I
nd
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ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
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Co
m
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t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
~
2
5
1
I
SS
N:
2
502
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4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
6
.
i
1
.
pp
242
-
2
5
1
242
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:
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ttp
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cs
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Perf
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tern
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two
rk
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ti
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IP
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of
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d
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t
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rk
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rio
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t
h
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s
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it
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imited
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m
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p
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lu
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re
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lso
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ts
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th
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two
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k
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(OF)
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n
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a
v
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F
u
tu
re
w
o
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wil
l
fo
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s
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s
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y
in
g
se
c
u
rit
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m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
fo
r
RP
L
a
g
a
in
st RA.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
m
p
ac
t a
n
aly
s
is
I
o
T
R
o
u
tin
g
s
e
cu
r
ity
R
PL
attac
k
W
SN
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
aila
Al
-
Qaisi
I
n
ter
NetWo
r
k
s
R
esear
ch
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
Sin
to
k
Ked
ah
Dar
u
l A
m
an
0
6
0
1
0
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: la
y
la_
m
o
h
am
m
ad
@
ah
s
g
s
.
u
u
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
ast
-
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
f
ield
,
wh
ich
h
a
d
5
0
b
illi
o
n
d
ev
ices
b
y
2
0
2
0
,
af
f
ec
ts
d
aily
life
[
1
]
.
I
o
T
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
a
v
e
a
3
.
9
tr
illi
o
n
to
1
1
.
1
tr
illi
o
n
an
n
u
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
i
m
p
ac
t
b
y
2
0
2
5
[
2
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
r
ap
id
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
I
o
T
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
m
ar
t
cities
,
h
o
m
es,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
m
o
r
e,
wir
e
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
t
wid
esp
r
ea
d
d
ev
ices.
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etw
o
r
k
s
(
W
SN)
d
r
iv
e
I
o
T
g
r
o
wth
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
[
3
]
,
W
SN
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
r
estricte
d
p
o
wer
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Fo
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
b
e
I
o
T
-
co
m
p
atib
le
an
d
e
n
ab
le
W
SN
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
task
f
o
r
ce
(
I
E
T
F)
r
atif
ied
I
Pv
6
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Aljar
r
ah
et
a
l.
[
4
]
,
th
e
I
E
T
F
r
atif
ied
a
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(
R
PL)
f
o
r
I
Pv
6
W
SN
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
W
SNs
with
m
o
d
est
s
en
s
o
r
s
ca
n
n
o
t
ef
f
icien
tly
r
o
u
te
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
u
s
,
I
Pv
6
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
s
e
R
PL
to
s
o
lv
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
ex
te
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
[
5
]
.
Desp
ite
its
s
u
itab
ili
ty
f
o
r
m
an
y
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
Kh
ar
r
u
f
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
R
PL
i
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
m
an
y
attac
k
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ra
n
k
a
tta
ck
imp
a
ct
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
…
(
La
ila
A
l
-
Qa
is
i
)
243
T
h
e
R
PL
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
to
attac
k
s
s
u
ch
as
r
a
n
k
,
b
lack
h
o
le,
s
y
b
il,
an
d
wo
r
m
h
o
le
d
u
e
to
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
esig
n
is
s
u
es
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
s
ta
cle
o
f
u
s
in
g
R
PL
p
r
ac
tically
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
all
o
f
th
ese
attac
k
s
.
E
v
en
with
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
MA
C
lay
er
,
in
ter
n
al
attac
k
s
r
em
ain
a
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
e
with
R
P
L
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Air
e
h
r
o
u
r
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
,
th
e
r
an
k
attr
ib
u
te
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
all
R
PL
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
I
ts
m
ain
b
en
ef
its
ar
e
o
p
tim
al
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
lo
o
p
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
b
ig
g
est
is
s
u
e
is
th
at
attac
k
s
v
io
latin
g
r
an
k
attr
ib
u
t
e
ca
n
p
o
ten
tially
d
am
ag
e
R
PL
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Secu
r
ity
attac
k
s
lik
e
r
an
k
attac
k
(
R
A)
ca
n
af
f
ec
t lo
w
p
o
wer
an
d
lo
s
s
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
L
L
N)
r
o
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
A
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
attac
k
th
at
ca
n
q
u
ick
ly
cr
ea
te
a
f
a
k
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ca
u
s
e
ad
jace
n
t
n
o
d
es
to
r
er
o
u
te
tr
af
f
ic
to
war
d
th
e
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
R
A.
W
h
ile
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
it
i
n
g
r
ea
t
d
etail
[
6
]
,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
R
A
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
v
ar
ia
n
t
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
n
o
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
h
o
w
th
e
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
s
en
a
b
le
th
is
attac
k
.
R
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es r
ath
er
th
an
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
im
p
a
ct
R
A
en
co
u
n
ter
o
n
R
PL
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
g
av
e
u
s
th
e
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
cl
o
s
e
th
e
n
o
te
d
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
wo
r
k
in
c
lu
d
e:
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
f
R
A
th
at
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
,
an
in
-
d
ep
th
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
tar
g
et
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ea
ch
R
A
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
o
m
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
wo
r
k
o
n
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
attac
k
f
r
o
m
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
r
ev
iews
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
R
PL,
OF,
R
A,
an
d
r
el
ated
wo
r
k
s
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
s
etu
p
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
b
u
ild
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
r
esu
lts
an
aly
s
is
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
r
aws th
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
em
ar
k
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
2
.
1
.
RP
L
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
R
PL
is
an
I
Pv
6
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
an
d
lo
s
s
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
L
L
N)
d
ev
ices
lik
e
I
o
T
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
h
av
e
m
em
o
r
y
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
lim
its
.
R
PL
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
ad
a
p
t
t
o
ch
a
n
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
alter
n
ativ
e
r
o
u
tes
wh
en
th
e
d
ef
au
lt
o
n
es
ar
e
u
n
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
an
y
r
ea
s
o
n
.
R
PL
is
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
a
t
cr
ea
tes
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
in
k
n
o
d
es,
as d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
1
0
]
.
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
1
]
,
R
PL
b
u
ild
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
tr
ee
,
o
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
o
r
ien
ted
d
i
r
ec
ted
ac
y
clic
g
r
ap
h
(
DODA
G)
th
at
m
an
ag
es
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
DAG
p
r
in
cip
le
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Usi
n
g
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
clo
s
est
n
o
d
es
allo
ws
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
R
PL
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
ar
e
P2
P,
P2
MP,
a
n
d
MP2
P.
I
n
a
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
,
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
co
llect
d
ata,
leaf
n
o
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
h
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
in
k
n
o
d
es
ar
e
th
e
la
r
g
est
an
d
h
a
v
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
to
c
o
m
p
ile
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
wo
k
ey
co
n
ce
p
ts
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
ag
es
(
C
M)
,
wh
ich
b
eg
in
an
d
s
u
s
tain
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
(
OF)
,
wh
ic
h
d
eter
m
i
n
e
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
wh
ile
tr
a
v
er
s
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
As
ex
p
lain
ed
in
[
1
2
]
,
t
h
e
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
m
ain
t
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
iv
e
ty
p
es
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l m
ess
ag
es (
C
M)
.
−
DODAG
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
ject
(
DI
O)
is
s
en
t
in
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
f
ir
s
t,
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
d
is
clo
s
es
its
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ics,
s
u
ch
as
r
an
k
an
d
DODA
GI
D,
to
ad
jace
n
t
n
o
d
es
s
o
t
h
ey
ca
n
d
ec
id
e
t
o
jo
in
it.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
itu
atio
n
is
th
e
s
af
e
DODA
G
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
li
citatio
n
(
DI
S)
r
ec
eip
t.
−
DODAG
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
l
icitatio
n
(
DI
S):
a
m
ess
ag
e
with
d
e
s
tin
atio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
r
o
u
t
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
DODA
G
-
jo
in
in
g
n
o
d
es.
−
Destin
atio
n
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
t
o
b
ject
(
DAO)
:
t
h
e
m
ess
ag
e
th
at
b
u
ild
s
th
e
d
escen
d
in
g
p
ath
an
d
f
in
d
s
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
−
DAO
a
ck
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
(
DA
O
-
AC
K)
:
t
h
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
e
DAO
m
ess
ag
e
with
a
u
n
icast
m
ess
ag
e.
−
C
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
c
h
ec
k
(
C
C
)
:
a
C
M
th
at
co
u
n
ts
s
ec
u
r
e
m
ess
ag
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
ese
m
ess
ag
es
estab
lis
h
n
ew
n
o
d
e
-
DAG
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
wh
ile
r
etain
in
g
DOD
AG.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
s
ev
er
al
DO
DAG
g
r
a
p
h
-
b
ased
R
PL
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
O
F
f
u
n
ctio
n
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
ath
f
o
r
ea
ch
R
PL
in
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
R
P
L
n
o
d
e
co
n
n
ec
ts
m
u
ltip
le
in
s
tan
ce
s
at
o
n
ce
,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
o
n
ly
co
n
n
ec
t to
o
n
e
DODA
G
g
r
ap
h
n
o
d
e
(
s
u
ch
1
3
o
r
1
7
)
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
o
bje
ct
iv
e
f
un
ct
io
n (
O
F
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
2
]
,
DODA
G
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
elies
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
OF)
.
No
d
es
ca
l
cu
late
r
an
k
wh
e
n
DI
O
m
ess
ag
es
co
m
e.
T
o
a
v
o
id
DODA
G
cy
cle
s
,
th
e
r
an
k
v
alu
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
r
e
ater
th
an
th
e
p
ar
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
242
-
2
5
1
244
r
an
k
v
alu
e
.
I
f
DI
O
m
ess
ag
es a
r
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
,
th
e
b
es
t p
ar
en
t r
an
k
s
lo
west.
Fo
r
an
a
cy
clic
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
b
est p
ar
en
t m
u
s
t r
a
n
k
lo
wer
t
h
an
ch
ild
n
o
d
es.
Af
ter
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
DAO
m
ess
ag
es
to
th
e
DODA
G
s
in
k
.
L
a
m
aa
zi
an
d
B
en
am
ar
[
1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
OF
as
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
k
e
y
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lin
k
co
s
t,
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
,
r
an
k
c
o
s
t,
an
d
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
p
ath
co
s
t.
Min
im
u
m
r
an
k
with
h
y
s
te
r
esis
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
MRHOF)
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
ze
r
o
(
OF0
)
ar
e
R
PL
d
ef
a
u
lt OFs
.
T
h
eir
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
ar
e:
OF0
: I
t in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
r
an
k
b
y
a
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
b
est p
ar
en
t is ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
h
o
p
s
as a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
i
n
g
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
an
d
DODA
G
n
o
d
e
r
o
u
tin
g
is
s
to
r
ed
th
er
e
.
No
d
es
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
b
est
DODA
G
p
ath
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
o
t
b
ased
o
n
h
o
p
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
r
an
k
v
alu
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
r
o
o
t
to
n
o
d
es.
Du
e
to
its
n
o
d
e
m
et
r
ic
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
,
th
is
OF h
as lo
w
lin
k
q
u
a
lity
.
On
u
n
s
tab
le
p
ath
s
,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
with
th
e
f
e
west
h
o
p
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ex
tr
a
n
o
d
es
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
s
h
o
r
te
n
n
etwo
r
k
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
OF0
ca
lcu
lates
a
n
o
d
e
’
s
r
an
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
o
t n
o
d
e
to
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
with
th
e
lo
west r
an
k
am
o
n
g
its
p
o
ten
tially
r
ea
ch
a
b
le
ad
jace
n
t
n
o
d
es is
ch
o
s
en
as its
p
ar
en
t t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
t
o
th
e
r
o
o
t n
o
d
e.
MRHOF
:
i
t
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
OF0
’
s
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
in
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
a
tr
ee
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
n
o
d
e
m
etr
ic.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
n
t
(
E
T
X)
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
y
n
am
ic
lin
k
p
ar
am
eter
d
eter
m
in
es
r
an
k
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
t
u
s
es
two
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
elec
ts
th
e
r
o
u
te
with
th
e
lo
west
r
an
k
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
d
ju
s
ts
th
e
r
an
k
if
a
lo
wer
-
r
an
k
in
g
o
p
tio
n
is
av
ailab
le.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
lo
west
p
r
ice
is
g
u
ar
an
teed
[
1
4
]
.
Un
lik
e
OF0
,
MRHOF
al
lo
ws
ea
s
y
in
s
er
ti
o
n
o
f
lin
k
an
d
n
o
d
e
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ics.
DI
O
p
ac
k
ets
s
p
ec
if
y
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ic
s
v
ia
th
e
m
etr
ic
co
n
tain
er
s
u
b
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
d
eter
m
in
es
r
an
k
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
.
E
T
X,
d
elay
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
in
d
icato
r
(
R
SS
I
)
ar
e
lin
k
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
L
L
N
n
o
d
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ics
in
clu
d
e
en
er
g
y
,
m
a
x
im
u
m
life
,
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
.
MRHO
F
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
L
L
N
tak
es
th
e
lo
west
-
co
s
t
p
ath
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
ese
r
o
u
tin
g
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
d
ef
au
lt
MRHO
F
-
E
T
X
u
s
es lin
k
E
T
X
v
alu
es to
f
in
d
p
ath
way
s
with
th
e
f
ewe
s
t tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
v
alu
es
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
Ra
n
k
a
t
t
a
c
k
L
o
o
p
-
f
r
ee
a
n
d
o
p
tim
al
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
d
ep
en
d
o
n
n
o
d
e
r
a
n
k
.
T
h
i
s
attac
k
r
o
u
tes
n
etwo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
to
a
n
o
d
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
6
]
,
R
A
in
v
o
lv
es
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
lo
wer
-
r
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
p
o
s
itio
n
its
elf
clo
s
er
to
th
e
r
o
o
t
th
an
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
Ma
licio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
as
m
u
ch
tr
af
f
ic
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ch
an
g
e
m
an
y
pa
ck
ets.
Hash
em
i
an
d
Aliee
[
1
7
]
d
escr
ib
e
d
R
A
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
am
ag
in
g
attac
k
as
it
in
ten
ti
o
n
ally
m
an
ip
u
lates
r
an
k
to
h
in
d
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ma
licio
u
s
n
o
d
es
s
en
d
t
h
e
r
o
o
t
n
o
d
e
an
R
PL
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ess
ag
e
with
a
b
o
g
u
s
r
a
n
k
o
r
p
ath
to
in
itiate
th
e
R
A
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
R
A
s
h
o
ws
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
r
an
k
s
,
wh
ich
g
o
v
er
n
h
o
w
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
h
an
d
le
DI
O
s
ig
n
als.
I
n
a
wo
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
,
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
with
a
f
ak
e
r
a
n
k
b
ec
o
m
es th
e
b
est p
ar
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
d
u
e
to
in
c
o
r
r
ec
t
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
a
n
u
n
r
ea
lized
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
R
A
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
n
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
f
ak
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
etr
ic
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
to
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es,
ca
u
s
in
g
tr
af
f
ic
t
o
s
k
ip
it
m
ay
also
im
p
air
n
etwo
r
k
laten
cy
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
[
1
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
0
]
,
R
A
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
in
ef
f
icien
t
p
ath
way
s
a
n
d
h
i
d
d
en
lo
o
p
s
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Als
o
,
a
lo
wer
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
er
d
elay
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
.
R
ap
id
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
c
h
an
g
es
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
DI
O
m
ess
ag
es.
T
h
is
af
f
ec
t
s
n
etwo
r
k
-
r
estricte
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
laten
c
y
,
an
d
d
ata
r
ate.
Nan
d
h
i
n
i
an
d
Me
h
tr
e
[
2
1
]
,
R
A
s
ee
k
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
attr
ac
t
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
i
c.
T
h
is
n
o
d
e
will
n
o
t
s
elf
-
m
o
d
if
y
s
in
ce
R
A
v
io
lates
r
an
k
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
2
]
,
tr
ac
k
in
g
n
o
d
e
b
eh
av
io
r
in
R
PL
is
n
o
w
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
b
o
ls
ter
in
g
R
A.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
p
ar
en
t
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
in
R
PL
r
o
u
tin
g
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
its
DI
O
m
ess
ag
e
r
an
k
a
n
d
OF.
B
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
D
ODAG
r
an
k
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
lo
w
est
to
h
ig
h
est,
attac
k
er
s
ca
n
i
n
itiate
R
A.
Fin
ally
,
ch
an
g
in
g
r
a
n
k
b
y
a
v
alu
e
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
OF
to
co
n
f
u
s
e
g
en
u
in
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
two
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
c
h
an
g
e
r
a
n
k
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
s
cu
r
e
attac
k
e
r
s
.
2
.
4
.
Rela
t
ed
w
o
rk
s
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
m
an
y
au
th
o
r
ized
an
d
illeg
iti
m
ate
u
s
er
s
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
;
th
u
s
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
a
s
er
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
e.
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
lev
els
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
ty
p
e,
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
d
ata
s
en
s
itiv
ity
[
6
]
.
Se
n
s
o
r
s
ar
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
v
ar
io
u
s
attac
k
s
an
d
m
ay
lo
s
e
d
ata
an
d
s
er
v
ices d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
s
im
p
licity
[
2
3
]
.
R
A,
wh
ich
g
o
es
u
n
d
er
R
PL
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
attac
k
s
,
is
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
lis
ts
all
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
o
n
th
e
r
an
k
attac
k
'
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Xie
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
a
n
k
v
alu
e
ch
a
n
g
es
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
p
o
wer
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
W
SN
n
o
d
e
m
o
v
ed
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
in
th
e
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
,
w
h
ich
th
ey
e
x
am
in
ed
.
T
h
ey
s
o
lely
e
v
alu
at
e
s
tatic
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
d
o
n
’
t
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
o
u
r
attac
k
ty
p
es
was
an
aly
ze
d
o
n
k
e
y
n
etwo
r
k
m
etr
ics
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
attac
k
er
’
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
o
s
itio
n
[
2
5
]
an
d
r
es
ea
r
ch
was
lim
ited
to
s
ta
tic
n
et
wo
r
k
s
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
R
A
d
ef
en
s
es.
A
n
ew
R
A
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
(
OF)
a
n
d
r
a
n
k
v
al
u
e
[
2
6
]
.
R
PL
n
o
d
es
u
s
ed
th
e
OF
to
s
elec
t
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ra
n
k
a
tta
ck
imp
a
ct
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
…
(
La
ila
A
l
-
Qa
is
i
)
245
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
-
d
ef
in
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
m
et
r
ics
lik
e
esti
m
ated
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
n
t,
an
d
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
R
A
is
m
o
r
e
d
ev
astatin
g
s
in
ce
th
e
attac
k
er
ca
n
s
im
p
ly
f
o
r
ce
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
n
o
d
es
to
r
o
u
te
d
ata
v
ia
it.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
attac
k
er
d
ata
f
l
o
w
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
R
A
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
ak
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
to
d
eg
r
a
d
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
laten
c
y
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
R
A
s
h
o
wn
is
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
R
A
was
e
x
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
a
k
e
I
P
a
d
d
r
ess
[
2
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
an
k
attac
k
'
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
R
PL
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
en
h
an
ce
d
R
A
was
p
io
n
ee
r
ed
an
d
s
u
g
g
ested
an
eg
o
-
b
ased
d
ef
en
s
e
as
a
co
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
with
1
2
n
o
d
es
in
s
tead
o
f
a
r
ea
lis
tic
o
n
e.
At
n
o
p
o
in
t
wer
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
all
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
u
t
im
p
ac
t
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
h
o
ws
t
h
is
p
ap
er
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
am
o
n
g
th
em
.
T
h
r
ee
ty
p
es o
f
R
A
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
alo
n
g
with
two
t
y
p
es
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Als
o
,
b
o
th
R
PL
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
OF w
er
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
Af
ter
war
d
,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
PL
DODA
G
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
6
]
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies o
n
R
A
im
p
ac
t a
n
aly
s
is
Ref
Y
e
a
r
D
RA
I
R
A
WPS
-
RA
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
O
F
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
4
]
2
0
1
0
×
×
×
×
×
[
2
5
]
2
0
1
3
×
×
×
×
×
[
2
6
]
2
0
1
6
×
×
×
×
×
[
2
7
]
2
0
1
7
×
×
×
×
×
[
2
8
]
2
0
1
8
×
×
×
×
×
Th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
2
0
2
4
:
to
p
ic
c
o
v
e
r
ed
,
×:
t
o
p
ic
n
o
t
co
v
er
ed
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
First,
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
d
esig
n
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
R
PL
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
with
o
u
t
an
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
attac
k
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
two
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
to
illu
s
tr
at
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
R
A
o
n
R
PL,
a
s
o
litar
y
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
w
ith
in
t
h
e
ch
o
s
en
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
R
A
ca
n
b
e
lau
n
c
h
ed
in
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
as d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
as f
o
llo
ws.
3
.
1
.
Dec
re
a
s
ed
ra
nk
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
(
DRA)
Ma
licio
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
tactics
lik
e
a
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
,
will
attem
p
t
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
p
ar
en
ts
b
y
ad
v
er
tis
i
n
g
a
lo
wer
r
an
k
.
T
h
e
DR
A
s
ev
er
ely
d
is
r
u
p
ts
th
e
R
PL
DODA
G
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
a
r
is
e
in
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
DR
A
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
t
h
e
R
PL
co
r
e.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Dec
r
ea
s
ed
r
an
k
attac
k
(
DR
A)
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
1. In function:
c
alculate
-
rank (Node V)
2. DIO with an illegitimately decreased rank
RPL_Conf_Min_HopRankInc = 0; RPL_Max_RankInc = 0;
Infinite_Rank limited to 256; Rp l_recalculate_ranks = null;
3. if (V== attacker Node)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
242
-
2
5
1
246
v.rank← v.rank
4. Else
5. v.rank← v.rank + min
-
hop
-
rank
-
inc
6. return path metric
3
.
2
.
I
ncre
a
s
ed
ra
nk
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
(
I
RA)
T
h
is
attac
k
aim
s
to
ex
h
au
s
t
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
an
d
en
er
g
y
r
eser
v
es
o
f
L
L
N
n
o
d
es
b
y
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
af
f
ec
ted
n
o
d
es
in
a
r
o
u
n
d
a
b
o
u
t
way
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
d
is
r
u
p
ts
L
L
N
-
in
ter
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
b
eg
in
s
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
its
r
an
k
an
d
th
en
s
en
d
in
g
DI
O
m
ess
ag
es
to
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
th
i
s
n
ew,
h
ig
h
er
r
an
k
(
wh
ich
is
wo
r
th
less
)
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
will
h
av
e
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
cr
o
s
s
th
e
b
o
r
d
er
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
an
o
th
er
p
ar
en
t.
T
h
e
in
tr
u
d
er
n
o
d
e
eith
er
g
o
es
b
ac
k
t
o
its
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
an
k
o
r
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
a
lo
wer
(
b
etter
)
r
an
k
to
win
b
ac
k
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
n
o
d
es
as
a
p
ar
en
t
o
n
ce
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
n
ew
p
ar
en
t.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
I
R
A
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
R
PL
co
r
e.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
an
k
attac
k
(
I
R
A)
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
1. In function:
c
alculate
-
rank (Node V)
2. if (V== attacker Node)
v.rank←
v.rank + min
-
hop
-
rank
-
inc
3. Else
4. v.rank← (v.parentNode).rank + link
-
metric
5. return path metric
3
.
3
.
Wo
rst
pa
re
nt
s
elec
t
io
n
(
WP
S)
T
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
b
eg
in
s
wh
en
an
attac
k
er
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
wo
r
s
t
p
ar
en
t
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
it
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
an
k
.
T
h
en
,
m
o
ck
t
h
e
n
ea
r
b
y
n
o
d
es
in
to
p
ick
in
g
it
as
a
p
ar
en
t
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
an
k
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Hen
ce
,
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
alo
n
g
th
e
p
ath
th
r
o
u
g
h
it.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lly
o
p
tim
ized
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
E
2
E
d
elay
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
o
p
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
as
p
er
[
2
4
]
,
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
etec
t WP
S,
an
d
n
o
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
s
h
o
ws t
h
e
W
PS
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
R
PL
co
r
e.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
.
W
o
r
s
t p
ar
en
t selec
tio
n
(
W
PS
)
Ps
eu
d
o
co
d
e
1. In function: best
-
parent
(p1, p2)
2. return pl_rank > p2_rank? p1: p2
3. End function
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
s
et
t
ing
s
T
h
e
attac
k
s
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
C
o
o
ja
s
im
u
lato
r
u
tili
zin
g
em
b
ed
d
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
C
o
n
tik
i
3
.
0
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Af
ter
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
n
o
r
m
ally
,
ea
c
h
ty
p
e
o
f
R
A
ex
p
lain
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
OF f
o
r
ea
ch
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
ev
alu
ate
h
o
w
it a
f
f
ec
ts
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
n
o
r
m
al
R
PL
n
etwo
r
k
,
DR
A,
I
R
A,
an
d
W
PS
wer
e
test
ed
f
o
r
OF0
an
d
MRHOF.
No
r
m
a
l
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
i
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
ad
1
r
o
o
t
a
n
d
2
5
n
o
d
es
an
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
as
elin
e
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
attac
k
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
with
.
R
A
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
ad
1
r
o
o
t,
2
5
n
o
r
m
al,
an
d
1
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e.
Mu
ltip
le
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
c
o
n
tik
i
s
o
u
r
ce
f
iles
,
“c
o
n
tik
i3
.
0
/c
o
r
e/n
et/r
p
l/rp
l
-
m
h
r
o
f
.
c”
an
d
“c
o
n
tik
i3
.
0
/co
r
e/n
et/r
p
l/rp
l
-
o
f
0
.
c”
,
allo
win
g
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
n
o
d
es
to
lau
n
ch
attac
k
s
an
d
ac
t
as
R
A
in
ea
c
h
c
ase.
Usi
n
g
th
e
co
llect
v
iew
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
C
o
o
ja,
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
s
av
ed
as
f
iles
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
th
at
u
s
ed
2
5
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
v
er
i
n
g
5
0
m
ea
c
h
o
n
a
1
0
0
m
×
1
0
0
m
ar
ea
to
s
im
u
late
[2
7]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
ab
le
2
d
escr
ib
es th
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
s
ce
n
a
r
io
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
C
o
o
j
a
OS
C
o
n
t
i
k
i
3
.
0
N
o
d
e
t
y
p
e
Tmo
t
e
S
k
y
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
2
7
(
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
1
si
n
k
,
1
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s)
R
a
d
i
o
m
e
d
i
u
m
U
n
i
t
d
i
s
k
g
r
a
p
h
me
d
i
u
m
(
U
G
D
M
)
OF
O
F
0
,
M
H
R
O
F
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
6
0
mi
n
u
t
e
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
1
0
0
x
1
0
0
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ra
n
k
a
tta
ck
imp
a
ct
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
…
(
La
ila
A
l
-
Qa
is
i
)
247
4
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
4
.
2
.
1
.
Rec
eiv
ed
p
a
ck
et
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
ea
ch
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
’
s
av
er
ag
e
p
ac
k
ets.
No
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
5
8
.
9
6
p
ac
k
ets
f
o
r
OF
an
d
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
5
8
.
8
,
5
8
.
9
f
o
r
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
with
o
u
t
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
I
n
attac
k
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
DR
A
v
alu
es
wer
e
ar
o
u
n
d
n
o
r
m
a
l
with
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
OF0
h
as
0
.
5
3
%
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
MRHOF
0
.
0
7
%
in
r
an
d
o
m
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Gr
id
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
lo
s
t
0
.
6
5
%
OF0
an
d
0
.
5
7
%
MRHOF
p
ac
k
ets.
I
R
A
d
eg
r
ad
ed
r
a
n
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
y
9
%
in
OF0
an
d
6
.
5
%
i
n
MRHOF
.
I
n
g
r
id
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
a
lu
es
b
y
1
3
%
an
d
2
7
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fin
ally
,
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
d
r
o
p
p
ed
1
2
%
an
d
1
5
%
in
W
PS
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Gr
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
e
d
u
ce
d
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
b
y
1
0
%
an
d
1
2
%.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
er
izes
all
v
alu
es.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wea
k
attac
k
d
etec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ca
u
s
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
o
n
OF0
an
d
MRHO
F.
O
th
er
ca
u
s
es
in
clu
d
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
n
o
d
es
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
as
a
p
ar
en
t
to
b
lo
ck
tr
af
f
ic,
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
T
ab
le
3
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
O
F
0
M
R
H
O
F
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
o
r
mal
5
8
.
9
6
5
8
.
9
6
D
R
A
-
0
.
5
3
%
-
0
.
0
7
%
I
R
A
-
9%
-
6
.
5
%
WPS
-
1
2
%
-
1
5
%
G
r
i
d
N
o
r
mal
5
8
.
8
5
8
.
9
D
R
A
-
0
.
6
5
%
-
0
.
5
7
%
I
R
A
-
1
3
%
-
2
7
%
WPS
-
1
0
%
-
1
2
%
4
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
c
k
et
deliv
er
y
r
a
t
io
(
P
DR)
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
o
f
ten
y
ield
ed
0
.
9
9
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
id
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
R
PL
o
p
e
r
atio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
.
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
0
.
9
9
in
DR
A.
DR
A
h
ad
f
ewe
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
PDR
as
it
is
an
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
s
tep
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
er
io
u
s
attac
k
s
lik
e
b
lack
h
o
le
an
d
s
in
k
h
o
les
as
m
en
t
io
n
ed
in
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
I
R
A
s
ce
n
ar
io
h
ad
th
e
lo
west
PDR
.
R
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
was
1
0
%
f
o
r
OF0
an
d
7
%
f
o
r
MRHOF.
Gr
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
cu
ts
OF0
PDR
1
1
%
an
d
MRHOF
2
4
%.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
u
l
d
n
’
t
h
an
d
le
t
h
e
attac
k
,
a
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
o
p
f
o
r
m
ed
,
d
r
am
atica
lly
r
ed
u
cin
g
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Als
o
,
m
o
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
ag
es
co
n
g
est
R
PL
wh
ich
d
ep
letes
n
o
d
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
aster
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
ten
s
life
.
OF0
d
e
g
r
ad
e
d
m
o
s
t
in
W
PS
,
1
1
%
r
an
d
o
m
a
n
d
1
4
%
g
r
id
.
B
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
lo
s
t
1
0
%
MRHOF.
T
ab
le
4
s
u
m
m
er
izes
all
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
OF0
an
d
MRHOF.
D
R
A
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
n
o
im
p
ac
t a
s
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ac
k
ets h
a
d
th
e
lo
west d
eg
r
ad
ed
a
m
o
u
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pack
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
PDR
)
T
ab
le
4
.
Pack
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
PDR
)
(
P/M)
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
O
F
0
M
R
H
O
F
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
o
r
mal
0
.
9
9
0
.
9
9
D
R
A
0
0
I
R
A
-
1
0
%
-
7%
WPS
-
1
1
%
-
1
0
%
G
r
i
d
N
o
r
mal
0
.
9
9
0
.
9
9
D
R
A
0
0
I
R
A
-
1
1
%
-
2
4
%
WPS
-
1
4
%
-
1
0
%
4
.
2
.
3
.
T
hro
ug
hp
ut
Stan
d
ar
d
R
PL
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
y
ield
ed
0
.
9
8
f
o
r
all
OF.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
DR
A
h
a
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
OF0
d
r
o
p
p
ed
1
%
in
b
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
R
an
d
o
m
MRHOF
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
was
s
am
e,
b
u
t
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
lo
s
t
1
%.
R
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
ec
lin
ed
1
0
%
an
d
7
%
f
o
r
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
in
I
R
A.
Gr
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
cu
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
242
-
2
5
1
248
OF0
1
2
%
an
d
MRHOF
2
6
%.
I
R
A
r
esu
lts
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
a
f
f
ec
ted
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
As
n
o
d
es
d
elib
er
ately
p
ick
b
a
d
p
a
r
en
ts
.
Dam
ag
ed
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
0
(
P/M)
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
p
ac
k
e
ts
n
ev
er
r
ea
c
h
th
e
s
in
k
.
Un
s
en
t
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
n
et
wo
r
k
s
eg
m
en
t.
I
R
As
ca
u
s
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
lo
o
p
s
an
d
r
an
k
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies.
Netwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
m
ay
b
e
d
iv
i
d
ed
an
d
is
o
lated
.
W
P
S
lo
wer
ed
OF0
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
b
y
1
2
%
an
d
g
r
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
y
1
5
%.
R
an
d
o
m
a
n
d
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
MRHOF
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ates
wer
e
1
0
%
an
d
1
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws,
D
R
A
h
ad
th
e
lo
west
d
eg
r
ad
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
as
th
is
r
elie
s
o
n
d
eg
r
ad
ed
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ec
iev
ed
p
ac
k
ets an
d
PDR
v
alu
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t (
P/M)
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
O
F
0
M
R
H
O
F
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
o
r
mal
0
.
9
8
0
.
9
8
D
R
A
-
1%
-
0
%
I
R
A
-
1
0
%
-
7%
WPS
-
1
2
%
-
1
0
%
G
r
i
d
N
o
r
mal
0
.
9
8
0
.
9
8
D
R
A
-
1%
-
1%
I
R
A
-
1
2
%
-
2
6
%
WPS
-
1
5
%
-
1
2
%
4
.
2
.
4
.
H
o
p
c
o
un
t
(
H
C
)
Simu
latio
n
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
av
er
a
g
e
HC
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
h
ad
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
v
alu
es
o
f
1
.
4
an
d
1
.
5
.
Gr
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was
1
.
3
f
o
r
MRHOF
an
d
1
.
2
f
o
r
OF0
.
OF0
r
ea
ch
ed
3
.
7
in
r
an
d
o
m
a
n
d
2
.
5
in
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
n
d
er
DR
A.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
i
d
MRHOF
v
alu
es
r
o
s
e
to
1
.
7
4
an
d
2
.
7
.
MRHOF
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
s
t
in
I
R
A,
h
itti
n
g
2
.
3
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
a
n
d
3
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
.
Nex
t
was
OF0
,
2
.
5
an
d
2
.
8
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
id
.
OF0
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
HC
v
alu
es
in
W
PS
,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
its
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
in
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
HC
.
MRHO
F r
is
es to
2
.
6
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
2
.
9
g
r
id
.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
ws
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
H
C
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
attac
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
OF.
Fo
r
OF0
,
W
PS
in
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
DR
A
in
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
MRHOF
u
n
d
er
DR
A
in
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
least.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
ai
n
tain
ed
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
k
ep
t
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
PDR
clo
s
e
to
n
o
r
m
al.
Figur
e 5. Hop
c
oun
t
(
H
C
)
T
ab
le
6
.
Ho
p
c
o
u
n
t (
HC
)
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
O
F
0
M
R
H
O
F
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
o
r
mal
1
.
4
1
.
5
D
R
A
+
2
.
3
+
0
.
2
4
I
R
A
+
1
.
1
+
0
.
8
WPS
+
1
.
2
+
1
.
1
G
r
i
d
N
o
r
mal
1
.
2
1
.
3
D
R
A
+
1
.
3
+
1
.
4
I
R
A
+
1
.
6
+
1
.
7
WPS
+
2
.
5
+
1
.
6
4
.
2
.
5
.
Dela
y
T
h
is
ca
lcu
lates
ea
ch
p
ac
k
et
’
s
av
er
ag
e
n
o
d
e
-
to
-
DODA
G
r
o
o
t
laten
cy
.
Hig
h
DAO
p
ac
k
et
d
esti
n
atio
n
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
laten
c
y
d
e
g
r
ad
es
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
R
etr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
d
elay
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
PDR
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
lo
wer
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
p
in
c
r
ea
s
e
g
r
ea
tly
a
f
f
ec
ted
d
elay
r
esu
lts
af
ter
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
OF0
’
s
av
er
ag
e
g
r
id
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
tim
e
is
1
0
1
m
s
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
MRHOF
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
9
8
m
s
.
R
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
tili
zin
g
o
n
e
m
etr
ic
ca
u
s
e
th
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
DR
A
in
cr
ea
s
ed
O
F0
d
elay
b
y
3
%
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
an
d
1
%
in
g
r
i
d
.
R
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
u
tco
m
e
s
f
o
r
MRHOF
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ra
n
k
a
tta
ck
imp
a
ct
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
…
(
La
ila
A
l
-
Qa
is
i
)
249
th
e
s
am
e
d
esp
ite
2
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
g
r
id
.
OF0
laten
cy
in
cr
e
ased
5
2
%
an
d
MRHOF
4
5
%
with
I
R
A
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Gr
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
d
elay
s
5
9
%
an
d
1
3
5
%.
MRHOF
h
ad
th
e
lar
g
est
HC
r
is
e;
h
en
ce
n
o
d
e
r
an
k
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
af
f
ec
ted
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
.
OF0
an
d
MRHOF
in
cr
ea
s
ed
W
PS
r
an
d
o
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
av
er
ag
e
d
ela
y
b
y
1
0
%
an
d
8
%.
Gr
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
g
r
o
wth
r
ea
ch
ed
7
%
in
MRHOF
an
d
3
1
%
in
OF0
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
elay
r
esu
lts
,
wh
er
e
I
R
A
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
b
o
th
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies r
an
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
PDR
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
HC
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dela
y
T
ab
le
7
.
Dela
y
(
Ms)
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
O
F
0
M
R
H
O
F
R
a
n
d
o
m
N
o
r
mal
1
0
1
M
s
9
8
M
s
D
R
A
+
3
%
+
0
%
I
R
A
+
5
2
%
+
4
5
%
WPS
+
1
0
%
+
8
%
G
r
i
d
N
o
r
mal
1
0
1
M
s
9
8
M
s
D
R
A
+
1
%
+
2
%
I
R
A
+
5
9
%
+
1
3
5
%
WPS
+
3
1
%
+
7
%
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
R
A
o
n
th
e
R
PL
n
etw
o
r
k
a
n
d
its
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
d
in
-
d
ep
th
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
b
e
n
e
ed
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
R
A
im
p
ac
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
u
tip
l
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
ize.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t r
em
ed
ies f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
to
allev
iate
an
d
m
itig
ate
R
A,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
OF is
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
elem
en
t
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
DODA
G,
an
d
m
ak
in
g
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
it
wo
u
ld
h
elp
m
itig
ate
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
attac
k
s
.
R
eley
in
g
o
n
co
m
b
in
ed
m
etr
ics
m
ay
b
e
a
s
u
ita
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
m
etr
ic
b
asic
ch
allen
g
e
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
OF.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
n
ee
d
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
clu
s
iv
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
an
y
ab
n
o
r
m
al
ev
e
n
t
tak
in
g
p
lace
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
d
etec
t
an
y
u
n
u
s
u
al
ac
tiv
ity
in
a
n
o
d
e
b
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izi
n
g
an
y
a
d
jace
n
t
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
DI
O
p
ac
k
ets
with
g
r
ea
ter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
th
an
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
an
o
m
aly
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
wh
ich
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
etec
t
a
n
y
n
o
d
e
th
at
d
ev
iates
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
r
m
,
s
u
ch
as
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
is
o
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
o
n
th
is
n
o
d
e
to
m
itig
ate
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
e
n
tire
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
a
n
y
r
esu
ltin
g
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
PL
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
is
g
ar
n
er
in
g
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
d
u
e
to
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
Sin
ce
it
is
r
atif
ied
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
m
ed
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
an
d
it is
p
r
o
n
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
k
in
d
s
o
f
attac
k
s
.
R
an
k
attac
k
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
s
t
d
is
tr
u
p
tiv
e
at
tack
s
th
at
is
v
io
latin
g
R
PL
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
R
A
ex
is
tan
ce
in
th
r
ee
m
ain
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
,
th
at
ar
e
DR
A,
I
R
A
,
an
d
W
PS
in
two
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
ies;
r
a
n
d
o
m
an
d
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
R
A
h
as
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
R
PL
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
attac
k
er
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
s
to
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
co
d
e
to
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
attac
k
;
n
o
p
h
y
s
ical
h
ar
d
war
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
alter
n
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies we
r
e
o
f
f
er
ed
to
p
r
o
tect
ag
ain
s
t RA.
Ou
r
f
u
tu
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
i
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
esil
ien
t secu
r
ity
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
p
r
o
tect
R
PL
ag
ain
s
t RA.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
Mo
HE
)
o
f
Ma
lay
s
i
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
s
ch
em
e
(
R
ef
:
FR
GS/1
/2
0
2
0
/I
C
T
0
3
/UUM
/0
2
/1
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
s
o
lely
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
o
f
f
icial
v
iews
o
f
th
e
Mo
HE
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
A
l
-
Q
a
i
s
i
,
S
.
H
a
ssa
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
B
.
Za
k
a
r
i
a
,
“
S
e
c
u
r
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
l
o
ssy
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
g
a
i
n
st
r
a
n
k
a
t
t
a
c
k
:
a
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
–
3
3
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
5
6
9
/
I
JA
C
S
A
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
1
3
0
5
3
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
24
:
242
-
2
5
1
250
[
2
]
J.
A
sh
a
r
f
,
N
.
M
o
u
s
t
a
f
a
,
H
.
K
h
u
r
s
h
i
d
,
E
.
D
e
b
i
e
,
W
.
H
a
i
d
e
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
W
a
h
a
b
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
i
n
t
r
u
s
i
o
n
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
ms
u
s
i
n
g
mac
h
i
n
e
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s:
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s,”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
(
S
w
i
t
zerl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
1
1
7
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s9
0
7
1
1
7
7
.
[
3
]
K
.
K
h
a
n
,
A
.
M
e
h
m
o
o
d
,
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
M
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
Z.
I
q
b
a
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251
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.