Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
368
~
376
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
368
-
376
368
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Improve
d
model
for inv
estigatin
g transient
sta
bil
it
y in
mu
ltimachin
e power syst
ems
Ali
Ham
z
eh, Z
ak
aria
Al
-
O
mari
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
Depa
r
tment,
Fa
cul
t
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Al
-
Ahli
yy
a
Am
m
an
Univer
sit
y
,
J
ord
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
2
1,
2018
Re
vised Jul
27
,
2018
Accepte
d
Aug 10
, 201
8
The
d
et
erminan
t
factor
in
tr
ansient
stabilit
y
s
tud
y
of
e
le
c
tric
po
wer
s
y
st
ems
is
the
b
eha
vior
of
s
y
nchr
onous
gene
ra
tors
when
subjec
t
ed
to
sudden
and
la
rge
disturb
ances.
The
obj
ec
t
iv
e
of
thi
s
pape
r
i
s
to
deve
lop
a
m
at
hemati
c
al
m
odel
,
gen
era
l
al
gori
thm,
an
d
a
computer
progra
m
to
inv
esti
gate
th
e
tra
nsien
t
stabi
lit
y
of
m
ult
i
-
m
ac
hin
e
power
sy
st
ems
.
The
deve
lop
e
d
m
at
hemati
c
al
m
odel
is
esta
bl
ished
as
a
first
step
.
Th
e
new
d
evel
opm
ent
s
li
e
in
m
odel
ing
th
e
fau
lt
o
cc
urr
enc
e
and
fau
l
t
clea
r
an
ce
as
wel
l
as
th
e
proc
edur
e
of
computing
th
e
s
y
stem
m
at
ri
c
es
during
and
a
fte
r
th
e
fau
lt
th
rough
on
l
y
m
odifi
ca
t
ion
of
the
m
at
rix
be
fore
the
fau
lt
.
Based
on
the
deve
loped
m
at
hemati
c
al
m
odel
,
a
gen
eral
al
gorit
hm
was
buil
t
and
tra
ns
la
t
ed
int
o
a
computer
progra
m
using
an
o
bje
c
t
-
orie
n
te
d
a
nd
visual
la
ng
uage
calle
d
Delphi
.
The
algorithm
adopt
e
d
the
Runge
-
K
utt
a
m
et
hod
fo
r
num
eri
cal
soluti
on
of
d
iff
ere
nt
ia
l
sw
ing
equa
t
ions
and
was
progra
m
m
ed
withi
n
the
progra
m
.
The
d
eve
lop
ed
progra
m
was
val
idate
d
b
y
apply
i
ng
it
to
sm
al
l
sam
ple
elec
tr
ica
l
net
works
.
The
progra
m
was
used
to
an
aly
z
e
t
he
tra
nsi
ent
stabi
lit
y
of
a
re
l
at
iv
ely
l
arg
e
t
est
net
work
and
a
c
cur
ate
result
s
w
ere
obt
ai
ned
tha
t
coul
d
be
r
e
li
ed
upon
for
prote
c
ti
ve
re
lay
s
sett
ings
and
optim
iz
at
ion
of
cont
rol
s
y
st
em
par
amete
rs
.
It
w
as
found
th
at
t
h
e
dev
el
oped
pro
gra
m
is
an
eff
ective
and
r
a
pid
tool
for
est
imati
ng
tr
ansit
o
r
y
st
abi
l
ity
for
rea
l
pow
er
s
y
stems
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Com
pu
te
r
pr
ogram
Mult
i
m
achine p
owe
r
syst
em
Transi
ent sta
bili
ty
Un
i
ver
sal
al
gorithm
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zakar
ia
Al
-
Oma
ri
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng D
e
par
t
e
m
ent, F
acult
y
of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Al
-
A
hliy
ya
Am
m
an
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
Zip c
od
e
19
328,
Amm
an,
Jo
r
dan.
Em
a
il
:
zo
m
ari
@am
m
anu
.e
du.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
transie
nt
sta
bili
ty
(TS)
as
a
br
anc
h
of
r
otor
a
ng
le
sta
bili
ty
,
ref
ers
to
th
e
abili
ty
of
synch
ron
ous
m
achines
to
m
ai
ntain
it
s
syn
chro
nism
after
the
el
ect
ric
powe
r
syst
em
has
bee
n
s
ubj
ec
te
d
to
a
sever
e
dist
urba
nce
s
uc
h
as
a
sh
unt
fau
lt
,
sudd
e
n
li
ne
ou
ta
ge
or
sud
den
c
onnecti
on
or
di
sconnecti
on
of
la
r
ge
loads
[1
-
5].
For
distu
r
ban
ces
su
c
h
as
fa
ults,
we
are
i
nterest
ed
to
fin
d
a
cri
ti
cal
cl
earing
ti
m
e
that
the
faul
ts
are
cl
eared
withou
t
causing
sta
bili
ty
pr
ob
le
m
s.
To
obt
ai
n
the
crit
ic
al
cl
earing
tim
e
fo
r
a
fa
ult,
we
m
us
t
so
lve
th
e
swing
eq
uatio
ns
of
t
he
ge
ner
a
tors.
T
he
s
wing
eq
uatio
n
of
a
synch
ron
ou
s
ge
ner
at
or
descr
i
bes
the
dynam
i
cs
of
the m
achine,
a
nd it
is a sec
ond
-
orde
r diffe
re
ntial
eq
ua
ti
on [6].
Ther
e
a
re
var
i
ou
s
to
ol
s
to
in
vestigat
e
TS
su
ch
as
PS
S
-
N
ETOMAC
wh
i
ch
is
a
Pr
of
es
s
ion
al
softwa
re
for
sim
ulati
ng
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
an
d
el
ect
ro
m
echan
ic
al
pow
er
syst
em
transients
[
7],
MA
TLAB/SIM
UL
INK,
Ele
ct
rical
Transi
ent
A
naly
sis
Program
(ET
AP
)
,
a
nd
D
I
gSILE
NT
Powe
rF
act
ory
w
hic
h
offer
s
am
on
g
m
uch
m
or
e
thing
s
,
st
abili
ty
analy
sis
functi
ons
(RMS)
an
d
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
tran
sie
nts
(EMT
)
[
8].
T
he
pr
of
es
sion
a
l
pro
gr
am
s
are
norm
al
ly
m
u
lt
if
un
ct
io
nal
s
of
t
war
e
requiri
ng
sign
ific
a
nt
tim
e
for
the
us
e
r
to
be
fam
il
ia
r
with,
i
n
add
it
io
n
to
th
e
high
purc
ha
se
or
ren
t
c
ost
.
MATLAB/S
IMUL
INK
ca
n
be
us
e
d
f
or
stud
yi
ng
TS
bu
t
f
or
relat
ively
s
m
a
ll
po
we
r
syst
e
m
s
with
lim
i
t
ed
num
ber
of
m
achines
[
9].
The
DIgS
IL
ENT
P
ower
Fa
ct
or
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impr
oved m
od
el
for
invest
i
gati
ng
tr
an
sie
nt s
tab
il
it
y in
mu
lt
imac
hin
e
powe
r systems
(
Ali
H
amze
h
)
369
so
ft
war
e
is
capab
le
to
sim
ul
at
e
al
l
ty
pes
of
sta
bili
ty
of
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
integrated
wit
h
re
ne
wa
ble
energy
so
urces
[
10
-
14
]
.
In
[
15
]
,
t
he
a
uthors
prese
nted
TS
stu
dy
f
or
400
kV
I
raq
i
gri
d
fo
c
us
in
g
on
load
flo
w
pro
gr
am
and
sim
ple
TS
m
od
el
us
ing
Mod
ifie
d
Eule
r’
s
m
et
ho
d.
[
16]
propose
d
a
m
et
ho
d
f
or
a
na
ly
zi
ng
TS
of
a
certai
n
powe
r
syst
e
m
with
9
buses
a
n
d
3
gen
e
rato
r
s
us
in
g
ge
ne
ra
tors
cl
os
e
d
lo
op
tran
sfe
r
f
un
c
ti
on
s
de
rive
d
s
wing
equ
at
io
ns
in
L
aplace
dom
ai
n.
[17]
introd
uce
s
a
TS
ap
proac
h
w
hich
tra
nsf
or
m
the
m
ulti
-
m
achine
syst
em
to
a
si
m
ple
on
e
m
achine
-
infi
nite
bu
s
syst
e
m
.
Var
i
ou
s
a
utho
rs
ha
ve
propo
sed
F
ACT
S
de
vices
to
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
sta
bili
ty
of
m
ultim
achine
powe
r
syst
em
s
[18
-
21]
,
an
d
oth
e
rs
pro
po
sed
f
uzzy
co
ntr
ollers
to
st
abili
ty
enh
a
ncem
ent [22
]
.
In
this
pa
per,
a
new
im
pr
ov
e
d
m
od
el
is
pr
esented
com
par
e
d
to
cl
assic
m
od
el
s
[2
3
-
25]
to
inv
e
sti
gate
the m
ult
i
m
achi
ne
tra
ns
ie
nt sta
bili
ty
o
f
powe
r
syst
e
m
s.
The
new
m
od
el
is c
har
act
erize
d by the m
od
el
ing
of
t
he
fau
lt
occ
urren
c
e
and
fa
ult
cl
e
aran
ce
as
well
as
the
pr
oce
dure
of
com
pu
ti
ng
the
syst
em
m
at
rices
du
rin
g
a
nd
after the
f
a
ult t
hro
ugh o
nly m
od
i
ficat
ion
of t
he
m
at
rix
be
fore the
f
a
ult.
2.
MA
T
HEM
AT
ICA
L
MODE
L
Figure
1
re
pre
sents
an
eq
uiva
le
nt
ci
rcu
it
of
a
m
ult
i
-
gen
e
r
at
or
po
wer
sys
tem
su
it
able
fo
r
tra
ns
ie
nt
sta
bili
ty
stud
ie
s.
Th
e
m
od
el
con
ta
in
s
n
sou
rces
(sy
nc
hronou
s
ge
ne
rators
an
d
in
finite
buses)
an
d
a
pa
ssive
netw
ork
ha
v
i
ng
m
bu
ses.
Each
ge
nerat
or
is
repre
sented
by
an
equ
ivale
nt
ci
rcu
it
con
sist
ing
of
an
el
ect
ro
m
otive
f
or
ce
(em
f)
co
nn
e
ct
ed
t
o
one
of
the
bu
se
s
f
ro
m
1
to
n,
a
nd
a
transient
re
act
ance
integrate
d
with
the
passive
ne
twork
.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
total
nu
m
ber
of
syst
em
buse
s
is
m
+
n.
The
passi
ve
ne
twork
consi
sts
of
rea
ct
ances
of
ge
ne
rators,
tra
ns
f
or
m
ers,
li
nes
and
l
oads
that
connect
to
ea
ch
ot
her
t
o
f
orm
m
internal
buses
[
26
]
.
Figure
1. P
ow
e
r
syst
em
m
od
el
for
m
ultim
achine tra
ns
ie
nt st
abili
ty
stud
ie
s
2.1
.
Ad
mi
t
t
ance
M
atri
x
o
f
A
Multim
achi
ne
P
ower
S
ys
t
em
The n
od
e
volt
age e
qu
at
io
n f
or any elec
tric
ne
twork
w
it
h n
od
e 0
a
s r
e
fer
e
nc
e is
=
[
]
(1)
wh
e
re
an
d
are
vect
or
s
of
i
nj
e
ct
ed
bus
c
urre
nts
a
nd
bus
vo
lt
ages
resp
ect
i
vely
.
[
]
is
t
he
ne
twork
bu
s
a
dm
i
tt
ance m
a
trix which
will
b
e
denote
d
as
[Y’] in
the
foll
ow
i
ng equ
at
ion
s.
The n
od
e
volt
age e
qu
at
io
n f
or the
netw
ork
i
n Fi
gure
1 is
[
0
]
=
[
′
]
[
]
(2)
W
he
re
,
=
[
1
.
.
.
]
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
368
–
376
370
0
=
(
×
1
)
(4)
=
[
1
.
.
.
]
=
(5)
̅
=
′
(6)
=
[
+
1
.
.
.
+
]
=
(7)
[
′
]
=
[
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
]
(8)
Fr
om
(
2)
we o
btain:
0
=
[
]
+
[
]
(9)
=
−
[
]
−
1
[
]
(10)
=
[
]
+
[
]
(11)
=
{
[
]
−
[
]
[
]
−
1
[
]
}
(12)
=
[
]
(13)
W
he
re
,
[
]
=
[
]
−
[
]
[
]
−
1
[
]
(14)
[Y
]
is
the
so
cal
le
d
reduced
adm
i
tt
ance
m
a
trix
with
the
dim
ension
(
n
x
n),
wh
e
re
n
is
gen
erat
or
s
nu
m
ber
.
[
Y]
is
com
pu
te
d
for
three
cases:
pr
e
fau
lt
,
fa
ulted,
an
d
postfa
ul
t.
The
pr
e
fau
l
t
m
a
trix
is
us
ed
f
or
com
pu
ti
ng
the
init
ia
l
po
wer
ang
le
s,
wh
e
r
eas
the
fau
l
te
d
m
a
trix
is
us
ed
f
or
the
pe
rio
d
from
th
e
fau
lt
occurre
nce
at
t
= 0
unti
l fau
lt
cl
earance at
=
. T
he post
fau
lt
m
at
rix
is
require
d for
>
.
The
el
ect
rical
real
powe
r
in
j
e
ct
ed
into
t
he
s
yst
e
m
by
a
gen
erat
or
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n
a
si
m
il
ar
way
as powe
r flo
w equ
at
io
ns
:
=
∑
′
′
(
−
−
)
=
1
(15)
W
he
re
,
̅
=
(16)
Fo
r
the
syst
em
in
ste
ady
sta
te,
the
m
echan
ic
al
po
we
r
input
is
equ
al
to
the
el
ect
rical
po
w
er
ou
t
pu
t
if
losses a
re
neg
l
ect
ed,
a
nd w
e
hav
e
=
∑
′
′
′
(
−
−
)
=
1
(17)
2.2
.
Swi
n
g
E
quation
s
In
the
stu
dy
of
the
transient
sta
bili
ty
of
a
gen
erat
or
-
infi
nite
bu
s
sim
plifie
d
syst
e
m
,
we
assum
ed
that
the
ref
e
re
nce
axis
r
otate
s
at
con
sta
nt
sync
hrono
us
s
peed.
I
n
the
case
of
t
he
m
ulti
-
m
ach
ine
syst
e
m
,
we
will
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oved m
od
el
for
invest
i
gati
ng
tr
an
sie
nt s
tab
il
it
y in
mu
lt
imac
hin
e
powe
r systems
(
Ali
H
amze
h
)
371
consi
der
t
hat
the
re
fer
e
nce
a
xis
is
the
ro
t
or
of
a
ge
ner
at
or
wh
ic
h
r
otate
s
at
a
var
ia
ble
sp
eed
over
ti
m
e.
Th
us
, t
he
s
wing e
qu
at
io
n f
or
any g
e
ne
rator
:
−
=
(
̈
+
̇
)
=
1
,
…
,
(18)
The
ab
ove
e
qu
at
ion
i
nclu
des
p
er
u
nit (pu
)
quantit
ie
s b
ase
d
on
the
com
m
on
. I
f
is
t
he
i
ne
rtia
const
ant
of
ge
ner
at
or
based
on
it
s
rate
d
,
t
hen
,
w
hich
is
inerti
a
c
onsta
nt
ba
sed
on
c
omm
on
,
is
cal
culat
ed by
=
(19)
We select
on
e
of the
ge
ner
at
ors as
re
fer
e
nce
gen
e
rato
r
a
nd
we have
=
;
=
=
0
(20)
−
=
̇
∴
̇
=
(
−
)
(2
1
)
Now
s
ubsti
tuti
ng (2
1)
i
nto
(
18)
, we
hav
e
̈
=
[
(
−
)
−
(
−
)
]
(2
2
)
If
we
s
el
ect
an
infin
it
e
bu
s
as
ref
e
ren
ce
,
bec
om
es
∞
a
nd (22)
b
ec
om
es
̈
=
(
−
)
(23)
Th
us
,
t
he
TS
pro
blem
of
a
m
ulti
-
m
achine
powe
r
syst
em
lead
s
t
o
the
pro
bl
e
m
of
s
olv
in
g
a
syst
e
m
of
seco
nd
orde
r
no
n
-
li
nea
r
dif
fer
e
ntial
eq
uat
ion
s
that
m
us
t
be
s
olv
e
d
sim
ul
ta
neo
usl
y.
It
is
a
ppr
opria
te
to
trans
form
these equati
ons to
a set o
f 2n fir
st o
rd
e
r nonli
nea
r diffe
ren
ti
al
e
qu
at
io
ns
:
̇
=
(24)
̇
=
[
(
−
)
−
(
−
)
]
(25)
is
t
he
an
gula
r
vel
ocity
de
via
ti
on
of
t
he
ge
ne
rator
f
r
om
the
an
gula
r
velo
ci
ty
of
the
r
efe
ren
ce
gen
e
rato
r.
Since
t
he
R
unge
-
K
utta
m
et
ho
d
is
th
e
pro
pe
r
m
et
ho
d
to
sol
ve
the
di
ff
e
re
ntial
eq
uations
,
we
will
ch
oose
this
m
et
ho
d
t
o
s
olve
the
diff
e
re
ntial
eq
uati
on
s
(2
4) an
d (25
).
3.
A
LGO
RITH
M AN
D
C
O
M
PUTER
P
R
O
GRAM
Ba
sed
on
the
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
and
the
al
gorithm
s
we
hav
e
al
rea
dy
presente
d,
we
ha
ve
desig
ne
d
a
gen
eral
al
go
rithm
that
allow
s
for
the
sim
ulati
on
of
tran
sie
nt
sta
bili
ty
of
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
syst
e
m
s,
ta
kin
g
into acc
ount al
l gen
e
rato
rs Fi
gure
2.
We
ha
ve
tra
nsl
at
ed
the
de
ve
lop
e
d
al
gorit
hm
into
a
com
pu
te
r
progra
m
wr
it
te
n
in
an
ob
j
ect
ive
-
or
ie
nted
la
ng
ua
ge
Del
ph
i.
T
he
program
stud
ie
s
the
m
ulti
-
m
achine
TS
of
an
el
ect
ric
power
syst
em
,
wh
ic
h
is
m
od
el
ed
us
in
g
data
relat
ed
to
it
s
co
m
po
ne
nt
s
su
ch
as
ge
ne
rators,
tra
ns
f
orm
ers,
li
nes
an
d
loads.
We
ar
r
ang
e
d
the d
at
a i
nto f
our
tables as
in
put fil
es.
The
m
ai
n
inter
face
of this
program
i
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
3.
By
sel
ect
ing
t
he
c
omm
and
“New
”
,
a
wi
ndow
c
onta
inin
g
the
f
our
sys
tem
ta
bles
is
op
e
ne
d.
The
pro
gr
am
is
equi
pp
e
d
wit
h
a
m
echan
ism
to
re
ad
the
data
of
t
hese
ta
bles
fro
m
pr
e
-
sa
ve
d
fil
es
in
ad
diti
on
to
the
m
echan
ism
of
savin
g
the
in
f
orm
ation
entere
d
in
file
s
that
the
us
e
r
na
m
e
and
l
ocati
on
t
o
retrieve
la
te
r,
us
in
g
the
O
pe
n,
Save
butt
ons
at
th
e
top
of
eac
h
ta
ble.
T
he
pro
gr
am
is
eff
ec
ti
vely
an
d
reli
a
bly
protect
ed
against
error
s
cau
sed
by
inse
rtin
g
ta
ble
in
form
at
io
n
int
o
a
nothe
r
ta
ble.
Af
te
r
en
te
ring
in
form
ation
m
anu
al
ly
or
in
a
save
d
file
, t
he
i
nterf
ace
w
il
l l
ook l
ike Fi
gure
4.
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Sci,
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l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
368
–
376
372
Figur
2. Flo
w C
har
t
for
the
develo
ped pr
ogr
a
m
Figure
3. Ma
in
progr
am
w
in
dow
inter
face
Figure
4. Ma
in
progr
am
w
in
dow
w
he
n
e
nter
ing
m
achine dat
a
The
syst
em
'
s
c
har
act
erist
ic
m
at
rices
[
’
]
and
[
]
be
fore,
durin
g
a
nd
a
fter
the
fa
ult
are
com
pu
t
ed
as
exp
la
ine
d bel
ow:
a.
By
cl
ic
kin
g
“c
al
′′′
,
th
e
pr
e
faul
t
[
′
]
will
be
c
om
pu
te
d,
a
nd
by
“sh
ow
′′′
com
m
and
t
he
c
ompu
te
d
m
at
rix
can
be display
ed
(
Fi
gure
5).
b.
In ord
e
r
t
o
c
om
pu
te
the f
a
ulted
[
′
]
, th
e
fau
lt
m
us
t
be
fi
rst sele
ct
ed
f
ro
m
the
Ca
lc
ulati
on
m
e
nu as
fo
ll
ows:
Enter
the
num
ber
of
buses
th
at
ha
ve
occ
urr
ed
betwee
n
th
e
m
(
,
)
an
d
a
f
act
or
a
(whe
re
a
is
a
real
nu
m
ber
great
er
than
zer
o
an
d
le
ss
tha
n
on
e
)
that
determ
ines
the
l
ocati
on
of
the
fa
ult.
T
hi
s
is
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
fo
ll
owin
g
wi
ndow
that
ap
pe
ars
a
uto
m
at
ic
a
ll
y
wh
e
n
the
C
al
culat
ion
[
′
]
co
m
m
and
is
cl
ic
ked
from
the
Fault
m
enu
(F
ig
ur
e
6).
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Impr
oved m
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i
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tr
an
sie
nt s
tab
il
it
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mu
lt
imac
hin
e
powe
r systems
(
Ali
H
amze
h
)
373
Figure
5. Dis
play
o
f
the c
om
pu
te
d
el
em
ents o
f
[Y '
]
Figure
6. The
m
ask
f
or d
et
er
m
ining
the
f
a
ul
t
locat
ion
(the
f
a
ulted
br
a
nc
h
a
nd d
ist
a
nce
of
fau
lt
po
i
nt fro
m
o
ne
of
br
a
nch buse
s)
A
fa
ult
occ
urre
nce w
il
l
ca
us
e a
cha
nge of
s
om
e
el
e
m
ents
of
prefa
ult
[
′
]
.
T
hus,
t
o
obta
in
t
he
fa
ulted
[
′
]
,
the
c
hange
d
m
at
rix
el
e
m
ents
that
are
af
f
ect
ed
by
the
f
ault
are
c
om
pu
te
d
acc
ordin
g
to
the
fo
ll
owi
ng
dev
el
op
e
d p
ro
c
edure:
′
=
0
(26)
′
=
′
−
+
1
=
′
−
+
1
=
′
−
(
1
+
1
)
(2
7
)
′
=
′
−
+
1
(
1
−
)
=
′
−
+
1
1
−
=
′
−
(
1
+
1
1
−
)
(2
8
)
wh
e
re
′
is an
ele
m
e
nt o
f
[
′
]
and
is t
he natural
a
dm
i
tt
ance o
f
f
a
ulted
br
a
nc
h
.
a.
The
postfault
[
′
]
is
com
pu
te
d
by
us
in
g
the
co
m
pu
te
d
prefa
ul
t
[
′
]
with
m
od
ifie
d
el
em
ents
aff
ect
ed
by
fau
lt
clea
ra
nce
accor
ding t
o
th
e f
ollow
i
ng d
e
velo
ped pr
ocedur
e:
′
=
0
′
=
′
−
=
′
−
′
(2
9
)
′
=
′
−
=
′
−
′
b.
The
t
hr
ee
r
ed
uc
ed
m
at
rices
[
]
a
re
c
om
pu
te
d
f
r
om
the
sto
red
t
hr
ee
m
at
rices
[
′
]
by
the
m
enu
“
Stabil
it
y
”
and can
b
e
d
is
play
ed
as
sho
w
n
in
Fig
ure
7.
c.
At
this
po
i
nt,
su
f
fici
ent
init
ia
l
inform
ation
is
com
pu
te
d
to
stu
dy
the
sta
bili
ty
of
the
m
achines
of
this
syst
e
m
by
cl
ic
king
“Sta
bili
ty
Ca
lc
”
from
the
Stabil
it
y
m
e
nu.
A
m
ask
wi
ll
app
ea
r
t
o
be
fill
ed
i
n
by
da
ta
re
quire
d for th
e num
erical
so
luti
on m
et
ho
d
a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
8.
Figure
7. Dis
play
w
in
dow f
or
the th
ree m
at
ri
ces
[Y]
Figure
8. Ma
sk t
o be
fill
ed
in
with
final in
f
orm
at
ion
require
d for
num
erical
so
luti
on m
et
ho
d
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S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
368
–
376
374
4.
I
LL
US
TR
AT
IVE
S
YS
TE
M
E
X
A
MPLE
We
co
ns
i
der
a
50
-
H
z
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
co
m
pr
isi
ng
3
m
achines
(two
ge
ner
at
ors
an
d
a
n
infi
ni
te
bu
s
),
16
bu
s
es,
9
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
nes,
and
7
loa
ds
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9.
T
he
dat
a
for
ge
ner
at
ors,
transm
issi
on
li
nes,
trans
form
ers,
and
loa
ds
a
re
giv
en
f
or
the
te
st
syst
e
m
u
nder
consi
der
at
io
n
i
n
per
unit
base
d
on
10
0
MV
A
a
nd
vo
lt
age
b
ases
wr
it
te
n
on
Fi
gure
9.
A
wide
range
of
case
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
been
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
the
de
ve
lop
e
d
pro
gr
am
with
balance
d
fa
ults
occ
urrin
g
on
di
ff
ere
nt
locat
io
ns
a
nd
cl
ea
red
at
diff
e
ren
t
ti
m
es.
Th
e
m
ai
n
resu
lt
s
are
s
wing
cu
r
ve
s
of
the
3
m
achines
sho
wing
sta
ble
or
unsta
ble
operati
on
a
nd
the
c
riti
cal
cl
earing
tim
e
as
well
for
the
consi
de
red fa
ult. T
wo
case st
udie
s
will
b
e prese
nted
.
Figure
9. O
ne
-
l
ine d
ia
gr
am
o
f
three m
achine
powe
r
syst
em
.
Ca
se
stu
d
y 1
Assum
e
that
a
balance
d
fa
ult
occurs
on
the
l
ine
betwee
n
buses
11
an
d
9
at
a
locat
ion
ve
ry
cl
os
e
to
the
bus
11
(2%
of
t
he
li
ne
l
eng
t
h
f
ro
m
bus
11).
We
try
t
o
fi
nd
t
he
crit
ic
al
cl
earing
ti
m
e
fo
r
t
his
fa
ul
t
by
tria
l
and
er
ror
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
res
ults
s
how
t
hat
the
la
st
sta
ble
ope
rati
on
is
possi
ble
f
or
fa
ult
cl
earin
g
tim
e
=
0
.
20
sec
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
10.
If
t
he
cl
earin
g
ti
m
e
is
longer
by
a
half
cy
cl
e
(
10
)
the
op
e
rati
on
bec
om
es
un
sta
ble
f
or
at
le
ast
m
ac
hin
e
2
as
Fi
gure
11
s
hows.
This
is
lo
gical
because
the
f
ault
is
cl
os
er
t
o
the
ge
ner
at
or
2.
Wh
en
m
ov
in
g
the
fau
lt
locat
io
n
away
f
ro
m
bu
s
11
as
if
it
is
i
n
the
m
idd
le
of
th
e
li
ne,
the
crit
ic
al
clea
ring tim
e ris
es to
0.26 se
c.
Figure
10. Swi
ng cur
ves for a
f
a
ult o
n
Li
ne 9
-
11
(2
%
fro
m
1
1)
f
or cle
arin
g
ti
m
e TC =
0.20 se
c.
Figure
11. Swi
ng cur
ves for a
f
a
ult o
n
Li
ne 9
-
11
(2
%
fro
m
1
1)
f
or cle
arin
g
ti
m
e TC =
0.21 se
c.
Ca
se
stud
y 2
Suppose
a
bal
anced
f
ault
oc
cur
s
at
the
m
i
dd
le
of
the
li
ne
between
the
bu
s
es
11
and
12.
Th
rou
gh
a
nu
m
ber
of
pr
ogram
runs
with
dif
fer
e
nt
fa
ult
cl
earing
tim
es
(
)
,
the
c
riti
cal
cl
earin
g
ti
m
e
(
)
f
or
this
fa
ul
t
is
found
t
o
be
0.25
sec
(
Fig
ure
12).
To
ve
rif
y
this
resu
lt
,
t
he
pr
ogram
is
ru
n
with
=
0
.
26
,
m
eaning
10
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impr
oved m
od
el
for
invest
i
gati
ng
tr
an
sie
nt s
tab
il
it
y in
mu
lt
imac
hin
e
powe
r systems
(
Ali
H
amze
h
)
375
m
s
lon
ge
r
tha
n
0.25
s
ec.
T
he
com
pu
te
d
s
wing
c
urves
s
how
t
hat
the
operati
on
of
bot
h
gen
e
rato
rs
be
com
es
un
sta
ble (Fi
gur
e 13)
.
Figure
12. Swi
ng cur
ves for a
f
a
ult o
n
Li
ne 11
-
12
(50% fr
om
1
1)
for
clea
rin
g
ti
m
e TC = 0.2
5 sec
.
Figure
13. Swi
ng cur
ves for a
f
a
ult o
n
Li
ne 11
-
12
(50% fr
om
1
1)
for
clea
rin
g
ti
m
e TC = 0.2
6 sec
.
5.
C
O
NC
L
US
I
O
NS
The
outc
om
e
of
this
pap
e
r
is
a
com
pu
te
r
pro
gr
am
in
Delph
i
env
ir
on
m
ent
wh
ic
h
is
based
on
a
new
ly
i
m
pr
oved
m
ath
em
atical
m
od
el
and
a
dev
el
op
e
d
ge
ne
ral
al
gorithm
fo
r
inv
est
igati
on
of
TS
in
m
ult
i
m
a
chine
el
ect
ric
power
syst
e
m
s.
The
pro
gr
am
is
capa
ble
of
stu
dyin
g
the
TS
of
an
el
ect
rical
powe
r
syst
em
con
sist
ing
of
a
n
unli
m
it
e
d
num
ber
of
s
ynch
ron
ou
s
ge
ner
at
or
s
.
It
has
been
desig
ne
d
to
pro
vid
e
a
f
le
xib
le
an
d
ef
f
ic
ie
nt
dialogue
en
vir
on
m
ent
f
or
th
e
us
e
r,
thr
ough
wh
ic
h
t
he
s
wing
c
urves
of
al
l
m
achines
an
d
c
onseq
ue
ntly
t
he
crit
ic
al
clea
ring
ti
m
e o
f
a f
aul
t can
be fo
und
ver
y
quic
kly.
The
pr
ogram
was
us
e
d
to
st
ud
y
the
TS
of
a
relat
ively
la
rg
e
te
st
netw
ork
an
d
accu
rate
resu
lt
s
we
re
ob
ta
ine
d
that
cou
l
d
be
reli
e
d
upon
f
or
protect
ive
relay
s
set
ti
ng
s
an
d
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
of
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
par
am
et
ers.
Th
e
dev
el
op
e
d
pr
ogram
can
be
exten
ded
i
n
a
fu
t
ur
e
w
ork
to
include
gen
e
r
at
or
co
ntr
ol
syst
e
m
s
and
to
st
ud
y
t
heir
im
pact
on
i
m
pr
ovin
g
sta
bili
ty
as
well
as
us
i
ng
m
or
e
accurate
m
odel
s
of
sync
hro
nous
gen
e
rato
rs.
REFERE
NCE
S
[
1
]
Mee
nakshi
De
,
G.
Das,
And
K
.
K.
Manda
,
“
A
n
ew
appr
oa
ch
for
inve
st
iga
t
ion
of
m
ult
i
m
ac
h
ine
stabi
l
ity
in
a
Pow
e
r
s
y
stem”
,
Ind
ia
n
J.Sci
.
Res.
14
(2)
:
245
-
249,
2017
[
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]
S.
K.
Gupt
a, Power
S
y
st
em Ope
rat
ion
Control &
Restructuring
,
I
.
K.
Internat
iona
l
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Pvt.
Lt
d,
2015
[
3
]
Glove
r,
M
.
Sarm
a,
T. Ove
rbu
y
,
P
ower
s
y
st
em a
na
l
y
sis
&
d
esign,
Cenga
ge
L
ea
rni
ng,
2012
[
4
]
P.
M.
Anderson
,
A.
A.
Fouad,
Pow
er
S
y
st
em Cont
rol and
Stab
il
i
t
y,
W
ile
y
Int
ersc
i
e
nce
,
2003
[
5
]
Abdelkr
im
Ze
ba
r,
Khale
d
Ze
h
ar
,
“
Coordina
te
d
Control
of
SF
C
L
and
SV
C
for
Pow
er
Sy
stem
T
ran
sien
t
Stabi
l
i
t
y
Im
prove
m
ent
”,
TE
LKOM
NIK
A
Indone
sian
Journal
of
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3,
Ma
rch
2015,
pp.
43
1
-
440.
[
6
]
Yorozu,
M.
Hir
ano,
K.
J.
J.
G
rai
ner
,
W
.
D.
St
eve
nson
JR:
Pow
er
S
y
stem
Anal
y
s
is,
McGraw
-
Hill
Int
ern
ation
al
Edi
ti
ons,
1999
.
[
7
]
PS
S
-
NETOMAC,
ht
tps:/
/www
.
e
ner
g
y
.
siemens.
c
om
[
8
]
DIgS
ILE
NT
Pow
erFa
ct
or
y
,
ht
tp
s://
ww
w.di
gsile
n
t.
de
/e
n/f
eature
s
-
553.
html
[
9
]
A.
Ham
ze
h,
S.
Ham
ed,
Z.
Al
-
O
m
ari
,
A.
Sandou
k,
G.
Aldahi
m
,
“
First
Yea
r
Perform
anc
e
of
a
PV
Plant
in
Jordan
Com
par
ed
to
PV
Plant
s
in
th
e
Re
gion”
,
In
te
rn
at
io
nal
Journal
of
R
ene
wabl
e
En
erg
y
R
ese
arc
h
(IJRER),
Vol
.
5,
No.
4,
2015,
pp
983
-
99
0
[
1
0
]
Al
-
Om
ari
Z.,
“
I
nflue
nc
e
of
Cont
rol
Modes
of
Gr
id
-
Connecte
d
So
la
r
Photovol
taic
Gene
ration
on
Grid
Pow
er
Flow”
,
Engi
ne
eri
ng
201
4,
6
,
914
-
922
.
ht
tp:
//
dx
.
doi
.
org/1
0.
4236/
eng
.
[
1
1
]
A.
Ham
ze
h,
A
.
Sandouk,
“
Im
pac
t
of
In
te
gr
at
ed
H
y
brid
PV
/Win
d
Gene
ra
ti
on
on
Harm
onic
Pow
er
Flow
in
Mediu
m
-
Volta
ge
Grid
”,
Book
Chapt
er
8
Pages
81
-
92,
b
o
o
k
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
o
f
M
a
n
k
i
n
d
V
o
l
I
I
”
,
Springer
Int
ern
a
t
iona
l
Publishing
Sw
it
ze
rl
and
ⓒ
2
0
1
6
[
1
2
]
A.
Ham
ze
h,
S.
Ham
ed,
Z.
Al
-
O
m
ari
,
A.
Sandou
k,
G.
Aldahi
m
,
“
First
Yea
r
Perform
anc
e
of
a
PV
Plant
in
Jordan
Com
par
ed
to
P
V
Plant
s
in
the
Regi
on”
,
Book
Chapt
er
62
Page
s
785
-
798
,
book
“
Medit
err
anean
Gree
n
Buil
ding
s
&
Rene
wabl
e Ene
r
g
y
,
Springer
Int
e
rna
ti
o
n
al
Publ
ishing
Sw
it
z
erl
and
ⓒ
2017
[
1
3
]
Za
kar
ia
Al
-
Om
ari
,
A.
Ham
ze
h,
S
ade
q
A.
Ham
ed,
A.
Sandouk,
G.
Aldahi
m
,
“
A
Ma
the
m
at
i
ca
l
Mode
l
for
Minim
iz
in
g
Add
-
On
Opera
ti
onal
Cost
in
El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Pow
er
S
y
stems
Us
ing
Design
of
Expe
riments
Approac
h”,
Int
ern
ation
al
Journal
of
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
and
Com
put
er
Eng
ineeri
ng
(
IJECE),
Vol
.
5,
No.5,
2015
,
pp
9
48
-
956.
[
1
4
]
A.
Ham
ze
h,
S.
Ham
ed,
Z
.
Al
-
Om
ari
,
“
W
ind
Gene
ration
Im
pac
t
on
S
y
m
m
et
r
ic
a
l
Faul
t
L
eve
l
at
Grid
Buses
”
,
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Jou
rna
l
of
E
le
c
trica
l
and
Com
puter Enginee
r
ing
(IJE
CE),
Vol
.
8,
No
.
5,
2015
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
368
–
376
376
[
1
5
]
N.
M.
Al
-
Rawi,
A.
Anw
ar,
and
A.
M.
Abdul
-
Maje
ed
,
“
Com
p
ute
r
Aided
Tr
an
sient
Stabilit
y
A
naly
s
is”,
Journa
l
of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
3
(3):
149
-
15
3,
2007
[
1
6
]
M.
A.
Sala
m
,
M.
A.
Rashid,
Q.
M.
Rahman
and
M.
Riz
on
“
Trans
ie
nt
Stabi
l
ity
Anal
y
sis
of
a
T
hre
e
-
m
ac
hin
e
Ni
ne
Bus Pow
er
S
y
ste
m
Network”
,
En
gine
er
ing
L
etter
s
,
22:1
,
EL
_22_1
_01,
2014
.
[
1
7
]
H.
C.
Du
y
,
H
.
Q.
Minh,
and
H.
D.
Lo
c,
“
Tra
nsien
t
stabili
t
y
anal
y
s
is
of
a
m
ult
i
m
ac
h
in
e
Pow
er
s
y
st
e
m
”
,
www.nsl.
hcmus.
edu.
vn
/gree
nsto
ne/
co
ll
e
ct
/hn
khb
k/
archi
ve
s/HAS
H2725.di
r/doc.
p
df
[
1
8
]
A.E
.
Le
on
,
J.
M.
Mauri
ci
o
,
J.
A.
Sols
ona
,
“
Multi
-
m
ac
hine
pow
er
s
y
stem
st
abi
l
ity
improvem
ent
u
sing
an
observ
er
-
base
d
nonl
inear control
l
er”,
El
e
c
tri
c
Pow
er
S
y
st
e
m
s Re
sea
rch
,
Volum
e
89
,
Augus
t
2012,
Pages
20
4
-
214
[
1
9
]
B.
Sebast
ia
n
,
R.
Garg
,
“
Tra
nsi
ent
stabi
l
ity
anal
y
s
i
s
of
m
ult
i
-
m
ac
hi
ne
power
s
y
stem
and
f
irst
sw
ing
stabi
lit
y
an
aly
sis
using SVC”,
Int
ern
ational Conference on
Advan
c
es
in El
ec
tr
ic
a
l E
ngine
er
ing
(ICA
EE
), 2014
[
2
0
]
T.
T
.
Ngu
y
en,
A
.
Kari
m
ishad,
“
T
ran
sient
Stab
il
i
t
y
-
constr
ai
n
ed
Optimal
Pow
er
Flow
for
Online
Dispatc
h
and
Nod
al
Price
Ev
al
u
at
ion
in
Po
wer
S
y
s
tem
s
with
Flexi
ble
AC
Tra
nsm
ission
S
y
stem
Devi
ces
”,
IE
T
Gen
era
t
i
on,
Tr
ansm
ission
and
Distribu
ti
on,
Vol.
5,
No.
3
,
2
011,
pp
.
332
-
34
6.
[
2
1
]
A.
Chaudha
r
y
,
R.
Jasw
a,
”
Tra
n
sient
Stabi
l
ity
I
m
prove
m
ent
of
Multi
Mac
hine
Pow
er
Sy
stem
Us
ing
Stat
ic
VA
R
compensat
or
”,
In
te
rna
ti
ona
l
Journal
of
E
le
c
tronic
and
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
ne
e
ring.
V
olume
7,
Num
ber
2(2014),
pp
.
1
09
-
1
14.
[
2
2
]
G.
Pasala
,
R.
Pr
abha
kar
:”
A
serie
s
fuz
z
y
cont
rol
le
r
for
first
sw
ing
stabi
li
t
y
Enh
a
nce
m
ent
in
m
ulti
m
ac
hine
Pow
er
s
y
stem”,
IE
EE
2
013
[
2
3
]
H.
Saad
at
,
Pow
e
r
s
y
st
em a
na
l
y
s
i
s,
PS
A Publishing,
2010
[
2
4
]
Ch.
A.
Gros
s,
Pow
er
s
y
st
em a
na
l
y
sis,
John W
il
e
y
&
Sons
1996
[
2
5
]
A.
Gom
ez
-
Expo
sito,
A.
Cone
jo,
C.
Can
izare
s,
Elec
tr
ic
ene
rg
y
s
y
s
te
m
s a
naly
sis
an
d
oper
a
ti
on
,
CR
C
Press
2009
[
2
6
]
A.
Ham
ze
h,
K.
Za
id
an, Power
sy
stem
ana
l
y
sis,
Dam
asc
us Unive
rsit
y
Press
,
2008
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ali
Hamz
eh
,
was
born
in
Sy
r
ia.
He
rec
ei
v
ed
BS
c
degr
ee
in
Mec
h
ani
c
al
&
El
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Aleppo
Univer
sit
y
,
S
y
ria
and
his
PhD
degr
ee
in
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Pow
er
En
gine
er
ing,
f
rom
Univer
sit
y
of
D
resde
n,
Germ
an
y
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Full
Profe
ss
or
at
Elec
tri
c
al
Eng
ineeri
n
g
Depa
rtment
a
t
Facult
y
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Al
-
Ahli
yy
a
Am
m
an
Univer
sit
y
in
Am
ma
n,
Jordan.
His
m
ai
n
rese
ar
ch
in
te
rests
ar
e
Pow
e
r
s
y
stem
stabilit
y
,
Inte
g
ration
of
Distribut
ed
G
e
ner
ations
(wind
an
d
solar)
int
o
e
le
c
tri
c
g
rid,
Pow
er
s
y
stem
sec
u
rity
,
Sm
art
gr
ids,
Design
and
op
era
t
ion
of
Solar
PV
and
W
ind
Tu
rbine
s
y
stems
,
E
ner
g
y
Eff
ic
i
ency a
nd
Envi
ronm
e
nta
l
Protection a
nd
Opera
t
ion
&
Maint
en
anc
e
of
conve
nt
iona
l
an
d
ren
ewa
b
le
el
e
ct
ri
c
power
s
y
s
t
ems
.
He
has
pu
bli
shed
over
12
0
te
chn
ic
a
l
pap
ers
in
Journals
and
i
nte
rna
ti
ona
l
Con
fer
ences
and
authored
17
te
xt
bo
oks
in
ar
ea
s
of
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
power
engi
ne
eri
ng
and rene
wabl
e ene
rg
y
s
y
st
ems
Z
akaria
Al
-
Om
ari
,
was
born
in
Irbid
Jordan
on
June
3,
1966.
He
rec
e
obt
ai
n
ed
his
M
Sc
degr
ee
(1991),
in
E
le
c
t
ric
a
l
Engi
n
ee
rin
g/Power
from
the
Facult
y
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Vinn
y
ts
ia
Stat
e
Pol
y
techn
ic
Instit
ut
e,
Uk
rai
ne
and
his
PhD
degr
ee
from
the
Facul
ty
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
V
i
nn
y
tsi
a
N
ationa
l
T
e
chni
c
al
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Ukr
ai
ne
in
1998.
Curr
ent
l
y
h
e
is
a
n
As
socia
te
Profess
or
at
El
ec
tr
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment
at
Fac
ulty
of
Eng
ine
er
ing,
Al
-
Ahli
yy
a
Amm
an
Univer
sit
y
in
Am
m
an,
Jordan.
His
m
ai
n
int
er
ests
are
m
ini
m
iz
ing
of
powe
r
s
y
stem
losses,
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
,
lo
ad
fore
ca
st
ing,
reliab
i
li
t
y
a
nd
eff
ic
i
ency
.
He
has
publi
shed
1
4
te
chnica
l
pape
rs i
n
Journa
ls a
nd
int
e
rna
t
io
nal
conf
er
enc
es
.
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