TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mbe
r
2
015, pp. 454
~ 462
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
16i3.937
7
454
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 21, 20
15
; Revi
sed
No
vem
ber 8, 20
15; Accepted
No
vem
ber 2
5
,
2015
A New Algorithm for Protection
of Small Scale
Synchronous Generators
against Transient Instability
Zinat Kh
osra
v
i
*, Alireza Saffarian
Shahid
Cham
ran
University of
Ahvaz
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: z.khosravi6
7
@
yah
oo.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
oday,
inst
all
a
tion of
s
m
al
l
g
e
nerators has b
een in
cr
ease
d
beca
u
se
of the
i
r cons
ider
ab
le
ben
efits
in d
i
stributi
on s
ystems i
n
d
i
stri
buted
ge
nerati
on. One
of the
most i
m
port
a
n
t
probl
e
m
s for
transie
nt stabi
li
ty
is the
effects of the fau
l
ts of sy
stem. S
m
a
ll sc
ale
ge
nerat
ors have low
co
nstant
in
ertia an
d protectio
n
re
la
ys
have slow performanc
e in dis
t
ribut
ion system
s. Therefor
e
transient instability is
a pr
obable phenomenon
for the systems w
i
th these gener
ators.
In this pa
per, dyn
a
mic resp
onse
of generat
or h
a
s bee
n studi
e
d
i
n
different fa
ult c
ond
itions
an
d t
hen
by i
n
trod
u
c
ing th
e c
onc
e
p
t of " critic
al f
ault cl
ear
ing
ti
me
", the s
ens
i
t
ivity
of this time to the fau
l
t type a
nd a
l
so fau
l
t lo
cation
para
m
eters hav
e be
en
studie
d
. T
hen
a new
protecti
o
n
sche
m
e h
a
s b
een pr
opos
ed
to prevent of transi
ent inst
ab
ility for smal
l scale g
ener
ator
. This protection
sche
m
e us
es a new
evol
uti
onary a
l
gor
ith
m
bas
ed o
n
t
he active
pow
er of gen
er
ato
r
and critica
l
faul
t
cleari
ng ti
me. T
he pro
pose
d
relay ca
n pr
ev
ent of
w
r
ong a
nd u
n
w
anted
p
e
rformanc
e. F
u
rther
mor
e
it ca
n
disco
nnect th
e
gen
erator fro
m
th
e syste
m
in thre
e p
has
e
fault ne
ar of t
he b
u
s-b
a
r bef
ore its i
n
stabi
li
ty.
Simulation res
u
lts show reliable
perfor
m
anc
e of the propos
ed rela
y agains
t system
transients.
Ke
y
w
ords
: dis
t
ributed g
e
n
e
ration, small sc
ale sync
h
ron
o
u
s ma
c
h
in
e, critical cle
a
rin
g
fault time, out
of
synchronis
m
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Distri
buted
g
eneration
(DG) i
s
a po
we
r su
pply
that i
s
di
re
ctly co
n
necte
d to th
e
network.
Today, install
a
tion of DG
s
has b
een i
n
creased be
c
a
u
s
e of many a
d
vantage
s
like loss re
du
ction,
improvem
ent
in load l
o
sse
s
and lo
ad p
e
a
ks, auxiliary
servi
c
e
s
an
d
better po
we
r
quality [1]. This
power
so
urces
cau
s
e
so
me chan
ge
s for di
stri
b
u
tion sy
stem
s
and
can
cre
a
te insta
b
ility and
move the
net
work to
exit i
n
some
ca
se
s [2, 3]. DG
s are
mainly
synchrono
us
machi
n
e
s
. Fo
r a
synchro
nou
s gene
rato
r (SG)
th
ere
i
s
a
maximum ro
t
o
r angl
e
that DG ha
s a sta
b
le
o
p
e
r
ation
for
belo
w
of thi
s
angle. F
ault clearin
g time a
nd ine
r
tia h
a
ve impo
rtant e
ffects o
n
SG
stability. Faul
t
clea
ring
time
for tra
n
smission
sy
stem
is a
ppr
oxima
t
ely 100 m
s
,
but this tim
e
is l
ong
er f
o
r
distrib
u
tion
sy
stem. Fu
rthe
rmore, i
nertia
con
s
tant
fo
r
small scal
e S
G
s i
s
usually
belo
w
2
s tha
t
is
small with
respect to large scale
SGs
which is 3 to 5 s [4]. Transi
ent
instability is a main concern
for large
scal
e gene
rators becau
se of rea
s
on
s
like low ine
r
tia co
nstant and
sl
ow ope
ratio
n
o
f
prote
c
tion
rel
a
ys. The
r
efore, this proble
m
is ve
ry serious fo
r conn
ected Sm
all Scale p
r
ote
c
t
i
on
of Synchronous
Generato
rs (SSSGs).
So more
careful studi
es
are
necessary to analysi
s
of
dynamic
beh
avior of the
s
e gene
rato
rs
again
s
t faul
ts. Caldona
n
d
et.al., have studied
dyna
mic
behavio
r of b
a
se
d inverte
r
DG
s at the
pre
s
en
ce of
disturban
ce
s.
This
referen
c
e b
e
lieve
s that
con
n
e
c
tion
of DG
s
usi
ng i
n
verter can
e
liminate
re
sul
t
ed p
r
oble
m
s from fa
ult
cu
rre
nt feedi
ng
of
the gene
rato
r and its in
stability. Supplying of t
he fault current
via this DG
s incre
a
ses t
h
e
maximum inj
e
cted p
o
wer without ch
a
nging of
net
work st
ru
cture [5]. Reference [6] have
investigated the transient instability in distribut
ion sy
stem
s consi
d
ering
DGs wi
th production o
f
power and
h
eat, micro
-
turbine
and
wi
n
d
turbin
e
sim
u
ltaneo
usly.
This ref.
has co
ncl
ude
d t
hat
inertia
const
ant of micro-turbi
ne i
s
the most effective paramet
er
in transi
ent stability. Also,
outage
of la
rge
DG
s di
stu
r
bs the
eq
uali
t
y betwee
n
a
c
tive
an
d rea
c
tive
po
we
r a
nd cau
s
e
s
m
any
probl
em
s d
u
ri
ng fault
occu
rren
ce. So,
ap
prop
riate
settings for prote
c
tion
relay
s
i
n
the
co
nne
ct
ed
DG
s a
r
e very
importa
nt [6]. Usin
g of a
ski
dde
r
se
ri
e
s
resi
stan
ce f
o
r imp
r
ovem
ent of tran
sie
n
t
stability with small ine
r
tia con
s
tant ha
s been propo
sed in [7]. This ref. ha
s claime
d that this
resi
stan
ce
h
a
s g
r
e
a
t effect on
tran
si
ent st
ability and can pre
v
ent
occu
red
faults
ne
ar
to
gene
rato
r. Referen
c
e [14]
studie
s
the effect of f
ault on DG sta
b
il
ity. This ref.
claim
s
that under
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New Algo
rithm
for Protection of Sm
all
Scal
e Synchronou
s Ge
nerators… (Zi
nat
Khosravi
)
455
voltage
(UV
)
relays h
a
s a
setting
as 0.8
p.u. a
nd
2 m
s
whi
c
h
the
s
e am
ount
s a
r
e fun
c
tion
of t
he
interconn
ecti
on relays. T
h
is i
s
p
r
ob
able
that a la
rge
scale
DG
s g
o
to outa
ge i
n
fault conditi
on.
Therefore,
an
app
rop
r
iate
setting fo
r UV relays i
s
n
e
ce
ssary to
meet the
req
u
irem
ents
of fault
ride th
rou
gh
(FRT
) [8]. The
effect of fault
clea
rin
g
time
on
DG
stabili
ty is studi
ed i
n
[9] and t
h
is
is
recommended that all main setting
s must be done to prevent of DG
instability. Furthermore t
h
is
is
claimed that the setting
for UV
rel
a
ys must
be perf
ormed based on tran
sient stability
studies.
In the pre
s
en
t paper, a ne
w method
ha
s bee
n pr
opo
sed to dete
c
t
of outage fro
m
synchro
n
ism
for SSSG. This method
can prevent the instable
operation of generat
ors and increases t
he
availability of
DG
s. In othe
r wo
rd
s, a n
e
w
relay
is pro
posed to
sol
u
te of the me
n
t
ioned p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in other
stud
ies. Thi
s
me
thod is p
e
rfo
r
med o
n
two
step
s. First
step: in this step, dyna
mic
behavior of
SSSG against the faults i
s
analyzed
and then
a sensitivity
analysis for generator
transi
ent stab
ility is done on the para
m
e
t
ers in
cludi
ng
fault type and its location.
In this step a
real
63/20
kV su
bstatio
n
with thre
e
smal
l scal
e
ge
nerator i
s
used.
These
gene
rators h
a
ve b
een
con
n
e
c
ted to
a 20
kV
bu
sb
ar via th
re
e transfo
rme
r
s [1
0]. Secon
d
step: in thi
s
ste
p
a
ne
w b
a
se
d
active p
o
wer algo
rithm
is propo
se
d th
at its i
nput
s
are
mea
s
u
r
e
d
three
pha
se current
s
a
nd
voltages at the terminal of SSSG with the frequ
ency sampli
ng of 1 kHz.
Algorithm is based on
the amo
unt
of pro
d
u
c
ed
active po
wer d
u
rin
g
fa
ult. This
cal
c
ulate
d
po
wer h
a
s
a m
a
jor
fluctuation
s
which
have a
main role in
the relay
op
eration time. [1
0]. Study in the field of
small
scale ge
nerator and its
re
spon
se ag
ain
s
t the f
aults of
system, ha
s
a limited references.
2.
Transient Stabilit
y
of SS
SG
In this
section, at first
dy
namic behavior of SSSG
against sy
stem faults i
s
analyzed.
Then, the
sensitivity an
alysis fo
r g
enerator
tra
n
sie
n
t stabili
ty is perfo
rmed with
sy
stem
para
m
eters in
cludi
ng fault type and its lo
cation.
2.1. Sy
stem
Modeling
In this study a real network including
three SSSG has been
simul
a
ted in DIgSILENT.
These gen
erators h
a
ve been conn
e
c
ted to
a 20 kV busb
a
r
via three interconn
ecti
on
transfo
rme
r
s. These tran
sf
orme
rs
have
a earth
ed Y-
∆
vector g
r
ou
p
whi
c
h is
a pro
per
con
n
e
c
tio
n
for inte
rconn
ection
tran
sf
orme
rs.
Gen
e
rato
r’s ne
utral have
be
en
earth
ed via
a re
si
stan
ce
for
limitation of t
he ea
rth-fa
ult cu
rre
nt. Out
put feede
rs i
n
clu
de ai
r lin
e and
cable
s
to co
nsi
der
all
prob
able
stu
d
y conditio
n
s. A 63 kV network ha
s be
en model
ed
as an extern
al netwo
rk b
y
its
Thevenin e
q
u
i
valent model
. The studied
network ha
s
been
sho
w
n i
n
Figure1.
Figure 1. Single line diag
ram for studi
e
d
netwo
rk
2.2. Fault cle
a
ring time c
u
rv
e
w
i
th r
e
spec
t to fault t
y
pe and location
For
determin
a
tion of
criti
c
al cle
a
ri
ng ti
me
(CCT),
some
simulati
ons sh
ould
b
e
don
e by
different fa
ult times.
First,
a si
mulation
i
s
d
one
with
a lon
g
d
u
ration a
p
p
r
oxim
ately 2
se
con
d
. If
system
ca
n remain in
stab
le co
ndition, f
ault dur
ation i
s
de
crea
sed
with an
acce
ptable time
st
ep.
First time that transient inst
ability
occurs, is presented as
CCT. In this section, CCT is cal
c
ulated
for different faults
with diff
erent loc
a
tions
duri
ng the 3
kilomete
r of output airlin
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 454 – 462
456
2.2.1. Fault Clearing Tim
e
fo
r Thre
e
Phase Fa
ult at Busba
r
Here, a
thre
e
pha
se
fault
occurs at 2
0
kV
bu
sba
r
a
t
t= 10
0 m
s
and i
s
cle
a
n
ed at t
=
262m
s. From
Figure 2 it is obvious t
hat t
he spee
d of generator increa
se
s
durin
g fault and
rea
c
he
s ag
ai
n to its nomin
al value. Fro
m
out of
synchroni
sm
curv
e this is foun
d that genera
t
or is
not instabl
e. The cu
rve
s
of powe
r
facto
r
, curren
t, activ
e
and re
activ
e
power an
d voltage termi
nal
have been
shown in Figu
re 3 The
s
e f
i
gs sho
w
s
th
at active po
wer of ge
ne
rator de
crea
se
s
extremely be
cau
s
e
of extreme
dee
p o
f
voltage bu
s an
d after f
ault cle
a
rin
g
, increa
se
s a
n
d
rea
c
he
s to its nominal valu
e.
Figure 2. spe
ed and o
u
t of synchro
n
ism curve
s
at
thre
e pha
se fault at t= 100 ms
and critical
fault time
Figure 3. The
curve
s
of po
wer fa
ctor, cu
rre
nt, active and rea
c
tive p
o
we
r and volt
age termi
nal
at
three ph
ase fault at busb
u
r at t= 100 ms
and at fault cl
earin
g time 1
62 ms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New Algo
rithm
for Protection of Sm
all
Scal
e Synchronou
s Ge
nerators… (Zi
nat
Khosravi
)
457
Figure 4 is
p
o
we
r-angle
curve (swing
curve). F
r
om t
h
is figu
re thi
s
is found th
at output
active power
deep
s extrem
ely when a fa
ult occurs
an
d rea
c
he
s to an instanta
n
e
ous in
cremen
t
after fault
cle
a
ran
c
e.
To
show sta
b
ility, P0 ha
s
been
dra
w
n
by a
b
o
ld h
o
ri
zontal
line
as p
r
ima
r
y
work
point. Rotor a
ngle
an
d prim
ary a
c
t
i
ve power
poi
nts a
r
e avail
a
ble an
d the
r
e
f
ore maxim
u
m
transfe
rring p
o
we
r an
d si
n
u
soi
dal e
quat
ion of po
we
r can
be a
c
hi
eved. Swing
curve
ha
s al
so
been
drawn f
r
om
simul
a
tio
n
of g
ene
rato
r du
rin
g
f
ault.
It is fou
nd th
at the
su
rface A1 i
s
small
e
r
than A2. Therefore, be
cau
s
e mech
ani
cal
powe
r
is con
s
tant, rotor a
ngle ha
s not l
a
rge in
creme
n
t
and is
stable
at the t= 162 ms fault.
Figure 4. Swing cu
rve at three ph
ase fau
l
t at busbar at
t=100 m
s
an
d clea
ring fau
l
t time t= 162
ms
At Next step
a three
pha
se fa
ult is si
mu
lated
at b
u
sb
ar
20
kV
at t=1
00m
s and
is
remove
d at t=26
3 ms. Fig
u
re 5
sho
w
s
that t
he spee
d of fault increases d
u
rin
g
both fault and
after it and the out of syn
c
hroni
sm curve is tu
rne
d
and the
r
efore
gene
rator g
oes to in
stabi
lity.
The
curve
s
o
f
powe
r
fa
cto
r
, cu
rrent, act
i
ve and
rea
c
ti
ve power
and
voltage termi
nal have
bee
n
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gure
6 Thi
s
figure
sho
w
s that acti
ve
power of g
e
nerato
r
extre
m
ely decre
a
s
e
s
becau
se of e
x
treme dee
p of voltage bu
s.
Figure 5. Speed and o
u
t of synchro
n
ism curve
s
at thre
e pha
se fault at busb
a
r at t= 100 m
s
and
fault cleari
ng
time 163 ms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 454 – 462
458
Figure 6.
The
curve
s
of po
wer fa
ctor, cu
rre
nt, active and rea
c
tive p
o
we
r and volt
age termi
nal
at
three ph
ase fault at busb
u
r at t= 100 ms
and at fault cl
earin
g time 1
63 ms
Figure 7 is
swing
cu
rve in
fault time 163 ms
. If the mech
ani
cal i
nput po
we
r is con
s
tant,
extra ene
rgy
will convert to
kineti
c
ene
rg
y and roto
r wi
ll accele
rate.
Therefore th
e
reserve
kinet
ic
energy du
ring
fault will be l
a
rge
r
tha
n
th
e lost e
n
e
r
gy
after fault an
d
rotor
accel
e
ration continu
e
s.
From
swin
g curve this is o
b
vious that g
enerat
or o
u
ts from synchro
n
ism an
d will
be insta
b
le.
Figure 7. Swing cu
rve at three ph
ase fau
l
t at busbar at
t=100 m
s
an
d clea
ring fau
l
t time t= 163
ms
3.
The Propos
e
d
Protec
tion Scheme
The critical fault clea
ring ti
me for ph
ase
to
phase an
d three
pha
se faults is ve
ry large
r
than othe
rs. Therefore i
n
the
ca
se
of these
fau
l
ts, the net
work ha
s a
d
e
quate time f
o
r
discon
ne
ction
of faulted fe
eder bef
o
r
e transi
ent in
sta
b
ility of SSG and thi
s
is
no
t nece
s
sa
ry that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New Algo
rithm
for Protection of Sm
all
Scal
e Synchronou
s Ge
nerators… (Zi
nat
Khosravi
)
459
gene
rato
r be
discon
ne
cte
d
rapi
dly. Th
e pro
p
o
s
ed
prote
c
tion
scheme m
u
st
remove the fa
ults
according to t
heir im
portance from the view poin
t of st
ability. The propo
sed
scheme is based
on
equality su
rfa
c
e criteri
on. In other
wo
rd
s, gene
ra
to
r
stability depe
nds o
n
its out
put active po
wer
durin
g
of fau
l
t. By this
criterion, if th
e
tran
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
a
c
tive
po
we
r is la
rg
er
dur
in
g fa
u
l
t, the
accele
rating
surfa
c
e
will
smalle
r an
d rotor
will ha
ve less e
n
e
r
gy and fluct
uation amo
u
n
ts.
Therefore, th
e tran
sfe
rre
d
active p
o
we
r du
ring
fault
ca
n be
a
proper ind
e
x for p
r
e
d
iction
of
instability.
Fi
gure
8 shows
the active power of
one of the generators
at phase to phase and
three p
h
a
s
e f
aults at b
u
sb
ar at t= 1
00
ms an
d thei
r clea
ran
c
e
at t= 250 m
s
. Fi
gure
expresses
that active p
o
w
er ha
s b
een
extremely d
e
c
re
as
ed and active
po
we
r rapidly cha
n
g
e
s
d
u
ri
ng
faul
t
and a
c
tive po
wer
red
u
ctio
n
for two pha
se fault is smal
ler than the same thre
e ph
ase fault.
Figure 8. Active powe
r
at phase to pha
se and thre
e p
hase faults
Therefore, thi
s
is
possibl
e
that by active
pow
er a
s
th
e input of rel
a
y, fault locat
i
on and
fault type be
determine
d.
If the critical
clea
ring
time
and
a
c
tive p
o
we
r b
e
cal
c
ulated
at three
pha
se fault at various lo
cat
i
ons an
d on
output air fee
der, CCT cu
rve will be obtained (Fi
g
u
r
e
4-
33) that
re
sul
t
s dete
r
min
a
tion of
fault lo
cation. B
e
ca
use
of
delay
in calculation
of a
c
tive p
o
w
er
and tra
n
si
ent
s in voltage
and current
s
in different fa
ults, active p
o
we
r ha
s be
en co
nsi
dere
d
as
c
r
iterion for 50 ms
after fault oc
currence. Ac
ti
ve power in p.u. is based o
n
ap
pare
n
t power of
gene
rato
r. CCT curve at P for these
s
fa
ults ha
s bee
n
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 9.
Figure 9. CCT curve at P at three pha
se
fault with different location on bus
b
ar
More
CCT a
nd mo
re tran
smitted a
c
tive po
we
r are
corre
s
p
ondin
g
to farthe
r f
aults. Th
eref
ore,
there i
s
a
deq
uate time for
discon
ne
ction
of gene
rato
rs befo
r
e th
ey can
re
sult in
stability. This is
adapta
b
le wit
h
FRT re
qui
rements. Th
e
obtained
cu
rve for determination of p
r
ope
r op
erati
n
g
time of relay based on faul
t location is employ
ed before transient i
n
stability of SSSG. A proper
inverse
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic curv
e shoul
d b
e
sele
cted
fo
r relay. By co
nsiderin
g of
op
erating
time
and
also
safe tim
e
margin to i
n
crea
se the
secu
rity factor,
100 m
s
ha
s
been u
s
e
d
in
fig for safe ti
me
margi
n
bet
we
en relay characteri
stic an
d
CCT-P 1
0
. T
he p
r
opo
se
d
relay
cha
r
a
c
teristi
c
in
Figu
re
4-34
can b
e
converted to E
quation
(1)
wi
th an accepta
b
le error.
(1)
Figure 10. Ch
ara
c
teri
stic
curve for the p
r
opo
se
d rel
a
y
4. Algorithm
The m
e
asured three phase current
s and volt
ages
are the i
nput
s of SSSG termi
nals with
sampli
ng fre
quen
cy of 1
kHz. Algo
rith
m is ba
se
d o
n
the outp
u
t active po
we
r durin
g fault. All
curre
n
t and
voltage ph
asors should
b
e
cal
c
ul
ated
and the
r
efo
r
e total active
power
ca
n
be
achi
eved. Thi
s
active p
o
we
r ha
s fluctuati
ons t
hat h
a
ve
not con
s
id
erable effect o
n
time operating
of relay. He
n
c
e thi
s
is
a si
mple an
d cap
able me
th
od
for cal
c
ul
atio
n of active p
o
wer. T
o
prevent
of ope
ration i
n
the tra
n
si
e
n
ts like loa
d
she
ddin
g
, wh
ich
can
re
sult
som
e
po
we
r fluctuation
s
,
the
rang
e of o
p
e
ration
ha
s b
een limited
to sm
aller
tha
n
0.8 p.u. va
lues. T
h
e
s
e f
l
uctuatio
ns
can
threat th
e
safe op
eratio
n. Co
nsi
deri
ng the
s
e
po
ints, the li
mi
ted safe o
p
e
ration
rang
e is
achi
eved. Thi
s
method i
s
shown in Figu
re 11 [10].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 454 – 462
460
Figure 11. Flowcha
r
t for the prop
osed al
gorithm
To increa
se
of the safety,
three ph
ase
curre
n
t pha
sors hav
e been u
s
e
d
in load
she
ddin
g
for
preventio
n of
relay op
eration. Thi
s
is
b
a
se
d on thi
s
fact that if cu
rre
nt wa
s la
rger
than 1.5
p.u.
in two
ph
ases, fault
sh
o
u
ld o
c
cur
an
d othe
rwi
s
e,
relay h
a
s no
action
(relay
has
been
clo
s
e
d
).
This cl
aim i
s
true
be
cau
s
e loa
d
chan
g
e
s
ca
n not
ca
use
that g
e
n
e
rato
r
curre
n
t be
large
r
tha
n
1.
5 p.u. Th
e fa
ult dete
c
tion l
ogic a
c
tives t
he relay. If calcul
ated p
o
w
er is lo
wer than
0.8 p.u., time
operation will
be cal
c
ulate
d
and rel
a
y counter
will be
incre
a
sed fro
m
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic
curve in Fi
gure 9.
5.
Opera
t
ing Results o
f
the
Proposed Rela
y
The po
we
r system with si
ngle line dia
g
r
am in Figu
re
3-1 ha
s bee
n cho
s
e
n
to test the
operation of t
he propo
se
d
relay. Fo
r three ph
ase faul
ts in different
locatio
n
s
on
a 3 kil
o
mete
r
air
feeder,
ph
ase to
pha
se
a
nd
singl
e p
h
a
s
e fa
ults at
b
u
sb
ar 20
kV,
gene
rato
r di
scon
ne
ction ti
me
whi
c
h is e
qua
l to operatio
n time of the rel
a
y in addition
of 80 ms to consi
der of tim
e
ope
ration o
f
brea
ke
r, have
been sho
w
n
in Table 1.
Table 1. Re
sults for rel
a
y operation
Fault t
y
pe
– fault
location
Sepration time of
generato
r
b
y
pr
oposed rela
y(ms)
cct (
m
s)
Single phase - b
u
sbar
No opera
t
ion
stable
Phase to phase -
busbar
No opera
t
ion
960
Three p
hase - bu
sbar
142
162
Three p
hase – 0.
3 km
156
178
Three p
hase – 0.
6 km
175
198
Three p
hase – 0.
9 km
208
221
Three p
hase – 0.
12km
237
246
Three p
hase – 0.
15 km
264
275
Three p
hase – 0.
18 km
301
311
Three p
hase – 0.
21 km
311
354
Three p
hase – 0.
24 km
361
411
Three p
hase – 0.
27 km
142
492
Three p
hase – 3
km
624
Con
s
id
erin
g the setting of
250 ms fo
r voltage relay
accordan
ce
with stand
ards, the
prop
osed rel
a
y has mu
ch better op
e
r
ation. Beca
use
criti
c
al fault clea
rin
g
time has b
een
determi
ned 1
62 ms an
d relay disconn
ects g
ene
rat
o
r
wh
en it is instable. Critical fault clea
ring
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New Algo
rithm
for Protection of Sm
all
Scal
e Synchronou
s Ge
nerators… (Zi
nat
Khosravi
)
461
time is 960 m
s
for two ph
a
s
e fault at busba
r, voltage relay disco
n
n
e
cts g
ene
rato
r at t= 160 ms
that there
is
no ne
ce
ssa
r
y need
for
ra
p
i
d disco
nne
ct
ion. Fo
r three
pha
se fa
ult
also th
ere is
no
necessa
ry ne
ed fo
r rapid
discon
ne
ction
and
the
pro
posed
relay
can
in
cre
a
se
the avail
abili
ty
duratio
n of g
enerator a
nd
prevent
fro
m
its unwanted
outage. In th
e ca
se of thre
e pha
se fault
s
at
%20 of the e
nd of feed
er,
relay ha
s n
o
operation
b
e
c
au
se
active
power i
s
la
rg
er than
0.8 p
.
u
.
durin
g these
faults. For prote
c
tion of
generator
a
gain
s
t this faults and al
so
phase to phase
faults, ca
n e
m
ploy othe
r
available
rela
ys like volta
g
e
relay
s
with
highe
r setting
s an
d relays
with
more
delay ti
me. The
re
su
lts sh
ow th
at for all
st
udied
ca
se
s, fault clea
ring tim
e
is smalle
r tha
n
critical fault clearin
g time. Furthe
rmo
r
e,
for
singl
e ph
ase a
nd ph
a
s
e to ph
ase and three ph
ase
faults at the
end of line th
at do not cre
a
te tran
sient
instability for
gene
rato
r, there i
s
ad
equ
ate
time for fa
ult
clea
ran
c
e
an
d prevent u
n
w
ante
d
di
sco
nne
ction. Fo
r these fault
s
, other p
r
ote
c
tion
relays p
r
ote
c
t the g
ene
rato
r
with a
deq
u
a
te time
dela
y
. Some rela
ys like u
nde
r voltage
rel
a
ys,
are u
s
e
d
a
s
a cla
s
sic m
e
thod to p
r
e
v
ent transi
e
n
t
instability [11]. But this is proba
ble
that
gene
rato
r b
e
disco
nne
cte
d
in
unn
ecessary
conditi
o
n
s li
ke
two
p
hase a
nd th
ree p
h
a
s
e fa
u
l
ts
[11]. This sh
ort cle
a
rin
g
time makes m
i
ss
coo
r
din
a
tion of UVs
wi
th down
w
a
r
d
system an
d for
two ph
ase an
d three
pha
se faults
re
sult
s un
wa
nted d
i
sconn
ectio
n
of gene
rato
r
and redu
ce
s i
t
s
availability [12].
6.
Cons
tan
c
y
o
f
the Propo
s
e
d Algorith
m
To test the
con
s
tan
c
y of
the pro
p
o
s
ed al
go
rithm
in different
operation
co
ndition
s,
several state
s
have be
en
con
s
id
ere
d
. These co
ndi
tio
n
s in
clud
e ch
ange in the
short ci
rcuit po
wer
of the extern
al network, chang
e in the
numbe
r
of g
e
nerato
r
s an
d
interconn
ecti
on tra
n
sfo
r
m
e
rs.
To test the
sa
fe ope
ration
o
f
relay in the
s
e co
ndition
s t
h
is i
s
ad
equ
a
t
e to ob
serve
some
chan
ge
s
in relay characteri
stic
curve.
Figure 4-35
sho
w
s the
se
nsitivit
y of rel
a
y cha
r
a
c
teri
stic
cu
rve to
these
ch
ang
e
s
. Thi
s
figure (2 tra
n
s
form
ers)
correspon
ds to the ca
se
with
one disco
nne
cted tran
sfo
r
mer. In seco
nd
ca
se (Zth ch
a
nge), th
ree in
terco
nne
ction
transfo
rm
e
r
s are in the
sy
stem an
d sho
r
t circuit po
wer
of the external netwo
rk h
a
s bee
n increased. In
other word
s, e
quivalent im
peda
nce of the
external n
e
twork
ha
s be
en
decrea
s
e
d
. Employi
ng of
curve fitting
method fo
r th
ese
cu
rves
can
be expre
s
sed
as Equation
(2).
Top=ap
2
+
b
+
c
(2)
Table 2
sho
w
s app
roximat
e
values fo
r a
,
b, c and say
s
these pa
ra
meters do no
t create
very cha
nge
s in varia
b
le
conditio
n
s.
This
i
s
one
advantage
for the prop
ose
d
rel
a
y that
demon
strates its capa
bility in variou
s system and its condition
s.
Table 2. Approximate values for a, b, c
c
b
a
Change in condit
i
on
589.88
06.248
-
06.911
SSSG
2
589.88
06.248
-
06.911
SSSG
1
589.88
06.248
-
06.911
Transform
er 2
99
378
-
2.1112
Zth changed
6.1. Transien
t Effe
cts o
n
the Oper
atio
n of Propose
d
Rela
y
A se
cure p
r
o
t
ection
sche
me should
o
perate
carefu
lly during t
r
a
n
sie
n
ts. Th
e
prop
osed
r
e
la
y is
ma
in
ly b
a
s
e
d on
ac
tive
pow
e
r
an
d
th
e
r
efore
sho
u
l
d
not
be
affected
by
po
wer
fluctuation
s
. In this
se
ction
operation of
prop
osed al
g
o
rithm h
a
s
b
een te
sted d
u
ring t
r
an
sie
n
ts.
In this ca
se,
a large loa
d
shed
ding a
n
d
tran
si
ent fault have be
en simul
a
ted
for system.
All
amount
of a
c
tive po
wer ha
s b
een
sho
w
n in Fi
gu
re
1
2
du
ring
this l
oad
sh
eddin
g
.
This amo
unt
is
large
r
than 0
.
8 p.u. There
f
ore, relay h
a
s no
a
c
tion.
Figure 1
3
shows the co
unter am
ount
for
these transi
e
nt faults. Co
unter in
crea
ses du
ring
sh
ort circuit but
reset
s
ra
pidl
y. These re
sults
expre
ss that t
he pro
p
o
s
ed
relay ha
s a re
liable ope
rati
on agai
nst sy
stem tran
sie
n
t
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 16, No. 3, Dece
mb
er 201
5 : 454 – 462
462
Figure 12.
A
ctive power fo
r a large loa
d
she
ddin
g
Figure 13.
C
o
unter am
ount
, activation of the relay and
its disconn
ection sign
al for a transie
nt
fault
7. Conclu
sion
Today, insta
llation of small gen
erat
ors
ha
s be
en in
cre
a
se
d be
cau
s
e
of their
con
s
id
era
b
le
benefits i
n
distrib
u
tion
system
s
in
distrib
u
ted
gene
ration.
One of the
most
important problems for t
r
ansient stabilit
y is the
effects
of the faults of
system. Small scale
gene
rato
rs
h
a
ve low
co
nst
ant ine
r
tia an
d protectio
n
relays h
a
ve sl
ow p
e
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e in
dist
ributi
on
system
s. The
r
efore tran
sie
n
t instability is a
proba
ble
pheno
meno
n for the sy
stems
with the
s
e
gene
rato
rs. T
h
is pap
er off
e
red a ne
w
method for d
e
tection the o
u
t of sync
hro
n
ism of the small
scale g
ene
rat
o
r. Thi
s
meth
od was b
a
se
d on eq
ual
su
rface
s
crite
r
io
n and e
m
ploy
ed a
c
tive power
for determina
tion of instab
ility
and out of synch
r
oni
sm. This sche
me ca
n prev
ent of instabl
e
gene
rato
r o
peratio
n an
d
increa
se
s
the availab
ili
ty of distrib
u
ted ge
nera
t
ions in
clu
d
i
n
g
synchro
nou
s
gene
rato
r. In other wo
rd
s a new re
lay
has bee
n propo
sed to so
lute the former
probl
em
s.
Referen
ces
[1]
T
Ackermann, G Andersson, L Söder. Dis
tribute
d
gen
era
t
ion: A definiti
on.
Elect. ow
er Syst. Res
.
200
1; 57(3): 19
5-20
4.
[2]
P Sian
o, LF
Ochao, GP Harris
on, A Piccol
o
. Assessi
n
g
the
strategic b
enefi
t
s of
distribute
d
ge
nerati
o
n
o
w
n
e
rshi
p for DNOs.
IET
Gener. T
r
ansm. D
i
strib
. 200
9; 3(3): 225-2
36.
[3]
J He, Y WeiLi,
MS Munir. A
flexibl
e
h
a
rmo
nic contro
l ap
p
r
oach
thr
oug
h voltag
e-contro
ll
ed
DG-gri
d
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