Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
414
~
420
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
414
-
420
414
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
MATLAB
modeli
ng to
evalu
ate
th
e r
atio of
packed c
ell volu
me
Z
ena
Ah
me
d
Alw
an
,
Su
ha
i
r
M
ohammed
Ya
se
en
,
Hud
a Far
ooq
Jame
el
Depa
rtment
o
f M
edi
cal
Instrum
ent
a
ti
on
Techni
q
ues
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng,
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
T
ec
hni
ca
l
Coll
ege,
Midd
le
Te
chn
ic
a
l
Univ
e
rsit
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n 1
4
, 2
021
Re
vised
Jun
8
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
8
, 202
1
The
re
are man
y
dire
c
t
and
indi
r
e
ct
m
et
hods of
m
ea
suring
th
e
vol
um
et
ric
r
at
io
of
red
b
lood
c
e
ll
s
relat
ive
to
s
ample
siz
e
and
tot
al
blood
,
but
the
m
anua
l
ca
rc
inoge
ni
c
m
et
hod
remai
ns
the
m
ost
stabl
e
and
le
ast
expe
nsi
ve
m
et
hod
despit
e
the
poss
ibi
lit
y
of
hum
an
err
or.
The
r
atio
per
ce
n
t
of
the
pac
ked
red
blood
ce
ll
volu
m
e
to
the
tot
al
volume
of
the
blood
sam
ple
is
known
as
the
pac
ked
ce
l
l
volu
m
e
(PCV
).
Our
eff
orts
were
dir
e
ct
ed
a
t
findi
ng
a
pre
ci
se
and
ec
onom
ic
m
et
ho
d
for
PC
V
dete
rm
ina
ti
on.
Th
er
eb
y
,
we
design
e
d
a
sim
ple
devi
c
e
consist
in
g
of
a
digita
l
c
a
m
era
that
is
con
nec
t
ed
to
a
computer
whi
ch
uses
a
spec
i
fic
MA
TL
AB
progra
m
to
proc
ess
the
blood
images.
As
a
result,
the
imag
e
c
an
b
e
re
ad
and
th
e
PC
V
ca
n
be
cal
cul
a
te
d
using
a
spec
ial
cod
e
s
y
stem.
Th
is
ne
w
m
ea
suring
s
y
s
te
m
provide
s
th
e
ca
pab
il
i
ties
and
adva
nt
age
s
to
fre
quen
tly
c
om
m
ent
on
m
ea
sured
PC
V
with
norm
al
or
a
bnorm
al
,
in
compari
son
with
norm
al
val
u
es
of
PC
V,
which
are
stored
in
th
e
computer
.
Our
m
ea
surem
e
nt
m
et
hod
provide
s
ac
cur
a
te
res
ult
s
compare
d
to
the
rule
r
resul
ts
to
al
l
evi
a
te
the
eff
o
rt
of
c
le
ar
ing
the
hep
atiti
s
C
virus
from
the
blood
(PCV
).
Thi
s
s
y
s
te
m
ena
b
le
s
a
s
wift
and
sim
ple
sam
ple
anal
y
s
i
s
and
PC
V
ide
nti
f
icati
on
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ed
ge dete
ct
ed
Hem
at
ocr
it
Packe
d
cel
l
vo
l
um
e
Re
d blo
od cell
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zena
A
hm
ed
Alwa
n
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f M
edical
I
nst
rum
entat
ion
Tec
hn
i
qu
e
s E
ng
i
ne
erin
g
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Tec
hn
i
cal
Colle
ge
Mi
dd
le
Tec
hnic
al
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Ir
a
q
Em
a
il
: zena@m
tu.ed
u.i
q
;
ze
na78
2017@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
H
em
og
lob
i
n
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
a
nd
oxyge
n
sat
ur
at
io
n
a
re
c
onside
red
as
a
n
ind
ic
at
i
on
of
a
patie
nt'
s
abili
ty
to
trans
port
oxyge
n,
these
a
re
r
outi
ne
ly
m
on
it
or
e
d
or
te
ste
d
in
a
ny
instance
wh
e
re
oxyge
n
tr
an
sp
ort
is
thought
to
be
com
pr
om
ise
d.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
hem
at
ocr
it
and
t
otal
he
m
og
lob
in
c
oncentrati
on
are
us
ed
pr
e
operati
vely
to
m
on
it
or
pa
ti
ent
s
duri
ng
proce
dures
with
a
hi
gh
ris
k
of
bl
ood
l
os
s
or
hem
or
r
ha
ge
.
T
he
m
easur
em
ents
are
al
so
us
ed
in
guidin
g
cl
inica
l
decisi
ons
to
treat
low
blood
volum
e,
or
a
nem
ia
,
throu
gh
m
edicat
ion
or
blood
t
ran
s
f
us
ion
[
1
]
-
[
5
]
.
Th
e
m
anu
al
r
uler
m
et
ho
d,
us
e
d
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
vo
l
um
e
of
presse
d
blood
cel
ls,
is
on
e
of
the
m
os
t
us
e
d
an
d
le
ast
exp
e
ns
ive
m
et
ho
ds
an
d
is
theref
ore
widely
distrib
uted
in
la
borator
ie
s
.
A
blood
sam
ple
is
ta
ken
f
ro
m
t
he
patie
nt
usi
ng
a
capil
la
ry
tub
e
with
anti
-
cl
otti
ng
m
at
eri
al
and
cet
erifuge
d.
The
pro
cess
of
c
entri
fugin
g
the
bl
ood
l
eads
t
o
the
s
epar
at
io
n
of
the
blood
m
od
el
into
the
aforem
entione
d
com
po
ne
nts,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1
.
It
is
cal
culat
ed
withi
n
the
siz
e
range
of
the r
ed
bloo
d
cel
ls
because
this
ca
us
es
a
m
easur
e
m
ent
error.
PC
V
is
the
volum
et
ric
per
ce
nta
ge
of
eryt
hrocyt
es
to
the
siz
e
of
the
total
b
lo
od m
od
el
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
MATLAB
mo
de
li
ng
to
ev
alua
te
the r
atio
of
pa
cke
d
cel
l v
ol
um
e
(
Zena A
hmed
Alw
an
)
415
Fig
ure
1
.
Mo
de
l of centri
fuge
d blo
od sam
ple
The v
olu
m
es are e
xtracted
b
y
the
fo
ll
owin
g ca
lc
ulati
on
s:
PCV =
(
High
re
d
blo
od
c
e
lls
in
th
e
f
orm
Tota
l
h
e
i
g
ht
of
th
e
blo
od
mo
de
l
)
×
100
P
C
V
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
a
n
d
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
m
a
n
y
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
P
C
V
i
s
4
5
%
f
o
r
m
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
4
0
%
f
o
r
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
l
d
e
s
t
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
l
e
s
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
m
o
s
t
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
i
s
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
h
e
m
a
t
o
c
r
i
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
s
i
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
v
e
r
y
s
m
a
l
l
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
b
l
o
o
d
,
n
o
t
e
x
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
n
e
d
r
o
p
,
a
n
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
a
n
d
v
e
r
y
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
a
y
e
r
s
o
f
p
l
a
s
m
a
(
t
r
a
p
p
e
d
)
i
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
t
i
m
e
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
t
e
n
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
m
a
n
u
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
n
o
n
-
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
m
a
n
u
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
P
rovi
ded
di
ff
e
ren
t
cl
assifi
ers
to
detect
m
ic
ro
cy
ti
c
hypo
c
hrom
ia
us
ing
C
BC
and
blood
fil
m
featur
es
der
i
ved
f
ro
m
a
co
nvolu
ti
on
ne
ur
al
netw
ork
.
The
aut
hors
wer
e
us
e
d
va
riou
s
e
valuati
o
n
m
e
tric
s
to
ac
hieve
d
resu
lt
s
(linea
r
discrim
inant
analy
sis
(LDA
),
k
-
near
e
st
neig
hbors
(
k
-
N
N)
,
su
pp
or
t
vecto
r
m
achine
(SV
M),
an
d
neural
netw
ork
cl
assifi
cat
ion
pr
i
ncipal
c
om
po
ne
nt
a
naly
sis
(P
CA
)).
Howe
ver,
the
lim
it
e
d
nu
m
ber
of
pa
ti
ents
reduces
the
syst
e
m
c
o
m
plexity
and
researc
her’s
tim
e
fo
r
getti
ng
data
f
ro
m
diff
ere
nt
ho
s
pital
to
trai
n
the
netw
ork.
Also,
the
lim
it
ed
nu
m
ber
of
t
rain
ing
with
a
la
r
ge
num
ber
of
featur
e
s
can
no
t
becau
se
it
le
ads
to
ov
e
rf
it
ti
ng
[
1
1
]
.
Pr
opos
el
of
us
in
g
a
sm
artp
hone
-
obta
ine
d
sn
a
ps
hot
to
ext
rapolat
e
canine
PCV
and
inte
gr
at
e
d
into
a
m
ob
il
e
app
li
cat
io
n
with
lo
w
-
res
ource
en
vir
on
m
ents.
The
cum
ulati
ve
e
rror
of
t
he
cal
culat
ion,
on
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
m
ay
hav
e
bee
n
m
easur
e
d
i
n
co
m
par
ison
to
t
he
per
m
issi
ble
error
f
or
t
he
sys
tem
.
The
fi
nd
i
n
gs
of
this
resear
ch
ind
ic
at
e
that
sm
artph
on
e
-
obta
ined
photog
raphs
m
ay
be
us
e
d
to
est
i
m
at
e
canine
PCV.
Unfortu
natel
y,
this
cou
ld
not
be
m
easur
ed
because
each
s
a
m
ple
had
only
been
te
ste
d
on
ce
.
This
was
on
e
of
the
stu
dy'
s
limit
at
ion
s
[1
2
]
.
s
uggeste
d
a
c
om
m
on
operati
ng
proce
dure
f
or
cal
c
ulati
ng
pack
e
d
cel
l
volum
e
to
reduce
inter
op
erator
var
ia
bili
ty
and
im
pr
ove
accuracy.
In
a
veterina
ry
te
achin
g
hos
pital
set
ti
ng
,
the
a
uthors
su
ggest
e
d
a
sta
nd
a
rd
op
e
rat
ing
pr
ocedure
(S
OP)
f
or
c
anine
PC
V
cal
culat
ion
that
decr
ease
s
ope
rator
-
dep
e
ndent
va
r
ia
nce
and
inc
reases
accu
rac
y.
Ho
w
eve
r,
the
num
ber
of
sa
m
ples
was
relat
ively
lim
it
ed,
especial
ly
in
th
e cli
nical
staff cl
asses, but thi
s w
as
due to
p
a
rtic
ipant a
vaila
bili
ty
; pr
efera
bl
y, a g
reate
r
nu
m
ber
of p
a
rtic
ipants
would be
r
ec
rui
te
d
in
relat
ed f
uture e
xp
e
rim
e
nts
[1
3
]
.
Desig
n
an
d
im
plem
ent
at
ion
of
el
ect
ro
ic
ci
rc
uit
wh
ic
h
de
pe
nd
e
d
on
Ard
uin
o
boar
d
we
re
perform
ed
by
H
.
Fa
roo
q
and
S.
ya
seen
to
est
im
a
te
PCV.
T
he
aut
hor
s
we
re
cal
cula
te
d
the
PCV
a
nd
H
b
(h
em
oglob
in
)
values
,
w
hich
m
akes
an
al
ysi
s
of
PCV
blood
reli
able
and
si
m
ple
treatm
ent
.
The
syst
em
c
om
po
sed
of
A
r
du
i
no
bo
a
r
d,
red li
gh
t
(600
nm
),
p
hot
ocell
, and LC
D
. Ho
wev
e
r, t
he sy
stem
h
as lim
it
ed
sam
ples to
analy
sis
[1
4
]
.
Durin
g
m
easur
in
g
proces
s
of
ca
nin
e
PC
V,
a
m
et
ho
d
for
ide
ntifyi
ng
inter
s
-
a
nd
i
nt
ra
-
ope
rato
r
var
ia
bili
ty
,
as
well
as
the
sta
ge
of
er
rors
w
as
pro
po
se
d
by
[1
5
]
.
T
o
ass
ess
the
PCV
pa
cked
cel
l
vol
um
es
of
three
sam
ples,
the
auth
or
s
put
unde
rgra
duat
e
veterinary
stud
e
nts
an
d
ve
te
rinar
y
sur
ge
on
s
t
o
the
te
st.
The
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
as
gathe
r
e
d
f
r
om
44
stu
de
nts
an
d
11
veter
inarians
.
PC
V
m
easur
em
ent,
on
t
he
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
is
highly
hel
pful
if
the
decisi
ons
ta
ke
n
to
ha
ndle
the
cas
es
of
s
tud
y
a
re
reli
able
an
d
pr
eci
se
.
Op
e
rato
r
var
ia
nce
i
s
a
m
ajo
r
as
pec
t
that
m
us
t
be
overc
om
e
by
adequate
preparati
on
a
nd
ad
her
e
nce
t
o
sta
ndar
d
op
e
rati
ng
proce
dures.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
414
-
420
416
To
ove
rco
m
e
ob
sta
cl
es
of
m
easur
i
ng
syst
e
m
co
m
plexity
,
lim
it
ation
of
sam
ples,
and
error
of
li
ght
ref
le
ct
io
n,
our suggeste
d
m
eth
od is b
ase
d
m
ai
nly on
takin
g a high
r
e
so
l
ution
dig
it
al
i
m
age o
f
the
blood
m
od
el
af
te
r
centri
fugi
ng,
the
n
proces
sing
this
im
age
by
MATLAB
pro
gr
am
to
ob
ta
in
the
res
ults
of
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
dig
it
al
ly
and
c
om
par
isi
on
thes
e
resu
lt
s
with
store
d
no
rm
al
values
of
PCV
to
intr
oduce
r
esulte
d
PC
V
va
lues
with in
dicat
io
n t
hat v
al
ue
is
norm
al
o
r no
t.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
D
Althou
gh
the
m
anu
al
ru
le
r
is
the
si
m
plest
a
nd
le
ast
exp
e
nsi
ve
m
et
ho
d
–
a
nd
is
there
fore
widely
us
ed
in
la
borato
ries
–
the
a
bs
e
nce
of
sub
div
isi
ons
within
the
r
uler
gradie
nts
an
d
the
fact
that
th
e
read
i
ng
de
pe
nd
s
on
the
co
rr
e
ct
ness
of
the
vie
w
of
the
analy
st
m
ean
that
the
r
e
is
a
high
prob
a
bili
ty
of
hum
an
error
[
16
]
-
[
18
]
,
resu
lt
in
g
in
an
err
or
pe
rcen
ta
ge.
He
nce,
we
are
lookin
g
f
or
a
m
or
e
accura
te
way
to
cal
c
ulate
PCV.
Th
e
ne
w
basic idea
, whi
ch
is t
he basis
of the i
nv
e
ntio
n,
is
to
cal
c
ulate
the
valu
e
of
PCV elect
r
on
ic
al
ly
.
The
fi
rst
ste
p:
Af
te
r
t
he
pr
oc
ess
of
sepa
rati
ng
t
he
bl
ood
s
a
m
ple,
the
cap
il
la
ry
tub
e
is
pl
aced
in
the
incisi
on
s
pecifi
ed
f
or
it
as
the
whole
de
vice
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2
.
The
sec
ond
ste
p:
the
c
a
m
era
is
turn
e
d
on
to
ta
ke
the
re
qu
i
r
e
d
im
ages
fo
r
i
m
age
processi
ng
a
nd
to
s
how
the
re
su
lt
s
a
ccordin
g
to
th
e
patie
nt'
s
conditi
on
.
The
thi
rd
ste
p:
the
pr
ogram
will
be
la
unc
he
d
a
nd
t
he
im
ages
that
were
pr
e
viously
ca
ptured
will
be
op
e
ne
d
and
they
a
re
proces
sed
acco
r
ding
t
o
the
program
placed
in
t
he
co
ding
syst
e
m
(co
de
).
The
la
st
ste
p:
It
ca
n
sh
ow t
he res
ults acc
ordi
ng to
t
he
c
on
te
xt s
hown in Fi
gure
3.
This
idea
is
ba
sed
on
the
des
ign
of
a
s
pecia
l
gr
a
ph
ic
al
us
e
r
inter
face
us
e
d
to
cal
culat
e
tho
s
e
rati
os
base
d
on
a
set
of
com
m
and
s
that
read
the
i
m
ag
e.
Then,
the
rati
os
are
s
how
n
an
d
m
od
ifie
d
usi
ng
certai
n
al
gorithm
s
to
pro
du
ce
a
ready
-
to
-
read
im
ag
e,
ext
racti
ng
t
he
resu
lt
s
with
sp
eci
al
e
qu
at
i
on
s
within
t
he
co
de
syst
e
m
.
Me
asur
em
ent
of
PCV
is
perform
e
d
by
the
f
ollo
wing
sug
geste
d
syst
em
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
the
pa
rts
belo
w:
2.1
.
Mech
an
i
cal p
art
As
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2, this c
onsist
s of t
he fol
lowing c
om
ponen
ts
:
-
Slot
f
or
t
he
ca
m
era
m
od
e:
T
hro
ugh
this,
th
e
cam
era
is
pla
ced
in
a
ce
rtai
n
way,
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
the
desig
n,
t
o
ta
ke
pictures
of
the
bl
ood
sa
m
ple
that
is
in
the
ca
pill
ary
tub
e
,
t
hen,
the
i
m
ages
are
t
ra
ns
m
itted
thr
ou
gh
a
sp
eci
al
cable
f
ro
m
the
ca
m
er
a
to
the
com
pu
te
r
for
i
m
age
pr
oces
sin
g
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
program
pr
epar
e
d
in
adv
a
nce.
-
In
ci
sio
n
of
the
capil
la
ry
tub
e:
This
was
desi
gn
e
d
acc
ordi
ng
to
t
he
sta
nd
a
rd
siz
e
of
the
capil
la
ry
tub
e
us
e
d
for
the
a
naly
sis
of
PCV
,
it
is
placed
a
fter
it
has
been
intr
oduce
d
t
o
the
c
entral
se
par
at
i
on
de
vice
to
in
du
ce
separ
at
io
n bet
ween t
he re
d blood
cel
ls a
nd t
he plasm
a to take th
e
p
ic
t
ur
es
and s
how
t
he d
esi
red
res
ults.
-
Plast
ic
ho
lde
r:
This
is
desig
ne
d
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
form
to
fit
the
requirem
ents
of
the
w
ork
and
se
ns
it
ivit
y
in
the an
al
ysi
s t
o get the
best
res
ults.
-
Ba
se
m
od
el
:
This
has
bee
n
a
dd
e
d
for
the
pur
pose
of
fixing
the
m
od
el
a
nd
the
acc
om
pan
yi
ng
m
ov
em
ent
of
the d
e
vice at
w
ork
a
nd
durin
g t
he
accom
pan
y
ing
dif
ficult
ie
s,
esp
eci
al
ly
in
a
naly
sis l
aborat
or
ie
s.
Fig
ure
2
.
The
m
echan
ic
al
p
a
r
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
MATLAB
mo
de
li
ng
to
ev
alua
te
the r
atio
of
pa
cke
d
cel
l v
ol
um
e
(
Zena A
hmed
Alw
an
)
417
2.2.
El
ectric
al
pa
r
t
Com
pu
te
r:
Thi
s
is
the
con
t
ro
l
li
ng
pa
rt
of
the
syst
e
m
,
achieved
us
in
g
the
MATLAB
pro
gr
am
design
m
ast
er
pro
gr
a
m
,
wh
ic
h
c
on
t
ro
ls
t
he
im
age
processi
ng
an
d
in
dicat
es
the
require
d
m
easur
em
ents
thr
ou
gh
the
i
m
age
of
the
c
apill
ary
tub
e
c
on
ta
ini
ng
t
he
bl
ood
sam
ple
of
the
perso
n
to
be
te
ste
d.
Data
transm
issi
on
cable:
This
is
us
e
d
t
o
trans
fer
data
thr
ough
the
c
onnecti
on
betw
ee
n
the
c
om
pute
r
an
d
the
ca
m
era.
Digital
ca
m
era:
This
is
an
el
ect
ronic
m
achine
that
ta
kes
ph
oto
gra
ph
s
a
nd
st
or
es
t
hem
el
ectr
onic
al
ly
instea
d
of
us
in
g
fil
m
li
ke
conve
ntion
al
c
a
m
eras.
Mod
e
r
n
di
gital
ca
m
eras
hav
e
bec
ome
so
ve
rsati
le
that
so
m
e
can
reco
r
d
au
di
o
o
r
vid
e
o
us
in
g
a
m
e
m
or
y
card
,
w
hich
var
ie
s
in
siz
e
to
ena
ble
it
to
store
m
or
e
i
m
ages.
T
he
cam
era
is
us
ed
to
ta
ke
a
picture
of
the
separ
at
e
d
bloo
d
sam
ple
and
the
im
age
is
transm
itted
via
a
sp
eci
al
cable
t
o
the
com
pu
te
r
to
be
processe
d
by
a
sp
eci
al
cod
e
t
o
ex
tract
the
va
lue
for
the
num
ber
of
bl
ood
cel
ls.
The
bl
ood
sam
ple
and
c
a
m
era
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
us
e
d
in
this
dev
ic
e
are
eff
ec
ti
vely
7.
2
m
eg
apixels
with
a
hig
h
se
ns
it
ivit
y
of
IS
O
10
00
an
d
appr
ox
im
at
ely 3
80
fr
am
es.
2.3.
Pr
ogram
mat
ic
pa
r
t
MATLAB
(M
at
rix
-
La
borat
o
r
y)
is
a
le
a
ding
pro
gr
am
in
m
a
them
a
ti
cal
engi
neer
in
g
a
nd
m
at
hem
atical
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
MATLAB
has
the
abili
ty
to
com
pu
te
m
atr
ic
es,
grap
h
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
functi
ons,
im
ple
m
ent
var
i
ou
s
al
go
rithm
s,
create
gr
ap
hical
us
er
interfaces
,
an
d
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with
progra
m
s
wr
it
te
n
in
oth
er
la
nguag
e
s,
incl
ud
i
ng
C
-
,
C
++,
Java,
a
nd
F
ort
ran.
This
pro
gr
am
is
al
so
us
ed
to
draw
tw
o
-
dim
ension
al
grap
hs
and to
so
l
ve difficult m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
eq
uatio
ns an
d digit
al
im
age pro
ces
sing t
o sh
ow the
best r
e
su
lt
s
[
19
]
-
[
22
].
Her
e
,
we
e
xpla
in
the
inter
fa
ce
de
velo
pe
d
t
o
c
onduct
the
analy
sis
of
th
e
im
age
and
to
s
how
th
e
desire
d resu
lt
s.
A
s
sho
wn in F
ig
ure
3,
t
he
int
erf
ace i
nclu
des
the
fo
ll
owin
g parts:
Figure
3. The
interf
ace
of t
he pr
ogram
-
Dow
nlo
a
d
the
i
m
age:
Do
w
nl
oad
an
im
age
fr
om
the
blo
od
sam
ple
to
th
e
com
pu
te
r
to
be
processe
d
to
achieve t
he res
ult;
the im
age is in
t
he
f
ollo
wing for
m
s: JPG, BM
P,
JP
EG
, PN
G.
-
Ax
is
(
G1):
T
he
place
w
her
e
the
im
age
fro
m
the
com
pu
te
r
is
processe
d
us
in
g
t
he
im
age
proces
sin
g
c
od
e
gr
a
phic
al
u
se
r i
nterf
ace
in
t
he
MATL
AB
pro
gr
am
.
-
Dista
nce
m
easur
em
ent:
A
pr
ogram
m
ed
ru
le
r
is
use
d
to
c
al
culat
e
the
tot
al
heig
ht
of
a
blood
col
um
n
in
a
un
it
of m
easur
e
m
ent.
-
Pixel
inf
or
m
at
i
on
:
T
his
dis
pla
ys
the
inf
or
m
ation
f
or
each
pi
xel
in
the
im
age,
w
her
e
by
it
is
coor
din
at
ed
i
n
the form
o
f
m
a
tric
es (
Pi
xel in
fo (X,
Y) [R
G
B]
).
-
Pixel area
in
form
ation
: Dis
pl
ay
s all
the im
a
ge pixels i
n
a
ne
w
li
st.
-
Get
the
le
ngt
h
autom
at
ic
ally:
The
le
ng
t
h
of
the
m
od
el
of
the
w
hole
bloo
d
c
olu
m
n
and
the
le
ngth
of
t
he
colum
n
of r
e
d blo
od cell
s (
R
BC
)
are ta
ken
autom
at
ic
ally.
-
Im
age
inf
or
m
a
ti
on
:
T
his
c
omm
and
disp
la
ys
sp
eci
al
in
form
at
ion
t
hat
is
processe
d,
su
c
h
as
file
nam
e,
file
sta
tus d
at
a,
im
age
form
at
, i
m
age
width, a
nd
i
m
age leng
t
h.
-
Cutt
ing
: T
his c
omm
and
is
us
e
d
to
cu
t t
he
im
age a
nd ex
t
ract t
he part t
o be
processe
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
414
-
420
418
-
R
GB
le
vel
disp
la
y:
This
com
m
and
dis
play
s
the
pr
im
ary
color
s
in
the
im
age
m
at
rix
(r
ed
le
vel,
green
le
ve
l,
blu
e le
vel).
-
Ra
dio
bu
tt
on:
This
pa
rt
is
use
d
to
c
hoos
e
th
e
sex
of
the
pa
ti
ent
(m
a
le
and
fem
al
e)
to
disti
nguish
t
he
val
ue
of com
pr
esse
d blo
od cell
s d
e
pe
n
di
ng on t
he
s
ex of
the
patie
nt.
-
Heig
ht
of
the
r
ed
bl
ood
cel
l
c
olu
m
n:
This
pa
rt
is
us
e
d
to
wri
te
the
value
of
the
heig
ht
of
t
he
re
d
blood
c
el
l
colum
n.
-
Heig
ht
of
t
he
blood
col
um
n
pill
ar:
Me
asu
r
e
m
ent
of
the
he
igh
t
of
the
pi
ll
ar
of
the
w
hole
bl
ood
m
odel
,
wh
ic
h
incl
udes
p
la
sm
a, w
hite
blood cel
ls, a
nd
red bl
ood
cel
ls.
-
Treatm
ent:
Thi
s
is
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
par
t
of
the
pro
gr
am
and
cal
culat
es
the
value
of
the
presse
d
bloo
d
cel
ls
us
in
g
t
he
la
w
of
t
he
rati
o
betwee
n
t
he
heig
ht
of
the
r
ed
bloo
d
cel
l
c
olu
m
n
to
t
he
he
igh
t
of
the
w
hole
blood col
um
n
accor
ding t
o
th
e f
ollow
i
ng form
ula
:
PCV
=
(
ℎ
⁄
)
×
100
w
he
re:
h=
the
h
ei
gh
t
of the
co
m
pr
ess
ed
e
ryt
hrocyt
e
colum
n.
H
=
fu
ll
bloo
d colum
n
hei
gh
t
-
The res
ult of printi
ng: This
is
wh
e
re t
he
re
su
l
t of the a
naly
sis i
s printe
d.
-
Exit:
Th
is
s
ect
ion i
s
us
ed
to
cl
os
e t
he pr
ogra
m
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SS
CUS
ION
Af
te
r
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
PCV
m
ea
su
ri
ng
dev
ic
e,
the
pro
gr
am
is
ru
n
us
in
g
the
MATLAB
so
ft
war
e
R
2017b
[
23
]
-
[
26
]
,
wh
ic
h
is
co
ns
i
der
e
d
a
ver
y
hi
gh
-
le
vel
la
ng
ua
ge
beca
us
e
it
deals
with
c
om
m
and
s
that are im
plem
ented
by a
ny
pro
gr
am
. Th
e
pro
gr
am
is run ac
cordin
g
t
o
th
e f
ollow
i
ng steps:
-
Af
te
r
the
proce
ss
of
the
sepa
r
at
ion
of
t
he
blo
od
m
od
el
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
the
a
bovem
entione
d
pr
act
ic
al
ste
ps,
a
c
a
p
i
l
l
a
r
y
t
u
b
e
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
j
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
c
i
s
i
o
n
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
-
The
cam
era
is
tur
ned
on
to
ta
ke
the
pictur
es
require
d
f
or
im
age
pr
oce
ssing
a
nd
to
s
how
the
res
ults
accor
ding t
o
th
e p
at
ie
nt'
s con
diti
on
.
-
The
pr
ogram
i
s
run,
op
e
ning
the
i
m
ages
ta
ken
ab
ove
an
d
processi
ng
the
m
accord
in
g
to
the
program
s
et
in the c
ode sys
tem
o
f
the
im
a
ge pr
ocessi
ng.
-
We
can
s
how
the
resu
lt
s
a
ccordin
g
to
th
e
con
te
xt
sho
wn
i
n
T
ables
1
an
d
2.
Wh
i
ch
il
lustrate
the
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
the
PC
V
values
cal
cula
te
d
us
in
g
im
ag
e
pr
oc
essin
g
a
nd
the
m
ic
ro
hem
at
ic
rite
ru
le
r.
As
s
how
n
in
th
e
ta
ble,
rea
ding w
it
h
a
m
ic
ro
hem
aticrit
e
ru
le
r
de
pe
nds
on
t
he
acc
ur
acy
a
nd
cra
ftsm
ansh
i
p
of
the
e
xam
iner.
It
is
cl
earif
y
that
the
pro
cess
the
im
ages
are
e
say
be
cause
t
he
im
a
ge
is
ver
y
hi
gh
pr
eci
sio
n
a
nd
has
on
ly
tw
o
dim
ension
s,
a
nd
the
rea
ding
is
m
or
e
sta
ble.
T
hat
us
ef
ule
f
or
m
edic
al
analy
ses in dia
gnos
e
the
disea
se.
Table
1
.
Sex:
f
e
m
al
e
1
No
.
o
f
tests
Read
us
in
g
m
ic
roh
e
m
atic
rite
ruler
Read
us
in
g
i
m
ag
e
p
rocess
in
g
Er
ror
r
atio
1
34
3
2
.30
2
9
2
.32
9
2
32
3
2
.32
5
1
0
.42
5
1
3
33
3
2
.34
1
8
1
.34
1
8
Table
2
.
Sex:
f
e
m
al
e
2
No
.
o
f
tests
Read
us
in
g
m
ic
roh
e
m
atic
rite
ruler
Read
us
in
g
i
m
ag
e
p
rocess
in
g
Er
ror
r
atio
1
38
3
8
.01
3
4
0
.01
3
4
2
37
3
8
.01
3
1
1
.01
3
1
3
39
3
8
.02
5
1
1
.02
5
1
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
The
value
of
P
CV
is
m
easur
e
d
el
ect
r
on
ic
al
l
y,
w
hich
is
the
cu
rr
e
nt
f
unda
m
ental
that
pa
per
is
ba
sed
on.
The
ai
m
is
to
create
a
sp
e
ci
fic
gr
a
ph
ic
al
us
er
inte
rf
ace
t
o
quantify
thes
e
rati
os
us
in
g
a
series
of
c
omm
and
s
for
proc
essin
g,
viewin
g,
a
nd
m
anipu
la
ti
ng
the
im
age
with
al
gorithm
s
to
gen
e
rate
a
rea
dy
-
t
o
-
rea
d
im
a
ge,
a
nd
then
extra
ct
in
g
t
he
resu
lt
usi
ng
sp
eci
al
e
quat
ions
in
side
the
c
od
i
ng
sys
tem
.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
the
e
xp
e
r
i
m
ent
involvin
g
the
abovem
entione
d
te
sts,
the
f
ol
lowing
ca
n
be
co
nclu
de
d
t
hat
r
e
duct
io
n
of
hum
an
err
ors
an
d
increase
d
accu
racy
in
the
res
ul
ts
ob
ta
ine
d.
Table
1
il
lustr
at
es
this.
Ra
pid
com
pleti
on
of
the
a
naly
sis.
It
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
MATLAB
mo
de
li
ng
to
ev
alua
te
the r
atio
of
pa
cke
d
cel
l v
ol
um
e
(
Zena A
hmed
Alw
an
)
419
po
s
sible
to
an
al
yz
e
a
la
rg
e
nu
m
ber
of
m
od
el
s
at
on
ce
num
ber
ed
a
nd
t
akes
a
gro
up
photo.
T
he
a
bi
li
ty
to
analy
ze
sam
pl
es
rem
otely
as
so
on
as
t
hey
ar
e
avail
able.
A
pr
el
im
inary
j
udgm
ent
on
the
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
a
naly
sis
of
t
he
m
od
el
s,
wh
et
her
t
hey
are
nat
ur
al
or
unnatu
ral,
wh
e
reb
y
the
natu
r
al
rati
os
we
re
store
d
in
the
pro
gr
am
and
the
a
pp
ea
r
ance
of
the
res
ult
is
wr
it
te
n
on
the
pro
gr
am
interface
.
The
dev
ic
e
w
orks
on
a
re
gu
la
r
ba
tt
ery
that
can
be
re
charge
d,
m
eaning
it
do
es
no
t
need
an
el
ect
rical
so
ur
ce
or
ge
ne
rato
r
in
the
syst
e
m
.
It
is
consi
der
e
d
a
racin
g
m
od
el
to
m
easur
e
the
volum
e
rati
o
of
red
bl
ood
cel
ls
us
i
ng
im
age
pro
cessi
ng.
Subseque
ntly
,
we
s
uggest
tha
t
this
new
de
vice
be
us
ed
t
o
m
eas
ur
e
bl
ood
sam
ples
and
f
ind
PC
V
value
s
f
or
blood
m
od
el
s
in
hosp
it
al
s
an
d
analy
ti
cal
lab
orat
ori
es
in
pl
ace
of
the
old
m
et
ho
ds
,
in
w
hich
the
er
ror
rate
is
qu
e
sti
on
a
ble.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
we c
an
ta
ke
a
dv
a
nt
age of de
velo
pm
ents in
the
f
ie
ld of elect
r
onic
s and c
om
pu
te
rs.
5.
FUTU
R
E
W
O
RK
Fu
tu
re
w
ork
c
ou
l
d
desig
n
a
nd
im
ple
m
ent
a
de
vice
f
or
m
easur
in
g
th
e
volum
e
of
c
om
pr
essed
re
d
blood
cel
ls
ca
n
be
us
e
d
m
ulti
ple
sam
ples
in
the
sam
e
tim
e.
Als
o,
co
uld
connect
t
he
ca
m
era
by
inte
rnet
that
le
ts
a
database
fo
r
al
l
A
naly
sts
to
us
e
it
and
connect
the
c
om
pu
te
r
with
ca
m
era
by
wif
i
to
al
low
to
use
on
e
com
pu
te
r devi
ce f
or
all
la
bor
at
or
ie
s.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
P
.
C.
Hebe
rt
et
a
l.
“
A
m
ult
ic
ent
er
,
ran
dom
iz
ed
,
co
ntrol
le
d
cl
in
ic
a
l
tri
al
of
tr
ansfusion
req
uire
m
ent
s
in
cri
tica
l
ca
r
e
,
”
The
New Englan
d
Journal
o
f
M
e
dic
in
e
,
vol.
340
,
no.
6
,
pp
.
409
-
4
17
,
1999
,
doi
:
10
.
1056/NEJM199902113400601
.
[2]
J.
S
.
Ruckman,
“
A
compara
ti
ve
s
tud
y
of
tot
a
l
he
m
oglobi
n
m
ea
surem
ent
technolo
g
y
:
non
inva
sive
pulse
co
-
oxime
t
r
y
and
conv
ent
ion
a
l
m
et
hods”
,
M
.
S.
t
hesis,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Conne
cticut
,
US
A,
2011.
[3]
M.
W
at
ta
na
,
B.
Siril
uk
,
and
S.
Khotwit
,
“
Counti
ng
and
Separ
at
i
ng
Dam
age
d
Se
eds
of
Soy
be
an
Seeds
using
Im
a
g
e
Pr
oce
ss
ing
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Jour
nal
on
Adv
anc
e
d
Scienc
e
,
Enginee
ring
and
Inf
orm
ati
on
Techn
ology
,
v
ol
.
8
,
n
o
.
4,
pp.
1366
-
1371
,
2018.
[4]
B
.
Y
a
n
g
,
C
.
L
i
u
,
W
.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
L
i
u
,
“
M
o
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
v
i
a
o
n
l
i
n
e
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
b
e
a
t
i
n
g
h
e
a
r
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
F
u
s
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
p
p
.
5
8
-
6
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
n
f
f
u
s
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
9
.
0
0
4
.
[5]
A.
A.
Naser,
T
.
Hass
an,
and
M.
Naji
Maj
ee
d
,
“
Detect
ion
o
f
hem
oglobi
nophat
h
ies
in
h
y
po
chr
om
i
c,
m
ic
ro
c
y
tic
an
d
sicke
l
ed
c
el
l
b
lo
od
fil
m
s
b
y
h
e
m
oglob
in
el
e
ct
r
ophore
sis
,”
Thi
-
Qar
Me
dic
al
Jo
urnal
(
T
QMJ)
,
v
ol.
5,
n
o.
1
,
20
11,
pp.
139
-
148.
[6]
L.
W
heele
r
,
“
Chapt
er
11
:
Cli
n
i
ca
l
La
bor
at
or
y
Instrum
ent
at
ion
,
”
in
Me
d
ic
al
I
nstrum
ent
ati
on:
Appl
i
cat
ion
an
d
Design
,
J.
G.
W
ebste
r, A.
J.
Nim
unkar
,
4
th ed. Hoboken,
N
ew
York,
US
A:
John
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
,
2
010,
pp
.
498
-
52
7
.
[7]
B.
S.
Bul
l,
J.
A.
Koepka
,
E
.
Sim
son,
and
O.
W
.
van
As
sende
lft,
“
Proce
dure
for
Dete
rm
ini
ng
Pa
c
ked
Cell
Volum
e
b
y
the
Mi
cro
he
m
at
ocr
it
Me
thod
;
Approved
Stan
dar
d
-
Thi
rd
Editi
on
,
”
Carden
Jennings
Publ
ishi
n
g
Co.
,
Ltd
.
Thi
rd
Edi
ti
on
,
Labor
at
ory
Hematology
7
,
vol
.
20
,
no
.
18
,
pp
.
191
-
196
,
2
001
.
[8]
K.
Sem
buli
ngam
and
P
.
Sem
buli
ngam,
Assenti
als
Of
Me
dic
al Phy
siology
,
Ch
apt
er 7,
Ed.
6
th
,
Indi
a:
Ja
y
pe
e
Broth
ers
Medic
a
l
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er
(P)
Lt
d,
2010
,
pp.
59
-
88
.
[9]
B
.
H.
Estri
dge
,
A
.
P.
Re
y
no
ld
s
and
N
.
J.W
alt
ers,
“
Basic
Me
dic
a
l
L
abor
at
or
y
Te
chn
ique
s,
”
Delmar
Thom
so
n
Learning
,
Ed
.
4
th
,
uni
t
2
,
Alb
an
y
,
New York:
Tho
m
son L
ea
rning
,
2000
,
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.
125
-
1
27
.
[10]
L.
La
m
haut,
“
C
om
par
ison
Bet
w
ee
n
a
New
Noni
nvasive
Con
ti
nu
ous
Te
chno
log
y
of
Spec
trophotom
et
r
y
-
b
ase
d
an
d
RBC
Count
fo
r
Hem
oglobi
n
Monitori
ng
During
Surger
y
wi
th
Hem
orrha
gic
Risk
,”
European
Journal
of
Anae
sthesiol
og
y
,
vol. 27, pp. 60
-
61,
2010
,
doi
:
10
.
1097/00003643
-
201006121
-
00192
.
[11]
C.
Brehe
n
y
,
A.
Brown,
I.
Hande
l
,
and
A.
G.
Gow
,
“
Inte
r
-
and
int
ra
-
op
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tur
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e
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te
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A
s
y
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rev
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m
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emplo
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ed
to
eva
l
uat
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di
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t
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Z
ena
A
hmed
Al
w
an
has
gotten
her
Ba
che
lor
ce
rtific
at
e
in
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
s
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Ba
ghdad
in
2002.
W
it
h
a
sim
il
ar
U
nive
rsit
y
She
go
t
her
Master
ce
rt
i
fic
a
te
in
the
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
s
in
2005.
She
is
at
pre
sent
a
lectur
er
a
t
t
he
Depa
rtment
of
Medica
l
Instrum
en
ta
ti
on
Te
chn
ique
s
Eng
ine
er
ing
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
ering
Techni
c
al
C
oll
eg
e
in
th
e
Middle
T
ec
hn
ical
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ira
q,
h
er
exp
lo
rat
ion
int
e
rest
Digit
al
Im
age
Proce
ss
ing,
Inform
at
ion
Hidi
ng
and
Pa
ttern
R
ec
ogni
ti
on.
Su
hair
Moham
me
d
Yas
ee
n
rec
ei
ved
her
B
.
S
c.
i
n
Chemistr
y
Sci
enc
es
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Baghda
d.
She
r
e
ce
iv
ed
h
er
M.Sc
.
degr
ee
in
the
C
hemistr
y
Scie
n
c
es
from
the
sam
e
Univer
si
t
y
and
now
she
Ph.
D.
student
a
t
l
ast
stag
e
in
fi
el
d
o
f
Anat
y
t
ic
a
l
Ch
e
m
istr
y
b
ec
ause
of
her
work
in
col
l
ege
of
E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
eering
Techni
ques
,
she
int
e
resti
ng
in
Chemistr
y
Applic
a
ti
on
Medic
a
l
Eng
inee
ring.
Hud
a
Far
ooq
Jame
el
from
M
iddl
e
Techni
ca
l
Univer
sit
y
/
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
ering
Techni
c
al
Coll
ege/
Medi
ca
l
Instrum
ent
atio
n
Techni
ques
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment.
She
rec
e
ive
d
he
r
Master
degr
e
e
i
n
El
ectroni
c
Me
dic
a
l
Instrum
entati
on
T
ec
hn
iques
Engi
nee
ring
i
n
2020.
She
int
er
esti
ng
in thi
s fi
el
d
and
in
dig
it
al i
m
age proce
ss
ing.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.