha
s
bee
n
re
du
ce
d.
The
fast
sys
te
m
m
o
delli
ng
us
i
ng
BG
est
im
at
e
a
nd
ver
ifie
s
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
the
re
duce
d
m
od
el
with
physi
cal
reali
ty
.
This
appr
oach
is
ve
r
y
at
tract
ive
to
harvest
m
or
e
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
fr
om
the
vibrat
ion.
Hyste
re
sis
in
a
piezoelec
tric
e
nergy
am
plifier
syst
em
(
PZTEAs
)
is
pro
du
ced
un
der
c
on
diti
on
s
of
relat
ively
sta
ti
c
op
erati
on
that
affe
ct
dy
nam
ic
per
f
or
m
ance.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
harvester
hyste
resis
behavio
ur
is
an
al
yse
d
us
in
g
m
echan
ic
al
finite
elem
ent
analy
sis so
ftwa
re (
A
NSYS
)
as
shown i
n
Fi
gu
re
2.
Table
1.
R
oa
d cl
asses
acco
rd
i
ng to IS
O 8
608
Variable
Sp
eed (k
m
/s)
Po
wer
(
m
W
)
A
70
-
130
8
.6
B
50
-
90
1
2
.4
C
30
-
60
1
5
.3
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-
4752
Vibra
ti
on
harv
est
ing
i
ntegr
at
ed
int
o
ve
hicle
su
s
pen
si
on
and b
od
yw
or
k
(
Souad To
uairi
)
193
Figure
2. Ex
pa
ns
io
n of piez
oe
le
ct
ric h
ar
veste
r under
sig
nal l
oops
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Ef
fec
ts of real s
ourc
e
;
(a)
,
and i
dea
l so
ur
ce
(
b)
of
flo
w
The
ide
ntific
at
ion
of
the
recip
ro
cal
m
od
el
and
it
s
cor
res
pondin
g
m
a
trix
is
ens
ur
e
d
by
the
bond
gra
ph
inv
e
rse
(
BG
I
)
.
The
final
po
wer
val
ue
is
s
pecified
acco
r
ding
to
ad
juste
d
natu
ral
f
requ
encies
f
r
om
vib
rati
on
acce
le
rati
on
[1
Hz,
90
Hz].
I
n
th
os
e
c
onditi
on
s
,
the
tra
nsd
ucer
feedbac
k
to
ene
rg
et
ic
f
orces
is
co
ntr
olled
an
d
si
m
ulati
on
of
po
te
ntial
ly
li
fe
-
threate
ning
ac
cel
erati
on
s
is
r
equ
i
red.
T
he
s
cavenge
r
e
nergy
value
is
a
f
un
ct
io
n
of
v
ehicl
e
sp
ee
d
in
the
ra
ng
e o
f
30
m
/s
to
85
m
/s
on
ro
ad
prof
il
e
res
pecti
ve
ly
B
,
C
and
D
as
pr
ese
nt
Fig
ur
es 3
(a)
a
nd
3
(
b).
The
am
ount
of
el
ect
rical
energy
is
pre
dicte
d
by
the
squa
re
root
of
t
he
vehi
cl
e
sp
eed
as
well
as
by
the
fact
th
at
the
trans
verse
disp
la
cem
e
nt
an
d
sp
ee
ds
of
the
ve
hicle
are
i
m
po
rta
nt.
The
se
sim
ulati
ons
dem
on
strat
e
th
e
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
t
his
ap
pro
ach
in
harvesti
ng
el
ect
rical
e
nergy.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
t
he
inc
rea
se
in
veh
ic
le
acce
le
r
at
ion
pro
vid
es
an
ind
ic
at
io
n
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
EE.
The
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
has
be
en
ge
ner
at
e
d
on
th
e
ro
a
d
s
urface
due
to
the
fact
that
the
relat
iv
e
d
is
placem
ent
s
an
d
s
pee
ds
of
the
s
us
pe
nde
d
a
nd
un
s
uspe
nd
e
d
body a
re all
pr
oport
ion
al
.
The
ve
hicle
se
at
powe
red
al
l
dev
ic
es
by
t
he
harvestable
en
erg
y
value
as
gi
ven
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4.
Fig
ur
es
4
(c)
a
nd
4
(
d)
il
lustrate
that
the
am
ou
nt
of
el
ect
rical
powe
r
e
xp
a
nds
betwee
n
308
m
W
a
nd
50
0
m
W
,
resp
ect
ively
,
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
1
h
of
car
m
ov
em
e
nt
at
60
km
/h,
from
0.
9
W
to
15
W
a
nd
from
10
W
to
80 W
,
after
the
veh
ic
le
sp
e
ed
rises
from
50
km
/h
to
10
0
km
/h.
In
this
docum
en
t,
the
si
m
ulati
on
resu
l
ts
wer
e
fou
nd
e
d
for
an
a
de
qu
at
e
s
et
fr
e
quency
va
lue
of
90
Hz
.
T
he
am
plit
ud
es
of
the
sus
pende
d
m
ass
acce
le
rati
on
s
increas
e
sign
ific
a
ntly
wh
ic
h
affe
ct
the
powe
r
out
pu
t
am
ou
nt.
T
he
m
ow
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
det
erm
inati
on
fr
om
the
passe
ng
e
r
(
c
ondu
ct
or)
sie
ge
s
us
pe
ns
i
on
is
ac
hieve
d
by
exa
m
ining
exact
na
tural
fr
e
quenc
y
ran
ge
.
This
s
yst
e
m
has
the
sam
e
ph
ysi
cal
ge
om
et
ry
and
m
a
te
rial
char
act
e
risti
cs
as
the
resu
lt
s
of
the
pr
e
vious
m
od
el
li
ng
si
m
ulati
on
s.
Figure
4
(c)
s
hows
that
the
el
ect
rical
te
ns
io
n
gro
ws
li
nea
rly
with
t
he
inc
re
ase
of
the
ve
hi
cl
e
load
a
nd
velocit
y.
T
her
e
fore,
unde
r
t
he
se
co
ndit
ion
s,
i
t
is
co
nf
irm
ed
that
the
am
ou
nt
of
e
xter
nal
vi
brat
ion
inc
rease
s
the
vo
lt
age
de
ns
it
y
le
vel
an
d
c
onse
qu
e
ntly
the
colle
ct
ed
e
nergy
is
hi
gh
ly
si
gn
i
ficant.
T
he
trans
du
ce
r
harvester
adopted
in
s
uspe
ns
io
n
syst
em
al
lows
the
necessa
ry
ene
r
gy
rec
ov
e
ry
f
or
t
he
ap
pro
pri
at
e
di
m
ensions.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
the
f
abr
ic
at
io
n
an
d
reali
sat
ion
of
su
ch
a
syst
e
m
is
necessary
to
no
te
that
t
he
de
fine
d
the
energy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
1
88
-
1
9
6
194
requirem
ent
to
be
con
s
um
e
d
by
the
sens
or
s
.
Fr
om
the
equ
at
ion
s
gi
ven
by
the
BG
m
od
el
li
ng
the
appr
opriat
e
dim
ension
s
of
the
arm
at
ur
e
ha
s
bee
n
achie
ve
d.
T
he
piezoe
le
ct
ric
factor
s
are
resil
ie
nt
f
or
a
trivia
l
le
ngth
a
nd
la
rg
e
t
hick
ness
an
d
viscosity
.
The
dim
ensio
ns
of
the
piez
oe
le
ct
ric
dev
ic
e
s
pro
pose
d
in
this
pap
e
r
im
pr
ov
e
d
the ch
a
racteri
st
ic
s o
f
the
su
s
pe
ns
io
ns
(stiff
nes
s and
dam
per
s)
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Figure
4.
Cl
assifi
cat
ion
of ene
rg
y
harvesti
ng
a
m
ou
nt
unde
r piez
oelect
ric
dy
nam
ic
co
ndit
ion
;
(
a
)
m
ajo
r
resona
nce
fr
e
quency,
an exte
r
nal loa
d resist
ance
(
b
),
(
c
)
p
ie
zoelec
tric
cons
ta
nt and
(
d
)
Ma
ss
de
ns
i
ty
o
f
t
he
PZ
T
-
k
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
ai
m
s
to
dev
el
op
a
piezoelec
tric
harvester
syst
e
m
m
ou
nted
on
seat
su
s
pe
ns
i
on
t
o
colle
ct
and
c
onver
t
th
e
s
m
al
l
vib
rati
on
e
nergy
a
m
ou
nt
into
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.
T
his
m
od
el
i
m
pr
oved
the
power
su
pply
need
e
d
f
or
t
he
EV
by
the
piez
oelect
ric
com
po
ne
nt
in
the
re
so
na
nt
f
reque
nc
y
of
this
distu
rb
a
nce.
I
n
a
dd
i
ti
on
,
the
el
ect
rical
energy
outp
ut
app
ea
re
d
from
t
he
car'
s
load
is
include
d
in
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
om
ple
te
Bon
d
Gr
a
ph
m
od
el
.
The
si
m
ula
ti
on
res
ults
sho
wed
t
hat
the
el
ect
rical
powe
r
s
upply
w
as
suffici
ent
for
the
EV
nee
ds.
Th
e
harvested
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
qu
antit
y
increased
from
30
0
m
W
t
o
599
m
W
,
fr
om
0.
4
W
to
14
W
a
nd
f
r
om
1
W
to
100
W
res
pecti
vely
unde
r
r
oad
trav
el
li
ng
(levels
A,
B
and
C
).
O
ve
rall
,
the
piezoelec
tric
ha
rv
e
ste
r
is
pr
el
im
inaril
y
c
ho
s
en
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
are
e
ncouragi
ng.
The
ne
xt
phase
of
ou
r
re
search
will
the
refor
e
fo
c
us
on
the
diff
e
ren
t
ex
pe
rim
ental
con
diti
on
s
,
inclu
ding
higher
r
oa
d
r
ough
ness
excit
a
ti
on
s.
As
f
utu
r
e
work,
structu
ral
c
on
c
eption
a
nd
fact
or
s
opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
of
this
harve
ste
r
syst
em
and
validat
io
n
te
st
in
the
real
E
V
a
re
plan
ned.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Vibra
ti
on
harv
est
ing
i
ntegr
at
ed
int
o
ve
hicle
su
s
pen
si
on
and b
od
yw
or
k
(
Souad To
uairi
)
195
REFERE
NCE
S
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c
tra
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ra
te
t
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ia
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s
y
ste
m
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d
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tro
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agne
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gnosis
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l
ca
g
e
i
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ion
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otor
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y
an
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erter
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issajous
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urve
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l
i
ar
y
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y
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ctional
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r
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al
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ilw
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y
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r.
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y
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ti
on
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el
e
ct
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agne
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ene
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y
h
arv
este
r
s
y
st
em
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d
on
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vehi
c
le
sus
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on:
From
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rnational
C
onfe
renc
e
on
Wirel
ess
Technol
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gie
s,
Embe
dded
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Inte
ll
ige
n
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y
re
c
over
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20
IEE
E
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te
rn
ati
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Conf
ere
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Appl
i
c
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id
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li
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at
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l
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tr
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i
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y
F
unctiona
l
Anal
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sis
,
”
in
20
20
1st
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
Innov
ative
R
ese
arch
in
Appl
ie
d
Sci
en
ce,
Engi
ne
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IRA
SET)
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m
in
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vehi
c
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s
y
st
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via
Bond
Graph
m
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ing
al
gor
ithm
,
”
in
2020
IE
EE
6th
Int
ernational
Confe
ren
ce
on
Optimizati
o
n
and
Appl
ic
a
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ns
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IC
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El
e
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agnetical
l
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c
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c
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me
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l
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e
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Eng. Co
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Sec
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sm
art
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for
m
onit
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patient
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J.
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ct
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Slidi
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Mode
Control
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Piez
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tri
c
A
ct
ua
tor
using
Bond
Graph
,
”
in
2019
5th
In
te
rnation
al
Conf
ere
nce
o
n
Optimizati
on
and
Application
s
(
ICOA
)
,
Kenitra,
Moro
cc
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A.
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The
aut
om
a
ti
c
a
nd
m
anua
l
rai
l
r
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door
s
y
s
te
m
s
base
d
on
IoT,
”
Indone
s.
J
.
El
ec
tr
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Eng.
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Sci
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47
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
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a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
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, N
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,
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-
ha
rve
sting
usi
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ine
rt
er
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base
d
two
-
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s
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n
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ct
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e
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e
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te
rnat
ives
Us
ing
the
Bond
Gr
aph
Approach
f
or
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ring
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c
al
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”
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2_143
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
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ad
To
uairi
rec
e
ive
d
the
S.
M
degr
ee
in
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ec
ha
troni
c
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ring
f
rom
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ek
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Univer
sit
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Morocc
o
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in
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art
m
e
nt
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cha
ni
c
al
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ng
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Her
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ar
ch
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e
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cs,
en
erg
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v
esti
ng
,
an
d
cont
rol
.
She
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
Ph.
D.
student
in
the
fi
el
ds
of
m
ec
ha
troni
cs
,
rob
oti
cs,
and
r
enew
abl
e
e
ner
g
y
i
n
Facul
t
y
of
Scie
n
ce
s
and
Te
chn
ique
s
,
Uni
ver
sit
y
Sult
an
Moula
y
Slim
ane
Beni
Mel
la
l
,
a
nd
rese
ar
che
r
in
the
fi
el
d
of
har
veste
d
ene
rg
y
eng
ine
er
ing.
President
of
US
MS
-
Young
Minds
Sect
ion
of
t
he
Europe
an
Ph
y
sics
Societ
y
.
My
cur
ren
t
pr
oje
c
ts
are
1
-
AF
M
and
STM
pr
oje
c
t
s
2
-
Harve
st
ing
ene
rg
y
proje
c
t
3
-
Sola
r D
ec
at
h
lon
Afri
c
a2019
compet
it
i
on.
Mustap
ha
Mab
rouki
cur
ren
t
l
y
works
at
the
Ph
y
sics
Dep
art
m
en
t
(
Full
profe
ss
or
)
,
Univer
sit
y
Sulta
n
Moula
y
Slim
ane
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Scie
nc
es
and
Te
chn
ique
s
,
Ben
i
Mell
a
l,
Moroc
c
o.
Mus
ta
pha
does
rese
ar
ch
i
n
Sm
art
grids
and
sm
art
ci
ties
(opti
m
iz
a
ti
on
m
odel
s
for
balanc
ing
ene
rg
y
)
,
Photovolt
aic
Ma
te
ri
al
s
S
y
nthe
sis
and
In
te
gr
at
ion
,
Phos
phat
es
and
der
iv
at
iv
es,
B
io
te
chno
log
y
and
Mi
cro
biol
og
y
.
M
y
cur
r
ent
pr
oje
c
ts
are
1
-
'
PR
OP
RE.
MA
'
.
Bui
ld
photovol
t
ai
c
yie
ld
m
aps
of
grid
conne
c
te
d
m
ono,
pol
y
and
amorphous
P
V
m
odule
s
for
al
l
Morocc
o
with
land
ca
li
br
at
ion
on
20
ide
nt
ical
pla
nts.
2
-
AF
M
proje
c
t
3
-
Phos
phat
e
pro
ject
4
-
Solar
Dec
a
thl
on
Afric
a2019
competi
ti
on
.
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