Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1003
~
1009
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1003
-
1009
1003
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Des
i
gn o
f Tunabl
e
Multi
b
and H
ybrid Grap
hene Me
tal
Antenna
in Mic
row
ave R
eg
im
e
Hussein
A. A
b
dulnabi
, Yasi
n Yous
i
f Al
-
A
boosi
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
AL
-
Mus
tans
ir
y
ah
Univer
si
t
y
,
B
aghda
di
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
17
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
27
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
2
1
, 201
8
Graphe
ne
is
an
al
lot
rop
e
(fo
rm
)
of
ca
rbon
con
sisting
of
a
single
lay
e
r
of
ca
rbon
at
om
s
arr
ange
d
in
an
h
exa
gona
l
la
t
ti
c
e
.
It
is
the
basi
c
struct
ura
l
el
ement
of
m
an
y
o
the
r
allotrop
es
of
c
arb
on,
s
uch
as
gr
aphi
t
e
,
ch
arc
o
al
,
ca
rbon
nanot
ub
es
and
fullere
n
es
.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
a
tuna
bl
e
h
y
brid
m
et
al
-
gra
phene
anten
na
in
the
m
ic
r
owave
reg
ime
is
proposed.
T
his
ant
enn
a
compos
ed
of
the
coppe
r
patch
an
d
four
gra
phene
strips.
The
an
te
n
na
design
s
used
for
the
c
el
l
ula
r
long
-
te
rm
e
volut
ion
s
y
s
te
m
and
the
op
era
t
in
g
fre
que
n
c
y
bands
of
1.
8,
2.
5
,
2.
6,
and
3
.
6
GH
z,
are
ev
al
u
at
e
d
to
demons
tra
te t
he
working
princ
iple
and
th
e
per
form
ance
tr
ade
offs.
Furth
er
m
ore
,
the
propo
sed
ant
enn
a
ca
n
b
e
tun
ed
b
y
var
y
ing
appl
i
ed
DC
volt
ag
e
on
t
he
gra
ph
ene
whi
ch
l
ea
ds
t
o
cha
nge
in
the
c
hemica
l
pote
n
tial
of
the
gra
ph
ene
and
hen
ce
the
surfa
ce
conduc
t
ivi
t
y
an
d
el
ectri
ca
l
pro
per
ties
are
ch
an
ged.
Th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
resul
ts
rev
eal
th
at
the
a
nte
nna
oper
a
te
s
in
m
ult
i
-
band
where
sc
at
t
er
ing
f
ac
tor
S11<
-
10
dB.
In
additi
on,
th
e
r
esult
s
show
tha
t
h
y
brid
m
et
al
-
gr
aphe
n
e
fre
que
n
c
y
rec
onfigur
able
a
nte
nnas
ca
n
,
at
t
he
sam
e
ti
m
e,
p
rovide
a
tuna
bl
e
bandwidt
h
and
an
te
nn
a
m
atching.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Gr
a
phene
Mi
cro
wa
ve
a
nt
enn
a
Tu
nab
le
a
nten
na
Mult
i
-
band
Re
config
ur
a
bl
e anten
na
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hu
s
sei
n A
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
AL
-
Musta
ns
ir
ya
h
U
niv
e
rsity
,
Ba
ghda
di,
I
ra
q
.
Em
a
il
:
hu
ssein
_ali682
@yah
oo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Gr
a
phene
is
a
f
la
t
m
on
oat
om
i
c
la
ye
r
of
c
ar
bon
at
om
s
distri
bu
te
d
i
n
a
2
-
D
honeycom
b
-
li
ke
la
tt
ic
e
[1
]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e, a
n
unbiase
d
pri
s
ti
ne
sing
le
lay
er o
f gr
a
phene
only
absorbs 2
.
3%
o
f
visi
ble lig
ht [2] and
s
up
ports
br
ea
king
f
or
ce
s
of
up
to
42
N/m
with
You
ng’s
m
od
ulu
s
of
1
T
Pa
and
an
intrinsic
str
eng
t
h
of
130
GP
a
[
3]
wh
il
e
al
so
bei
ng
extrem
el
y
li
gh
t
(0.77
m
g/
m
2).
As
a
res
ult,
a
reco
nfi
gura
bl
e
antenn
a
m
ade
of
grap
he
ne
cou
l
d
al
so
be
tran
sp
a
ren
t,
fle
xib
le
,
and
li
ghtwei
gh
t.
Gr
a
ph
e
ne
ha
s
been
nam
ed
the
si
m
plest
c
om
plex
m
at
eri
al
an
d
has
draw
n
at
te
ntion
du
e
to
it
s
un
iq
ue
pr
op
e
r
ti
es
and
ad
van
t
ages
an
d
it
is
us
ed
in
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s
incl
ud
i
ng
el
ect
rical
,
therm
al
,
and
m
echan
ic
al
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[
4].
The
s
urface
co
nduct
ivit
y
of
the
gr
a
ph
e
ne
can
be
var
ie
d
by
va
ryi
ng
a
pp
li
ed
el
ect
rical
vo
lt
age
[
5],
th
us
m
any
reco
nfi
gura
ble
grap
hen
e
-
based
de
vices
su
c
h
as
a
nten
nas
,
filt
ers,
ab
sorb
ers
an
d
pola
rizer'
s
hav
e
bee
n
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
the
band
i
n
the
m
i
cro
wa
ve,
T
Hz
a
nd
op
ti
cal
fr
e
qu
e
ncies.
Fu
tu
re
wireles
s
de
vices
will
be
acc
um
ulatin
g
m
ulti
ple
wireless
se
rv
ic
es
in
one
syst
e
m
op
erati
ng
ov
e
r
a
wide
f
r
equ
e
ncy
sp
ect
r
um
,
su
ch
as
third
(
3G)
an
d
f
ourth
(
4G)
m
ob
il
e
gen
e
rati
ons
and
bey
ond
a
t
70
0
–
800
MHz
,
1.8
–
2.6
G
Hz
,
an
d
3.
6
GH
z;
WIFI
at
2.4,
3.6
,
and
5
G
Hz.
T
o
colle
ct
a
m
ulti
-
rad
io
tra
nsm
itti
ng
syst
e
m
in
on
e
syst
e
m
,
a
reco
nfi
gura
ble
an
te
nn
a
is
re
quired
t
o
pro
vid
e
s
an
opti
on
to
integrate
m
ulti
ple
rad
ia
ti
ng
el
em
ents
at
dif
fer
e
nt
fr
e
quencies
into
a
sin
gle
ph
ysi
cal
an
te
nn
a
,
an
d
hence,
save
s
pac
e.
A
reconfi
gura
ble an
te
nna is desi
gn
e
d
to c
hange
it
s r
eson
a
nt f
r
equ
e
ncy,
op
e
ra
ti
on
al
b
a
ndwidt
h,
r
a
diati
on
pa
tt
ern
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1003
–
1009
1004
and
/
or
po
la
rizat
ion
m
anu
al
ly
or
aut
om
atical
ly
(v
ia
so
ftwar
e
)
to
re
sp
on
d
to
different
ra
dio
s
yst
e
m
requirem
ents,
a
nd the e
nvir
onm
ent.
Gr
a
phene
m
ater
ia
l
can
be
use
d
in
a
rec
onfi
gurab
le
a
ntenn
a
due
to
it
s
to
changin
g
the
su
r
face
cond
uctivit
y
by
app
ly
ing
e
xtern
al
el
ect
ric
f
ie
ld.
Im
po
rtant
ly
,
the
adm
it
tan
ce
of
grap
he
ne
can
be
tune
d
by
app
ly
in
g
an
el
ect
ro
sta
ti
c
fiel
d
pe
rp
e
ndic
ula
r
to
the
gr
a
phene
la
ye
r,
or
in
ot
her
words,
by
app
ly
in
g
a
DC
current
volt
age
bias,
a
nd
hen
c
e,
hi
gh
an
d
l
ow
im
ped
ances
can
be
set
to
ge
t
the
O
N
a
nd
OF
F
sta
te
s
as
i
n
the
switc
hes.
This ef
fect i
s used in
this paper to
var
yi
ng the elect
rical
d
im
ension
of the
an
te
nn
a
, and
con
s
eq
ue
ntly
,
change
the
res
on
a
nt
fr
e
quenc
y.
Howev
e
r,
grap
he
ne
is
no
t
on
ly
an
al
te
rnat
ive
op
ti
on
to
a
con
ve
ntio
na
l
RF
switc
h,
it
can
be
us
ed
for
fa
bri
cat
ing
the
ra
diati
ng
ante
nn
a
i
tse
lf.
Gr
a
phene
reconfi
gurab
le
anten
nas
are
be
in
g
m
os
tly
stud
ie
d
f
or
inf
ra
-
re
d
and
te
ra
her
tz
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
a
s
grap
he
ne
ca
n
sig
nificantl
y
reduce
t
he
siz
e
an
d
pro
vid
e
hi
gh
a
nten
na
rec
onfi
gur
a
bili
ty
.
At
s
uch
fr
e
quencie
s
[6
-
7].
Hu
a
ng
et
al
[8
]
stud
ie
d
the
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
wear
a
ble
a
nten
nas
m
ade
of
graph
e
ne
i
nk
f
rom
1
t
o
5
G
Hz.
The
res
onant
fr
e
qu
e
ncy,
ba
ndwi
dth
,
an
d
ga
in
of
the an
te
nnas in
their st
ud
y
we
re s
li
ghtl
y affe
ct
ed
by
be
nd
i
ng a
nd twist
in
g.
The
pro
posed
anten
nas
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
per
m
igh
t
pro
duce
e
nough
rec
onfi
gura
bili
ty
to
com
pen
sat
e
for
these
ef
fects
obser
ve
d
in
t
he
gr
a
phene
i
nk
c
ase.
Since
ante
nn
a
s
f
ully
m
ade
of
grap
he
ne
are
ex
pected
to
have
low
ante
nn
a
ef
fici
encies
with
ve
ry
li
tt
le
reco
nfi
gura
bili
ty
at
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
f
reque
ncies
[
9],
the
a
nten
na
de
signs
pro
po
se
d he
re
are
hybr
i
d
m
etal
-
gr
a
phene
fre
qu
e
ncy
reconfi
gura
ble an
t
e
nnas.
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
The
grap
he
ne
can
disp
la
y
as
an
infi
nitesim
ally
fli
m
sy
su
r
face
w
hich
is
portrayed
by
su
r
fac
e
cond
uctivit
y
σ
(
ω
,
μ
c
,
γ
,
T
)
.T
he
grap
he
ne
c
onduct
ivit
y
ca
n
be
wr
it
te
n by Drude
m
od
el
[10
]
.
T
he
K
ubo form
ula
of the
gr
a
phen
e co
nductivit
y
can
be
wr
it
te
n
σ =
σ
in
tra
+
σ
in
ter
(1)
σ
in
tra
(
ω
,
μ
c
,
γ
,
T
)
=
−
i
e
2
k
B
T
π
ħ
2
[
µc
k
B
T
+
2
ln
(
e
−
µ
c
k
BT
+
1
)
]
1
ω
−
j2
γ
(2)
σ
in
ter
(
ω
,
μ
c
,
γ
,
T
)
=
−
j
e
2
4π
ћ
ln
(
2│
μ
c
│
−
(
ω
−
j2
γ
)
ћ
2│
μ
c
│
+
(
ω
−
j2
γ
)
ћ
(3)
W
he
re
,
ω =
Ang
ular fr
equ
e
ncy in
r
a
d /
seco
nd and
=
Scat
te
ring r
at
e
in s−
1
=
Chem
ic
al
po
t
entia
l
in
e
V,
w
hich
can
be
c
ontr
olled
by
c
hem
ic
al
do
pi
ng
or
by
ap
plyi
ng
a
bias
vo
lt
age
T = Tem
per
at
ure in
K
el
vin
e = Elec
tr
on cha
rg
e
ћ
=
Re
duced
Plan
ck’
s
consta
nt, a
nd
=
Bolt
zm
ann
constant
The
intra
ba
nd
te
r
m
do
m
inates
the
gr
a
ph
e
ne
condu
c
ti
vity
ov
er
a
n
ultra
-
wide
ba
nd
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
.
The
real
pa
rt
of
the
i
ntra
ba
nd
c
onduct
ivit
y
being
m
uch
la
rg
er
tha
n
th
e
i
m
aginar
y
pa
rt
in
this
fr
e
quenc
y
range.
In
te
r
ba
nd
c
onduct
ivit
y
do
m
inate
s
in
the
high
f
reque
ncies,
it
s
real
par
t
be
ing
m
uch
sm
aller
than
it
s
i
m
aginar
y
pa
rt.
Alth
ough
the
interba
nd
c
ondu
ct
ivit
y
is
m
uch
la
rg
e
r
tha
n
the
i
ntra
band
co
nduc
ti
vity
in
th
e
THz
range,
both
te
rm
s
were
ta
ken
i
nto
a
ccount
f
or
the
cal
culat
ion
of
the
s
urface
im
ped
ance.
Graphe
ne
su
r
face im
ped
a
nce ca
n be
ob
t
ai
ned
from
it
s co
nd
uctivit
y b
y usin
g
t
he
e
quat
ion
s
.
Z
S
=
1
σ
(
ω
)
⁄
=
R
S
(
V
b
)
+
j
X
S
(
V
b
)
(4)
3.
THE
PROPO
SED
AN
TE
N
NA M
ODEL
The
pr
opos
e
d
anten
na
co
ns
is
ts
of
the
patch
from
cop
per
with
f
our
slots
fill
ed
with
gr
aph
e
ne
a
nd
transm
issi
on
li
ne
at
the
m
idd
le
of
the
bo
tt
om
side
of
the
pa
tc
h.
The
a
nte
nn
a
patch
plac
ed
over
1mm
al
umi
na
and
the
grap
he
ne
stri
ps
c
onne
ct
ed
to
DC
vo
l
ta
ge
s
ourc
e
with
gate
dope
d
sem
ic
on
duct
or
(S
io
2)
c
onnec
te
d
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Desig
n of T
un
ab
le
Multi
band
H
y
br
id
G
r
ap
he
ne
Met
al A
ntenna
i
n
Mi
cr
ow
ave…
(
H
us
sei
n A. A
bdul
nabi
)
1005
gr
a
phene
stri
ps
via
DC
volt
ag
e
so
urce
f
or
t
he
purpose
of
t
unabili
ty
of
the
anten
na.
T
he
a
nten
na
substrat
e
is
a
sil
ic
on
e
m
at
eri
al
of
4
m
m
thickne
ss
a
nd
the
anten
na
gro
un
ded
by
0.0
35
m
m
cop
per
la
ye
r.
Th
e
a
nt
en
na
sh
a
pe
in
CST
pro
gr
a
m
and
la
ye
rs
of
the
anten
na
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
1
.
A
tra
ns
m
is
sion
li
ne
of
a
width
of
2
m
m
is
us
e
d
for
a
nten
na
fe
edin
g.
Fig
ur
e
2
s
hows
t
he
to
p
view
of
the
anten
na
a
nd
pa
ram
et
ers
sy
m
bo
ls
,
T
a
ble
1
li
st
th
e
par
am
et
ers
di
m
ension
s
in
m
i
l
lim
e
t
res.
F
igure
2
s
how
s
the
par
am
et
er
sym
bo
l
an
d
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
the
par
am
et
er v
al
ue
in
m
il
l
i
m
e
tre.
An
ten
n
a patch
with g
raph
en
e
Alu
m
in
a Al2o
3
g
ate do
p
ed
se
m
i
co
n
d
u
cto
r
Sio
2
An
ten
n
a Sub
strate
Si
An
ten
n
a Gr
o
u
n
d
cop
p
er
(a)
.
To
p view
(b)
si
de view
Fig
ure
1.
The
pro
po
se
d
a
nten
na
Figure
2.
T
op
vi
ew
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
a
nten
na
Table
1.
a
nten
na param
et
ers
dim
ension
s
Para
m
eter
sy
m
b
o
l
Valu
e (
m
m
)
Para
m
eter
sy
m
b
o
l
Valu
e (
m
m
)
L1
2
W1
8
.5
L2
11
W2
2
L3
2
W3
8
.5
L4
11
W4
2
L
m
a
in
39
D1
2
3
.5
D2
10
4.
RESU
LT
S
O
F THE P
ROP
OSED A
NTENNA
All
anten
na
config
ur
at
io
ns
are
si
m
ulated
us
i
ng
a
C
om
pu
te
r
Sim
u
la
ti
on
Tech
no
log
y
(CS
T
)
Mi
cro
wa
ve
stu
dio
(M
W
s
)
s
of
tware
pac
kag
e
wh
ic
h
is
base
d
on
Fi
nite
I
ntegr
at
io
n
Tec
hni
qu
e
(FIT
)
inste
ad
of
MoM.
Ma
ny
cases
si
m
ulate
d
and
te
ste
d
(som
e
or
al
l
gr
ap
hen
e
st
rips
c
onnecte
d
to
cert
ai
n
volt
age
an
d
ot
he
r
strips
co
nnect
ed
to
zer
o
volt
s)
an
d
the
ne
xt
sect
ion
sho
ws
the
resu
lt
.
Wh
en
th
e
DC
volt
age
co
nnect
ed
t
o
gr
a
phene
strip
,
the
gr
a
phene
s
trip
in
O
N
sta
te
.
Wh
e
n
t
he
a
ppli
ed
DC
vo
lt
a
ge
e
qual
zer
o,
the
gra
ph
e
ne
strip
i
n
OF
F
stat
e.
4.1
.
Ca
se
1:
S1
,
S
3
O
n, S2
,
S4 O
ff
Figure
3
sho
ws
the
far
fiel
d
of
the
pr
op
os
e
d
anten
na
at
fr
eq
ue
ncies
(f
=
1.8
,
2.4,
2.5
,
2.6,
3.
6,
5
G
Hz
)
wh
e
n
S
1
, S3 on
an
d
S
2,
S
4
off.
Fi
gure
4
shows
t
he
scat
te
r
ing
par
am
et
er
of
the a
nten
na. The an
te
nn
a
ha
s thr
ee
resona
nce frequen
ci
es
3.5,
4.
2,
4.4 G
Hz.
Fi
gure 5
s
hows
t
he
gai
n
of
t
he
anten
na.
T
he
a
nten
na
has
a
good g
ai
n
at
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
(2
-
6)G
Hz.
4.2
.
Ca
se
2:
S1
,
S
2,
S4 OF
F,
S
3 ON
Figure
6
sho
w
s
the
far
fiel
d
of
the
pro
pose
d
anten
na
at
frequ
e
ncies
(f=
3.6,4.
2,
4.4
,
5.6GHz)
wh
e
n
S3
ON
a
nd
S
1
S2
,
S4
OFF.
F
igure
7
s
how
s
the
scat
te
rin
g
par
am
et
er
of
t
he
ante
nna.
T
he
anten
na
has
three
resona
nce frequen
ci
es
3.5,
4.
2,
4.4 G
Hz.
Fi
gure 8
s
hows
t
he
gai
n
of
t
he
anten
na.
T
he
a
nten
na
has
a
good g
ai
n
at
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
(2
-
6)G
Hz.
4.3
.
Ca
se
3:
S1
,
S
2,
S3,
S
4 OFF,
Figure
9
s
how
s
the
far
fiel
d
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
anten
na
at
frequ
e
ncies
(
f=
3.6,
4.2
,
4.4,
5.6GHz)
wh
e
n
and
S
1
S2,S
3,S4
OFF.
Fig
ure
10
s
hows
the
scat
te
ri
ng
par
am
et
er
of
t
he
a
nten
na.
T
he
a
nten
na
ha
s
thr
ee
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IS
S
N
:
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1003
–
1009
1006
resona
nce
f
re
quen
ci
es
3.5,
4.2,
4.4
GH
z
.
Fi
gure
11
sho
ws
the
gai
n
of
th
e
anten
na.
The
anten
na
has
a
good
gain
at
fr
e
que
nc
y ran
ge (2
.5
-
6) GHz.
Far fie
ld at
f=2.4 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=1.8 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.6 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.5 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=3.6 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=3.5 G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
5 G
Hz
Figure
6. Far
f
i
el
d
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
a
nten
na
a
t fr
e
qu
e
ncies
(f= 1.8,
2.4,
2.5,2.
6,
3.6 ,5
G
Hz
)
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
1.8 G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
2
.4
G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
2.6 G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
2.5 G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d broa
dban
d f=
2.4
Far
-
fiel
d
at
F=
3.6 GHz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
5 G
Hz
Figure
3. Far
f
i
el
d
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
a
nten
na
a
t fr
e
qu
e
ncies
(f=
1.8, 2
.4,
2.5,2.
6,
3.6 ,5
GHz
)
Figure
4. Scat
te
rin
g param
et
e
r
S
11 of t
he pr
opos
e
d
anten
na
Figure
5. Gai
n of t
he pr
opose
d
a
nten
na
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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a
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J
E
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p
Sci
IS
S
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02
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4752
Desig
n of T
un
ab
le
Multi
band
H
y
br
id
G
r
ap
he
ne
Met
al A
ntenna
i
n
Mi
cr
ow
ave…
(
H
us
sei
n A. A
bdul
nabi
)
1007
Figure
8. gai
n of t
he pr
opose
d
a
nten
na
Figure
7. scat
te
rin
g param
et
er S
11
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
a
nten
na
4.4
.
Ca
se
4:
S1
,
S
2,
S3,
S
4
ON,
Figure
12
s
hows
the
fa
r
fiel
d
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
ante
nn
a
at
frequ
e
ncies
(
f=3.6,
4.2,
4.4,
5.6
GH
z
)
w
he
n
and
S1
S2,
S
3,
S4
O
N.
Fi
gure
13
s
hows
t
he
scat
te
rin
g
par
am
et
er
of
t
he
ante
nna.
T
he
ante
nna
ha
s
three
resona
nce
f
re
quen
ci
es
3.5,
4.2,
4.4
GH
z
.
Fi
gure
14
sho
ws
the
gai
n
of
th
e
anten
na.
The
anten
na
has
a
good
gain
at
fr
e
que
nc
y ran
ge (1
.5
-
6) GHz.
Far fie
ld at
f=2.4 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=1.8 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.6 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.5 G
Hz
Far
-
fiel
d
at
f=
3.6 G
Hz
Broa
db
a
nd
fiel
d f=3
.5
f=5
G
Hz
Figure
9. fa
r
fi
el
d
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
a
nten
na
a
t fr
e
qu
e
ncies
(f= 1.8,
2.4,
2.5,2.
6,
3.6 ,5
GHz
)
Figure
11. gai
n o
f
the
prop
os
e
d
a
nten
na
Figure
10. s
cat
te
ring p
a
ram
eter
S
11
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
a
nten
na
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1003
–
1009
1008
Far fie
ld at
f=2.4 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=1.8 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.6 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=2.5 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=3.6 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=3.5 G
Hz
Far fie
ld at
f=5 G
Hz
Figure
12. far
fi
el
d
of the
pr
opos
e
d
a
nten
na
a
t fr
e
qu
e
ncies
(f= 1.8,
2.4,
2.5,2.
6,
3.6 ,5
GHz
)
Figure
14.
gain
of the
prop
os
e
d
a
nten
na
Figure
13. s
cat
te
ring p
a
ram
eter
S
11
of
t
he p
rop
os
ed
anten
na
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
a
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
hy
br
id
m
et
al
-
gr
a
phene
ante
nnas
ha
ve
bee
n
desig
ne
d
a
nd
s
i
m
ulate
d
in
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
re
gim
e
us
ing
CST
Stud
io
pac
kage.
Ma
ny
cases
are
ta
ken,
so
m
e
or
al
l
gr
a
ph
e
ne
strips
ar
e
O
N
an
d
oth
e
r
stri
ps
or
al
l
are
OF
F
.
The
de
sig
ned
anten
na
has
a
good
gai
n
a
nd
m
any
resonan
ce
f
re
qu
e
nc
ie
s
in
them
ic
ro
wa
ve
reg
im
e.
The
re
so
na
nce
fr
e
que
ncies
an
d
fa
r
fi
el
d
of
t
he
ante
nn
a
var
ia
ble
in
each
case,
th
us
w
e
get a
reconfi
gu
rab
le
a
nten
na.
REFERE
NCE
S
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C.
N.
Álvar
ez,
R.
C.
,
J.
S.
Thomps
on
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“
Perform
anc
e
A
naly
s
is
of
H
y
b
rid
Metal
–
Grap
hene
Freque
n
c
y
Rec
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abl
e
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s in the
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ve
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egim
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J.
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y
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ent
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onolay
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aph
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on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
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p
Sci
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ab
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Multi
band
H
y
br
id
G
r
ap
he
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Met
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Mi
cr
ow
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H
us
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bdul
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ıgue
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R.
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L.
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“
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rec
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i
gura
ble
t
era
h
ertz
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ec
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H.
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Abdulnab
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R
.
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sei
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and
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y
ath,
“
0.
1
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10
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z
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t
log
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eri
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c
an
te
nna
design
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d
on
hil
ber
t
gra
ph
ene
art
if
ic
i
al m
agne
t
ic
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”
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A.
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r
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an,
F.
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e
tt
i
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and
R
.
Plana
,
“
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r
tz
an
te
nna
b
ase
d
on
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J
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[9]
J.
S.
Gom
ez
-
Diaz
and
J.
Per
rui
ss
ea
u
-
Carr
ie
r
,
“
Microwa
ve
to
T
Hz
prope
rties
of
gra
phene
and
pote
ntial
ant
enn
a
appl
i
ca
t
ions,” i
n
Proc.
In
t.
S
ymp.
Ant
ennas Propag.
(
ISAP
)
,
Nov.
2012,
pp
.
239
–
2
42.
[10]
X.
Huang
et
a
l.
,
“
Highl
y
fle
x
ibl
e
an
d
condu
ct
iv
e
printed
gr
aphe
ne
for
wir
el
ess
wea
r
abl
e
comm
unic
at
ions
appl
i
ca
t
ions,”
Sc
i.
Re
p
.
,
vol. 5, p. 18298, Dec.
20
15.
[11]
J.
S.
Gom
ez
-
Diaz
and
J.
Per
rui
ss
ea
u
-
Carr
ie
r
,
“
Microwa
ve
to
T
Hz
prope
rties
of
gra
phene
and
pote
ntial
ant
enn
a
appl
i
ca
t
ions,” i
n
Proc.
In
t.
S
ymp.
Ant
ennas Propag.
(
ISAP
)
,
Nov.
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pp
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239
–
2
42.
[12]
M.
Dragom
an,
M.
Aldrigo
,
A.
Dinesc
u,
D
.
Dra
gom
an,
and
A.
C
ostanz
o
“
Towa
r
ds a
t
era
h
ertz
dir
ec
t
re
ce
iv
er
b
ase
d
”
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