TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015, pp. 1 ~ 8
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i1.697
8
1
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 7, 2015;
Re
vised Feb
r
uary 26 20
15;
Accept
ed Ma
rch 1
5
, 2014
5
Investig
ation of Neem Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester
for Electric
Power Generation
G. Vija
y
a
Go
w
r
i*
1
, N. Ka
n
a
garaj
2
, C. Muniraj
3
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical & El
ectronics En
gi
neer
ing, K.S.Rang
asam
y Co
ll
ege of T
e
cholo
g
y
,
T
i
ruchengo
de,
T
a
mil Nadu, India, Ph: +
919
4
422
58
906
2
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Sa
lma
n
Bin Abd
u
l
a
zi
z Universit
y
, W
adi Al D
a
w
a
s
e
r
,
Ri
yad
h
, Sau
d
i
Arabi
a, Ph: +
9665
32
433
17
6
3
Departme
n
t of Electrical & El
ectronics En
gi
neer
ing, K.S.Rang
asam
y Co
ll
ege of T
e
cholo
g
y
,
T
i
ruchengo
de,
T
a
mil Nadu, India, Ph: +
919
8
947
42
198
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: vija
ya
go
w
r
i1
@gmai
l
.com
1
, thiruk
ana
gar
aj
@
y
ah
oo.com
2
,
c.muniraj
@
gm
ail.com
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is p
a
p
e
r pr
esents
bi
odi
es
el
as
an
e
m
e
r
gin
g
re
new
ab
le
ener
gy s
o
u
r
ce w
h
ich
co
u
l
d
mee
t
substanti
a
lly
th
e very
lar
g
e
gr
ow
ing
electric
ener
gy
d
e
m
a
n
d
ma
intai
n
i
ng t
he
ecol
og
ical
b
a
la
nce. Bi
od
ie
sel
is a sustain
a
b
l
e ener
gy sour
ce w
h
ich mak
e
s the env
ir
on
me
nt out of po
llutio
n
. T
he si
mp
lest proc
es
s for
bio
d
ies
e
l pr
od
uction c
a
ll
ed t
r
ansester
i
ficati
on w
a
s carri
e
d
out to pr
odu
ce bio
d
i
e
sel fr
om
ne
em
oil.
T
h
e
output para
m
e
t
ers
such as spee
d,
volta
g
e
,
current a
n
d
pow
er ar
e of
the a
l
ternator
are a
n
a
l
ysed
for
different l
oads
usin
g pur
e di
esel, d
i
fferent
bio
d
ies
e
l-d
i
es
e
l
ble
nds (
80%
bio
d
ies
e
l & 2
0
% di
ese
l
, 60
%
bio
d
ies
e
l
&
4
0
%
dies
el,
40
% b
i
od
ies
e
l &
60%
di
ese
l
, 2
0
%
bio
d
i
e
sel
& 80
%
dies
el)
to a
n
I.C
en
g
i
ne
.
Results sh
ow
that 20% b
i
o
d
ie
sel & 80% d
i
es
el bl
end (B
20
) produc
es the ou
tput w
i
th better efficiency.
Ke
y
w
ords
: alt
e
rnator p
e
rfor
ma
nce, bi
odi
es
el, electr
ific
atio
n, nee
m oi
l, transesterific
a
tion
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Energy
ha
s b
een
a maj
o
r f
a
ctor in
econ
omic
develo
p
m
ent of a
n
y country a
nd
on
e of the
basi
c
re
quire
ment of
hum
an life to
day. Pre
s
ent
Indi
an e
n
e
r
gy
scenari
o
i
s
m
e
t thro
ugh
fossil
fuels
and
to
a le
sser exte
nt
by hydel,
nucl
ear an
d
rene
wable
so
urces.
But fo
ssil
sou
r
ces
are
finite and
inh
o
moge
neo
usl
y
distrib
u
ted,
and th
eir
use
norm
a
lly crea
tes p
o
lluted
e
n
vironm
ent. T
o
meet this challen
ge a globally re
sp
onsi
b
le
and
rational en
ergy poli
c
y encouragin
g
the
employme
nt of effective strategie
s
a
s
well a
s
a
deq
uate an
d al
ready availa
bl
e inst
rume
nts is
requi
re
d. Con
v
entional re
source
s are limited, non-re
new
able, poll
u
ting and, he
nce, their u
s
age
has to be
prudent. Wh
ereas, rene
wa
ble ene
rgy
source
s are indige
nou
s, n
on-p
o
lluting
and
virtually inexhaustibl
e.
Ren
e
wable e
nergy re
sou
r
ce
s
a
r
e abu
n
dant
in
In
dia.
With the
in
creasi
ng
crude
oil pri
c
e
arou
nd the
world
significa
ntly, has rea
c
he
d more than $ 14
0 p
e
r ba
rrel [1]
whi
c
h affect
s th
e
eco
nomy of
a co
untry. Petroleu
m oil
meets a
bout
95% of the requireme
nt for tra
n
sportat
i
on.
Dema
nd for transportatio
n
fuel has in
cre
a
se
d and
the
electri
c
en
erg
y
demnd has
also in
crea
se
d
dra
s
tically du
e to technolo
g
ical inventio
ns. He
nce,
biodie
s
el, a viable fuel for bo
th transp
o
rtati
o
n
and ele
c
tricit
y
pro
d
u
c
tion has
be
en discu
s
sed he
re
. The co
untry has
a ray of hope
in providing
energy
se
curity using
bi
ofuels.
They are environm
e
n
t friendly
fuels and thei
r utilization would
address glob
al
con
c
erns about co
ntai
nment
of ca
rbon emissio
n
s
. Biofuel
s a
r
e d
e
rive
d from
rene
wa
ble bi
o-ma
ss re
so
urces a
nd, therefo
r
e,
pro
v
ide a strate
gic advanta
g
e
of promoti
n
g
su
staina
ble
developm
ent
and
sup
p
le
menting
con
v
entional e
n
e
rgy
sou
r
ces in meetin
g
the
rapidly in
crea
sing
req
u
ire
m
ents fo
r tra
n
sp
ortation f
uels
asso
ciat
ed with hi
gh
eco
nomi
c
g
r
o
w
th,
as well a
s
in
meeting the energy nee
d
s
of Indi
a’s vast ru
ral pop
ulation. Deve
loping count
ries
also vie
w
biof
uels a
s
a pot
ential mean
s
to stim
ulate rural devel
op
ment and cre
a
te employm
ent
oppo
rtunitie
s
. It is b
a
sed
exclu
s
ively o
n
no
n-foo
d
f
eed
sto
c
ks t
o
be
rai
s
e
d
on d
egrade
d
or
wa
stelan
ds t
hat are n
o
t suited to agri
c
ulture, th
u
s
a
v
oiding a po
ssi
ble conflict
of fuel vs food
s
e
c
u
rity.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 1 – 8
2
The ave
r
ag
e
energy dem
a
nd n Indi
a ha
s g
r
o
w
n u
p
to
3.6% per an
num ove
r
the
past
30
years [2]. Co
al re
se
rves suppo
rts fo
r I
ndia’
s maj
o
r
deman
d
whi
c
h acco
unts to 50% [3]. T
he
variou
s ren
e
w
abl
e sou
r
ce
s
a
nd
th
eir potential
in
I
ndia as
on march 201
1 is sho
w
n
in the
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Ren
e
wa
ble po
we
r potential in India
Some rural areas in India a
r
e unel
ectrifie
d
even with drasti
c ch
ang
e
in technolo
g
y
. Solar
energy, inde
ed, se
rves
such a
r
e
a
s.
Wind e
n
e
r
gy
too contri
bu
tes to a sm
all extent. upon
Re
strictio
n i
s
po
sed
by
cli
m
atic
ch
ang
e
s
. Indu
st
ri
es need
mo
re u
n
swervin
g
so
urce of
ele
c
tric
energy. In order to
supply
co
nsi
s
tent e
nergy, a
source of
ene
rgy whi
c
h coul
d be soug
ht
ou
t
is
biodie
s
el whi
c
h can be u
s
ed in po
wer g
eneration for
i
rrig
a
tion an
d electrifi
c
ation
[4]. Bio-diesel
is
a sou
r
ce obt
ained fro
m
vegetabl
e oils,
animal fats
and waste
co
okin
g oils. It is a tenabl
e a
n
d
self reli
ant fu
el whi
c
h red
u
ce
s
carbon
and sulph
u
r
emission
s [5]
.
Combu
s
tion
of one liter
of
diesel fuel
re
sults in th
e e
m
i
ssi
on of
ab
out
2.6 kilog
r
ams of
CO
2.
The p
r
o
pertie
s
of
biodie
s
el
are
simila
r to that of petroleum
diesel [6]. It can
be u
s
ed a
s
a fuel to pro
duce ele
c
tricit
y [7, 8].
The ove
r
all el
ectrification
rate in India i
s
64.5% whil
e
35.5% of the
populatio
n st
ill live
s
without a
c
ce
ss to ele
c
tri
c
ity. Neem
(Aza
dira
chta
Indi
ca) is
plante
d
everywh
e
re for pu
rification
of
air, whi
c
h
co
uld be
used f
o
r bio
d
ie
sel p
r
odu
ction
no
w. The
s
e tree
s g
r
ow with
well in ba
re la
n
d
s.
No extrao
rdin
ary con
c
e
r
n n
eed to be taken for its
gro
w
th. The se
e
d
s are of medicin
a
l value, but
not u
s
ed
100
%. The rema
ining
see
d
s
out of tho
s
e
use
d
for med
i
cine
go
wa
st
e. Wh
en the
s
e
see
d
s a
r
e
collecte
d
, cru
s
he
d into oil
and the oil
used
as th
e sou
r
ce of
bio-die
s
el, t
h
e
benefi
c
iari
es
are the
rural
popul
ation [9]. Neem bio
d
i
e
sel
coul
d be
used to
run I
.
C engin
e
s
a
n
d
prod
uce ele
c
tricity [10].
2.
Acid Composition in Neem Oil
Neem
oil i
s
a
v
ailable in In
dia at minim
u
m co
st a
s
Ind
i
a is o
ne of th
e larg
est
pro
ducer
of
neem oil. Th
e amou
nt of oil obtaine
d from ne
em
se
eds i
s
30% [11]. Neem oil
contain
s
cert
ain
acid
s whi
c
h are co
nscie
n
tious
for burni
ng
of
the
o
il.
The
amou
nt of fatty acid
s p
r
e
s
ent i
n
t
he
neem
oil is th
e main
re
aso
n
for th
e conv
ersi
on
of bio
-
diesel from
it. As the
fatty acid
co
ntent i
n
it
increa
se
s, th
e produ
ction
of the bio
-
die
s
el d
e
cr
e
a
se
s. The fatty a
c
id
conte
n
ts
of neem
oil a
nd
their
com
p
o
s
ition are li
ste
d
in
Table
1
. Ne
em
o
il h
a
s
gre
a
ter p
e
rcentag
e of
olei
c a
c
id
i
n
it.
Therefore, th
e physi
cal
propertie
s
of ol
eic a
c
id
are li
sted in
Tabl
e
2 [12]. The
n
u
mbe
r
of
carbon
atoms
and
th
e num
be
r of
doubl
e bo
nd
s rep
r
e
s
e
n
ted
by
m:n is different fo
r
different a
c
id
s. T
h
e
stand
ard p
r
o
pertie
s
of die
s
el an
d biodi
esel a
r
e sho
w
n in Tabl
e 3
.
Table 1. Co
m
positio
n of Acids in Neem
Oil Fatty Acids
A
c
i
d
Na
me
Lipid
Nu
mbers
Com
posi
t
io
n Ra
nge
Linoleic acid
C18:2
2.3-15.8
%
Oleic acid
C18:1
49-62
%
Palmitic acid
C16:0
13.6-16.2
%
Stearic acid
C18:0
14.4-24
%
Alpha-linolenic a
c
id
C14:0
0.2-2.6
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inve
stigation
of Neem
Fatty Acid Ethyl
Ester fo
r Ele
c
tric Power G
e
nerat
ion (G.
Vijaya Gowri)
3
Table 2. Physical Characte
ristics of Olei
c Acid
Ph
y
s
ical Pro
p
er
ties
Value
Boiling Point
286
˚
C
Densit
y
(d 2
0
˚
/4
˚
) 0.854
Melting Point
14.3
˚
C
Assay
(GC)
65-88
%
Acid Value
196-204
Iodine Value
87-95
Peroxide Value
10
Sulfated Ash (80
0
˚
C)
0.1%
Table 3. Stan
dard Prope
rti
e
s of Die
s
el a
nd Biodie
s
el
Properties
Diesel
Biodie
sel
Flash Point (
˚
C)
55
120
Fire Point (
˚
C)
62
128
Densit
y
(Kg/m
3
)
822
868
Calorific Values (MJ/Kg-K)
42.2
35.2%
Viscosity
at 4
0
°C
(mm
2
/s)
2.2
4.3
3.
Biodiesel Pr
oduction M
e
thod
Biodiesel, a rene
wable
an
d su
stain
able
fuel
whi
c
h i
s
an alternative
sou
r
ce to pet
roleu
m
-
based di
esel. Two m
a
in m
e
thod
s by wh
ich bi
odie
s
el i
s
p
r
odu
ce
d a
r
e b
a
tch type
and
contin
uo
us
type. Contin
uou
s type
p
r
ocesso
rs
a
r
e ge
nerally
large
comm
erci
al m
a
chines capa
ble
of
prod
uci
ng
bio
d
iesel in
a
continuo
us flo
w
. Batch
sy
stems a
r
e
co
mmonly u
s
ed
method
a
s
t
hey
are si
mple
r a
nd ch
eap
er to con
s
tru
c
t. In a batch
system, all the nece
s
sary che
m
ical
s are mixed
in a sin
g
le
vessel with
a heate
r
an
d mixi
ng sy
stem an
d produ
ce on
e
batch
at a time.
Tempe
r
atu
r
e
plays a
maj
o
r role in th
e re
action
b
e
ca
use it affects th
e
kine
tic ene
rgy of
the
individual
mol
e
cul
e
s.
Tra
n
sesterifi
c
ation
is the
simple
st batch
p
r
o
c
e
s
s which i
s
u
s
ed
to
pro
d
u
c
e
biodie
s
el. F
a
tty esters, fre
e
fatty acid
s
and
som
e
tri
g
lyceri
de
s a
r
e p
r
e
s
ent i
n
refined
bio
d
ie
sel
[12]. Vegetable oils, anima
l fats and re
cycle
d
gre
a
se are the so
urces of biod
iesel. The
r
e
are
three
ways by whi
c
h
este
rs
are
prod
uces
from oils
and fats
. a) Bas
e
c
a
talyz
e
d
transeste
rification of the oil with al
coh
o
l, b) Di
re
ct acid
catalyze
d este
rificatio
n
of the oil with
methanol, c)
Conve
r
si
on o
f
the oil to fatty
acids, an
d then to Alkyl esters [13].
The m
a
jo
rity of the
al
kyl este
rs p
r
o
d
u
ce
d tod
a
y
are
do
ne
wit
h
the
ba
se
catalyzed
rea
c
tion
sin
c
e it is the
m
o
st e
c
on
omi
c
for seve
ral reason
s. a) P
r
ocessi
n
g
at
low tem
perature
and p
r
e
ssu
re
, b) Conve
r
si
on is po
ssibl
e
with minim
a
l side
rea
c
ti
ons a
nd rea
c
tion time, c)
No
interme
d
iate
step
s du
ring
conve
r
si
on
[13]. Parent oil use
d
in
makin
g
bio
d
i
e
sel
con
s
i
s
ts of
triglyce
ride
s i
n
whi
c
h thre
e fatty acid molecule
s are este
rified
with a mole
cule of glyce
r
ol.
Triglycerid
e
s re
act
with
a
solve
n
t (alcohol) in
the
pre
s
en
ce
of
base
catalyst
s (NaO
H/KOH)
kno
w
n
as tra
n
se
sterifi
c
atio
n to pro
d
u
c
e
biodie
s
el
. Ba
se
catalyst
s
are p
r
efe
r
red
becau
se of t
h
e
fact that the tran
se
sterifi
c
a
t
ion rea
c
tion
is gen
erally faster, le
ss ex
pen
sive and
more
com
p
le
te
with these material
s [14]. The ste
p
wi
se
reactio
n
of biodie
s
el [15, 1
6
] is sho
w
n in
Equation (1
).
(1)
Whe
r
e R
1
, R
2
, & R
3
are long
ch
ain
hydro
c
a
r
bo
ns. Th
r
ee
m
o
les
of alco
hol are requ
ired
stochiomet
rically for e
a
ch
mole of tri
g
lyceri
de to
yiel
d thre
e mol
e
s of fatty a
c
i
d
e
s
ter
and
one
mole of glycerol. In order t
o
displ
a
ce the equilib
rium,
a higher mol
a
r ratio is em
ployed for
get
ting
greate
r
e
s
ter
prod
uctio
n
. Usual mol
a
r ratio is 1:6 [17, 18].
3.1. Transes
terificatio
n Unit
Biodiesel pro
ductio
n
unit compri
se
s of two u
n
it
s: the
first unit is t
he containe
r
whi
c
h is
use
d
for biodi
esel p
r
od
ucti
on. It is a stainless st
e
e
l containe
r with
six liters cap
a
city and all the
requi
re
d devi
c
e
s
/equi
pme
n
ts
within. Heater, the
r
m
o
co
uple, stirrer with
ei
ght
stainl
ess steel
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Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 1 – 8
4
blade
s are th
e com
pone
nts present
insi
de the co
ntai
ner. In additio
n
, this unit al
so contain
s
a
dc
motor to
ope
rate the
stirrer and
a spee
d
sen
s
o
r
o
n
th
e top of the
containe
r. Op
e
r
ating
sp
eed
of
the stirre
r i
s
b
e
twee
n 20
0
rpm to 9
00
rp
m. The
blade
s in
the
stirrer are
pla
c
e
d
at
an
angle
of 4
5
˚
and ori
ented
at 45
˚
to the base. The
heater is of
1.5k
W a
nd
is used to h
eat the oil. The
temperature
of the oil i
s
sen
s
e
d
u
s
ing
Ch
rome
l
Alu
m
el (k-type
)
t
herm
o
couple.
The
contai
n
e
r
has an i
n
let v
a
lve at the to
p to let the
ra
w oil,
solvent
and th
e
catal
y
st and
a val
v
e at the b
o
ttom
to drai
n the
bi
odie
s
el
and
g
l
ycerol.
The
control
unit i
s
t
he
se
con
d
un
it whi
c
h i
s
an
electroni
c u
n
i
t
use
d
to cont
rol the sp
ee
d of the motor whi
c
h in
t
u
rn controls
the spe
ed of
the stirre
r a
n
d
temperature
of heater to
control the oi
l temperat
u
r
e
.
The temperature of the
oil can b
e
varied
from 30
˚
C to
250
˚
C. As thi
s
unit comp
ri
se
s of ele
c
tro
n
ic
comp
one
nts, co
oling f
an is p
r
ovid
e
d
for
heat ab
sorption. The tran
sesterifi
c
ation
kit is sh
own in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Tra
n
se
sterifi
c
atio
n Kit
4. Experimenta
l
Setup
The expe
rim
ental setu
p for elect
r
ic p
o
wer
gen
eration
is sho
w
n in
Figure 3. Experime
n
t
has be
en
co
ndu
cted
on
neem
oil
wit
h
etha
nol
as solve
n
t a
n
d
KOH a
s
ca
talyst. The fi
nal
prod
uct
s
obt
ained
in thi
s
process
are
bio
-
die
s
el
a
nd gly
c
e
r
ol.
This entire p
r
ocess is cal
l
ed
transeste
rification. Th
e n
e
e
m e
s
ter is u
s
ed
to
run
th
e I.C
engin
e
whi
c
h i
s
th
e
prime
move
r
for
the 3
Φ
altern
ator. No m
odi
fication
s in t
h
e I.C e
ngine
are to
be
ma
de for it to
ru
n u
s
ing
biodi
esel.
The engi
ne u
s
ed i
s
Kirloskar die
s
el engi
ne. The al
ternator an
d en
gine sp
ecifi
c
a
t
ions are sh
o
w
n
in Table 5 an
d 6 respe
c
tively. The equi
pment for emi
ssi
on mea
s
u
r
ement is
sho
w
n in Figu
re
4.
Figure 3. Experime
n
tal Setup
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inve
stigation
of Neem
Fatty Acid Ethyl
Ester fo
r Ele
c
tric Power G
e
nerat
ion (G.
Vijaya Gowri)
5
Table 2. Alternator Spe
c
ifications
KVA rating
5
No. of Phases
3
Speed
1500
RPM
Freque
nc
y 50
Hz
Voltage rating
230/450 V
Table 3. Engi
ne Specifi
c
ati
ons
Horse po
w
e
r
5
Power r
a
ting
3.7kW diesel engine
Engine orientatio
n
Vertical
No. of c
y
linders
1
No. of str
o
kes
4
Figure 4. Emissi
on Mea
s
u
r
ing Equipm
en
t
4.1. Biodiese
l Preparation
Procedure
[19]
Neem
oil
is pretreated
to
re
mo
ve ex
ce
ss
FFA an
d m
o
i
s
ture
conte
n
t
from it. Thi
s
p
a
rtially
purified
nee
m oil is heat
ed to a te
mp
eratu
r
e of
75
˚
C/65
˚
C, the
temperature
s
being
the b
o
iling
point of etha
n
o
l/methanol
(solvent)
und
e
r
agitation i
n
orde
r to p
r
od
uce
ethyl est
e
r/ methyl e
s
ter.
The
catalyst
as re
qui
red
is
wei
ghe
d
pro
m
ptly
to
avoid th
e reactio
n
with
the atm
o
sp
heri
c
moistu
re
and
ca
rbo
n
di
-ox
i
de.The
catal
y
st and
the
solvent solutio
n
are
sha
k
e
n
vigoro
u
sly i
n
a
coni
cal fla
s
k for homog
e
neou
s mixin
g
. The disso
l
ved catalyst
is pre
s
um
e
d
to have been
conve
r
ted int
o
potassium/
s
odi
um alkoxide. We
ig
hed
quantity of the homo
gen
eou
s sol
u
tion
is
adde
d to the
oil to mark
up the sta
r
t of rea
c
tion. Heatin
g and
stirri
ng a
r
e st
oppe
d on
ce t
he
pre
s
et
rea
c
tio
n
time i
s
rea
c
he
d. Th
e o
b
t
ained
pro
d
u
c
t is
allowed t
o
settle ove
r
n
i
ght. Two liq
u
i
d
pha
se
s a
r
e i
dentified
with
este
rs bei
n
g
den
se
go
e
s
to the
top
and
glyce
r
o
l
settle
s
at t
h
e
bottom.Crude
ester i
s
sep
a
rated
and g
l
ycerol i
s
wa
she
d
by wa
rm doubl
e distilled wate
r four
times. The e
x
cess al
coh
o
l
and wate
r in the
ester
pha
se is re
moved by evaporation un
der
atmosp
he
ric con
d
ition.
5. Resul
t
s
and
Discus
s
ion
The I.C e
ngi
ne was
ru
n
with pu
re
die
s
el a
nd va
rio
u
s bl
end
s of
diesel an
d bi
odie
s
el to
analyse the p
e
rform
a
n
c
e o
f
the alternato
r
. Whe
n
biodi
esel i
s
pu
re b
i
odie
s
el, it is calle
d B
100
. T
he
mixture of 20% biodie
s
el
and 80% diesel is
calle
d
B
20
[21]. The output parameters such as
spe
ed, voltag
e, cu
rre
nt an
d po
we
r a
r
e
of the al
te
rna
t
or a
r
e a
naly
s
ed fo
r
different load
s
usi
ng
pure di
esel, different biod
iesel
-
die
s
el b
l
end
s (80%
biodie
s
el & 2
0
% diesel, 6
0
% biodie
s
el
&
40% die
s
el, 40% biodi
ese
l
& 60% diesel, 20% bi
odi
esel & 80%
diesel) to an
I.C engine. T
h
e
spe
ed, volta
ge, cu
rrent a
nd fre
que
ncy
variation
of
the alternator with in
crea
se in lo
ad
we
re
observed.
T
he relation
sh
ip between
spe
ed a
nd
voltage, sp
e
ed an
d
current, sp
eed
and
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046
TELKOM
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Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 1 – 8
6
freque
ncy, speed a
nd p
o
we
r, sp
eed
and efficie
n
cy are sh
o
w
n in Fig
u
re 5 to Figu
re 9
respe
c
tively. Speed, volta
ge an
d fre
q
u
ency
red
u
ces with in
crea
se in loa
d
, current, po
we
r a
nd
efficien
cy increases
with in
cre
a
se in loa
d
. Resu
lts sh
ow that 20%
biodie
s
el & 8
0
% diesel bl
e
n
d
(B
20
) prod
uces the outpu
t with better efficien
cy. Em
issi
on profile of diesel a
nd bio-die
s
el
is
sho
w
n i
n
Fig
u
re 1
0
. It sh
ows that NO
x
gas emissi
on is m
o
re
and all
other emission
s a
r
e
con
s
id
era
b
ly less for nee
m biodie
s
el
com
pare
d
with pe
troleum di
ese
l
.
Figure 5. Speed vs Voltage
Characte
ri
stics of
Alternator
Figure 6. Speed vs Cu
rrent
Characte
ri
stics of
Alternator
Figure 7. Speed vs Fre
que
ncy Ch
ara
c
te
ristics
of Alternator
Figure 8. Speed vs Gen
e
ra
tor Powe
r
C
h
ar
ac
te
r
i
s
t
ics
Figure 9. Speed vs Gen
e
ra
tor Efficiency
Cha
r
a
c
teri
stics
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inve
stigation
of Neem
Fatty Acid Ethyl
Ester fo
r Ele
c
tric Power G
e
nerat
ion (G.
Vijaya Gowri)
7
Figure 10. Biodie
s
el and
Diesel Emi
ssi
o
n
Profile
6. Conclu
sion
This
study shows that the
neem bio
d
i
e
sel
coul
d b
e
prod
uced a
t
minimal co
st and be
use
d
as a via
b
le altern
ative. The este
rif
i
cati
on p
r
o
c
e
ss o
u
tput dep
end
s on the
prop
ortio
n
of the
adde
d
solven
t and
catalyst to the
oil a
nd the
rea
c
tion tem
peratu
r
e fo
r th
e
req
u
ired
time. T
h
e
spe
ed, voltag
e, cu
rrent, freque
ncy, p
o
w
er an
d e
ffi
ciency
of the
a
l
ternato
r
o
b
ta
ined fo
r va
rio
u
s
blend
s (80% biodie
s
el & 2
0
% diesel, 60
% biodiesel & 40% diesel
, 40% biodie
s
el & 60% die
s
el,
20% biodi
esel & 80% d
i
esel
) an
d variou
s lo
ad
s prove
s
that biodie
s
el cou
l
d
be
a relia
ble
alternative
fu
el for ele
c
tri
c
i
t
y gene
ration
and
light
s th
e lfe of
ru
ral
popul
ation. Al
so, the
an
alysis
sho
w
s t
hat
B
20
produ
ce
s b
e
tter re
sults
whe
n
com
pared wi
th other
blend
s. The e
m
issi
on
s except
NO
x
is found
to be redu
ce
d
compa
r
e
d
to dies
el fuel creating le
ss p
o
lluted enviro
n
ment.
Referen
ces
[1]
Lin
g
T
ao, And
y
Aden.
T
he Econo
mics of Cur
r
ent and F
u
tur
e
Biofue
ls
. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biology
. 2009
[2]
India
n
Po
w
e
r
Sector: A compre
hens
ive
ana
l
y
sis, Mana
geri
a
l Ec
o
nomics. F
O
RE Schoo
l o
f
Management. Final Project Report: FMG X
V
III A
.
2009.
[3]
Derek Ri
le
y,
Xenofo
n
Koutso
ukos, Kasa
ndr
a Ril
e
y
.
R
each
abil
i
t
y
A
nal
ys
is
of a Biodi
esel
Productio
n
S
y
stem Usi
ng
Stochastic H
y
b
r
id S
y
stems.
[4]
Achar
ya
SK,
Moha
nt
y MK, S
w
a
i
n RK. K
u
sum Oil
as a
fuel f
o
r Smal
l
Horse P
o
w
e
r
Diese
l E
ngi
ne.
Internatio
na
l Journ
a
l of Eng
i
n
eeri
ng an
d T
e
c
hno
logy
. 2
009;
3(2).
[5] Shahi
RV.
Key
note Ad
dress o
n
Energy Mark
ets and T
e
ch
n
o
lo
gies i
n
Indi
a
.
In Global Ene
r
g
y
D
i
al
og
ue.
Han
o
ver. 20
06
.
[6]
Md Nur
un N
a
b
i
, Johan
Ein
a
r
Hustad, D
h
a
n
d
apa
ni K
ann
an.
F
i
rst Generatio
n Bio
d
ies
e
l Pr
o
ductio
n
fro
m
Non E
d
ib
le V
e
getab
le Oil
an
d Its Effect on Diese
l E
m
issi
o
n
s
. Procee
di
ng
s of the 4
th
BS
ME –ASME:
Internatio
na
l C
onfere
n
ce o
n
T
hermal E
ngi
ne
erin
g. 200
8.
[7]
Rama
dhas AS
, Ja
y
a
r
a
j S,
Murale
ed
har
an
C.
T
heoretic
al mod
e
l
i
ng
a
nd e
x
perim
ent
al studi
es o
n
bio
d
ies
e
l-fu
ele
d
eng
in
e.
[8]
Anil K Ra
jvans
hi. Electricit
y
a
nd Water Revo
lutio
n
in Rur
a
l
Areas.
T
i
mes o
f
India
. 200
5.
[9]
Governme
nt of India, Ministr
y
of Ne
w
&
Ren
e
w
a
b
l
e
Ener
g
y
.
Natio
nal Po
lic
y on Biofue
ls
[10]
Jeffre
y
L R
o
se
nbl
um. F
easibi
l
i
t
y
of bi
odi
es
el
for rural el
ectrificatio
n in Ind
i
a.
2000.
[11]
Venkates
w
a
ra
Rao T
,
Prabhakar R
ao G,
Hema
C
h
a
n
d
r
a Red
d
y
K. Investig
atio
n of
Pong
amia
,
Jatropha and
Neem Methy
l
Esters
as Biodiesel on C.I. Engine.
Jor
dan
Journ
a
l of M
e
chan
ical
an
d
Industria
l Engi
neer
ing.
2
008;
2: 117-1
22
[12]
He
yd
arzad
eh J
K
, Amini G, Khaliza
d
e
h
MA, Pazouk
i
M, Gh
orey
sh
i
AA, R
abe
a
i
M,
et. al. Este
rification
of free F
a
tt
y
Acids
b
y
H
e
te
roge
neo
us
γ
-A
lumin
a
-Zirco
ni
a C
a
tal
y
sts for
Bio
d
ies
e
l S
y
n
t
hesis.
Wo
rld
Appl
ied Sci
enc
es Journ
a
l.
20
10; 9(11): 1
306
-131
2.
[13]
Serge
y
Z
i
novi
e
v, Sivasam
y
A
r
umug
am, Stanisl
av
Miertus.
Backgro
un
d P
aper
on B
i
ofu
e
l Prod
uctio
n
T
e
chnolog
ies.
Internati
ona
l
Centre f
o
r Sci
ence
an
d H
i
g
h
T
e
ch
nol
ogy,
Unite
d
N
a
tio
n
s Ind
u
stria
l
Devel
o
p
m
ent Organi
z
a
t
i
on.
2
007.
[14]
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bas
i. Stochastic mo
deli
ng of b
i
od
ie
sel pro
ductio
n
process.
[15]
Br
y
a
n R Mos
e
r. Biodi
esel
pr
oduc
ti
on, pr
op
erties, an
d fee
d
stocks.
T
he
Society for In
Vitro Bio
l
ogy.
200
9.
[16]
Murug
e
san
A, Umara
n
i
C, Chi
n
n
u
sam
y
T
R
,
Krishna
n M, Sbram
a
nia
n
R, N
e
d
u
zchezh
i
an
N.
Producti
on a
n
d
ana
l
y
sis of
bio-
dies
el from
non-e
d
i
b
le o
i
l
s
.
A review
,
Ren
e
w
able
an
d sustain
a
b
l
e
ener
gy review
s
.
2009; 13: 82
5
-
834.
0.7
1.4
5.3
0.9
8
1.6
4.6
2.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Carbon
Monoxide
(g/kWh
)
U
nburnt
Hy
drocarbons
(g/kWh
)
Nitrogen
Oxide
(g/kWh
)
Bosch
Smoke
Index
Weigh
t
Emissions
Biod
iesel
Diesel
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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02-4
046
TELKOM
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Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 1 – 8
8
[17]
A
y
h
a
n
D
e
mirb
as. Com
paris
i
on
of T
r
anse
s
terifi
catio
n
M
e
thods
for Pr
oducti
on
of B
i
odi
esel
from
Vegeta
b
l
e
Oils and F
a
ts.
Ener
gy Conv
ersio
n
and Ma
na
ge
ment.
200
8; 49: 125
–1
30.
[18]
Yusuf Chisti. Bi
odi
esel from mi
croal
gae.
Bi
ote
c
hno
logy A
d
va
nces.
200
7; 25
: 294–3
06.
[19]
Vija
ya
go
w
r
i G, Kannan M, Muruges
an
A.
Investigatio
n of Nee
m
Ethyl
Ester for Electrification.
Procee
din
g
s of
ICPS-201
1
: In
ternatio
nal
Co
nferenc
e o
n
P
o
w
e
r
and E
ner
g
y
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