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[
1
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–
[
3
]
.
Hen
ce
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f
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PAPR
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Fro
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m
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n
ad
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also
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p
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en
t
w
h
ich
co
n
s
u
m
es
a
lo
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f
th
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en
er
g
y
[
2
]
.
PA
with
h
ig
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e
f
f
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is
alwa
y
s
an
im
p
o
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ta
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lo
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tem
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p
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co
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t
[
3
]
.
Mo
d
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lated
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ig
n
als
with
h
ig
h
PAPR
r
eq
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ir
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PAs
to
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f
(
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O)
p
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lev
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r
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m
its
s
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i.e
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as
class
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d
class
A
B
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f
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lify
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m
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u
lated
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with
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,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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Sci
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N:
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-
4
7
5
2
Hig
h
efficien
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Do
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w
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mp
lifi
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a
s
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s
s
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911
am
p
lifie
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’
s
ef
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s
h
o
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ld
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
in
th
e
B
O
r
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io
n
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
s
ev
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al
tech
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iq
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es
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av
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ch
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eq
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tial
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p
lifie
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SP
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o
u
tp
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lated
b
alan
ce
d
am
p
lifie
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(
L
MBA)
[
7
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
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g
all
o
f
th
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h
n
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es,
DPA
is
co
n
s
id
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m
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tech
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co
m
m
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ig
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its
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le
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tr
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s
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im
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o
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a
n
ce
esp
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th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
at
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B
O
[
1
1
]
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[
1
5
]
.
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wev
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ich
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th
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n
th
e
m
a
in
s
tag
e
d
u
e
to
its
b
iasi
n
g
C
lass
-
C
wh
ich
lead
s
to
in
co
m
p
lete
lo
a
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
as
a
r
esu
lts
lo
w
B
O
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
e
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
4
]
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
at
a
lar
g
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
B
O
lev
el
(
ab
o
v
e
6
d
B
)
.
H
o
wev
er
,
t
h
ey
a
r
e
s
till
lim
ited
.
Am
o
n
g
all
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es,
asy
m
m
etr
ical
DPA
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Un
lik
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
asy
m
m
e
tr
ical
DPAs
,
wh
er
e
th
e
as
y
m
m
etr
y
was
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
ased
o
n
asy
m
m
etr
ical
b
iasi
n
g
v
o
ltag
es
as
in
[
2
5
]
wh
ic
h
r
e
q
u
ir
es
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
c
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
asy
m
m
etr
ical
d
ev
ices
as
in
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
at
p
ea
k
in
g
s
tag
e
t
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
l
o
w
p
o
wer
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
its
b
iasi
n
g
class
C
,
o
r
asy
m
m
etr
ical
p
o
wer
d
iv
id
er
,
wh
ich
p
u
ts
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
wh
en
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
d
iv
is
io
n
r
atio
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
[
2
0
]
,
[
21
].
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
u
n
eq
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
i
s
s
u
e
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
b
y
b
al
an
cin
g
th
e
d
eliv
e
r
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
am
p
lifie
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
atch
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
d
esig
n
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
m
atch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
am
p
lifie
r
s
is
d
esig
n
ed
ca
r
ef
u
lly
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
e
-
d
eter
m
in
ed
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
ic
DP
A
T
h
e
D
P
A
w
a
s
i
n
v
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
W
.
H
.
D
o
h
e
r
t
y
i
n
1
9
3
6
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
a
m
p
li
f
i
e
r
s
c
a
ll
e
d
m
a
in
(
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
)
a
n
d
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
(
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
)
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
el
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
s
a
r
e
b
i
a
s
e
d
i
n
c
la
s
s
-
AB
a
n
d
C
l
as
s
-
C
r
es
p
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
o
f
t
h
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m
a
i
n
a
m
p
l
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f
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r
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d
t
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d
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l
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o
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
Ω
a
t
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
t
o
5
0
Ω
a
t
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
o
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
a
d
el
a
y
l
i
n
e
is
u
s
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
y
a
m
p
l
i
f
ie
r
.
T
w
o
l
i
n
e
s
c
a
ll
e
d
o
f
f
s
e
t
l
i
n
es
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
s
f
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
6
]
.
W
h
e
r
e
,
t
h
e
o
n
e
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
am
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
t
t
h
e
B
O
r
e
g
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
a
t
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
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s
t
a
g
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
p
a
t
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
f
-
s
t
a
t
e
[
2
7
]
.
P
o
we
r
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
is
u
s
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
t
w
o
a
m
p
li
f
i
e
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
DPA
[
1
6
]
2
.
2
.
Desig
n pro
ce
s
s
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
p
r
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ted
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
is
d
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is
3
.
4
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3
.
6
GHz
wh
ic
h
is
o
n
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o
f
th
e
p
r
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p
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s
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s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
s
[
2
2
]
.
A
1
5
W
att
GaN
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HE
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tr
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s
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to
r
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C
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d
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t
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atch
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1
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r
ce
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ll
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n
e
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d
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tem
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ADS)
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e
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p
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an
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n
d
e
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b
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=
-
2
.
9
V)
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1
2
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9
2
9
+j9
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1
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2
wh
ich
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m
d
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f
7
9
.
0
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%
as
s
h
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F
ig
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r
e
2
(
a)
.
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h
e
s
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ted
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
o
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r
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ll
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0
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9
8
5
as
s
h
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F
ig
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r
e
2
(
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.
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h
e
s
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r
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s
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an
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atch
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s
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e
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tech
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atch
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atch
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atch
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d
m
a
n
y
m
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e.
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n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
q
u
ar
ter
w
av
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
its
s
im
p
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
er
e
it is
b
u
ild
b
ased
o
n
s
im
p
le
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
As
th
e
m
ain
DPA’
s
o
f
f
s
et
lin
e
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
at
th
e
B
O
as
we
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
.
So
,
s
elec
tin
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
len
g
th
will
r
esu
lt
in
h
ig
h
B
O
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
s
im
u
lated
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
ical
len
g
th
s
o
f
m
ain
DPA
o
f
f
s
et
lin
e.
Of
f
s
et
lin
e
o
f
1
1
4
°
is
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ap
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r
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p
r
iate
elec
tr
ical
len
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th
(
E
)
w
h
ich
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
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v
er
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h
e
en
tire
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
f
3
.
4
-
3
.
6
GHz
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a
)
Simu
lated
So
u
r
c
e
I
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
DPA
a
n
d
(
b
)
Simu
lated
lo
a
d
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
ce
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
DPA
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Simu
lated
e
f
f
icien
cy
with
d
if
f
er
en
t e
lectr
ical
len
g
t
h
s
o
f
m
ain
(
ca
r
r
ier
)
Do
h
er
t
y
PA o
f
f
s
et
lin
e
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
ea
k
ing
(
a
ux
ilia
ry
)
DP
A
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
lo
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
p
ea
k
in
g
DPA
u
n
d
er
C
lass
-
C
b
iasi
n
g
(
VDS
=
2
8
V,
VGS
=
-
5
.
5
V)
is
7
.
1
6
1
+j2
.
4
8
wh
ich
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
4
1
.
0
7
d
B
m
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
6
3
.
6
6
%
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
ak
e
o
f
s
im
p
licity
,
s
o
u
r
ce
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
elec
ted
in
m
ain
DPA
d
esig
n
is
u
s
ed
in
p
ea
k
in
g
’
s
in
p
u
t
m
atch
in
g
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
in
g
’
s
o
f
f
s
et
lin
e
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
esen
t
an
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
at
th
e
DPA’
s
co
m
b
in
in
g
p
o
in
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
p
o
wer
lea
k
ag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
DPA
to
th
e
p
ea
k
in
g
b
r
a
n
ch
w
h
en
it is
tu
n
ed
o
f
f
(
o
f
f
-
s
tate)
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
in
g
DPA
o
f
f
-
s
tate
in
th
is
d
esig
n
is
in
th
e
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
1
d
B
m
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
lin
e
len
g
th
wh
ich
r
e
d
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
leak
ag
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
1
3
2
°
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Hig
h
efficien
cy
Do
h
erty p
o
w
e
r
a
mp
lifi
er b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
s
ymm
etri
ca
l m
a
tch
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Mu
s
s
a
Mb
a
r
o
k
)
913
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
lated
l
o
ad
I
m
p
e
d
an
ce
o
f
Peak
in
g
(
au
x
iliar
y
)
DPA
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
lated
d
p
a’
s
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
with
d
if
f
er
en
t e
lectr
ical
len
g
th
s
o
f
p
ea
k
i
n
g
o
f
f
s
et
lin
e
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
o
wer
s
pli
t
t
er
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
in
g
le
-
s
ec
tio
n
W
ilk
in
s
o
n
p
o
wer
d
iv
id
e
r
(
W
PD)
is
u
s
ed
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
DPA
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
d
iv
is
io
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
-
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
m
ain
&
au
x
iliar
y
)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
at
th
e
all
th
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
(
S
11
, S
22
,
an
d
S
33
)
i
s
lo
wer
th
an
-
2
0
d
B
o
v
er
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
3
.
4
-
3
.
6
GHz
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
(
S
23
)
is
b
etter
th
an
-
2
0
d
B
o
v
er
th
e
wh
o
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
as
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
v
al
u
es
o
f
in
s
er
tio
n
l
o
s
s
S
12
&
S
13
ar
e
-
3
d
B
f
o
r
th
e
en
tire
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
lated
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
at
all
th
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
i
p
s
in
g
le
-
s
ec
tio
n
W
ilk
in
s
o
n
p
o
wer
d
iv
id
er
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
S-pa
ra
me
ter
s (d
B)
Fr
eq
ue
ncy (
GHz)
S11
S22
S33
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
21
:
910
-
9
1
7
914
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
Simu
lated
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
(
S
23
)
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
W
ilk
in
s
o
n
p
o
wer
d
iv
id
er
an
d
(
b
)
Simu
lated
in
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
(
S
12
&
S
13
)
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
W
ilk
in
s
o
n
p
o
wer
d
iv
id
er
.
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE
E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
u
b
-
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
m
ain
&
a
u
x
iliar
y
)
d
esig
n
e
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
i
n
to
o
n
e
cir
cu
it
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
u
ll
D
o
h
er
ty
d
esig
n
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
e
v
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
f
u
ll
DPA
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
e
d
cir
cu
it
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
ADS
b
ased
o
n
d
u
r
o
id
5
8
8
0
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
th
ick
n
ess
(
h
)
o
f
0
.
7
9
m
m
a
n
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
(
ε
r
)
o
f
2
.
2
0
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
S
-
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
g
ain
(
s
21
)
i
s
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
0
d
B
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tar
g
et
b
an
d
wid
th
3
.
4
-
3
.
6
GHz
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
(
s
11
)
is
b
etter
th
an
-
1
0
d
B
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
(S
22
)
is
b
etter
th
an
-
5
d
B
o
v
e
r
th
e
b
a
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Simu
lated
s
-
p
ar
am
et
er
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
S-pa
ra
me
ter
s (d
B)
Fr
eq
ue
ncy (
GHz)
S23
S32
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
-3.2
0
-3.1
8
-3.1
6
-3.1
4
-3.1
2
-3.1
0
-3.0
8
-3.0
6
-3.0
4
S-pa
ra
me
ter
s (d
B)
Fr
eq
ue
ncy (
GHz)
S12
S13
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Hig
h
efficien
cy
Do
h
erty p
o
w
e
r
a
mp
lifi
er b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
s
ymm
etri
ca
l m
a
tch
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
(
Mu
s
s
a
Mb
a
r
o
k
)
915
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
v
e
r
s
u
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
10
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
ac
h
iev
es
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
4
2
.
8
±
0
.
6
d
B
m
o
v
e
r
th
e
en
tire
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
v
er
s
u
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
.
At
p
e
ak
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
th
e
s
im
u
late
d
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
is
73
-
8
0
%.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
at
8
-
d
B
B
O,
th
e
s
im
u
lated
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
is
4
6
-
5
2
%.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
(
a)
Simu
lated
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
v
e
r
s
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
(
b
)
Simu
lated
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
v
er
s
u
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
at
p
ea
k
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
a
n
d
at
8
-
d
B
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
lated
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
3
.
5
GHz
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
at
8
d
B
B
O,
ab
o
u
t
8
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
es
ig
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
o
th
d
esig
n
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
atu
r
a
tio
n
p
o
wer
s
(
a
b
o
u
t
4
3
d
B
m
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Simu
lated
d
r
ai
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Do
h
er
ty
p
o
wer
am
p
lifie
r
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
at
3
.
5
GHz
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
r
ec
en
tly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
DPAs
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
in
th
i
s
wo
r
k
is
m
ad
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
h
as
g
ain
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
r
ec
en
t
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
DPAs
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DPA
h
as
h
ig
h
er
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
ef
f
icien
cy
with
m
o
d
e
r
ate
b
an
d
wid
th
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
DPA
d
esig
n
s
.
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
30
40
50
60
70
80
Drain
Efficiency
(%)
Out
pu
t Power
(d
Bm)
Conv
en
tion
al DPA
Prop
ose
d DPA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
21
:
910
-
9
1
7
916
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
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ased
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p
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d
s
im
u
lated
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cc
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f
u
lly
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s
in
g
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ased
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n
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8
8
0
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
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o
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th
e
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4
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GHz
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
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f
r
eq
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e
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cy
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a
n
d
.
I
t
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
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o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
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cr
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s
in
g
th
e
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O
ef
f
icien
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ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
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in
cr
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s
in
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th
e
p
o
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r
atio
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etwe
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p
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k
in
g
an
d
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ier
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lls
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g
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atch
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g
n
etwo
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k
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.
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h
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h
as
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ev
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ain
ef
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f
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B
OB
O.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lin
ea
r
ity
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
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li
n
ea
r
ity
tr
ad
e
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o
f
f
.
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NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
u
n
d
er
th
e
Z
am
alah
Sch
em
e
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
M
a
b
r
o
k
,
Z
.
Zak
a
ria,
a
n
d
N.
S
a
ifu
ll
a
h
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
wid
e
-
b
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
fier
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
o
we
r
c
o
m
b
in
e
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
with
l
o
w i
n
term
o
d
u
lati
o
n
d
isto
rti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
5
0
4
–
3
5
1
1
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
8
i
5
.
p
p
3
5
0
4
-
3
5
1
1
.
\
y
6
7
[2
]
Z.
Zak
a
ria,
M
.
F
.
M
.
F
a
d
z
il
,
A
.
w2
R.
Oth
m
a
n
,
A.
S
a
ll
e
h
,
A.
A.
M
.
Isa
,
a
n
d
N.
Z
.
Ha
ro
n
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
wid
e
b
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
fier
fo
r
nn
R
F
/mic
r
o
wa
v
e
fro
n
t
-
e
n
d
s
u
b
sy
ste
m
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
(S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
),
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
–
1
1
2
,
M
a
y
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
3
/j
t.
v
6
8
.
2
9
5
5
.
[3
]
S
.
Kim
,
J.
M
o
o
n
,
J.
Lee
,
Y.
P
a
rk
,
D.
M
i
n
n
a
n
d
B.
Kim
,
“
Ac
c
u
ra
t
e
Offs
e
t
Li
n
e
De
sig
n
o
f
D
o
h
e
rty
Am
p
li
fier
with
Co
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
o
f
P
e
a
k
i
n
g
Am
p
l
i
fier
P
h
a
se
Va
riatio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
2
4
–
3
2
3
1
,
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t.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
9
6
7
2
3
.
[4
]
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
a
n
d
Q.
X
u
e
,
“
Op
t
i
m
ize
d
lo
a
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
n
e
tw
o
r
k
fo
r
d
o
h
e
rt
y
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
fie
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
4
–
3
4
8
1
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T.
2
0
1
2
.
2
2
1
5
6
2
5
.
[5
]
J.
Xia
,
X
.
Z
h
u
,
L.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.
Zh
a
i
a
n
d
Y.
S
u
n
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
G
a
N
d
o
h
e
rty
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
fier
fo
r
1
0
0
-
M
Hz
LT
E
-
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
d
ifi
e
d
l
o
a
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
n
e
two
r
k
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
9
1
1
–
2
9
2
1
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
M
T
T.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
6
9
0
5
2
.
[6
]
X.
H.
F
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
K.
K
.
M
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
“
Ex
te
n
sio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
o
f
d
o
h
e
rty
a
m
p
li
fier
b
y
u
si
n
g
c
o
m
p
lex
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
lo
a
d
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
8
–
2
0
4
7
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TM
TT
.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
3
3
7
1
3
.
[7
]
H.
Ch
irei
x
,
"
Hig
h
P
o
we
r
Ou
tp
h
a
sin
g
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
,
"
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Ra
d
io
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
1
9
3
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
0
-
1
3
9
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JRP
ROC.
1
9
3
5
.
2
2
7
2
9
9
.
[8
]
W.
H.
Do
h
e
rty
,
"
A
Ne
w
Hig
h
Ef
ficie
n
c
y
P
o
we
r
Am
p
li
fier
fo
r
M
o
d
u
late
d
Wav
e
s,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Ra
d
i
o
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
1
9
3
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
3
-
1
1
8
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JRP
ROC.1
9
3
6
.
2
2
8
4
6
8
.
[9
]
S
tev
e
Crip
p
s,
“
RF
P
o
we
r
Am
p
li
fi
e
rs fo
r
Wi
re
les
s Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
”
S
e
c
o
n
d
Ed
i
ti
o
n
,
Artec
h
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
D.
J.
S
h
e
p
p
h
a
rd
,
J.
P
o
w
e
ll
,
a
n
d
S
.
C.
Crip
p
s,
"
A
n
Eff
icie
n
t
Br
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
Re
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
b
le
P
o
we
r
Am
p
li
fier
Us
in
g
Ac
ti
v
e
Lo
a
d
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
,
"
I
EE
E
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
4
3
-
4
4
5
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/L
M
WC.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
5
9
5
0
3
.
[1
1
]
K.
Ka
to
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
8
3
-
W,
5
1
%
G
a
N
HEM
T
Do
h
e
rty
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
fier
fo
r
3
.
5
-
G
Hz
-
b
a
n
d
LT
E
b
a
se
sta
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
6
4
6
t
h
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
(Eu
M
C)
,
Lo
n
d
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
5
7
2
-
5
7
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/E
u
M
C.
2
0
1
6
.
7
8
2
4
4
0
7
.
[1
2
]
J.
Zh
o
u
,
W.
Ch
e
n
,
L
.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
Z.
F
e
n
g
,
"
3
.
5
-
0
Hz
Hig
h
-
Eff
ic
ien
c
y
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
As
y
m
m
e
tri
c
Do
h
e
rty
P
o
we
r
Am
p
li
fier
fo
r
5
G
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
"
2
0
1
8
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
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P
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Tan
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sig
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8
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Y.
Wu
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.
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u
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A
M
ix
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9
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,
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p
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1
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m
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,
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P
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o
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Qu
a
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Ca
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.
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g
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ficie
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Am
p
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s:
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Ap
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2
]
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.
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.
,
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li
fier at
3
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G
Hz
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5
.
[2
3
]
Z.
Ch
e
n
g
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a
l.
,
"
A
Bro
a
d
b
a
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Do
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Am
p
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fier
De
sig
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b
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it
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two
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re
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.
[2
4
]
J.
R.
Lo
p
e
ra
,
J.
M
a
y
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k
,
Q.
S
u
n
,
M
.
G
a
d
rin
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Bö
sc
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a
n
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.
Leitg
e
b
,
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3
.
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G
Hz
Hig
h
P
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Ga
N
Hy
b
rid
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r
Am
p
li
fier
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m
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In
p
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P
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.
[2
5
]
X.
F
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n
g
,
H
.
Li
u
,
K.
M
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
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.
B
o
u
m
a
iza
,
"
Two
-
Way
Do
h
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P
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r
Am
p
li
fier
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icie
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c
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n
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In
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ti
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rs’
No
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a
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,
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M
WC.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
8
3
8
4
5
.
[2
6
]
V.
Ca
m
a
rc
h
ia,
M
.
P
ir
o
la,
R.
Qu
a
g
li
a
,
S
.
Je
e
,
Y.
Ch
o
a
n
d
B.
Kim
,
"
Th
e
Do
h
e
rt
y
P
o
we
r
Am
p
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fier:
R
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v
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f
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[2
7
]
M
.
Ak
b
a
r
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M
.
He
lao
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.
M
.
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h
a
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De
sig
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