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2
01
7
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
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e
o
f
A
d
v
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d
E
n
g
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.
A
l
l
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t
s r
es
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ved
.
1
.
I
n
tr
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Man
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ac
c
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app
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t
t
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m
o
s
t
ac
c
ur
at
e
i
de
nt
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f
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c
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on [
1]
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F
or
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t
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s
us
e t
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he ha
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o k
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h
y
s
e
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m
et
aph
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s
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c
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nes
.
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s
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dent
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f
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c
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an be c
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par
ed us
i
ng r
ef
er
enc
e
f
r
o
m
G
r
eul
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c
h and P
y
l
e [
2]
.
F
or
ens
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c
ph
y
s
i
c
i
ans
us
i
ng
m
anual
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et
hods
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ak
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m
e.
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pl
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as
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s
v
er
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i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o
r
ec
og
ni
z
e
hi
s
bo
d
y
[
3]
.
T
hi
s
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nc
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dent
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s
v
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di
f
f
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t
o s
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enc
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bi
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ul
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o c
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gat
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a.
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and w
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bo
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c
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h has
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n
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e
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es
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ent
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om
at
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y
[
4]
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
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an
s
how
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ge i
d
ent
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f
i
c
at
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w
el
l
b
y
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om
par
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ng
r
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enc
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r
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t
l
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n
pr
ac
t
i
c
e,
t
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i
de
nt
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f
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on of
t
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han
d w
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b
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t
r
uc
t
ur
e i
s
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di
f
f
i
c
ul
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o ac
hi
ev
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s
e t
he bone
i
s
eas
i
l
y
dam
aged b
y
i
m
pac
t
,
l
i
k
e a s
t
at
e
of
nat
ur
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di
s
as
t
er
.
I
n t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
h
um
an
f
or
ens
i
c
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
w
i
t
h t
h
e
h
and
w
r
i
s
t
bo
ne
i
s
pr
op
os
e
d.
T
he
bone s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e of
t
he
w
r
i
s
t
i
s
s
how
n
i
n F
i
gur
e
1.
T
hi
s
m
et
hod has
s
ev
er
a
l
ad
v
a
nt
ages
.
F
i
r
s
t
,
t
h
i
s
m
et
hod
pr
ov
i
des
a s
i
m
pl
er
w
a
y
t
h
an
us
i
ng
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h
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i
r
e
bone s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
of
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h
an
d.
S
ec
o
nd,
t
h
e
hand w
r
i
s
t
b
one s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
i
s
r
el
at
i
v
el
y
r
e
l
i
ab
l
e b
ec
a
us
e t
hes
e
bon
es
ar
e of
t
e
n und
am
aged.
T
hi
r
d,
t
he
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
of
a
per
s
on'
s
ag
e c
an
be
don
e
aut
om
at
i
c
al
l
y
.
A
ge i
den
t
i
f
i
c
at
i
on c
an be r
e
c
ogni
z
e
d aut
om
at
i
c
al
l
y
b
y
c
hang
i
ng t
h
e x
-
r
a
y
c
o
l
or
i
m
age t
o
a
gr
a
y
s
c
al
e.
T
he
bone
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
of
t
he
w
r
i
s
t
i
s
ex
t
r
a
c
t
ed
f
eat
ur
es
of
a
gr
a
y
s
c
al
e
i
m
age.
T
w
o
ac
t
i
v
e c
ont
our
ba
l
l
oon m
odel
s
ar
e us
ed f
or
epi
ph
y
s
e
al
and m
et
aph
y
s
i
c
al
b
one
s
egm
ent
at
i
on
.
A
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
nt
o
ur
s
c
an
be
us
ed
w
el
l
on
no
i
s
e
-
f
i
l
l
e
d
i
m
a
ges
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
he
c
ont
our
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
nc
a
v
e
s
hape
i
s
v
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y
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
b
y
t
he
ac
t
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v
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c
o
nt
our
s
.
T
her
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or
e,
t
he
b
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l
oo
n
m
odel
c
an
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e
us
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t
o pr
e
di
c
t
t
h
e c
onc
a
v
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c
ont
our
s
[
5]
.
T
hi
s
m
odel
c
an
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
t
he
ener
g
y
f
or
c
ont
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o
gr
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.
T
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i
on
w
i
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s
t
op w
hen t
h
e f
i
nal
c
ont
our
h
as
t
he hi
g
hes
t
en
er
g
y
[
6,
7
]
.
O
ur
m
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t
hod
s
ho
w
s
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el
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
w
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l
t
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t
om
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dent
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f
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ge
us
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ng
han
d
-
w
r
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s
t
b
one
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
2,
N
o
v
em
ber
2017
:
335
–
3
42
336
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he bo
ne s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e of
t
he
w
r
i
s
t
.
(
a)
X
-
r
a
y
i
m
a
ge a
nd (
b)
h
and
w
r
i
s
t
p
ar
t
T
he r
el
at
ed
w
or
k
i
s
F
or
ens
i
c
A
ge E
s
t
i
m
at
i
on (
F
A
E
)
i
s
a ne
w
s
c
i
e
nc
e i
n f
or
ens
i
c
f
i
el
d.
T
he R
om
an E
m
pi
r
e as
s
i
gn
ed
y
ou
ng m
en t
o
m
i
l
i
t
ar
y
s
er
v
i
c
e
[
8]
i
n t
h
e n
i
n
et
ee
nt
h
c
ent
ur
y
.
A
ge
i
s
es
t
i
m
at
ed
b
y
dent
i
s
t
s
and
dent
al
er
u
pt
i
on
i
s
c
ons
i
der
ed a
r
el
i
a
bl
e
m
et
hod f
or
det
ec
t
i
ng
c
hi
l
d'
s
age.
I
n 1
846,
P
e
dr
o M
at
a
ex
pr
es
s
ed hi
s
c
o
nc
er
n ab
out
es
t
i
m
at
i
ng a
ge b
as
ed
s
ol
el
y
o
n t
e
et
h
er
upt
i
on
[
9
]
.
A
n
ger
er
w
as
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
t
o
s
ugges
t
t
hat
c
ar
pus
bone
i
n
t
h
e
han
d
w
as
an
i
n
di
c
at
or
t
o
es
t
i
m
at
e age
i
n
y
o
ung
pe
o
pl
e
[
10]
.
N
ur
padm
i
et
al
.
[
11]
i
m
pl
em
ent
s
bone i
m
age s
egm
ent
at
i
o
n us
i
n
g an ac
t
i
v
e c
ont
o
ur
m
odel
.
Z
i
na
h R
aj
a
b H
us
s
e
i
n et
a
l
.
[
12]
ap
pl
i
ed
a pr
e
pr
oc
es
s
i
ng c
on
t
r
ac
t
i
o
n ex
t
r
ac
t
i
on
t
o
a no
i
s
y
ec
oc
ar
di
o
gr
ap
h
y
i
m
age.
I
n
r
ec
ent
y
e
ar
s
,
t
he
ac
t
i
v
e c
o
nt
our
m
odel
i
nt
r
od
uc
ed
b
y
K
as
s
,
has
n
o
w
g
r
o
w
n r
ap
i
d
l
y
.
T
he ba
l
l
oon
m
odel
[
13]
i
s
on
e s
uc
h ex
a
m
pl
e.
I
n c
ont
r
as
t
t
o t
r
adi
t
i
o
nal
s
nak
es
t
hat
s
hr
i
nk
w
r
ap ar
o
un
d t
he
i
m
age bound
ar
y
,
t
hi
s
s
nak
e m
odel
i
s
ex
pa
nd
i
ng
out
.
T
hi
s
m
odel
i
s
bas
ed
on
add
i
t
i
on
al
i
nf
l
at
i
onar
y
f
or
c
es
a
pp
l
i
e
d t
o pr
ov
i
de
s
t
ab
l
e r
es
u
l
t
s
.
T
he
ac
t
i
v
e c
on
t
our
m
odel
t
hat
i
s
not
c
l
os
e
t
o
t
he
c
ont
o
ur
i
s
not
i
nt
er
es
t
e
d
i
n i
t
.
T
he c
ur
v
e
be
ha
v
es
l
i
k
e
a bal
l
o
on
s
oar
i
ng.
W
hen
i
t
pas
s
es
t
h
e
ed
ge,
i
t
w
i
l
l
n
ot
get
s
t
uc
k
b
y
a
f
ak
e
edg
e
and
j
us
t
s
t
op
w
hen
t
he
edges
ar
e s
t
r
ong
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
pr
o
pos
es
a ne
w
s
e
gm
ent
at
i
o
n m
et
hod
t
h
at
i
s
Q
ua
dr
ant
B
a
l
l
on
S
n
a
k
e
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
t
ep i
s
t
o c
r
op
i
m
age on m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
a
nd
epi
ph
y
s
i
s
bon
e.
T
he s
ec
on
d
s
t
ep i
s
t
o us
e
m
or
phol
og
y
t
o el
i
m
i
nat
e n
oi
s
e.
T
he t
hi
r
d s
t
e
p i
s
t
o app
l
y
Q
ua
dr
ant
B
a
l
l
on S
n
ak
e t
o s
eg
m
ent
hand
w
r
i
s
t
bo
ne.
T
he
l
as
t
s
t
ep
i
s
t
o
us
e
r
at
i
o m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and
ep
i
p
h
y
s
i
s
t
o
i
n
de
nt
i
f
y
per
s
on.
It
i
s
bel
i
e
v
ed
t
ha
t
t
h
i
s
t
ec
hn
i
q
ue
c
an de
t
ec
t
t
h
e b
oun
dar
y
of
bon
e ag
e i
m
age
v
er
y
pr
ec
i
s
el
y
.
2.
R
e
sea
r
ch
M
et
h
o
d
T
her
e ar
e
v
ar
i
ous
m
et
ho
ds
and
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
or
age
i
de
nt
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
v
i
a
h
an
d w
r
i
s
t
bone
[
1]
,
[
7]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
i
dent
i
f
i
c
at
i
o
n
of
ag
e
t
hr
oug
h
ha
nd
w
r
i
s
t
bo
ne
us
i
n
g
Q
uadr
a
nt
B
al
l
o
n
S
nak
e.
T
he m
et
hod
w
hi
c
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
c
r
oppi
ng
i
m
ages
,
m
or
phol
og
y
an
d e
dge
,
Q
uadr
a
nt
B
al
l
on
S
nak
e an
d I
d
ent
i
f
i
c
at
i
o
n ar
e gr
ap
hi
c
a
l
l
y
d
es
c
r
i
bed
i
n
a
s
c
hem
at
i
c
di
agr
am
s
how
n
i
n F
i
gur
e
2.
F
i
gur
e
2
.
S
c
hem
at
i
c
di
a
gr
a
m
o
f
t
he A
l
gor
i
t
hm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
H
and W
r
i
s
t
B
o
ne I
dent
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
U
s
i
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uadr
ant
B
a
l
l
on
S
nak
e (
R
iy
a
n
t
o
S
ig
it
)
337
2.
1.
C
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
I
m
a
g
e
T
he f
i
r
s
t
s
t
ep i
s
t
o c
r
op
i
m
age on m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and
epi
ph
y
s
i
s
bo
ne.
I
n t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
,
m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
a
nd
ep
i
ph
y
s
i
s
bone
i
n
t
he
r
i
gh
t
w
r
i
s
t
b
on
e
w
as
us
ed
t
o
det
er
m
i
ne
a
ge.
Met
aph
y
s
i
s
and
epi
ph
y
s
i
s
bo
nes
ar
e
t
r
i
m
m
ed f
r
o
m
t
he r
i
ght
w
r
i
s
t
b
one
us
i
ng
c
r
opp
i
ng
t
ec
hn
i
q
ues
.
I
n t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
,
t
he c
r
opp
i
ng
i
m
age us
i
ng a r
ec
t
an
gu
l
a
r
s
hape.
T
hi
s
pr
oc
es
s
i
s
us
ed t
o
per
f
o
r
m
i
ni
t
i
al
s
egm
ent
at
i
o
n of
t
he
m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
an
d
ep
i
ph
y
s
i
s
b
on
es
.
F
i
g
ur
e
3 s
h
o
w
s
t
he
r
es
ul
t
s
of
c
r
oppi
ng
i
m
age on m
et
a
ph
y
s
i
s
and
ep
i
ph
y
s
i
s
bon
es
.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
3.
(
a)
H
and
bon
e
i
m
age (
b)
c
r
op
pi
ng i
m
age
2.
2.
M
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
d
g
e
D
e
te
c
ti
o
n
T
he s
ec
on
d s
t
ep i
s
pr
e
-
p
r
oc
es
s
i
ng us
i
ng m
or
phol
o
gi
c
al
f
i
l
t
er
s
and
ed
ge d
et
ec
t
i
on
.
Mor
ph
ol
o
g
y
c
a
n r
educ
e
n
oi
s
e an
d c
l
ar
i
f
y
t
he
i
m
age boun
dar
y
.
I
n m
or
phol
o
g
y
,
t
he i
m
age i
s
ex
pr
es
s
ed as
a s
et
of
di
s
c
r
et
e c
oor
d
i
n
at
es
.
Mor
p
hol
o
gi
c
al
op
er
at
i
ons
us
e t
w
o
i
nput
s
,
nam
el
y
t
he
or
i
gi
na
l
i
m
age a
nd s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gur
e
4.
(
a)
O
r
i
g
i
n
al
i
m
age (
b)
D
i
l
at
i
on oper
a
t
i
o
n
T
he e
dge det
ec
t
i
o
n m
et
hod i
s
us
i
ng c
an
n
y
.
C
an
n
y
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
appr
oac
h
w
as
do
ne b
y
c
onv
o
l
ut
i
o
n f
unc
t
i
o
n i
m
age
w
i
t
h a s
t
r
uc
t
ur
i
ng
el
em
ent
of
m
or
phol
og
y
a
nd t
h
ei
r
der
i
v
at
i
v
es
.
F
i
gur
e
4 be
l
o
w
s
h
o
w
s
t
he r
es
ul
t
of
di
l
at
i
o
n op
er
at
i
on
f
r
om
hand
-
w
r
i
s
t
i
m
age t
o r
ed
uc
e t
he n
o
is
e
and t
o d
et
ec
t
e
dge
as
s
ho
w
n i
n
F
i
g
ur
e 5
.
F
i
gur
e 5.
C
ann
y
e
dge
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
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EC
S
V
o
l.
8
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N
o.
2,
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o
v
em
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2017
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335
–
3
42
338
2.
3.
Q
u
a
d
r
a
n
t B
a
l
l
o
n
S
n
a
k
e
T
he t
hi
r
d
s
t
ep
i
s
t
o
app
l
y
Q
uadr
ant
B
al
l
o
n
S
nak
e t
o
s
egm
ent
ha
nd
w
r
i
s
t
bon
e
.
T
hi
s
m
et
hod
i
s
adv
anc
ed
f
r
om
s
nak
e
m
odel
.
F
i
g
ur
e
6
be
l
o
w
s
ho
w
s
a
m
at
hem
at
i
c
al
m
ode
l
of
ener
g
y
s
nak
es
,
w
her
e
E
i
n
t
,
E
i
m
age an
d
E
c
on r
epr
es
en
t
ed
t
h
e i
nt
er
n
al
and
ex
t
er
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
f
r
om
ac
t
i
v
e
c
ont
our
m
odel
s
.
F
i
gur
e
6
.
M
at
h
em
at
i
c
al
m
odel
of
ener
g
y
s
nak
es
Mat
h
em
at
i
c
al
m
odel
of
e
n
er
g
y
s
n
ak
es
,
w
h
er
e
E
i
nt
,
E
i
m
age
a
nd
E
c
on
r
e
pr
es
e
nt
ed
t
he
i
nt
er
n
al
an
d ex
t
er
nal
en
er
g
y
f
r
om
ac
t
i
v
e c
o
nt
our
m
ode
l
s
.
P
ar
am
et
er
ac
t
i
v
e c
ont
o
ur
s
et
s
of
c
oor
di
n
at
e
po
i
nt
s
o
n c
ont
o
ur
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d c
an
be d
ef
i
ne
d on
equ
at
i
on
1 be
l
o
w
:
⃗
(
)
=
⃗
(
)
,
⃗
(
)
(
1)
W
h
er
e x
(
s
)
and
y
(
s
)
i
s
t
h
e
x
and
y
c
o
or
di
nat
es
on
t
h
e c
ont
o
ur
a
nd s
i
s
t
he
nor
m
al
i
z
ed
i
nd
ex
of
t
he c
ont
r
ol
poi
nt
s
.
E
ner
g
y
f
unc
t
i
on d
es
c
r
i
bed ac
t
i
v
e c
ont
our
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
t
w
o
c
o
m
ponent
s
i
s
t
h
e
i
nt
er
n
al
ener
g
y
and
ex
t
er
n
al
en
er
g
y
.
I
nt
er
nal
en
er
g
y
m
a
k
es
c
o
m
pac
t
c
ur
v
e
(
el
as
t
i
c
f
or
c
e)
and
a
v
er
y
s
har
p
t
ur
n
l
i
m
i
t
s
(
bend
i
ng
f
o
r
c
e)
.
E
x
t
er
na
l
e
ner
g
y
t
e
nd
s
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
he
c
ur
v
e m
ov
es
t
o t
he
obj
ec
t
b
ound
ar
y
[
9
-
10]
.
I
nt
er
na
l
ener
g
y
as
t
he
s
um
of
t
he
e
l
as
t
i
c
ener
g
y
an
d
ener
g
y
r
es
i
l
i
enc
y
c
an
b
e
e
x
pr
es
s
ed
on
e
quat
i
o
n
2 bel
o
w
:
=
+
=
∝
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
2
2
(
2)
W
h
er
e
α
(
s
)
i
s
c
ont
i
n
ui
t
y
f
unc
t
i
on
(
s
t
r
et
c
h
i
ng)
a
nd
β
(
s
)
i
s
f
unc
t
i
ons
of
bend
i
n
g.
E
x
t
er
na
l
ener
g
y
l
i
m
i
t
s
t
he def
or
m
abi
l
i
t
y
of
c
ur
v
e,
t
he r
es
t
r
i
c
t
i
ons
pr
ov
i
de
d b
y
t
h
e ex
t
er
na
l
en
er
g
y
c
an t
ak
e
v
ar
i
ous
f
or
m
s
i
nc
l
udi
n
g
t
he
s
pr
i
ng
an
d
r
epu
l
s
e.
I
n
ef
f
ec
t
,
ex
t
er
nal
e
ner
g
y
has
ne
v
er
been
us
e
d
bec
aus
e
ev
er
y
f
or
m
of
ex
t
e
r
nal
e
ner
g
y
h
as
c
er
t
ai
n p
ur
pos
e.
S
nak
es
ener
g
y
h
as
equ
at
i
on t
h
at
s
um
i
nt
er
na
l
en
er
g
y
a
nd
ex
t
er
na
l
en
er
g
y
w
hi
c
h i
s
s
ho
w
n o
n
e
quat
i
o
n
3 be
l
o
w
:
=
∫
(
)
.
1
0
=
∫
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
(
)
)
1
0
.
(
3)
W
h
er
e v
(
s
)
i
s
c
oor
di
nat
e v
a
l
ues
(
x
(
s
)
,
y
(
s
)
)
,
w
i
t
h
t
he v
al
u
e s
=
0,
1,
E
i
nt
i
s
i
nt
er
na
l
ener
g
y
,
E
i
m
ag
e
i
s
i
m
age f
or
c
e an
d
E
co
n
i
s
ex
t
er
n
al
ener
g
y
.
T
he r
es
u
l
t
s
ob
t
ai
ned
f
r
om
t
he gaus
s
i
an
oper
at
i
o
n of
hand
-
w
r
i
s
t
i
m
age t
o p
ol
i
s
h t
he o
bj
ec
t
r
es
ear
c
h.
T
he bound
ar
y
pr
oc
es
s
c
an be don
e
b
y
al
p
ha,
bet
a an
d g
am
m
a
par
am
et
er
.
I
n
t
hi
s
r
es
ear
c
h,
m
ov
em
ent
ener
g
y
us
i
n
g
qua
dr
ant
c
ar
t
es
i
an
c
an
be
us
ed
t
o
m
ov
em
ent
of
bal
o
on m
odel
s
.
F
i
r
s
t
s
t
e
p,
c
al
c
u
l
at
i
on
of
poi
nt
s
f
or
m
i
ng
t
he c
i
r
c
l
e
us
es
t
he
f
or
m
ul
a
of
c
i
r
c
l
e
w
hi
c
h
i
s
s
ho
w
n
on
E
q
uat
i
o
n
4
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
H
and W
r
i
s
t
B
o
ne I
dent
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
U
s
i
ng
Q
uadr
ant
B
a
l
l
on
S
nak
e (
R
iy
a
n
t
o
S
ig
it
)
339
D
is
ta
n
c
e
=
(
1
−
0
)
2
+
(
1
−
0
)
2
(4
)
T
he s
ec
ond s
t
ep
i
s
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
on
of
t
he
di
s
t
anc
e
us
ed
as
t
he r
a
di
us
of
t
he c
i
r
c
l
e t
o m
ak
e a
poi
nt
of
i
ni
t
i
a
l
s
i
n
t
o a c
i
r
c
l
e w
i
t
h
a num
ber
of
poi
nt
s
as
m
uc
h as
360 c
i
r
c
l
e ax
i
s
360 ° f
i
t
.
C
a
lc
u
la
t
i
on of
di
s
t
a
nc
e w
h
i
c
h
s
ho
w
n on
e
qua
t
i
on
5
an
d 6:
=
+
(
1
,
1
,
0
,
0
)
∗
c
os
3
6
0
∗
1
8
0
(
5)
=
+
(
1
,
1
,
0
,
0
)
∗
s
in
3
6
0
∗
1
8
0
(
6)
W
h
en:
x
0 and
y
0
i
s
f
i
r
s
t
m
i
dpo
i
nt
,
x
1
an
d
y
1
i
s
s
ec
o
nd
poi
nt
T
he t
hi
r
d s
t
e
p
i
s
per
f
or
m
ener
g
y
m
ov
em
ent
w
i
t
h
gr
adi
e
nt
en
er
g
y
a
nd
qua
dr
ant
c
ar
t
es
i
an
r
ul
es
.
T
o
r
un
t
he
ener
g
y
gr
adi
ent
b
y
gam
m
a
v
al
ue
c
an
el
l
abor
a
t
ed
t
h
e
f
or
m
ul
a
w
hi
c
h
s
ho
w
n
o
n
equa
t
i
o
n
7
b
el
ow
:
_
=
−
∑
(
|
(
,
)
|
)
2
+
(
,
)
2
)
−
1
=
0
<
=
>
−
∑
(
,
(
)
+
,
(
)
−
1
=
0
⃗
=
(
)
⃗
(
)
⃗
<
=
>
−
∑
⃗
∙
(
)
⃗
−
1
=
0
(
7)
T
he
f
our
t
h
s
t
ep
i
s
f
i
ndi
ng
t
he m
i
ni
m
u
m
ener
g
y
of
t
he bound
ar
y
on
t
h
e ot
h
er
bo
r
der
of
t
he c
o
nt
our
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
et
hod,
q
uadr
a
nt
c
ar
t
es
i
an
a
nd
bal
l
on
s
nak
e c
an
be
us
ed
t
o
def
or
m
abl
e
c
ur
v
e t
h
e c
ont
our
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n F
i
gur
e
7.
2.
4.
I
d
e
n
ti
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
P
ar
t
of
t
h
e de
t
er
m
i
nat
i
o
n
of
age
i
.
e.
t
he r
a
t
i
o
of
t
he
w
i
dt
h
of
t
he m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and
epi
ph
y
s
is
bas
e
d o
n t
he
w
i
d
es
t
di
s
t
anc
e
on x
-
a
xi
s.
C
al
c
ul
at
i
o
n of
t
h
e
w
i
dt
h
of
t
he
s
ear
c
h
w
i
t
h t
h
e
di
f
f
er
enc
e i
n t
he
v
a
l
ue
of
x
w
i
t
h
t
he f
ol
l
o
w
i
n
g f
or
m
ul
at
i
on.
a.
D
o t
he i
ni
t
i
a
l
i
z
at
i
o
n poi
nt
a
nd m
i
dpoi
nt
e
dge
on t
he
m
et
aph
y
s
i
c
al
a
nd t
h
e ep
i
phy
s
i
s
bo
ne
i
m
age des
c
r
i
bed
at
equ
at
i
o
n
4.
b.
F
ro
m
t
h
e
i
n
it
ia
ls
po
i
nt
s
of
eac
h
i
m
age
of
t
he
bo
nes
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
t
he
f
i
n
ger
s
t
o
i
nc
r
e
as
e
poi
nt
f
or
m
a c
i
r
c
l
e.
S
o t
he
2 i
n
i
t
i
al
s
t
ar
t
i
ng p
oi
n
t
w
ou
l
d
be t
he a
ppr
opr
i
at
e poi
nt
w
i
t
h an ar
e
a
of
360 f
ul
l
c
i
r
c
l
e
=
36
0° w
i
t
h
a
f
or
m
ul
a
t
ha
t
has
bee
n
s
p
el
l
ed out
i
n
eq.
5
an
d
6
.
c.
P
r
ov
i
d
e a
l
i
m
i
t
v
al
ue
of
x
1 and x
2
i
s
w
h
er
e t
he
v
a
l
u
e o
f
x
1 as
t
he
v
a
l
ue
of
t
he s
m
al
l
es
t
w
i
dt
h
x
or
x
<
0
an
d t
h
e
v
a
l
ue
of
x
2 as
t
he
v
al
u
e of
l
ar
ges
t
w
i
dt
h
o
r
x
>
0
.
S
o t
he
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
o
n o
f
t
he
di
f
f
er
enc
e i
n
w
i
dt
h x
is
x2
–
x
1.
d.
T
he w
i
dt
h
dat
a of
r
es
ul
t
is
c
om
par
ed t
o r
ef
er
enc
e d
at
a
t
o de
t
er
m
i
ne t
he
age
.
3.
R
e
su
l
t
s a
n
d
D
i
scu
s
si
o
n
B
ef
or
e s
egm
ent
at
i
on
obj
ec
t
of
bone
ag
e o
nl
y
on m
et
ap
h
y
s
i
s
and
ep
i
ph
y
s
i
s
,
t
her
e
i
s
one
s
t
ep t
h
at
m
us
t
be don
e
i
s
t
o d
et
er
m
i
ne t
he
s
t
ar
t
i
ng
poi
nt
i
t
er
at
i
o
n f
or
t
he m
ov
em
ent
ac
t
i
v
e
c
ont
our
m
odel
s
m
et
hod.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
ho
w
s
t
he
ef
f
ec
t
of
i
ni
t
i
a
l
i
t
er
at
i
on
on t
he m
ov
em
ent
f
r
om
ac
t
i
v
e
c
ont
our
m
odel
s
m
et
hod a
n
d
r
es
ul
t
of
obj
ec
t
s
egm
ent
a
t
i
on
.
F
r
o
m
t
he
T
abl
e 1,
i
t
c
an be
s
een t
hat
i
f
w
e us
e 25 n
u
m
ber
o
f
i
t
er
at
i
on,
w
e w
i
l
l
ge
t
bet
t
er
s
egm
ent
at
i
on o
n t
he m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and ep
i
p
h
y
s
i
s
bone
.
I
n t
he 25
num
ber
of
i
t
er
at
i
o
n pr
od
uc
e
w
i
dt
h of
t
h
e m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and
ep
i
ph
y
s
i
s
w
hi
c
h
r
eac
hes
ne
ar
l
y
a
l
l
e
dge
of
t
h
e bo
ne
t
ha
t
i
s
1.
28
019c
m
:
0.
434
783c
m
w
i
t
h t
h
e t
i
m
e i
s
20
9 3
87 s
ec
o
nds
or
ne
ar
l
y
4 m
i
nut
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
2,
N
o
v
em
ber
2017
:
335
–
3
42
340
T
abl
e 1.
C
om
par
i
s
on be
t
w
e
en N
um
ber
of
I
t
er
at
i
ons
a
n
d R
es
u
l
t
O
bj
ec
t
S
egm
ent
at
i
on
T
es
t
i
ng
N
um
ber
o
f
i
t
er
at
i
ons
R
es
ul
t
o
f
s
eg
m
ent
a
t
i
on
Ra
t
io
(
c
m
)
T
im
e
(
s
ec
ond
)
1.
1
0.
57971 :
0
.
31401
25.
7768
3.
10
1.
08696 :
0
.
434783
105.
63
5
.
25
1.
28019 :
0
.
434783
209.
387
F
i
gur
e
8.
M
ov
em
ent
b
y
ac
t
i
v
e c
o
nt
our
m
odel
s
s
t
e
p b
y
s
t
ep
R
es
ul
t
of
t
he m
ov
em
ent
i
n t
he F
i
g
ur
e 8
c
aus
ed q
uad
r
ant
pos
i
t
i
on of
t
he x
and y
ev
er
y
poi
nt
s
t
hat
has
be
en i
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
ed i
n t
he f
i
r
s
t
ac
t
i
v
e c
on
t
o
ur
m
odel
s
pr
oc
es
s
.
W
hen a
l
l
of
t
he poi
nt
s
.
T
es
t
i
ng
i
d
ent
i
f
i
c
at
i
o
n
of
ag
e
bas
ed
on
t
he
r
at
i
o
w
i
d
t
h
of
t
h
e
x
c
oor
di
nat
es
.
I
n
t
h
e
t
abl
e
2
sh
o
w
s
t
es
t
i
n
g s
y
s
t
em
w
i
t
h t
he
5 x
-
r
a
y
i
m
ages
of
t
he
pat
i
en
t
’
s
dat
a.
T
abl
e 2.
T
es
t
i
n
g S
y
s
t
em
w
i
t
h B
one
A
g
e of
P
a
t
i
ent
’
s
D
at
a
A
ge
X
-
ra
y
F
ile
T
es
t
i
ng
S
u
c
c
e
ss
(
%
)
3
y
ear
s
ol
d
3t
h.
b
m
p
5 dat
a,
5
s
u
cc
e
s
s
100 %
4
y
ear
s
ol
d
4
t
h.
bm
p
2 dat
a,
2
s
u
cc
e
s
s
10
0 %
6
y
ear
s
ol
d
6t
h.
b
m
p
5
dat
a
,
4
s
u
cc
e
s
s
8
0 %
9
y
ear
s
ol
d
9t
h
.
bm
p
4
dat
a
,
3
s
u
cc
e
s
s
75
%
13
y
ear
s
ol
d
13
t
h.
bm
p
3 dat
a,
3
s
u
cc
e
s
s
100
%
F
r
o
m
t
he
T
abl
e
2.
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
a
na
l
y
z
e
t
hat
not
al
l
poi
nt
s
w
i
l
l
s
t
i
l
l
on
t
he
e
dge
of
m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and e
pi
ph
y
s
i
s
bone
.
A
l
l
of
t
he po
i
nt
s
w
i
l
l
m
ov
e i
f
t
her
e i
s
not
f
oun
d edg
e i
n t
h
e
bone
’
s
ar
ea
.
T
hat
i
s
bec
a
us
e of
hand
-
w
r
i
s
t
bon
e i
m
ages
no
t
c
l
e
ar
l
y
.
S
o,
i
f
w
e
w
i
l
l
g
et
be
t
t
er
s
egm
e
nt
at
i
on e
v
er
y
i
m
ages
m
us
t
be s
et
di
f
f
er
ent
t
hr
es
hol
d v
a
l
ue a
nd k
er
nel
of
mor
pho
l
og
y
.
T
he
av
er
a
ge
per
c
ent
age
of
t
h
e s
y
s
t
em
’
s
s
uc
c
es
s
i
s
91
%
wi
t
h
19
x
-
r
a
y
i
m
ages
of
t
he
han
d
-
wr
i
s
t
bone
.
T
hi
s
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
s
uc
c
es
s
f
ul
l
y
i
d
ent
i
f
i
ed 1
7
d
at
a t
h
at
m
at
c
hed w
i
t
h ag
e on x
-
r
a
y
i
m
age an
d
2
dat
a er
r
or
s
.
C
om
par
i
s
on a
v
er
ag
e
w
i
dt
h of
a m
et
aph
y
s
i
s
and epi
ph
y
s
i
s
bet
w
ee
n s
y
s
t
em
and
r
ef
er
enc
e
as
s
ho
w
s
i
n T
abl
e 3 a
nd
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
H
and W
r
i
s
t
B
o
ne I
dent
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
U
s
i
ng
Q
uadr
ant
B
a
l
l
on
S
nak
e (
R
iy
a
n
t
o
S
ig
it
)
341
T
abl
e 3.
C
om
par
i
s
on A
v
er
a
ge
W
i
dt
h of
a Met
a
ph
y
s
i
s
b
et
w
ee
n S
y
s
t
em
and R
ef
er
enc
e
A
ge
R
ef
er
enc
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(
c
m
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s
t
em
(
c
m
)
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ev
i
at
i
on
(
c
m
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TD
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t
es
t
i
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)
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ear
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T
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C
om
par
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on A
v
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dt
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ph
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F
i
gur
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har
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of
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om
par
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ph
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T
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hod pr
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R
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M
ar
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C
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197
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