TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2013, pp. 2671 ~
2678
ISSN: 2302-4
046
2671
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 18, 201
3
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 1
7
, 2013;
Acce
pted Ma
rch 2
5
, 2013
Drop-drop Microextraction Enhanced by Two Opposite
Surface Acoustic Waves
Fu Xiang-tin
g
, Zha Yan, Zhang An-lia
ng*
Schoo
l of Information Sci
enc
e and En
gi
neer
ing, Ni
ngb
o Un
iversit
y
No. 818 F
e
n
g
h
ua Ro
ad, Ni
ng
bo, Z
heji
a
n
g
, Chin
a, +
86-57
4-
876
00
582
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: zhang
an
lia
ng
@nb
u
.edu.c
n
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A
dropl
et-dro
plet micro
e
xtraction enh
anc
ed
by tw
o s
u
rface ac
ousti
c w
a
ves in
opp
osit
e
prop
agati
on d
i
r
e
ctions is pr
op
osed.
A 2×
2 int
e
rdi
g
ital trans
d
u
cer array w
i
th 27.5MH
z
c
ent
er freque
ncy w
a
s
fabricate
d
o
n
a 12
8
0
yx-LiNbO
3
pie
z
o
e
l
ectric substrate
usin
g
micr
o-
el
ectric techn
o
l
o
gy. T
w
o surface
acoustic w
a
ve
s in op
posite
prop
agati
on d
i
rection
w
e
re
gen
erate
d
w
hen a RF
sig
n
a
l w
a
s app
lie
d to
dia
gon
al
inter
d
igit
al tra
n
sdu
c
ers. T
he
mo
vement of
extractive m
a
tter
particles
within
m
i
croextraction
soluti
on w
a
s a
cceler
a
ted
due
to the ra
di
ati
on of
th
e surf
ace ac
oustic
w
a
ves. T
hen,
the
mass tra
n
s
fer
betw
een tw
o phases w
a
s en
h
ance
d
. An ion
i
c liqu
i
d a
nd a
n
orga
nic dy
e (a
cid gre
en-2
5
) s
o
luti
on w
e
re us
ed
for extractio
n
e
x
peri
m
e
n
ts. Re
sults sh
ow
that the
ex
traction
w
a
s
greatly
en
hanc
ed by
tw
o surface acousti
c
w
a
ves in
op
po
site pr
opa
gati
o
n dir
e
ctio
nal,
a
nd
al
most fi
nis
hed
w
i
thin
16
0
seco
nds w
h
e
n
the
RF
si
gn
al
pow
er w
a
s 27.8dB
m.The sta
b
ilit
y of
micro
e
x
traction sol
u
ti
on w
a
s also i
m
pr
ove
d
du
e to the tw
o opp
osit
e
surface acoustic waves.
Ke
y
w
ords
: sur
f
ace acoustic
w
a
ve, diag
ona
l
interdi
g
ital tra
n
sduc
er, micr
o
e
xtraction, dro
p
Copy
right
©
2013 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Liquid
-
liqui
d extraction i
s
one of sa
mple pr
etrea
t
ment techn
o
logy for bi
och
e
mical
analysi
s
[1], whi
c
h ha
s b
een wi
dely a
pplied to d
e
tect tra
c
e a
n
a
l
yte in sampl
e
solutio
n
[2-4].
Ho
wever, the
r
e is
some di
sadva
n
tage
s,
such as
the
use of la
rge
volumes of e
x
pensive o
r
g
anic
solvent, long
extraction time and lo
w extraction lev
e
l, can be seen in traditi
onal liquid
-
liq
uid
extraction
te
chnolo
g
y. Mo
st org
ani
c
solv
ents fo
r
li
quid
-
liquid
extra
c
t
i
on a
r
e
ha
rmf
u
l to
health,
so
new li
quid
-
liq
uid extra
c
tion
techn
o
logy
sho
u
ld
b
e
in
vented to
sol
v
e these
pro
b
lems. A
sin
g
le
drop
micro
e
xtractio
n i
s
a
g
ood liq
uid-li
q
u
id extr
a
c
tion
method, whi
c
h can
solve these proble
m
s.
The volum
e
o
f
organi
c
solv
ents
can
be redu
ced to
se
veral mi
crolit
ers [5]. One
appli
c
ation m
ode
of the singl
e drop mi
croex
traction m
e
th
od is di
re
ct immersing
an
orga
nic
solv
ent into sam
p
le
solutio
n
, which wa
s pre
s
e
n
t
ed origin
ally by MA
Jeann
ot in 1997 [6]. In this mode of single drop
microextra
c
tion pro
c
e
dures, the nee
dle of micr
o
s
yring
contai
ning 1-3 microlite
r
s org
a
n
i
c
solvent
s i
s
im
mersed
into
sample
sol
u
tio
n
in
a vial. Th
e organi
c
sol
v
ent dro
p
i
s
susp
end
ed fro
m
the ne
edle
tip by
dep
re
ssed
a
plun
g
e
r
on th
e vi
al. A sti
rrin
g
setu
p i
s
used fo
r
red
u
cing
microextra
c
tion time and improvin
g microextra
c
tion
l
e
vel. After equilibratio
n
, the drop i
s
dra
w
n
back into the
syring
e and i
mmediately subje
c
ted to
a
nalysi
s
by an
instrum
ental
method. Du
e
to
these a
d
vant
age
s, the si
ngle d
r
op mi
cro
e
xtra
ct
ion
method is f
ound a
ppli
c
a
t
ion in assay
o
f
ethanol in al
cohol-f
ree
co
smetics [7],
d
e
t
erminatio
n o
f
amitriptyline resi
due
s in
wa
ste wate
r [8]
and
analysi
s
of org
ano
chl
o
rine
and
pyret
h
roid
pe
stici
d
es i
n
tea
sa
m
p
les [9]. Ho
wever, the
sin
g
l
e
drop mi
croex
traction i
s
on
ly applicabl
e
to liquid sa
mples
contai
ning non
-p
ol
ar or mo
de
ra
tely
polar an
alyse
s
, which limit
s its ap
plication in
bio
c
he
mical
analy
s
i
s
. In a
ddition,
a
stirri
ng
set
up i
s
usually used
to improve m
i
croext
raction speed and l
e
vel, whi
c
h
will cause the i
n
stability of t
he
solvent drop
on tip of syrin
ge.
Hea
d
spa
c
e
single d
r
o
p
m
i
cro
e
xtra
ction
is a
nothe
r
appli
c
ation
mode
of si
n
g
le d
r
op
microextra
c
tion. The met
hod was p
r
e
s
ente
d
in
20
01 [10], and
wa
s rapi
dly develope
d. In this
mode of
singl
e dro
p
micro
e
xtraction, a
solvent
d
r
op
on the tip of syring
e was
above the
surface
of sample
so
lution with small gap. Analyze in
sa
m
p
le solutio
n
wa
s evapo
rat
ed and di
sso
l
ved
into the solve
n
t drop, and t
hen, it was a
nalyze
d
by instrum
ent method. The mai
n
advantage
of
the headspace single drop micr
oextraction is
good st
ability of t
he solvent drop
on tip of sy
ringe
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Dro
p
-dro
p Mi
cro
e
xt
ra
ction
Enhan
ced b
y
Two O
ppo
site Surface Acousti
c Wa
ve
s (Fu Xiang
-tin
g)
2672
in spite
of sti
rrin
g
sample
solutio
n
. Tog
e
ther
with g
a
s
chromatog
r
aphi
c techniq
ue, the meth
od
has be
en ap
plied to detect trace analy
z
e in sampl
e
solution [11, 12]. Howeve
r, it is almost only
suitabl
e for the con
s
id
erati
on of vo
latile or se
mi-volati
l
e analyses.
Single d
r
o
p
microextra
c
tion
can
redu
ce th
e vo
lu
m
e
of
solv
ent
t
o
sev
e
ral
mi
crolit
e
r
s.
However, the volume of sample solution is usua
lly
still several millili
ters. To
solve the problem
of
large volu
me
of sample
solution, drop-to-drop li
qui
d
-
liquid mi
croe
xtraction i
s
p
r
esented. In this
drop
-to-drop l
i
quid-li
quid
m
i
cro
e
xtra
ction
mode, th
e v
o
lume
of sa
mple
solutio
n
ca
n b
e
redu
ced
to several mi
croliters, whil
e the solvent volume is
sev
e
ral
submi
c
ro
liters. Pavithra [13] pre
s
ent
ed
an ele
c
tro
w
et
ting on diel
ectric (E
WO
D)
drop
-to-dr
op
microextra
c
ri
on. An ele
c
tri
c
pote
n
tial was
applie
d between the top and a bottom electrode
s wi
th 1 kHz fre
q
uen
cy to disp
ense and mo
ve
dono
r and
extractant d
r
ops, an
d then mixed a
nd extracte
d
each oth
e
r. Drop
-to-d
r
op
microextra
c
tion sp
eed a
n
d
level was a
c
ce
le
rated by
electrowetting force
s
.
Acou
stic
wav
e
is not only
applied in
e
l
ectri
c
sy
ste
m
[14, 15], but also in mi
croflui
d
ic
system
s. Surf
ace a
c
o
u
sti
c
wave (SA
W)
can b
e
excite
d and tra
n
sp
orted alo
ng t
he su
rfa
c
e of
a
piezoele
c
tri
c
sub
s
trate when a
n
ap
propriative
freq
uen
cy ele
c
tri
c
al
sign
al is applie
d to
an
interdigital transdu
cer
(IDT). As soo
n
as t
he SAW meets
with a drop o
n
the piezoel
ectri
c
sub
s
trate, th
e surfa
c
e
acousti
c wave
is radiate
d
i
n
to the fluid,
leadin
g
to i
n
ternal
a
c
ou
stic
streaming in the
small
fluid volume,
whi
c
h
w
ill
accelerates the movem
ent
of particl
e
or
molecule
s in
solutio
n
withi
n
the d
r
op. T
h
is
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic
wa
s u
s
ed
to enha
nce
mass tra
n
sfe
r
in
two ph
ase drops, a
nd the
n
red
u
ces th
e extractio
n
time of drop-t
o
-d
rop mi
cro
e
xtraction [1
6].
Ho
wever, the
SAW based
drop-to
-d
rop
microextr
acti
on device h
a
s
two disadv
antage
s: (1)
In
orde
r to
prevent drop tran
spo
r
tation
al
ong th
e su
b
s
trate, hydrop
hilic a
r
e
a
for accom
m
od
a
t
ing
drop
s
sho
u
ld
be forme
d
on
the hydrop
h
obizated su
b
s
trate
su
rface
.
The tech
nol
ogy sho
u
ld b
e
to
be improve
d
. (2) Gen
e
ral spe
a
ki
ng, the apertu
re si
ze
of the interditigal tran
sd
uce
r
is u
s
ual
ly
about 10
~1
0
0
wave len
g
th, and the ap
erture si
ze of
one interdigit
al tran
sdu
c
e
r
is pro
bably l
e
ss
than the size
of sample solution, whe
n
the volume of the sampl
e
solution i
s
large, such a
s
dozen
s of micro
-
liters, for
con
s
id
erati
o
n
of lowest det
ection limit of analyze.
Here, we pre
s
ent a new
S
A
W
b
a
sed drop-to
-drop
liq
uid-liq
uid microextra
c
tion
method
to
solve the
pro
b
lems above
mention
ed.
2
2 inte
rditigal
tran
sdu
c
e
r
s
array wa
s fa
bricated
on a
128
0
yx-
LiNbO
3
pie
z
oel
ect
r
ic
sub
s
trate
for excitin
g
two surfa
c
e
aco
u
sti
c
wa
ves in o
ppo
site
prop
agatio
n dire
ction
s
. Micro
e
xtra
ction
experime
n
ts of an orga
n
i
c dye (a
cid
gree
n-25) fro
m
aque
ou
s sol
u
tion to a
n
iron
liquid
(1
-butyl-3
-methylimida
z
olium h
e
xafluoro
pho
sp
hat
e)
([bmim][PF
6
]) were al
so de
monst
r
ated to
verify micro
e
x
traction level
and spee
d, whi
c
h would
be
improve
d
by two surfa
c
e a
c
ou
stic
wa
ve
s in opp
osite
prop
agatio
n d
i
rectio
ns.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
2.1. Experimental Setup
The expe
rim
ental setu
p for the d
r
op
-t
o-d
r
op mi
cro
e
xtraction
en
han
ced by two su
rface
aco
u
sti
c
wav
e
s in op
po
site prop
agatio
n
directio
ns i
s
sho
w
n a
s
Fig
u
re 1.
In Figure 1, t
w
o p
a
irs of i
n
te
rdigital tran
sdu
c
e
r
s an
d reflectors
are
fabri
c
ated
on t
he 12
8
0
yx-
LiN
b
O
3
su
bstrate
u
s
ing
microel
ectri
c
tech
nolo
g
y.
Two
diag
onal
interdi
g
ital transdu
cers
are
con
n
e
c
ted to
a po
we
r am
plifier
(TSA0
02A, TSH,
China)
, whi
c
h is
u
s
ed
for a
m
plifying
a RF
sign
al. The
RF
sign
al i
s
gen
erate
d
b
y
a RF
si
gn
al ge
nerator
(SP1461, EP
RE, Chi
n
a
)
.
An
apertu
re of e
v
ery IDT is 4.32 mm, and a period is
λ
=14
4
µm. The
finger pair n
u
mbe
r
of every
interdigital
transdu
cer is
35. The
area
s fre
e
of
el
e
c
trod
e o
n
th
e pie
z
oel
ect
r
i
c
sub
s
trate
are
coate
d
with T
e
flon AF 160
0(USA, Du
po
nt).
A highly sen
s
itive CCD color video
ca
mera
(DCE-2
, Novel, Chin
a) is u
s
e
d
to monito
r
the extraction
process. MDVNT
software (Novel, Chi
na) is u
s
e
d
for ca
mera co
ntrol and ima
g
e
pro
c
e
ssi
ng.
A power m
e
ter (YM
246
2, Yamei, Ch
i
n
a
)
is used
to measure
the power applie
d
to
the
diago
nal i
n
terdigital tra
n
sd
ucers
.
Whe
n
a
RF
sign
al is ap
p
lied to the
di
agon
al inte
rd
igital tran
sd
u
c
ers, two SA
Ws in
oppo
site pro
pagatio
n dire
ction ar
e excited. As so
on as the t
w
o SAWs m
eet with a d
r
op,
energie
s
of
two SAWs a
r
e
radiate
d
i
n
to the d
r
o
p
in an
an
gle
θ
R
[17], wh
ich
accele
rat
e
movement of analyte in the
drop an
d the
n
redu
ce
extraction time a
nd improve e
x
traction level
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 230
2-40
46
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 5, May 2013 : 2671 – 267
8
2673
Figure 1. Experime
n
tal set
up for drop-to
-drop micr
o
e
xtraction e
nha
nce
d
by two surface acou
stic
wave
s in opp
osite propa
ga
tion dire
ction
s
2.2. Chemica
l
s and Mate
rials
To verify the
effect of
dro
p
-to-dro
p
mi
cr
oextra
c
tion
enha
nced by
two su
rfa
c
e aco
u
sti
c
wave
s in
op
p
o
site
propag
ation di
re
ctio
n, a mi
cr
oext
r
actio
n
experi
m
ent of
an
o
r
gani
c dye
(a
cid
gree
n-25) f
r
om a
que
o
u
s
solutio
n
to an
i
r
on liq
uid
(1-butyl-3
-methylimida
z
oliu
m
hexafluoroph
osp
hate) ([b
m
im][PF
6
]) has
bee
n d
e
si
gned
an
d fini
she
d
. Th
e a
c
id g
r
ee
n-2
5
an
d
[bmim] [PF
6
] are
all bo
ugh
t from Su
zho
u
Yacoo
che
m
ical
rea
gent
co
rpo
r
ation
i
n
Chi
na. Pu
ri
fied
water i
s
used
in experime
n
t
s.
2.3. Drop-to
-drop Microe
xtra
ction Pr
ocedur
e and
CIELab Col
o
r Model
First,
sam
p
le
sol
u
tion
an
d iro
n
liq
uid
dro
p
lets we
re pi
petted
o
n
the
su
rface of the
piezoele
c
tri
c
sub
s
trate u
s
i
ng a micro-syringe.
Seco
ndly, the diagonal inte
rdi
g
ital transdu
cers
were applie
d
a RF signal
with 27.5MHz cente
r
freq
uen
cy to generate two SAWs in op
po
si
te
prop
agatio
n dire
ction, whi
c
h wo
uld
e
n
h
ance
ma
ss
transfe
r of
aci
d
gre
e
-25 from
aqu
eou
s p
h
a
s
e
to solvent ph
ase, lea
d
ing
to redu
cin
g
the ex
tra
c
tion
time. The e
x
traction exp
e
rime
nts were
observed
rea
l
time throug
h the micro
s
cop
e
wi
th
CCD, an
d sto
r
ed in a pe
rson co
mpute
r
for
further a
nalyzing microextraction level.
Effect of RF
signal p
o
wer
o
n
microextrac
tion level
wa
s analyzed
by image
s b
a
se
d col
o
r
model.
Com
pare
d
to
RG
B (re
d, gree
n, blue
)
mo
d
e
l and
HIS (hue, saturation, illumin
a
tion)
model,
CIEL
ab (Com
mission Internatio
nale d
e
L’E
c
l
a
irag
e d
e
fine
d lightne
ss,
and a,
b
col
o
rs)
can
re
sp
on
se
the
colo
r
ch
a
nge
of d
r
ople
t
more
a
c
curately, and i
n
sensitive to
lig
ht inten
s
ity [18].
Thus,
CIELa
b
color mo
d
e
l is u
s
ed
to
mea
s
u
r
e th
e con
c
entration of
aci
d
g
r
ee
-25
aq
ue
ous
solutio
n
for valuating mi
croextractio
n
le
vel.
CIELab
color mod
e
l i
s
a
col
o
r pattern form
ulated
by Internati
onal
Com
m
ission
o
n
Illumination in 1976, in wh
ich thre
e
parameters L, a, b are use
d
to
indicate a color inten
s
ity. As
images
pic
t
ured fr
om CCD ar
e RGB model, c
o
lor
s
pac
es
s
h
ould be tr
ans
f
or
med fr
om R
G
B to
CIELab a
s
followin
g
metho
d
[18].
First, RGB
co
lor sp
ace is transfo
rme
d
to XYZ color
sp
ace by follo
wi
ng formul
a:
B
G
R
Z
Y
X
950227
.
0
119193
.
0
019334
.
0
072169
.
0
715160
.
0
212671
.
0
180423
.
0
357580
.
0
412453
.
0
255
1
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Dro
p
-dro
p Mi
cro
e
xt
ra
ction
Enhan
ced b
y
Two O
ppo
site Surface Acousti
c Wa
ve
s (Fu Xiang
-tin
g)
2674
Then, XYZ co
lor sp
ace is transfo
rme
d
to CIELab colo
r spa
c
e:
,
16
)
(
116
n
Y
Y
f
L
)],
(
)
(
[
500
n
n
Y
Y
f
X
X
f
a
)]
(
)
(
[
200
n
n
Z
Z
f
Y
Y
f
b
(2)
Whe
r
e th
e X
n
,Y
n
,Z
n
are the XYZ value
s
of
a refere
nce
white po
int. The
whit
e point i
n
co
lor
spa
c
e i
s
the standard D6
5 white poi
nt.
others
t
t
t
t
f
,
29
4
)
29
6
(
3
1
)
29
6
(
,
)
(
2
3
3
1
(3)
At last, CIELab colo
r pa
ram
e
ters
can b
e
cal
c
ulate
d
according to formula (1
) to (3
).
MATLAB soft
ware i
s
u
s
ed
to sel
e
ct
a regi
on
of interest fro
m
the i
m
age
and to
extract
the averag
ed
measurement
over the regi
on.
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
In order to observe the
stability of drop in or
iginal position on the pi
ezoelectric substrate,
red dye
solut
i
on drop was radiate
d
by the two
SAWs in op
po
site
prop
agatio
n dire
ction. As
a
comp
ari
s
o
n
, the same vol
u
me of red dy
e sol
u
tion
dro
p
wa
s
also ra
diated by
sin
g
le SAW. Fi
g
u
re
2 sho
w
s the
states of 9µl red dye sol
u
tion dro
p
acte
d by single SAW ((a
) to (c)) and two SAWs
in oppo
site propag
ation direction ((d
)
to (i)).
Figure 2. The
sequ
ential snap
shot
s obt
ained fr
o
m
a recorded exp
e
rime
nt for cri
t
ical
transpo
rtation
of a drop. (a
~c) 9µ
l re
d dye solutio
n
dro
p
radiate
d
by singl
e SAW. (d~i) 9µl
red
dye solutio
n
drop
radi
ated
by two SAWs in opp
osite
prop
agatio
n d
i
rectio
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 230
2-40
46
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 5, May 2013 : 2671 – 267
8
2675
In Figu
re
2, F
i
gure
2
(a
)
sh
ows the
state
of 9µ
l
re
d
dye solution
d
r
o
p
on
the
a
c
o
u
stic path
of single SAW. Figure 2 (b) to (c) sh
ow the slow
mo
vement of the drop a
c
tuate
d
by single SAW,
whe
n
RF
sig
nal po
we
r is
increa
sed to
24.9dBm.
Fig
u
re 2
(d
) sho
w
s th
e state
of 9µl red
dye
solutio
n
dro
p
in diagon
al interdigital tra
n
sd
ucer
s. Fo
r ob
servatio
n
,
the drop i
s
near
one
sid
e
of
interdigital
tra
n
sd
ucer
arra
y. Two SA
Ws in o
ppo
site
p
r
opa
gation
di
rectio
n m
a
ke
the d
r
op
rotat
e
along
cente
r
of the drop,
but can
not a
c
tuate the d
r
op, whe
n
the
RF sig
nal p
o
we
r is le
ss t
han
32.6dBm. A
s
soo
n
a
s
th
e
RF
sign
al p
o
w
er in
crea
se
s to
32.6dBm
,
the d
r
op
is a
c
tuated
sl
owl
y
as
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 2 (e
)-(f). Ho
wever, the
drop ro
tate
s
along the ce
nter of drop
whe
n
the dro
p
is
near the mi
d
d
le of diago
n
a
l interdigital
transdu
ce
rs u
n
til 34.8dBm RF si
gnal po
wer
as
sho
w
n in
Figure 2 (g)-(i). Th
e main
rea
s
on i
s
a
s
followin
g
: As the d
r
o
p
is near one
si
de of inte
rdig
ital
transdu
ce
r a
rray at the b
eginni
ng of critical
tran
sportation exp
e
rime
ntal, asymmetry of two
surfa
c
e
a
c
ou
stic
wave
s
on
the d
r
o
p
o
ccurs du
e
to
different
length
of acou
stic t
r
ansportatio
n
and
ace
n
tric po
siti
on. The
r
efo
r
e
,
32.6dBm
RF sig
nal
po
wer
can
ma
ke
the d
r
op
in th
e state
of
criti
c
al
transpo
rtation
.
However,
when the
drop
is n
ear
th
e
cente
r
of two
SAWs i
n
op
posite
directi
on,
internal a
c
o
u
s
tic st
reami
n
g gene
rated
by the two
SAWs is al
so n
ear cente
r
sy
mmetry, leadi
ng to
rotation of the
drop in o
r
igin
al positio
n at the 34.8dBm
RF sig
nal po
wer.
In Figure
2, one
can al
so
d
educe that drop
will be act
uated
by si
ngle SAW
at small RF
sign
al po
wer,
while the d
r
op acte
d by two op
po
site
SAWs
can
n
o
t
arrive at the
state of criti
c
al
transpo
rtation
at great
RF
signal p
o
wer.
Thus,
hydrop
hilic a
r
e
a
is u
s
ually in
dispe
n
sa
ble in
si
ng
le
SAW situatio
n [16], which i
n
crea
se
s pro
c
e
ss
seq
uen
c
e
of
micro
e
x
t
r
a
ct
ion d
e
v
i
ce.
In addition,
apertu
re
widt
h in di
ago
nal
interdi
g
ital t
r
an
sdu
c
e
r
s a
rray
ca
n be
at lea
s
t
doubl
e in
sin
g
le inte
rdigit
al tran
sd
ucers. It is
im
portant wh
en
sa
mple
solutio
n
is e
a
sy to
be
obtaine
d, an
d
analyte
co
ncentration
is v
e
ry
small,
wh
ere
the
sam
p
l
e
volume
i
s
p
r
oba
bly do
ze
ns
of microlite
r
s
due to low d
e
t
ection limit.
Microextra
c
tion e
nhan
ce
d by two o
ppo
site
SA
Ws was al
so dem
on
stra
ted u
s
ing
homem
ade m
i
cro
e
xtra
ction
device. An
o
r
gani
c
dye
(a
cid g
r
e
en-25) wa
s extra
c
te
d from
aque
o
u
s
solutio
n
d
r
op
to an
iron li
q
u
id
(1-butyl-3
-m
ethylimida
z
olium
hexafl
uoro
pho
sp
hat
e)
([bmim][PF
6
])
drop o
n
the piezoele
c
tri
c
sub
s
trate. Fi
gure 3
sh
o
w
s the seq
uen
tial snap
shot
s obtaine
d from a
recorded drop-to
-drop microextr
a
c
tion expe
rime
nt enh
anced
by two S
A
Ws i
n
o
p
p
o
sit
e
prop
agatio
n d
i
rectio
n.
Figure 3. The
sequ
ential snap
shot
s obt
ained fr
o
m
a recorded d
r
o
p
-to-dro
p
microextra
c
tion
enha
nced by two SAWs in
oppo
site prop
agation di
re
ction
In Figure
3, Figure 3 (a
) sho
w
s th
e state
of 5µl
iron liq
uid a
nd 4µl a
c
id
gree
n-25
aque
ou
s solu
tion dro
p
on
the pie
z
o
e
le
ctric
su
bstrat
e. Figure 3
(b)
shows t
he
stat
e of aci
d
g
r
ee
n-
25
rotating
wi
thin the
drop
acted
by two
oppo
si
te SA
Ws at 2
7
.8dB
m RF
si
gnal
power. Fi
gure 3
(c) to
(f)
sho
w
s the m
a
ss tran
sfer
of a
c
id
gr
e
en-25
from a
queo
u
s
p
h
a
s
e to i
r
on liqui
d p
h
a
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Dro
p
-dro
p Mi
cro
e
xt
ra
ction
Enhan
ced b
y
Two O
ppo
site Surface Acousti
c Wa
ve
s (Fu Xiang
-tin
g)
2676
Colo
r
cha
nge
of aqu
eou
s
pha
se a
nd i
r
on liqui
d
ca
n
be o
b
served
intuitively, which
sh
ows t
h
e
mass tran
sfe
r
of acid gre
e
n
-
25 withi
n
two
phases.
In ord
e
r to
calcul
ate the
p
a
ram
e
ter ‘
a
’
of
CIELab
to
evaluate the
microextra
c
tion level,
the boun
dary
of acid gre
e
n
-25 a
que
ou
s sol
u
tion sh
ould be fit wi
th polygon at
first. Figure 4
sho
w
s the bo
unda
ry and fit curve of a
c
id
green
-2
5 aq
ueou
s solutio
n
sho
w
n in Fi
gure 3
(a).
Figure 4. Gre
y
-scale ma
p of acid
green
-25 extractio
n
solutio
n
(a
), and its bou
nda
ry (white lin
e),
fit curve (red l
i
ne) (b)
Figure 4
sh
o
w
s that the
fit curve i
s
n
ear th
e bo
u
ndary
of a
c
id green
-25
aque
ou
s
solutio
n
, and
can b
e
used for cal
c
ul
ating
param
eters of CIELab mo
del.
As
the con
c
entration of acid gre
e
n
-
2
5
aqu
eou
s solutio
n
is correspon
ding
to
the
para
m
eter ‘
a
’
value of CI
ELab mod
e
l
[16], we
ca
n obtain
the co
nce
n
tration o
f
acid
g
r
ee
n-2
5
aque
ou
s solu
tion re
al time
only when
we calculated t
he ‘a’ val
ue
o
f
CIELab
mo
del a
c
cording
to
recorded im
age
s. In addition, it is importa
nt
to study the effect of
RF sign
al power on
microextra
c
tion level. Figu
re 5 sho
w
s th
e con
c
e
n
trati
on of acid g
r
een-25 aq
ue
ous
solutio
n
drop
with micro
e
xtractio
n time
at three diffe
rent RF
signal power. For intuition, column diagram is
use
d
in Figu
re 5.
Figure 5. The
con
c
entratio
n
of acid gree
n-25 a
que
ou
s solution d
r
op
(dono
r)
with microextra
c
tion
time at three different RF
signal po
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 230
2-40
46
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No
. 5, May 2013 : 2671 – 267
8
2677
Acco
rdi
ng to
the microextraction
re
sult
s as
sh
own in
Figure 5, o
n
e
ca
n de
du
ce t
hat two
SAWs i
n
o
p
p
o
site
propag
a
t
ion directio
n
can
a
c
celerate mi
cro
e
xtra
ction spee
d a
n
d
level, a
nd i
s
affected g
r
ea
tly by RF sig
nal po
we
r ap
plied to
the d
i
agon
al interd
igital tran
sdu
c
ers. When
RF
sign
al po
we
r
is 2
7
.8dBm, t
he
con
c
e
n
trat
ion of
aci
d
g
r
een-25
aqu
e
ous solution
can
be
re
du
ce
d
from 1g/L t
o
about 0.1
g
/L within
160
se
con
d
s
mi
cro
e
xtra
ction
time. After microextra
c
tion,
analyte ca
n b
e
further a
nal
yzed by instrument
metho
d
su
ch a
s
ga
s ch
rom
a
tograph technol
o
g
y.
4. Conclusio
n
A new dro
p
-
to-d
rop liq
ui
d-liqui
d microextr
actio
n
method was presented,
in which
microextra
c
tion wa
s enh
a
n
ce
d by two SAWs in opp
osite propa
ga
tion dire
ction.
Micro
e
xtracti
on
of acid green
-25 fro
m
aqu
eou
s sol
u
tion
to iron liquid
was d
e
mon
s
trated to verify validity of the
method. A
c
cordin
g to th
e
microextra
c
t
i
on exp
e
ri
me
nts, several
con
c
lu
sio
n
s
can
be
drawn:
(1)Drop
-
to-d
rop microextraction can b
e
accele
ra
te
d by two SAWs in op
p
o
site propa
g
a
tion
dire
ction; (2)
Simulating to
singl
e interd
igital tr
an
sdu
c
er
situatio
n, RF si
gnal
p
o
we
r ap
plied
to
diagonal interdigital transducers
will
also greatly affect the dr
op-to-drop mi
croe
xtraction speed
and l
e
vel; (3)Comp
a
red to
sin
g
le SA
W
situation,
th
ere exist
advan
tages of
sim
p
ler technolo
g
y
and flexible
volume of sample
soluti
on in two S
A
Ws
with o
ppo
site prop
agation di
re
ction
situation. T
h
e
pre
s
e
n
ted mi
cro
e
xt
ra
ction
method i
s
val
uable fo
r pi
ezoele
c
tric microfluidic
device
for microfluidi
c
analy
s
is.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ments
This work was supp
orted
by the Science
a
nd Te
chnolo
g
y Dep
a
rtment of Z
hejian
g
Province an
d
Natu
ral Sci
e
nce
Foun
dati
on of Ni
ngb
o
Muni
cipal in
Chin
a un
der awa
r
d
numb
e
r
2009
R5
0025
and
20
11A6
1010
8. Thi
s
work was al
so
pa
rtly spon
sored
by K.C. Won
g
M
a
g
n
a
Fund in Ni
ng
bo Unive
r
sity.
Referen
ces
[1]
Ali SY, Am
irh
a
ssan A.
Li
qui
d-
phas
e Micr
oe
xtraction.
Tren
d
s
in
An
alytica
l
Che
m
istry
.
201
0; 29(
1): 1-
14.
[2]
Cristina MS, Z
o
rai
da SF
. Applicati
on of Ne
w
Ap
pro
a
ches
to Liqui
d-ph
a
s
e Microe
xtrac
t
ion for th
e
Determin
a
tio
n
of Emergin
g
Pollut
ants.
T
r
AC T
r
ends in Ana
l
ytical Ch
e
m
istry
. 2011; 30(
5): 731-
748.
[3]
Mohd
MS, H
ana
HA, W
a
n AW
. Disp
e
r
sive L
i
q
u
id
–li
qui
d Micr
oe
xtr
a
ction
Metho
d
Base
d o
n
Soli
dificati
on
o
f
F
l
oatin
g Org
anic
Dro
p
let fo
r the D
e
termi
n
a
tion
of T
r
iazin
e
Her
b
ici
des
i
n
W
a
ter
an
d
Sugarc
a
n
e
Sa
mples.
F
ood C
h
e
m
istry
. 201
2
;
133(2): 55
7-5
62.
[4]
Pour
ya B, Ma
hjo
obe
h E. Dispersiv
e
Liq
u
id
–liq
ui
d Microe
xtraction Usi
ng
Extractio
n
Solv
ents Lig
h
te
r
than W
a
ter
Co
mbin
ed
w
i
th
Hi
gh P
e
rformanc
e L
i
qu
id
Chr
o
matogra
p
h
y
f
o
r
Determi
nati
o
n
of S
y
nth
e
ti
c
Antio
x
i
dants i
n
F
r
uit Juice Sa
mples.
Jour
nal
of F
ood Co
mp
ositio
n an
d An
alysis
. 20
12; 2
7
(1): 87-9
4
.
[5]
Archan
a J, Kri
s
hna
KV. Rec
ent Adv
ances
i
n
Ap
plic
ations
of Sin
g
le-
d
rop
Microe
xtracti
o
n
:
A Revi
e
w
.
Analytic
a Chi
m
ica Acta
. 201
1; 706(1): 37-
65.
[6]
Micha
e
l AJ
an
d F
r
ed
erick F
C
. Mass T
r
ansfer Char
acteristic
s of solv
ent
e
x
traction
into
a
singl
e
dr
o
p
at the tip of a syri
ng
e nee
dl
e.
Analytic C
h
e
m
i
c
al
. 199
7; 69(2
)
: 235–2
39.
[7]
Noel
ia C, Inm
a
cul
ada C, C
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