I
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ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
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Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
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1
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SS
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25
.i
2
.
pp
1
0
3
8
-
1
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4
6
1038
J
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:
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ttp
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cs.ia
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O
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Acc
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ted
Dec
15
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2
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Th
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se
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t
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sa
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a
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fi
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se
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v
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ri
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s
field
s,
e
sp
e
c
ially
t
h
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field
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o
m
m
u
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ica
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s,
a
s
t
h
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h
a
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p
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ly
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e
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tern
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o
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h
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stry
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a
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g
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e
m
a
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fo
r
m
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se
n
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s
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ll
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s
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m
p
lo
y
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t
h
e
m
in
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e
w
a
p
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ti
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e
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o
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t
ime
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x
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ry
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a
n
d
e
ffo
rt
with
t
h
e
h
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g
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e
st
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
th
e
b
e
st p
o
ss
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le
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Bu
t
th
e
re
is
n
o
w
a
l
o
t
o
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i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
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a
b
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t
o
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ti
c
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l
se
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so
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a
s
we
ll
a
s
m
a
n
y
c
las
sifica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
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n
s.
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e
re
a
re
a
lso
so
m
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
a
sc
ien
ti
fic
re
se
a
rc
h
y
a
rd
.
Th
e
m
a
in
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
t
o
in
tro
d
u
c
e
sh
o
rt,
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
d
p
o
i
n
ts
i
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fib
e
r
se
n
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rs
su
c
h
a
s
a
b
rief
h
ist
o
rica
l
b
a
c
k
g
r
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u
n
d
,
th
e
ir
stru
c
tu
re
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
d
iffere
n
t
o
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e
ra
ti
o
n
p
rin
c
i
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les
,
d
iffere
n
t
c
las
sifica
ti
o
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s
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r
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h
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se
se
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rs
a
c
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o
rd
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t
o
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t
c
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teg
o
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d
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n
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ll
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d
v
a
n
tag
e
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o
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fi
b
e
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p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
so
rs
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
trad
it
io
n
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ic
se
n
so
rs.
I
h
o
p
e
t
h
is
c
o
n
ten
t
wil
l
b
e
v
e
ry
u
se
fu
l
to
a
n
y
o
n
e
in
tere
ste
d
in
th
e
se
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
se
n
so
rs.
T
h
is
re
v
iew
is
d
o
n
e
wit
h
p
a
rti
c
u
lar as
su
ra
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
re
c
e
n
tl
y
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
to
m
atio
n
Dig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
Op
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
Sm
ar
t c
ities
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
M.
A.
E
id
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
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ee
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C
o
lleg
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aif
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i
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ity
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d
i A
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m
ail: m
.
elf
ateh
@
tu
.
ed
u
.
s
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
en
tly
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
b
ein
g
ex
c
h
an
g
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
all
o
f
th
is
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
p
lan
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
life
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
ls
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
with
f
ast,
tim
ely
,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
ar
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
B
y
s
tu
d
y
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
we
ca
n
tr
ac
k
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
ch
a
n
g
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
u
r
liv
es.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
u
ch
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
clim
ate,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
in
f
er
r
in
g
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
ch
an
g
es
th
at
o
c
cu
r
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Me
d
ic
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
ital
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
eir
m
e
d
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
is
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
ep
id
e
m
ics.
Als
o
,
d
ata
m
ay
b
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ab
o
u
t
p
er
s
o
n
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
in
ter
ests
an
d
a
d
a
p
t
th
is
in
th
e
m
a
r
k
etin
g
o
f
s
o
m
e
co
m
p
a
n
ies'
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
Mo
ti
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
ch
an
g
es
o
r
m
o
v
em
en
ts
th
at
tak
e
p
lace
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
th
i
s
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
m
an
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
f
ield
s
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
civ
il
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
d
o
u
b
t
th
at
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
g
en
er
al
ten
d
en
cy
to
cr
ea
te
s
m
ar
t
cities,
au
to
m
ate
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
em
p
lo
y
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
in
m
an
y
v
ital
ar
ea
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
u
r
liv
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
en
v
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r
o
n
m
en
t,
tr
an
s
p
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tatio
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,
in
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u
s
tr
y
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n
d
s
ec
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r
it
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,
led
to
s
av
in
g
tim
e,
e
f
f
o
r
t,
an
d
m
o
n
ey
.
B
y
em
p
lo
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in
g
th
ese
te
c
h
n
o
lo
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ies,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
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n
s
in
th
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le
ast p
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tim
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co
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tak
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b
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th
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d
ec
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-
m
a
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er
[
1
]
-
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
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lec
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tica
l fib
er sen
s
o
r
s
:
r
ev
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w
o
f te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
id
)
1039
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
ec
t
s
o
lu
tio
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to
all
o
f
t
h
is
is
s
en
s
in
g
en
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in
ee
r
in
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d
s
cien
ce
.
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h
ey
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c
o
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id
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th
e
m
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m
p
o
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m
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d
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tech
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o
lo
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th
at
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cu
r
r
en
tly
u
s
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in
m
an
y
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
o
s
t
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
life
s
u
ch
as
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
s
af
ety
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
m
ilit
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y
,
an
d
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
as
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as
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
in
m
o
s
t
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
o
th
tech
n
ician
s
an
d
s
cien
tis
ts
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
s
en
s
o
r
s
wo
r
k
,
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
h
o
w
th
ey
wo
r
k
as we
ll a
s
th
eir
p
r
o
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tie
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d
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o
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n
th
o
s
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Her
e
it
is
wo
r
th
m
en
tio
n
in
g
(
M2
M)
,
th
e
m
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h
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e
to
m
ac
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n
e,
h
u
m
an
t
o
m
ac
h
in
e,
o
r
a
m
ac
h
in
e
to
m
an
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
M
2
M
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
m
o
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r
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co
m
m
u
n
ic
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s
y
s
tem
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
y
s
te
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
in
tellig
en
ce
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
b
e
twee
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
e
d
an
d
th
e
r
est o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
t
s
,
th
is
is
wh
at
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
(
I
o
T
)
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
p
p
lied
f
ield
s
o
f
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
s
o
f
ar
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
o
in
ts
:
a)
W
ea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices
lik
e
s
m
ar
t
clo
th
in
g
,
s
m
ar
twatch
es,
f
itn
ess
tr
ac
k
er
,
wea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ic
al
d
ev
ice,
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
b)
Sm
ar
t
h
o
m
es
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
li
k
e
s
m
ar
t
lo
c
k
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
tio
n
,
g
as,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
s
o
u
n
d
,
o
r
am
b
ien
t lig
h
t.
c)
S
m
a
r
t
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
a
e
r
i
a
l
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
(
U
A
V
)
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
r
o
n
e
s
,
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
(
U
U
V
)
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
al
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
p
ac
e
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
an
d
m
o
s
t
r
eq
u
ested
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
r
ec
en
t
tim
es
ar
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
OFSs
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
u
p
in
m
o
s
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
u
r
life
an
d
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
o
f
au
to
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
I
o
T
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
cities.
So
,
th
er
e
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
in
ts
th
at
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ec
tio
n
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
,
an
d
a
h
is
to
r
ical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
OFSs
will
b
e
r
ev
ie
wed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
r
ec
en
t
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
OFS
will
b
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
OFS
an
d
th
e
m
ain
r
o
le
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
will
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
v
e
r
y
clea
r
l
y
.
T
h
en
a
s
im
p
le
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
class
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
OFSs
wi
ll
b
e
lis
ted
.
F
in
ally
,
s
o
m
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
FOSs
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
en
s
o
r
s
will b
e
lis
ted
.
2
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
n a
nd
a
his
t
o
ri
ca
l per
s
pect
iv
e
o
f
o
ptic
a
l f
ib
er
s
ens
o
rs
OFSs
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
r
em
o
tely
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ed
iu
m
b
y
d
ete
ctin
g
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
lig
h
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
at
s
p
ec
if
ied
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
an
g
es.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
clu
d
e
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
u
ltra
v
io
let
(
UV)
,
in
f
r
ar
e
d
(
I
R
)
,
a
n
d
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
io
n
s
.
W
h
er
e
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
lig
h
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
s
u
ch
as
wav
elen
g
th
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
am
p
litu
d
e,
p
h
ase,
in
ten
s
ity
,
p
o
lar
izatio
n
)
will
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical,
c
h
em
ical,
o
r
b
io
l
o
g
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
15
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
e
th
an
6
0
y
ea
r
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
p
ass
ed
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
OFSs
.
T
h
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
elativ
e
d
elay
in
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
er
ity
o
f
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
h
eir
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
is
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
t
h
em
,
as
we
ll
as
th
e
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
e
o
f
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
,
wav
eg
u
i
d
es,
an
d
d
etec
to
r
s
.
I
n
ea
r
ly
1
9
6
1
t
h
e
te
r
m
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
a
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
o
ciety
o
f
Am
e
r
ica
(
OSA)
.
At
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
wer
e
in
t
er
ested
in
th
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
i
b
e
r
o
p
t
i
c
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
a
t
i
n
1
9
8
6
,
t
h
e
O
F
S
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
O
FS
N
)
,
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
a
n
d
q
u
a
s
i
-
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
ca
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
h
a
d
e
m
e
r
g
e
d
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
1
9
8
0
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
b
e
r
b
r
a
g
g
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
(
F
B
G
)
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
O
F
Ss
,
w
h
i
c
h
le
d
t
o
t
h
e
a
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
o
p
ti
c
a
l
r
a
d
a
r
,
w
h
ic
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
o
p
t
ic
a
l
t
i
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
m
et
e
r
(
O
T
D
R
)
.
A
ls
o
,
r
a
m
a
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
(
R
DT
Ss
)
h
a
d
a
p
p
e
a
r
e
d
.
A
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
9
0
s
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
ed
i
n
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
o
p
t
i
c
al
t
i
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
m
e
t
r
y
(
B
O
T
DR
)
a
n
d
B
r
i
l
l
o
u
i
n
o
p
t
i
c
al
t
i
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
(
B
O
T
DA
)
b
e
c
a
m
e
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
ia
l
l
y
a
v
ail
a
b
l
e
.
A
f
te
r
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
2
0
0
0
,
t
h
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
a
b
o
o
m
i
n
o
p
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
A
ll
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
l
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
o
f
n
e
w
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
f
a
b
r
y
-
p
e
r
o
t
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
o
m
e
t
r
ic
(
FP
I
)
OF
Ss
,
F
B
G
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
OF
Ss
.
N
o
w
a
t
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
0
0
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
n
e
w
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
i
b
e
r
c
a
l
le
d
"
p
h
o
t
o
n
i
c
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
f
i
b
e
r
s
"
t
h
at
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
o
p
h
o
t
o
n
i
c
s
s
c
ie
n
t
i
f
ic
s
e
ct
o
r
s
,
a
ls
o
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
e
n
e
w
d
e
v
i
c
es
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
s
e
ct
o
r
,
l
i
k
e
wi
d
e
b
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
n
e
w
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
O
ptic
a
l
f
iber
s
ens
o
r
des
ig
n a
nd
t
he
o
pera
t
io
n princi
ple
:
W
h
en
m
an
ag
in
g
an
y
s
y
s
tem
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
m
an
y
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
o
r
is
ca
lled
m
ea
s
u
r
an
d
s
will
b
e
n
o
ticed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
i.e
.
,
p
h
y
s
ical,
ch
em
ical,
o
r
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
c
lar
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
attr
ib
u
te
(
s
u
ch
as
f
o
r
ce
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
s
tr
ain
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
s
p
ee
d
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
an
d
to
r
q
u
e
)
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
an
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
ap
p
ar
at
u
s
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
1
0
3
8
-
1
0
4
6
1040
m
ac
h
in
es,
an
d
an
y
o
th
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
.
So
,
we
will
n
ee
d
a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
to
d
etec
t
t
h
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
m
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
r
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
to
t
h
eir
ch
an
g
e
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
an
d
g
iv
e
o
t
h
er
d
ev
ices
th
ese
d
ata
as
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
tak
e
s
u
itab
le
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
will
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
d
o
th
o
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t t
y
p
es o
f
d
ev
ices w
h
ich
ar
e
ca
lled
s
en
s
o
r
s
we
will b
e
u
s
ed
.
OFS
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ty
p
es
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
lig
h
t
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es
s
u
ch
as
in
ten
s
ity
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
wav
elen
g
th
,
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ar
e
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
m
o
s
t d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
th
en
th
e
OFS
wi
ll d
etec
t
th
em
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
OFS
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
will b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
th
e
o
u
ter
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
No
w
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
will b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
(
p
ar
t A
)
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
with
an
ed
g
e
o
f
in
tellig
en
c
e
(
p
ar
t B)
First,
th
e
o
p
tical
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
also
ca
lled
th
e
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
in
jects
th
e
lig
h
t
in
o
n
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
ca
b
le,
th
is
lig
h
t
tr
av
elin
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
ca
b
le
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
es
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
en
s
in
g
elem
en
t
an
d
tr
an
s
d
u
c
tio
n
elem
en
t.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
an
d
,
o
r
m
ay
b
e
ca
lled
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
at
leas
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
s
u
c
h
as
am
p
litu
d
e,
p
h
ase,
c
o
lo
r
(
s
p
ec
tr
al
s
ig
n
al)
will
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
o
p
ti
ca
l
s
ig
n
al
will
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
a
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
tag
e.
N
o
w,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t is a
m
o
d
u
late
d
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
wh
ich
will tr
av
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
th
er
o
p
tical
f
ib
e
r
ca
b
le
u
n
til
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
o
p
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
etec
to
r
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
in
a
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
th
e
e
d
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
tellig
en
ce
s
tag
e
th
at
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
m
e
d
e
v
ices
lik
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
/
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
co
m
p
u
te/p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ata,
af
te
r
th
at,
a
co
p
y
o
f
th
ese
d
ata
will
b
e
s
av
ed
o
n
a
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
a
n
d
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e
a
co
p
y
will
b
e
s
en
t
to
wir
e
o
r
wir
eless
m
o
d
u
le
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ac
tu
ato
r
s
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tio
n
s
wh
ich
will
b
e
tak
en
o
r
will
s
en
d
a
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
d
is
p
lay
s
y
s
tem
to
d
is
p
lay
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
[
3
]
,
[
19
]
-
[
22
]
,
[
25
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
2
.
3
.
M
a
in
o
ptic
a
l f
iber
s
ens
o
r
co
m
po
nents
Fro
m
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
is
v
er
y
clea
r
t
h
at
th
e
m
ain
p
a
r
ts
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
o
p
tical
s
o
u
r
c
e,
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
tical
d
etec
to
r
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
tr
em
e
n
d
o
u
s
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
cien
tific
leap
s
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
b
r
a
n
ch
es
o
f
s
cien
ce
(
s
u
ch
as
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ar
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
esp
ec
ially
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
all
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
led
t
o
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
B
elo
w
we
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
OFS [
5
]
,
[
31
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
O
ptic
a
l
s
o
urce
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
m
a
n
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
i
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
w
e
r
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
O
F
S
s
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
r
e
l
i
s
t
e
d
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tica
l fib
er sen
s
o
r
s
:
r
ev
ie
w
o
f te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
id
)
1041
−
L
ig
h
t
em
itted
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D)
:
l
o
w
co
s
t
an
d
av
ailab
le
in
alwa
y
s
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
UV
to
in
f
r
a
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
.
−
Su
p
er
lu
m
in
escen
t
d
i
o
d
e
(
SLD
)
:
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
th
an
a
class
ical
L
E
D.
Mo
r
e
g
en
er
ally
,
a
lo
t
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
av
e
allo
wed
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
L
E
D
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
−
T
h
e
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
l
i
g
h
t
a
m
p
li
f
i
c
ati
o
n
b
y
s
t
i
m
u
l
at
e
d
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
o
f
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
o
d
e
(
L
AS
E
R
-
D
)
:
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
le
i
n
a
l
w
a
y
s
m
o
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
r
al
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
U
V
t
o
i
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
,
it
s
c
o
s
t
h
as
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
,
a
n
d
it
s
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
.
−
Ver
tical
-
ca
v
ity
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
e
m
itti
n
g
laser
(
VC
SEL
)
:
is
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
th
an
class
ical
L
AS
E
R
-
D
b
u
t
less
co
h
er
en
t,
a
n
d
is
o
f
te
n
m
u
ltimo
d
e
[
5
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
O
ptic
a
l
f
iber
R
ec
en
tly
th
er
e
a
r
e
m
a
n
y
n
e
w
d
esig
n
s
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
g
eo
m
e
tr
ies,
an
d
n
ew
d
o
p
an
ts
m
ate
r
ials
f
o
r
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
ca
b
les.
So
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
n
o
w
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
ca
b
les,
s
u
ch
as
s
in
g
le
-
m
o
d
e
an
d
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
r
e
d
iam
eter
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
f
ew
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
to
f
ew
m
illi
m
eter
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
lis
ted
.
−
Step
in
d
ex
an
d
g
r
a
d
ed
-
i
n
d
ex
f
ib
er
co
u
ld
b
e
m
a
d
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
t in
d
ices.
−
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
at
i
o
n
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
f
i
b
e
r
(
P
M
F
)
h
a
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
b
i
r
e
f
r
i
n
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
b
e
r
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
PM
F
a
r
e
e
l
li
p
t
i
ca
l
c
l
a
d
e
o
r
is
c
a
ll
e
d
o
v
a
l
-
i
n
n
e
r
c
l
a
d
f
i
b
e
r
s
,
P
A
ND
A
c
h
a
p
e
,
a
n
d
bow
-
t
i
e
.
−
Ph
o
to
n
ic
cr
y
s
tal
f
ib
e
r
(
PC
F),
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ty
p
e
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
ib
e
r
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
−
Fib
er
s
ar
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
p
o
ly
m
er
o
r
s
ilicate
(
p
last
ic)
,
o
r
s
ilica
wh
ich
i
s
d
o
p
ed
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t d
o
p
a
n
t m
ater
ials
lik
e
(
f
lu
o
r
in
e,
er
b
iu
m
,
g
er
m
an
iu
m
,
an
d
alu
m
in
a)
.
−
B
r
ag
g
g
r
atin
g
f
ib
er
w
h
ich
its
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
is
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
m
o
d
u
lated
alo
n
g
its
len
g
th
[
5
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
T
he
o
ptic
a
l m
o
du
la
t
o
r
T
o
g
et
ac
q
u
ain
ted
with
th
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
we
m
u
s
t
also
k
n
o
w
its
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
an
d
its
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
.
As
we
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es
an
d
t
h
e
wa
y
th
e
lig
h
t
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
with
in
t
h
e
o
p
tical
f
i
b
er
.
T
h
at
is
wh
y
i
t
is
s
o
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t
m
o
d
u
lato
r
(
wh
ich
co
n
tain
in
g
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
tr
an
s
d
u
ctio
n
elem
en
ts
)
to
b
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
e
x
ter
n
al
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
r
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
wh
ich
wan
t
t
o
b
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
.
T
h
is
p
o
in
t
will
b
e
co
v
er
ed
in
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
OFS [
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
T
he
o
ptic
a
l det
ec
t
o
rs
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
o
f
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
OFSs
,
it
is
r
e
aso
n
ab
le
th
at
th
er
e
will
b
e
als
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
o
p
tical
d
etec
to
r
s
,
wh
i
ch
will
r
esp
o
n
d
o
n
ly
to
t
h
e
o
p
tical
en
er
g
y
,
th
is
en
e
r
g
y
is
r
el
ated
to
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
wav
e
s
u
ch
as
am
p
litu
d
e,
p
h
ase,
p
o
l
ar
izatio
n
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
E
ac
h
s
p
ec
if
ied
ty
p
e
o
f
OFS
h
as
its
n
ee
d
to
d
etec
t
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
o
p
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
ich
will
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
v
ar
ieties
o
f
o
p
tical
d
etec
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
a
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
(
PD)
,
av
ala
n
ch
e
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
(
APD)
,
an
d
a
p
h
o
to
m
u
ltip
lier
tu
b
e
(
PMT
)
.
All
o
f
th
ese
co
u
ld
b
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
ally
o
r
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
o
th
er
d
ev
ices.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
co
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
o
r
in
te
n
s
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
r
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
d
with
o
th
e
r
d
e
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
p
o
lar
izer
a
n
d
wav
e
p
la
tes f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
lar
iz
ed
s
tate
[
5
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
2
.
4
.
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n o
f
t
he
o
pt
ica
l f
iber
s
ens
o
r
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
way
s
to
cla
s
s
if
y
th
e
OFSs
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
class
if
icatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
class
if
y
in
g
th
e
OFSs
in
to
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le,
a
n
d
th
e
l
ast
o
n
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
its
ap
p
licatio
n
,
as
lis
ted
b
lew
in
T
ab
le
1
[
2
0
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
36
]
-
[
3
8
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
FOSs
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
Ty
p
e
s
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
i
n
t
S
e
n
so
r
s
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
Q
u
a
si
-
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
P
h
a
se
S
e
n
so
r
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
/
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
B
i
o
-
me
d
i
c
a
l
S
e
n
so
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
1
0
3
8
-
1
0
4
6
1042
2
.
4
.
1
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n t
he
s
ens
i
ng
lo
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
class
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
h
as
two
ty
p
es,
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
o
r
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
OFS.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
ty
p
es
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
an
in
tr
in
s
ic
OFS,
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
elem
e
n
t
is
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
its
elf
,
a
n
d
lig
h
t
is
p
r
o
p
ag
atin
g
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
f
i
b
er
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
o
o
u
t
o
f
it,
wh
er
e
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
m
o
d
u
lates
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
b
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
r
o
m
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
B
u
t
in
th
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
OFS,
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
elem
en
t
is
a
s
ep
ar
ated
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
,
s
o
th
e
f
ib
er
is
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
th
is
c
ase
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
lig
h
t
to
th
is
ex
ter
n
al
s
en
s
in
g
elem
en
t
an
d
in
s
id
e
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
elem
en
t,
th
e
lig
h
t
is
m
o
d
u
la
ted
[
2
0
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
36
]
,
[
39
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
(
a)
ex
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
(
b
)
in
tr
in
s
ic
OFSs
Als
o
,
th
er
e
is
an
o
th
er
class
if
i
ca
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
OFSs
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
alo
n
g
with
th
e
o
p
tica
l
f
ib
er
.
So
OFSs
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
m
ajo
r
th
r
ee
s
u
b
s
ets:
a)
Sin
g
le
p
o
in
t,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
en
s
o
r
i
s
ex
is
tin
g
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
b)
Mu
lti
-
p
o
in
t o
r
ca
lled
(
q
u
asi
-
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
)
,
m
u
lti
-
s
en
s
o
r
is
ex
is
tin
g
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
c)
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
o
r
ca
lled
(
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
en
s
in
g
elem
en
t)
OFSs
,
t
h
e
OFSs
ar
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
alo
n
g
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
ca
b
le
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
[
2
0
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
36
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ty
p
es o
f
OFSs
: (
a)
p
o
in
t
-
b
ased
ty
p
e
,
(
b
)
q
u
asi
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
ty
p
e,
an
d
(
c)
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
t
y
p
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
tica
l fib
er sen
s
o
r
s
:
r
ev
ie
w
o
f te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
id
)
1043
2
.
4
.
2
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
t
he
o
pera
t
ing
princip
le
T
h
e
lig
h
t
h
as
a
d
u
ality
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
it
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
ar
ticles
ca
lled
p
h
o
to
n
s
,
o
r
it
is
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
wav
es,
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
elec
tr
ic
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
ar
e
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
,
a
n
d
to
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
wh
ich
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
av
els.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
th
at
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
OF
Ss
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
,
an
d
th
is
m
o
d
u
latio
n
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
ex
t
er
n
al
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
in
g
a
ch
an
g
e
in
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ten
s
ity
,
p
h
ase,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
o
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
lig
h
t.
So
,
t
h
e
OFSs
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
o
th
er
cl
ass
if
icatio
n
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
wh
ich
is
ch
an
g
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
f
o
r
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
lated
o
p
tical
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fro
m
al
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
ca
n
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
m
ain
f
o
u
r
ty
p
es o
f
OFSs
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
o
in
ts
[
2
3
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
th
e
m
atica
l in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
t m
o
d
u
lated
o
p
tical
p
a
r
am
eter
s
a)
I
n
ten
s
ity
(
o
r
Am
p
litu
d
e)
b
ased
OFSs
T
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
in
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
ete
cted
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
in
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
m
a
n
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
i
n
ten
s
ity
,
b
u
t
th
e
m
ai
n
th
r
ee
in
ten
s
ity
-
m
o
d
u
lated
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
iv
e,
r
ef
lectiv
e,
an
d
m
ac
r
o
/m
icr
o
b
e
n
d
ty
p
e.
Ma
n
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
tical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
s
u
ch
as
len
s
es,
m
ir
r
o
r
s
,
p
r
is
m
s
to
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
lig
h
t
to
th
e
d
esire
d
p
o
in
t
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
is
is
also
d
o
n
e
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
ev
er
al
o
th
e
r
o
p
tical
d
ev
ices su
ch
as b
ea
m
s
p
litt
er
s
,
i
s
o
lato
r
s
,
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
an
d
co
u
p
ler
s
.
Als
o
,
m
u
ltip
lex
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
if
th
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
o
in
t
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
b)
Ph
ase
-
b
ased
OFSs
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
OFS
is
b
ased
o
n
p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
is
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
th
an
in
ten
s
ity
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
ev
ice
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
p
h
ase
is
ca
lled
an
in
ter
f
er
o
m
eter
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
ar
e
Ma
ch
-
Z
e
h
n
d
e
r
,
Fab
r
y
-
P
er
o
t,
Mic
h
elso
n
,
p
o
lar
im
etr
ic,
Sag
n
ac
,
an
d
g
r
atin
g
in
te
r
f
er
o
m
eter
s
.
I
ts
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
h
ase
o
f
co
h
er
en
t
lig
h
t
af
ter
s
p
litt
in
g
it
an
d
m
ak
in
g
an
i
n
jectio
n
in
to
two
s
in
g
le
-
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
s
,
o
n
e
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
will
b
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
ex
ter
n
a
l
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
wh
ich
will
ca
u
s
e
ch
an
g
e
o
r
s
h
if
t
to
th
e
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
al.
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at,
th
e
p
h
a
s
e
v
ar
iatio
n
will
lead
to
a
ch
an
g
e
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
wa
v
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
[
2
3
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
c)
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
/
wav
elen
g
th
b
ased
OFSs
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
OFS
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
r
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t.
T
h
is
ch
an
g
e
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
OFS
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
f
ield
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
FOS
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
ed
ical
f
ield
,
an
d
FB
G
s
en
s
o
r
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
g
r
a
n
tin
g
o
f
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
p
er
io
d
ically
[
2
8
]
.
d)
Po
lar
izatio
n
b
ased
OFSs
T
h
e
lig
h
t
is
a
n
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
ic
wav
e
th
at
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
elec
tr
ic
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
an
d
to
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
wh
ich
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
av
els.
I
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
v
ar
iatio
n
is
l
o
ca
ted
in
o
n
e
p
lan
e,
th
en
th
e
lig
h
t
is
ca
lled
p
o
lar
i
ze
d
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
t
h
r
ee
m
a
in
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
lar
ized
lig
h
t,
li
n
ea
r
,
ellip
ti
ca
l,
an
d
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
B
u
t
if
t
h
e
v
ib
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
is
in
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
p
lan
e,
th
en
th
e
lig
h
t
is
u
n
p
o
lar
ize
d
.
So
,
p
o
la
r
izatio
n
is
th
e
way
th
at
d
escr
ib
es
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
tim
e.
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
f
p
o
lar
izatio
n
-
b
ased
OFSs
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
tr
ain
o
n
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
th
e
f
ib
er
,
wh
ich
is
ca
lled
in
th
is
ca
s
e
in
d
u
ce
d
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
.
An
y
c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
will
le
ad
to
a
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
lar
izatio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
1
0
3
8
-
1
0
4
6
1044
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
[
5
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
2
.
4
.
3
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n t
he
o
pera
t
ing
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
FOSs
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
wh
en
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
an
d
elec
tr
i
ca
l
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
in
g
tr
o
u
b
le
wo
r
k
in
g
in
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
OFSs
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
u
s
ag
e
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
32
]
,
[
36
]
,
[
37
]
,
[
42
]
-
[
4
7
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
FOSs
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
O
F
S
s B
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
so
r
s
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
se
n
s
o
r
s
B
i
o
-
me
d
i
c
a
l
se
n
s
o
r
s
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
se
n
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
se
d
f
o
r
m
o
n
i
t
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r
i
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n
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o
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2
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O
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sam
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2.
5
.
Adv
a
nt
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g
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f
F
O
Ss
co
m
pa
re
d t
o
t
r
a
ditio
na
l e
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r
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nic sens
o
rs
FOSs
h
av
e
s
ev
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an
tag
es o
v
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ad
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in
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ed
its
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e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
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.
Am
o
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m
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o
m
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ce
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ity
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ig
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th
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5
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17
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20
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21
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26
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30
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,
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32
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43
]
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48
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-
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5
0
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.
2.
5
.1
.
Adv
a
nta
g
es
f
r
o
m
p
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in
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f
d
esig
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−
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is
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m
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m
p
ar
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to
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ty
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es o
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s
en
s
o
r
s
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−
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q
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ality
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p
er
f
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ce
as
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ily
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ize
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n
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ter
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o
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is
wid
ely
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s
ed
in
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ig
h
v
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ap
p
licatio
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s
.
−
Hig
h
im
m
u
n
ity
to
co
r
r
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io
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o
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lo
y
ed
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n
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
e
n
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m
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ts
.
−
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ts
ab
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to
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r
k
in
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ar
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h
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
at
elev
ated
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
−
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ib
ilit
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in
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esig
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,
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ic
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al
lo
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s
u
r
em
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m
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s
ical,
ch
em
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b
io
lo
g
ical,
an
d
o
th
er
v
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r
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les.
2
.
5
.
2
.
Adv
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nta
g
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f
r
o
m
p
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in
t
o
f
c
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mm
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ica
t
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
−
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t h
as a
wid
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b
an
d
wid
th
.
−
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
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f
m
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le
tr
a
n
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t
f
lex
i
b
ilit
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in
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
tan
tan
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s
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co
n
tin
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o
u
s
m
o
n
it
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o
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e
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v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
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ed
.
−
T
h
e
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
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e
r
lo
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g
d
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t
an
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
v
er
y
lo
w
atten
u
atio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
o
th
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
i
a.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
allo
ws th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
r
em
o
t
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
in
h
ar
d
-
to
-
r
ea
ch
a
r
ea
s
.
−
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
to
r
e
a
n
d
an
aly
z
e
d
ata
an
d
t
h
en
u
s
e
it to
m
ak
e
o
p
tim
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
e
v
i
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w
s
t
u
d
y
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llu
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h
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i
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it
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m
a
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O
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al
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s
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Al
s
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w
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A
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is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t
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Un
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v
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rsity
(KSA).
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ic
m
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c
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b
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tac
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t
e
m
a
il
:
m
.
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lfate
h
@tu
.
e
d
u
.
sa
.
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