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Science
Vo
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21
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202
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p
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cs.ia
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tortio
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id
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Art
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nfo
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r
ticle
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to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ju
n
29
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
Sep
3
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Sep
18
,
2
0
2
0
T
h
e
w
o
rk
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
d
u
o
b
i
n
a
ry
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
p
re
d
isto
rti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
ra
d
io
o
v
e
r
f
ib
e
r
s
y
ste
m
e
n
h
a
n
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e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
c
h
iev
in
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se
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u
rit
y
le
v
e
l.
Du
o
b
i
n
a
ry
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
m
o
re
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
m
o
d
u
late
d
sp
e
c
tral
li
n
e
w
id
th
w
it
h
sta
n
d
a
rd
n
o
n
re
tu
rn
t
o
z
e
ro
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
c
o
d
e
.
Diff
e
r
e
n
t
NRZ/
RZ
re
c
tan
g
le
sh
a
p
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
th
a
t
a
re
n
a
m
e
l
y
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
ti
a
l
re
c
tan
g
le
sh
a
p
e
(ERS
),
a
n
d
G
a
u
ss
ian
re
c
tan
g
le
sh
a
p
e
(G
RS
)
f
o
r
d
iff
e
re
n
t
tran
sm
is
sio
n
b
it
ra
tes
.
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
b
ias
v
o
lt
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g
e
,
a
n
d
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
RF
v
o
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e
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se
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e
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ter
s
o
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th
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ra
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io
o
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e
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r
(Ro
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)
s
y
ste
m
.
P
re
d
isto
rti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
im
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ro
v
e
s
th
e
li
n
e
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rit
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o
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tran
sm
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ter
a
m
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n
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o
n
sid
e
re
d
a
s
a
p
o
w
e
r
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
th
e
Q
-
f
a
c
to
r,
d
a
ta
e
rro
r
ra
te
(BER),
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
,
sig
n
a
l
g
a
in
,
n
o
ise
f
ig
u
re
,
a
n
d
li
g
h
t
sig
n
a
l/
n
o
ise
ra
ti
o
a
re
a
c
h
iev
e
d
w
it
h
8
V
o
lt
f
o
r
b
o
th
sw
it
c
h
in
g
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ias
e
s/s
w
it
c
h
in
g
RF
sig
n
a
l
a
t
1
0
0
G
H
z
.
S
ig
n
a
l
q
u
a
li
ty
/BE
R
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
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f
t
e
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th
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re
c
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n
h
a
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m
e
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ra
ti
o
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y
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sin
g
th
is
tec
h
n
i
q
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e
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t
d
if
f
e
re
n
t
R
F
sig
n
a
l
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Du
o
-
B
i
n
ar
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
L
o
ca
l a
r
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
P
r
ed
is
to
r
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
R
o
F
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ah
m
ed
Nab
ih
Z
ak
i
R
as
h
ed
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Me
n
o
u
f
ia
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
Me
n
o
u
f
3
2
9
5
1
,
E
g
y
p
t
E
-
m
a
il: ah
m
ed
_
7
3
3
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
R
o
F
n
etw
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
w
ith
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
,
B
E
R
an
d
ey
e
-
o
p
en
in
g
w
ith
o
p
tic
f
ib
er
len
g
th
,
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ig
n
al
w
av
elen
g
th
,
an
d
b
it
r
ate.
T
h
e
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
ig
n
al
is
1
0
GHz
w
ith
a
d
ata
r
ate
o
f
up
to
3
Gb
/s
a
n
d
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ib
er
len
g
th
u
p
to
5
0
k
m
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
RZ
m
o
d
u
latio
n
co
d
e
is
b
etter
th
an
th
e
NR
Z
m
o
d
u
latio
n
co
d
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
r
eg
im
e
[
1
,
2
,
3
-
9
]
.
T
h
ey
clar
if
ied
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
R
o
F
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
n
etw
o
r
k
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
lin
e
co
d
in
g
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
ev
alu
atio
n
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
s
u
ch
as
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
,
B
E
R
,
ey
e
h
eig
h
t
,
an
d
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
alu
e
w
ith
r
esp
ec
t to
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
it r
ate
an
d
f
ib
er
ca
b
le
len
g
th
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
lin
e
co
d
in
g
s
ch
em
es
[
3
,
1
0
-
15
].
Dif
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
ical
en
co
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
tical
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
w
av
elen
g
th
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
,
o
p
tical
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
lex
er
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
ith
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
f
ib
er
ca
b
le
len
g
th
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
o
r
b
o
th
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
ith
th
e
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
an
d
B
E
R
an
aly
ze
r
.
A
s
w
ell
as
8
ch
an
n
els
ar
e
m
u
ltip
lex
ed
an
d
r
o
u
ted
u
s
in
g
w
av
el
en
g
th
s
elec
tiv
e
o
p
tical
ad
d
/d
r
o
p
m
u
ltip
lex
er
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
as
f
ib
er
B
r
ag
g
g
r
atin
g
f
ilter
[
4
,
5
,
1
6
-
20
]
.
R
ef
s
.
[
5
,
6
,
2
1
-
24]
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
f
iltra
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
am
p
litu
d
e
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
ased
m
illi
m
eter
R
o
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
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lec
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Du
o
b
in
a
r
y
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
/Pred
is
to
r
tio
n
Tech
n
iq
u
es E
ffects o
n
Hig
h
B
it R
a
te
R
a
d
io
… (
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
id
)
979
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
7
,
8
,
2
5
-
28]
.
T
h
e
m
ax
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
an
d
m
in
d
ata
er
r
o
r
r
ate
ar
e
test
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
tical
r
ec
eiv
er
s
(
P
I
N,
an
d
A
P
D
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
s
)
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
n
o
is
e
(
s
h
o
t
n
o
is
e,
an
d
th
er
m
al
n
o
is
e)
.
R
o
F
s
y
s
tem
s
is
s
tim
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
NR
Z
co
d
in
g
f
o
r
a
b
it
r
ate
o
f
2
.
5
Gb
/s
[
2
9
-
37
].
2.
M
O
DE
L
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
W
e
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
in
R
ef
.
[
6
]
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ad
io
o
v
er
f
ib
er
-
b
ased
lo
ca
l
ar
ea
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etw
o
r
k
.
B
y
cr
ea
tin
g
n
o
n
r
etu
r
n
to
ze
r
o
d
u
o
b
in
ar
y
s
ig
n
al
co
d
e
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
ec
o
d
er
an
d
a
d
u
o
b
in
ar
y
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
,
s
o
th
e
d
u
o
b
in
ar
y
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
.
P
s
eu
d
o
r
an
d
o
m
b
it
s
eq
u
en
ce
g
en
er
ato
r
to
g
en
er
ate
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
b
its
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
is
en
co
d
ed
in
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
r
etu
r
n
to
ze
r
o
co
d
e.
T
h
e
en
co
d
ed
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
d
is
to
r
tio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
w
h
ich
tr
ea
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
al
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
d
er
iv
ed
th
e
f
ir
s
t
L
iNb
O
3
Ma
ch
Z
eh
n
d
er
m
o
d
u
lato
r
an
d
th
en
co
n
ca
ten
ates
th
is
m
o
d
u
lato
r
w
ith
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
u
lato
r
d
r
iv
en
b
y
an
elec
tr
ical
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
th
at
h
as
a
clo
ck
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
eq
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al
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u
r
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1
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atic
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P
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tim
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ates.
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ed
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en
h
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m
en
t
o
f
elec
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ec
eiv
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w
er
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h
e
d
ed
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f
ig
u
r
es
ar
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
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:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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&
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
:
9
78
-
9
86
980
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.
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.
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.
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rk
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,
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0
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,
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.
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b
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ri,
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o
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rn
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.
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.
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h
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Ha
m
m
i
,
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n
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.
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o
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ter
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.
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1
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]
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.
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.
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.
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,
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.
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,
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l
.
2
6
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
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-
4
4
,
1988.
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4
]
S
.
M
it
a
c
h
i
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n
d
T
.
M
iy
a
sh
it
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,
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d
e
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las
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.
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4
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5
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.
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5
]
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.
M
.
Na
g
ia
e
t
a
l.
,
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.
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6
]
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.
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u
,
e
t
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l
.,
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lt
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se
ries
,
”
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E
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ra
n
s.
M
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o
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e
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e
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h
.
,
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l.
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,
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o
.
1
0
,
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p
.
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2
3
7
-
2
2
4
7
,
2008.
[1
7
]
S
.
S
.
W
a
lk
e
r,
“
Ra
p
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o
d
e
ll
in
g
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n
d
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m
a
ti
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o
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tal
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p
e
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tral
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o
ss
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ti
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l
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i
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e
rs,"
J.
L
ig
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
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h
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o
l.
,
v
o
l.
LT
-
4
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
5
-
1
1
3
7
,
1986.
[1
8
]
H.
E.
H.
A
h
m
e
d
e
t
a
l.
,
”
On
th
e
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
F
lu
o
rid
e
a
n
d
G
e
rm
a
n
ia
Do
p
e
d
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
rs”
,
Ai
n
S
h
a
ms
Un
iv.
En
g
.
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
241
-
255
1992.
[1
9
]
K.
Kitay
a
m
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
Co
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
a
S
in
g
le
M
o
d
e
F
ib
e
r”
,
J
.
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
., v
o
l.
LT
-
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
-
3
6
9
,
1983.
[2
0
]
D.
W
o
o
d
,
“
Co
n
stra
in
ts
o
n
th
e
Bit
Ra
tes
in
Dire
c
t
De
tec
ti
o
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
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y
ste
m
s
Us
in
g
L
in
e
a
r
o
r
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o
li
to
n
P
u
lse
s:,"
J
.
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
7
-
1
1
0
6
,
1990.
[2
1
]
R.
S
a
n
jari
a
n
d
M
.
P
o
u
rm
a
h
y
a
b
a
d
i,
"
De
sig
n
o
f
S
in
g
le
M
o
d
e
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h
o
to
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ic
Cry
sta
l
F
ib
e
r
w
it
h
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tstan
d
in
g
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
Co
n
f
in
e
m
e
n
t
L
o
ss
a
n
d
Ch
ro
m
a
ti
c
Disp
e
rsio
n
o
v
e
r
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a
n
d
L
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ba
n
d
"
,
Ira
n
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
El
e
c
tr
ica
l
&
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e
c
tro
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ic E
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g
, v
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o.
1
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p
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0
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.
[2
2
]
F
.
Öh
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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ise
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n
d
re
g
e
n
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ra
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in
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ico
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ra
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le
g
a
in
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n
d
a
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
,
”
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E
J
.
Qu
a
n
tu
m E
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tro
n
.
,
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l.
4
0
,
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o
.
3
,
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p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
5
,
2004.
[2
3
]
S
.
Iy
e
r,
S
.
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
“
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f
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t
o
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n
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l
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sig
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o
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ix
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d
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te
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ti
c
a
l
W
a
v
e
len
g
th
Div
isio
n
M
u
lt
ip
lex
e
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
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n
ica
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n
s
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
-
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2
,
2019.
[2
4
]
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.
R.
M
iri
a
m
p
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ll
y
,
T
.
Ha
il
u
,
“
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le
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o
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r
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ter
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21
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.
2
,
Feb
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2021
:
9
78
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86
986
[2
5
]
F
.
E.
S
e
ra
ji
,
R.
Kia
e
e
,
“
A
Re
v
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o
f
Re
f
ra
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ti
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d
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ro
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ter
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[2
6
]
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.
A
.
Bh
u
iy
a
n
,
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De
sig
n
,
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im
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latio
n
,
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.
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7
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.
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rti
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ield
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le M
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c
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l
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ib
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o
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rn
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ig
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.
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9
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9
.
[2
8
]
V
.
P
a
lo
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iy
a
,
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.
K.
Ra
g
h
u
w
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n
sh
i,
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Disp
e
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Ch
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ra
c
teristics
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re
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d
Ph
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s
, v
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l.
5
6
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
7
9
,
2018.
[2
9
]
Ha
z
e
m
M
.
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-
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t
a
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,
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ste
m
s
,
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e
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En
g
.
J
o
u
rn
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v
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l.
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.
1
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p
.
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–
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5
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,
2020
.
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.
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h
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b
ih
Zak
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,
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s,”
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o
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rn
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0
.
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1
]
C.
Kro
m
e
r
e
t
a
l.
,
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L
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d
B
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in
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E
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
S
o
li
d
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
8
5
-
8
9
4
,
2004.
[3
2
]
D.
P
r
a
v
e
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
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A
n
a
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o
f
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ra
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sim
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ig
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e
a
rc
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J
o
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rn
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o
f
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g
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S
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e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
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,
p
p
.
6
-
9
,
2014.
[3
3
]
L
u
c
a
s
M
.
Rio
b
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
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ra
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p
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d
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A
m
p
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f
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p
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to
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m
ic
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ro
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,
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tro
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,
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1
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.
1
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p
p
.
1
6
-
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2
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.
[3
4
]
L
.
S
a
f
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r,
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.
S
.
Zak
i,
“
De
sig
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latio
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.
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-
Ra
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d
a
in
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g
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, v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
130
,
2013.
[3
5
]
X
.
Hu
i,
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a
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,
“
A
3
.
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5
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b
/s
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o
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rn
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d
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l.
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2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
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0
3
(1
-
6
),
2011.
[3
6
]
S
.
S
u
b
i,
a
n
d
G
.
b
.
L
a
k
sh
m
i,
“
Op
ti
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to
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s
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im
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latio
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Us
in
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DSF
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In
ter
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ti
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o
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rn
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S
c
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e
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d
Res
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a
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(
IJ
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R),
IS
S
N
(On
li
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):
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,
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.
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.
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8
,
2015.
[3
7
]
M
.
A
ro
ra
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.
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,
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Hz
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,
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In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
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l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
g
T
re
n
d
s in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
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ics
(IJET
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–
IS
S
N
:
2
3
2
0
-
9
5
6
9
),
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
7
6
,
2013.
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