I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
May
201
8
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
~5
2
7
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ee
cs
.
v
1
0
.
i2
.
p
p
521
-
5
2
7
521
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
ijeec
s
A F
lex
ible
Optica
l Senso
r f
o
r
Micr
o
a
lbu
m
inuria
Spe
ctrosco
py
Su
ha
ila
I
s
a
a
k
*
,
Yus
m
ee
ra
z
Yus
o
f
,
K
ha
irunn
i
s
a
M
o
hd
Y
us
o
f
,
K
ho
o
M
ing
K
w
a
n
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
2
0
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
21
,
2
0
1
8
A
f
le
x
ib
le
o
p
t
ica
l
se
n
so
r
u
n
it
w
a
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
lb
u
m
in
lev
e
l
in
h
u
m
a
n
u
rin
e
.
It
c
o
n
sists
o
f
p
o
ly
d
im
e
th
y
lsil
o
x
a
n
e
th
in
f
il
m
w
it
h
th
e
m
icro
sc
o
p
ic
g
l
a
ss
a
s
th
e
su
b
stra
te.
A
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
in
c
re
a
se
o
f
a
lb
u
m
in
lev
e
l
m
a
y
in
d
ica
te
sig
n
s
o
f
h
e
a
lt
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
su
c
h
a
s
d
iab
e
tes
,
h
y
p
e
rten
sio
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
d
o
t
h
e
li
a
l
d
y
s
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
e
d
th
e
re
a
r
e
a
sp
e
c
tral
sh
if
t
a
n
d
a
n
in
c
re
a
se
in
a
b
so
rb
e
d
li
g
h
t
in
c
re
a
se
in
in
ten
sity
o
f
li
g
h
t
w
it
h
so
d
iu
m
u
ra
te
a
t
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
ra
ti
o
n
a
s
a
s
u
b
sti
tu
te
o
f
u
rin
e
sa
m
p
le.
T
h
e
tran
sm
it
tan
c
e
a
n
d
re
f
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
P
DMS
w
a
s
d
e
ter
m
in
e
d
in
t
h
e
4
0
0
–
1
4
0
0
n
m
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
ra
n
g
e
u
sin
g
h
a
lo
g
e
n
-
d
e
tri
u
m
a
s
th
e
e
x
c
it
a
ti
o
n
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
to
p
re
d
ict
th
e
se
n
so
r
se
n
siti
v
it
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
Be
e
r
–
L
a
m
b
e
rt
la
w
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
e
x
h
ib
it
e
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
li
g
h
t
in
ten
sity
in
c
re
a
se
s
a
s
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
o
f
th
e
so
d
i
u
m
u
ra
te
in
c
re
a
se
s.
T
h
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
ro
to
t
y
p
e
se
n
so
r
ig
n
it
e
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
f
o
r
a
lb
u
m
in
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
f
lex
ib
le stru
c
tu
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
lb
u
m
in
Co
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
F
lex
ib
le se
n
so
r
In
ten
sity
P
o
ly
d
ime
th
y
lsil
o
x
a
n
e
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
h
aila
I
s
aa
k
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
,
8
1
3
1
0
,
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
J
o
h
o
r
.
E
m
ail: s
u
h
aila
@
f
k
e.
u
t
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
alb
u
m
in
le
v
e
l
in
u
r
in
e
i
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
as
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
in
u
r
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
r
en
al
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
m
ar
k
er
.
Mi
cr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
is
u
s
ed
to
in
d
icate
th
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
k
id
n
e
y
d
a
m
a
g
e,
wh
ich
is
u
n
r
es
tr
icted
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
]
.
P
atien
t
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
e
k
id
n
e
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
s
h
o
w
s
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
r
o
tein
in
th
eir
u
r
i
n
e.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
alb
u
m
i
n
lev
el,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
th
e
p
atien
t
to
w
a
r
d
k
id
n
e
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
ail
u
r
e
[
2
]
[
3
]
.
Dete
ctio
n
o
f
m
i
cr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
u
r
ia
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
b
id
iv
it
y
a
n
d
m
o
r
ta
lit
y
.
P
atien
t
s
w
ith
h
i
g
h
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
k
id
n
e
y
d
am
a
g
e
an
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
(
C
V)
m
o
r
b
id
it
y
s
h
o
w
a
n
ele
v
ated
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
r
o
tein
i
n
th
e
u
r
in
e.
B
esid
es
b
ein
g
a
m
ar
k
er
f
o
r
k
id
n
e
y
d
is
ea
s
e,
alb
u
m
i
n
i
s
al
s
o
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ar
k
er
f
o
r
d
iab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
,
h
y
p
er
ten
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
s
tr
ep
to
co
cc
al
g
lo
m
er
u
lo
n
ep
h
r
itis
r
elate
d
k
id
n
e
y
d
is
ea
s
e
s
.
I
t
is
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
te
s
t
o
n
a
n
y
p
atien
t
a
t
r
is
k
f
o
r
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
u
r
ia
in
w
h
o
m
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
test
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
n
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
a
n
d
r
en
al
r
is
k
s
tr
ati
f
icatio
n
o
r
h
av
e
th
er
ap
e
u
tic
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
u
r
ia
i
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
u
s
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
e
x
ce
s
s
alb
u
m
in
in
th
e
u
r
in
e,
w
h
ich
is
n
eith
e
r
a
s
ig
n
o
f
C
V
n
o
r
a
r
ea
s
o
n
to
tr
ea
t
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
in
u
r
ia
[
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
les
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
b
io
m
ed
ical
f
ield
to
d
iag
n
o
s
e
m
i
cr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
in
h
u
m
a
n
’
s
u
n
r
i
n
e,
s
u
c
h
as
d
ip
s
tick
a
n
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
[
4
]
.
Dip
s
tick
m
eth
o
d
u
s
es
a
s
tr
ip
o
f
1
0
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ea
g
en
t
s
th
at
w
ill
r
ea
ct
w
it
h
t
h
e
u
r
i
n
e
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
i
n
d
icate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
w
it
h
co
lo
u
r
ch
an
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
alb
u
m
in
i
s
w
it
h
i
n
2
0
to
3
0
m
g
/
L
.
Dil
u
ted
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
f
u
r
i
n
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
ill
o
f
ten
g
iv
e
f
al
s
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
f
alse
n
e
g
ati
v
e
te
s
t
r
esu
lt
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
id
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
lo
r
ch
an
g
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
ip
s
tic
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
h
e
m
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
u
r
i
n
e
c
h
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ip
s
w
i
ll th
en
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
in
th
e
s
tr
ip
co
lo
r
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
atien
t h
ea
lt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fo
r
n
o
r
m
a
l
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
d
ail
y
alb
u
m
in
e
x
cr
etio
n
i
s
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
–
1
0
m
g
an
d
th
e
u
r
in
e
alb
u
m
i
n
:
cr
ea
tin
i
n
e
r
atio
is
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
–
2
9
m
g
alb
u
m
i
n
/
g
cr
ea
ti
n
in
e.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
in
u
r
ia
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
2
1
–
5
2
7
522
an
ab
n
o
r
m
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
a
lb
u
m
i
n
ex
cr
etio
n
r
ate
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
3
0
–
2
9
9
m
g
o
f
alb
u
m
in
/
g
o
f
cr
ea
tin
i
n
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
id
en
t
if
ied
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
ip
s
tick
i
s
n
o
t
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
w
a
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
e
l o
f
alb
u
m
in
ca
n
’
t b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
s
b
y
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
o
r
m
o
lecu
le
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
b
ea
m
th
at
p
ass
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
a
m
p
le
w
ill
b
e
ca
lc
u
late
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
a
k
n
o
w
n
ch
e
m
ical
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
il
l
b
e
illu
m
i
n
ated
w
it
h
m
o
n
o
ch
r
o
m
a
tic
li
g
h
t
t
h
at
ia
ab
le
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
l
i
g
h
t
b
ea
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
w
il
l
b
e
th
en
d
etec
ted
b
y
a
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
a
B
ee
r
-
lam
b
er
t
L
a
w
i
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
c
e
lev
el
o
f
li
g
h
t
in
t
h
e
u
r
i
n
e
s
a
m
p
le,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Sp
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
u
s
es
a
lb
u
m
i
n
/cr
ea
ti
n
e
r
atio
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
alb
u
m
i
n
i
n
u
r
in
e,
w
h
ich
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
s
p
ital
d
u
r
in
g
m
ed
ical
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
d
ip
s
tic
k
m
et
h
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
lig
h
t
is
u
s
ed
to
i
n
d
icate
th
e
alb
u
m
i
n
le
v
el.
A
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
w
i
ll
f
ilter
cr
ea
tin
e
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
ate,
s
o
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
cr
ea
tin
e
an
d
alb
u
m
i
n
q
u
a
n
ti
t
y
w
o
u
ld
h
elp
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
o
d
y
alb
u
m
i
n
ex
cr
etio
n
r
ate.
I
f
th
e
r
atio
o
f
alb
u
m
i
n
/cr
ea
ti
n
e
is
w
it
h
i
n
3
0
-
3
0
0
ig
/m
g
,
th
e
p
a
tien
t
's
u
r
in
e
w
ill
b
e
class
i
f
ied
as
m
icr
o
alb
u
u
m
i
u
r
ia
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
er
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
t
h
o
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
cu
r
atel
y
d
et
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
alb
u
m
in
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
A
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
in
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
m
ad
e
o
f
a
P
o
l
y
d
i
m
et
h
y
ls
i
lo
x
a
n
e
(
P
DM
S)
th
i
n
f
il
m
w
a
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
an
d
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
g
las
s
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
to
d
etec
t
alb
u
m
i
n
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
u
r
i
n
e.
P
DM
S
h
ad
b
ee
n
c
h
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
o
p
ticall
y
clea
r
,
in
er
t,
n
o
n
to
x
ic
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
f
la
m
m
ab
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
ch
as
co
n
tact
len
s
es
,
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
to
elasto
m
er
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
P
DM
S.
I
n
b
io
m
ed
ical
m
icr
o
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
b
io
-
ME
MS)
,
s
o
f
t
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
is
u
s
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
i
n
m
icr
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
I
t
h
as
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
y
to
attr
ac
t
p
r
o
tein
m
o
lec
u
le.
P
D
MS
is
a
lo
w
co
s
t
m
ater
ial,
ea
s
y
to
f
ab
r
icate
an
d
h
as
g
o
o
d
f
l
ex
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
m
a
k
e
it
s
u
itab
le
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
ME
MS
m
icr
o
a
lb
u
m
in
d
etec
tio
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
a
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
u
r
ia
d
etec
tio
n
a
s
a
lo
w
co
s
t
a
n
d
f
le
x
ib
le
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
c
o
u
ld
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
alb
u
m
i
n
le
v
el
i
n
u
r
i
n
e
w
it
h
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
li
g
h
t v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
o
f
l
ig
h
t.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
F
a
brica
t
io
n o
f
P
D
M
S
t
hin
f
ilm
P
DM
S
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
i
s
t
h
e
co
r
e
u
n
it
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice.
A
s
p
in
co
at
er
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
f
ab
r
icate
t
h
e
t
h
in
f
il
m
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
,
a
f
i
n
ite
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
b
ase
a
g
en
t
o
f
SY
L
G
AR
D
1
8
4
Sil
ico
n
e
E
last
o
m
er
w
a
s
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
in
t
o
a
p
etr
i
d
is
h
u
s
in
g
a
p
last
ic
p
ip
ette.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
th
e
cu
r
i
n
g
a
g
en
t
o
f
SY
L
G
AR
D
1
8
4
w
a
s
d
ilu
ted
i
n
to
th
e
p
etr
i
d
is
h
t
h
at
co
n
tai
n
ed
t
h
e
b
ase.
A
m
i
x
ed
o
f
b
ase
a
n
d
cu
r
in
g
a
g
en
t
w
as
p
r
ep
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
1
0
:1
(
1
0
p
ar
t
s
o
f
b
ase
an
d
1
p
ar
t
o
f
cu
r
in
g
ag
en
t)
t
h
e
b
ase
w
as
1
0
p
ar
t)
.
T
h
is
m
i
x
tu
r
e
w
a
s
m
i
x
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
last
ic
p
ip
ette,
a
n
d
b
u
b
b
les
w
er
e
s
ee
n
i
n
th
e
p
etr
i
d
is
h
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
in
g
a
g
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e
w
as
m
i
x
ed
u
n
t
il
b
u
b
b
les
v
is
ib
le
w
it
h
i
n
all
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
o
f
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e.
A
m
i
x
ed
e
last
o
m
er
w
as
p
lace
d
in
th
e
s
p
i
n
co
ater
an
d
th
e
s
p
in
co
ater
w
as
s
etted
at
p
r
e
-
s
etti
n
g
m
o
d
e.
A
f
ter
s
p
i
n
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e
w
as
s
ea
le
d
an
d
s
itted
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
u
r
in
g
to
o
k
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
2
4
h
o
u
r
.
Deta
i
led
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
b
as
e,
cu
r
i
n
g
a
g
e
n
t,
s
p
in
n
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
is
d
ep
icted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Du
r
in
g
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
t
h
i
n
f
i
l
m
w
as
p
ee
led
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
a
s
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
n
o
r
m
a
l
cir
cu
m
s
ta
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
P
DM
S
u
s
es in
f
ab
r
icati
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
i
n
g
m
icr
o
f
lu
id
ic
ch
ip
s
.
I
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
w
er
e
ex
h
ib
ited
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
in
g
ti
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
P
DM
S
w
as
r
ea
c
h
ed
an
d
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
p
ee
led
o
f
f
.
I
n
o
v
er
all,
th
e
P
DM
S
th
i
n
f
il
m
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
tear
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
o
v
er
s
tr
ess
i
n
g
th
e
t
h
i
n
f
il
m
d
u
r
in
g
p
ee
lin
g
o
f
f
.
On
l
y
in
o
n
e
m
e
th
o
d
,
th
e
th
i
n
f
il
m
i
s
ab
le
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
etr
i
d
is
h
b
ase
b
ec
a
u
s
e
in
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
P
DM
S
a
f
ter
th
e
s
p
in
n
i
n
g
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
to
o
lo
w
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
in
f
il
m
b
ec
o
m
e
to
o
th
in
to
b
e
p
ee
l
ed
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
its
b
ase.
An
y
co
ati
n
g
s
p
ee
d
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
1
0
0
0
r
p
m
w
it
h
5
m
l
b
ase
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
P
DM
S
w
ill
m
ak
e
t
h
e
t
h
in
f
il
m
to
o
th
in
to
b
e
p
ee
led
o
f
f
,
w
h
ile
a
n
y
v
o
lu
m
e
lo
w
er
th
a
n
5
m
l
o
f
t
h
e
b
as
e
v
o
lu
m
e
w
ill
a
ls
o
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
t
h
in
f
il
m
to
o
th
in
to
w
it
h
s
tan
d
t
h
e
p
ee
lin
g
f
o
r
ce
d
u
r
in
g
p
ee
li
n
g
t
h
e
f
il
m
f
r
o
m
its
b
ase.
2
.
2
G
la
s
s
Sli
de
Op
tical
g
r
ad
e
g
lass
s
lid
e
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
as
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
h
in
f
il
m
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
tr
en
c
h
w
as
m
ad
e
h
alf
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
s
lid
e
t
h
ick
n
e
s
s
in
0
.
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
tr
en
c
h
w
a
s
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
g
las
s
d
r
ill
b
it
o
f
5
m
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e
w
as
th
e
s
m
all
o
p
en
in
g
s
ize
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
tr
en
c
h
w
as c
r
ea
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
r
illi
n
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
F
lexib
le
Op
tica
l S
en
s
o
r
fo
r
Micr
o
a
lb
u
min
u
r
ia
S
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
S
u
h
a
ila
I
s
a
a
k
)
523
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
Fab
r
icate
d
P
DM
S
T
h
in
f
il
m
w
i
th
Var
io
u
s
B
ase
an
d
C
u
r
in
g
Ag
en
t
R
atio
B
a
se
V
o
l
u
me
(
ml
)
C
u
r
i
n
g
A
g
e
n
t
V
o
l
u
me
(
ml
)
S
p
i
n
S
p
e
e
d
(
r
p
m)
R
e
su
l
t
s
2
0
.
2
1
0
0
0
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
r
w
h
e
n
p
e
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
f
r
o
m p
e
t
r
i
d
i
sh
3
0
.
3
1
0
0
0
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
r
w
h
e
n
p
e
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
f
r
o
m p
e
t
r
i
d
i
sh
4
0
.
4
1
0
0
0
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
r
w
h
e
n
p
e
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
f
r
o
m p
e
t
r
i
d
i
sh
5
0
.
5
1
0
0
0
A
b
l
e
t
o
p
e
e
l
o
f
f
f
o
r
m
p
e
t
r
i
d
i
s
h
5
0
.
5
1
1
0
0
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
r
w
h
e
n
p
e
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
f
r
o
m p
e
t
r
i
d
i
sh
5
0
.
5
1
2
0
0
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
r
w
h
e
n
p
e
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
f
f
r
o
m p
e
t
r
i
d
i
sh
As
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
lid
e
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
1
m
m
t
h
ic
k
,
d
r
illi
n
g
a
tr
en
c
h
w
i
th
a
0
.
5
m
m
t
h
i
ck
u
s
i
n
g
g
lass
d
r
ill
b
it
o
f
5
m
m
o
n
l
y
y
ield
ed
a
s
m
al
l
o
p
en
in
g
as
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
d
r
ill
b
it
i
s
0
.
5
c
m
,
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
w
o
u
ld
b
e
as
s
m
al
l a
s
0
.
1
c
m
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
cr
ea
ti
n
g
a
tr
en
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
lid
e
is
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
en
ch
cr
ea
ted
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
r
illi
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
g
la
s
s
,
t
h
e
g
la
s
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
i
ll
b
ec
o
m
e
w
h
i
te,
th
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
g
las
s
in
t
h
e
tr
en
ch
i
s
cr
ac
k
an
d
th
is
w
ill
g
r
ea
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
li
g
h
t
g
o
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tr
en
c
h
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ar
ea
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
tr
en
c
h
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
cr
ac
k
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
ar
ea
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
en
c
h
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
h
o
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
tr
en
ch
w
it
h
1
m
m
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
g
lass
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
b
e
cr
ea
ted
.
T
o
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
ca
u
s
e
to
cr
ea
te
tr
e
n
ch
o
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
l
id
e,
a
d
r
ill
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
lid
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
5
m
m
o
f
t
h
e
g
las
s
d
r
ill
b
it
to
d
r
ill
1
m
m
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
w
as
ab
le
to
cr
ea
te
a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
1
.
5
m
m
o
f
h
o
le.
Fin
all
y
,
a
d
r
illed
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
lid
e
w
a
s
th
en
s
tac
k
ed
w
it
h
a
n
o
t
h
er
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
l
id
e
th
u
s
cr
ea
tin
g
an
air
g
ap
f
o
r
th
e
lig
h
t to
in
ter
f
er
e.
Fo
r
th
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
ir
s
tl
y
t
h
e
P
DM
S
t
h
i
n
f
il
m
w
as
s
litt
ed
in
to
s
m
all
p
ar
t.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
d
r
illed
h
o
le
w
a
s
v
er
y
s
m
all,
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
th
i
n
f
i
l
m
w
as
li
m
ited
i
n
a
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
1
c
m
b
y
1
c
m
to
co
v
er
t
h
e
d
r
illed
h
o
le.
Af
ter
th
at,
t
h
e
th
i
n
f
il
m
w
a
s
s
tic
k
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
d
r
illed
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
l
id
e
b
y
t
h
er
m
al
b
o
n
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
o
v
en
w
a
s
p
r
e
-
h
ea
ted
at
8
0
º
C
b
ef
o
r
e
l
b
o
n
d
ed
th
e
t
wo
p
iece
s
to
g
et
h
er
.
So
m
e
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
t
o
attac
h
th
e
t
h
i
n
f
il
m
to
a
d
r
illed
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
d
ev
ice
w
as
b
ak
ed
in
th
e
o
v
e
n
at
8
0
º
C
f
o
r
o
v
er
1
h
o
u
r
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
m
ic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
co
v
er
th
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e.
T
w
o
g
la
s
s
s
l
id
es
w
er
e
th
en
s
e
a
led
u
s
i
n
g
s
ilico
n
e
s
ea
l
an
t.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
esig
n
,
m
ea
n
w
h
ile
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
P
DM
S
t
h
in
f
il
m
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
h
o
le
o
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
Sen
s
o
r
C
r
o
s
s
-
Se
ctio
n
: (
a)
Sid
e
Vie
w
(
b
)
T
o
p
Vie
w
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
P
DM
S
T
h
in
f
il
m
o
n
T
o
p
o
f
th
e
Ho
le
o
n
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
Glass
S
lid
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
al
y
z
ed
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
A
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
le
x
ib
le
P
DM
S
th
in
f
il
m
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
e
n
s
o
r
w
a
s
te
s
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
u
r
in
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
2
1
–
5
2
7
524
3
.
1
Drilling
ef
f
ec
t
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
r
illi
n
g
r
esu
lt
o
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
l
ass
s
lid
e,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
p
en
in
g
w
a
s
cr
ea
ted
b
y
d
r
illi
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
s
lid
e
w
i
th
m
in
i
m
al
d
a
m
a
g
e
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
g
las
s
s
lid
e.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
p
en
in
g
w
h
ic
h
w
as
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
id
ea
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
tr
e
n
ch
o
n
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e
f
ailed
as
cr
ac
k
f
o
r
m
at
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
en
ch
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
li
g
h
t
g
o
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
.
T
h
e
tr
en
ch
es
cr
ea
ted
b
y
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
o
p
en
i
n
g
co
n
tain
s
cr
atc
h
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
.
T
h
ese
o
p
en
i
n
g
ar
e
tes
te
d
w
i
th
ill
u
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
lid
e.
T
h
e
li
g
h
t
ill
u
m
in
atio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
w
h
er
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
en
in
g
allo
w
th
e
li
g
h
t
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
lass
s
lid
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
o
p
en
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
tr
en
c
h
o
n
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
lid
e
d
o
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
e
ex
h
ib
it
s
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ed
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
a
s
t
h
e
o
p
en
in
g
o
n
e
is
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
d
r
illi
n
g
t
h
e
h
o
le
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
lid
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dr
illi
n
g
R
e
s
u
lt
o
n
M
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
Glass
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
L
ig
h
t I
llu
m
i
n
ati
o
n
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
n
T
h
r
ee
Dif
f
er
en
t O
p
en
i
n
g
Ho
le
s
3
.
2
Sp
ec
t
ra
l R
esp
o
ns
e
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
s
en
s
o
r
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
P
DM
S
w
as
ch
ar
ater
ized
f
o
r
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
ete
r
(
HR
4
0
0
0
C
G
-
UV
-
NI
R
Oce
an
Op
tic
s
)
.
A
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
w
as
il
lu
m
i
n
ated
w
ith
l
ig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
lig
h
t
w
as
t
h
e
n
s
p
litt
ed
to
h
o
r
izo
n
tall
y
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
ca
b
le
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
is
ib
le
a
n
d
n
ea
r
in
f
r
ar
ed
u
r
in
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
i
n
t
h
e
4
0
0
–
1
4
0
0
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
r
a
n
g
e
.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
illu
m
i
n
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
lass
w
it
h
1
0
6
8
1
in
ten
s
it
y
co
u
n
t
s
at
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
o
f
6
4
3
.
4
1
n
m
,
h
en
ce
t
h
at
a
h
i
g
h
-
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
lig
h
t
i
n
u
r
i
n
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
o
n
th
e
g
la
s
s
w
i
th
o
u
t
P
DM
S
w
a
s
d
etec
ted
at
d
ed
icate
d
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
o
f
6
4
3
.
4
1
nm
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e
o
f
g
las
s
ill
u
m
in
a
ted
w
it
h
v
ar
io
u
s
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
ten
s
it
y
C
o
u
n
ts
at
W
av
elen
g
t
h
R
a
n
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
2
0
0
an
d
1
2
0
0
n
m
o
n
Glas
s
Su
b
s
tr
ate
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
f
le
x
ib
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
o
w
s
lo
w
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
co
u
n
ts
w
i
th
5
3
2
4
c
o
u
n
t
at
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
6
4
3
.
4
1
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
P
DM
S
s
u
r
f
ac
e
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
air
g
ap
an
d
t
h
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cr
ea
te
a
p
ar
tial
tr
an
s
m
it
tan
ce
a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
f
r
o
m
lo
w
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
to
h
i
g
h
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
(
P
DM
S
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
to
1
.
4
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
ai
r
g
ap
an
d
th
e
n
f
i
n
all
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
tto
m
p
ar
t
o
f
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
la
s
s
s
lid
e
(
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
at
1
.
5
2
)
.
B
ased
o
n
Fr
es
n
el
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
[
8
,
9
]
,
t
h
e
r
ef
lec
tan
ce
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
.
cr
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
F
lexib
le
Op
tica
l S
en
s
o
r
fo
r
Micr
o
a
lb
u
min
u
r
ia
S
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
S
u
h
a
ila
I
s
a
a
k
)
525
=
1
–
(1)
=
1
–
(2)
=
−
2
(3)
w
h
er
e,
T
S
is
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
tan
ce
o
f
s
p
o
lar
is
ed
lig
h
t,
R
S
i
s
th
e
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
o
f
s
p
o
lar
is
ed
lig
h
t,
w
h
ile
T
P
an
d
R
P
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
o
f
p
p
o
lar
is
ed
lig
h
t.
Fro
m
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
1
,
2
an
d
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itta
n
ce
an
d
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
is
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
in
eq
u
at
io
n
4
.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t a
s
t
h
e
li
g
h
t tr
a
v
el
i
n
th
e
b
u
lk
w
h
er
e
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t la
w
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
[8
-
1
0
]
.
1
TR
(4)
Op
tical
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
u
r
i
n
e
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
i
n
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
a
n
d
s
o
il
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
s
u
ch
th
at
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
lecte
d
l
i
g
h
t
v
ar
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
u
r
in
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Hen
ce
th
at,
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
L
a
w
is
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
in
u
r
ia
,
w
h
er
e
th
er
e
i
s
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
an
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
m
o
lecu
les
in
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
an
d
p
ath
len
g
t
h
[1
1
,
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
b
y
a
s
a
m
p
l
e
w
h
e
n
li
g
h
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
it.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
u
al
l
y
m
ad
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
(
T
)
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
(
A
)
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
d
e
f
in
e
a
s
T
=
Io
(
5
)
A
=
-
lo
g
T
=
-
lo
g
I
Io
=
LC
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
I
o
=
in
itial
li
g
h
t
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
,
I
=
lig
h
t
i
n
ten
s
it
y
af
t
er
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
a
m
p
le,
ε
=
m
o
lar
ab
s
o
r
p
tiv
it
y
(
L
m
o
l
-
1
c
m
-
1
)
,
L
=
p
ath
le
n
g
t
h
(
c
m
)
a
n
d
C
=
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
ch
e
m
ical
s
p
ec
ies
(
m
o
l/L
)
[
11
,
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
l
a
w
i
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
o
f
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
s
a
m
p
le
a
n
d
to
in
f
er
th
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
s
it
u
atio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
.
First,
i
f
a
lig
h
t
b
ea
m
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
w
a
v
elen
g
th
p
as
s
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ilu
t
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
u
r
in
e,
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
n
s
w
i
ll
en
co
u
n
ter
a
s
m
al
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
ch
e
m
ica
l
s
p
ec
ies
(
ch
e
m
ica
l
m
o
lecu
le
s
w
ill
ab
s
o
r
b
lig
h
t
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
)
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
T
an
d
lo
w
A
[
1
6
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
if
th
e
b
ea
m
o
f
li
g
h
t
e
n
co
u
n
ter
d
ilu
ted
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e,
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
m
ig
h
t
b
e
lo
w
T
an
d
h
i
g
h
A
.
T
h
u
s
,
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
la
w
s
ta
ted
th
at
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
p
ath
li
g
h
t
o
f
a
b
ea
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
[
1
1
-
14
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
ten
s
it
y
C
o
u
n
ts
o
n
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ic
Glass
Sli
d
e
w
i
th
P
DM
S
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
L
i
g
h
t
b
y
a
Sa
m
p
le
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e
o
f
li
g
h
t
w
it
h
s
o
d
i
u
m
u
r
at
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
5
m
g
/d
L
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
f
le
x
ib
le
P
DM
S
w
i
th
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
l
id
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
er
e
is
in
ten
s
i
t
y
d
r
o
p
p
ed
m
es
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
at
t
=
0
m
i
n
u
te.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
y
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
a
s
o
l
u
tio
n
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
P
DM
S
th
in
f
il
m
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
li
g
h
t
h
a
s
tr
av
el
led
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
lec
u
les
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate,
P
DM
S
lay
er
an
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
lid
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
lig
h
t
w
as
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
e
ter
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
f
o
r
t
=
0
m
i
n
u
te
is
1
4
4
8
co
u
n
ts
at
6
2
1
n
m
.
No
tice
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
in
te
n
s
it
y
at
th
e
s
ix
th
m
i
n
u
te,
th
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
r
o
p
let
an
d
P
DM
S
th
i
n
f
il
m
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
m
en
i
s
cu
s
co
n
v
e
x
l
en
s
(
co
n
v
er
g
in
g
m
e
n
is
c
u
s
)
wh
ich
b
r
in
g
s
p
ar
allel
lig
h
t
s
to
a
f
o
cu
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
2
1
–
5
2
7
526
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
d
ef
lect
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
DM
S
th
in
f
il
m
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
o
n
th
e
P
DM
S
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ten
s
io
n
,
t
h
u
s
d
ef
lecte
d
th
e
t
h
i
n
f
il
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
I
n
ten
s
it
y
v
s
W
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
w
it
h
So
d
iu
m
Ur
ate
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
5
m
g
/d
L
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
Geo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
T
h
in
Fil
m
(
a)
B
ef
o
r
e
T
h
in
Fil
m
Def
lect
(
b
)
A
f
ter
T
h
in
f
il
m
E
x
p
er
ien
ce
a
S
m
all
De
g
r
ee
o
f
De
f
lectio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
en
s
o
r
ca
p
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
r
esen
t
i
n
u
r
in
e.
Mic
r
o
alb
u
m
i
n
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
w
o
u
ld
g
i
v
e
d
o
cto
r
s
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
to
cu
r
e
a
p
atien
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
g
et
w
o
r
s
e.
I
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
d
ip
s
tick
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
e
n
ab
le
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
d
etec
t
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
,
b
u
t
d
ip
s
tick
o
n
l
y
g
i
v
es
q
u
ali
tativ
e
r
es
u
lt
s
w
h
ile
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
g
i
v
es
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
i
n
u
r
i
n
e
d
o
n
o
t
g
r
an
t
a
d
o
cto
r
to
test
t
h
e
u
r
i
n
e
s
a
m
p
le
i
m
m
ed
ia
tel
y
.
I
n
th
i
s
ea
r
l
y
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
a
n
alter
n
ativ
e
m
e
th
o
d
to
d
etec
t
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
R
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
r
es
u
lt
a
s
t
h
e
P
DM
S
t
h
in
f
il
m
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate,
a
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
te
f
o
r
u
r
in
e
s
a
m
p
le.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
t
r
al
s
h
i
f
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
th
e
P
DM
S
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
ese
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
an
g
e
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
as
th
e
air
ca
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
th
e
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
P
DM
S
is
i
n
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
n
an
o
m
eter
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
u
ch
a
s
i
m
m
o
b
il
izatio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
alb
u
m
i
n
a
n
tib
o
d
y
o
n
P
DM
S
t
h
in
f
i
l
m
a
n
d
b
u
ilt
i
n
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
w
il
l e
n
ab
le
t
h
e
f
u
ll i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
g
las
s
s
lid
e
in
to
a
b
ac
k
-
e
n
d
d
etec
to
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
Un
i
v
er
s
i
ti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ala
y
s
ia
u
n
d
er
GUP
Gr
an
t
T
ier
1
(
Vo
t.
1
1
H4
4
)
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
Nan
o
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
w
o
u
ld
also
li
k
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
a
n
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
Dr
.
Ma
s
tu
r
a
Sh
a
f
i
n
az
,
Dr
.
S
h
ah
ar
i
n
a
n
d
A
s
s
o
ciate
P
r
o
f
.
Dr
.
R
id
zu
an
Ah
m
ad
f
o
r
th
eir
k
in
d
h
elp
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
Mic
r
o
Nan
o
Me
ch
atr
o
n
ic.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
S
.
L
e
v
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
f
in
it
io
n
a
n
d
c
las
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
ro
n
ic
k
id
n
e
y
d
ise
a
se
:
A
p
o
siti
o
n
sta
tem
e
n
t
f
ro
m
Kid
n
e
y
Dise
a
se
:
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
G
lo
b
a
l
Ou
tco
m
e
s
(K
DI
G
O)
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
K
id
n
e
y
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
9
-
2
1
0
0
,
J
u
n
e
200
5
.
[2
]
R.
D.
T
o
to
,
“
M
icro
a
l
b
u
m
in
u
ria
:
d
e
f
in
it
io
n
,
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
li
n
ica
l
sig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
”
,
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Cli
n
ica
l
Hy
p
e
rte
n
sio
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
2
-
7
,
No
v
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
T
.
Qiu
et
al
,
“
P
a
lm
to
p
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
to
m
e
ter
f
o
r
DN
A
a
n
d
p
ro
tein
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
in
m
i
c
ro
-
n
a
n
o
l
it
e
r
a
ss
a
y
s”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s: Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
2
7
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
2
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
A
.
T
a
k
a
m
o
to
e
t
a
l
.,
“
S
c
re
e
n
in
g
f
o
r
o
ra
l
m
u
c
o
sa
l
d
ise
a
se
s
b
y
a
p
o
rtab
le
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
to
m
e
ter:
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
c
o
lo
r
d
if
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
p
it
h
e
li
a
l
th
ick
n
e
ss
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Or
a
l
a
n
d
M
a
x
il
lo
fa
c
i
a
l
S
u
r
g
e
ry
M
e
d
icin
e
,
a
n
d
Pa
th
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
5
(
4
),
p
p
.
3
1
4
-
3
2
7
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
B.
A
n
jalid
e
v
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
d
icti
o
n
o
f
m
i
c
ro
a
lb
u
m
in
u
ria b
y
u
sin
g
sp
o
t
u
rin
e
sa
m
p
les
a
n
d
re
g
re
ss
io
n
a
n
a
ly
sis to
c
o
n
v
e
rt
sp
o
t
m
icro
a
lb
u
m
in
v
a
lu
e
s
to
2
4
h
o
u
rs
m
icro
a
lb
u
m
in
u
ria”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bi
o
c
h
e
mistry
a
n
d
Bi
o
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
1
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
0
7
1
-
0
7
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
J.
L
in
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
o
f
d
ie
t
w
it
h
a
lb
u
m
in
u
ria
a
n
d
k
i
d
n
e
y
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
d
e
c
li
n
e
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
A
me
ric
a
n
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ne
p
h
ro
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
(5
),
p
p
.
8
3
6
–
8
4
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
M
.
A
h
m
a
d
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
l
e
x
ib
le
Distrib
u
ted
P
re
ss
u
re
S
e
n
sin
g
S
tri
p
f
o
r
a
Ure
th
ra
l
Ca
th
e
te
r
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
me
c
h
a
n
ica
l
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
0
-
1
8
4
7
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
G
.
F
lo
rv
a
ll
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
d
b
y
th
re
e
Di
ff
e
re
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
s,
Blo
o
d
P
re
ss
u
re
a
n
d
Ca
rd
io
v
a
sc
u
lar
Risk
F
a
c
to
rs
in
El
d
e
rly
S
we
d
ish
M
a
les
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
n
a
lytica
l
Ch
e
mistry
In
si
g
h
ts
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
6
9
-
7
4
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
F
lexib
le
Op
tica
l S
en
s
o
r
fo
r
Micr
o
a
lb
u
min
u
r
ia
S
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
S
u
h
a
ila
I
s
a
a
k
)
527
[9
]
H.
Oy
a
m
a
e
t.
a
l
.,
“
A
M
EM
S
Ba
se
d
Fa
b
ry
-
Per
o
t
Pro
tei
n
S
e
n
so
r
wit
h
Refe
re
n
c
e
S
e
n
s
o
r”,
T
h
e
1
4
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
o
n
Ch
e
m
ica
l
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
-
3
5
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
O.
Ho
f
fm
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
m
ic
ro
a
lb
u
m
in
u
ria
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
n
a
d
isp
o
sa
b
le
d
iag
n
o
stic
m
icro
c
h
ip
w
it
h
in
teg
ra
ted
f
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
in
-
f
il
m
o
rg
a
n
ic
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
a
b
on
C
h
ip
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
8
6
3
-
8
6
8
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
5
.
[1
1
]
D.
A
.
Ra
o
ra
n
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
a
n
d
lab
e
l
-
f
re
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
e
a
su
rin
g
p
ro
tea
se
a
c
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
in
h
ib
it
io
n
u
sin
g
a
m
icro
f
lu
id
ic ca
n
ti
lev
e
r
a
rra
y
”
,
Na
n
o
letter
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
9
6
8
-
2
9
7
4
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
S
.
G
ril
li
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
u
rf
a
c
e
-
c
h
a
rg
e
li
th
o
g
ra
p
h
y
f
o
r
d
irec
t
p
d
m
s
m
i
c
ro
-
p
a
tt
e
rn
in
g
”
,
L
a
n
g
m
u
ir
,
v
o
l.
2
4
(2
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
6
2
–
1
3
2
6
5
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Isa
a
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
NP
K
De
tec
ti
o
n
S
p
e
c
t
ro
sc
o
p
y
on
No
n
-
A
g
ricu
lt
u
r
e
S
o
il
”
,
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
,
v
o
l.
7
8
(1
1
),
p
p
.
2
2
7
-
2
3
1
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
M
.
T
a
y
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
a
th
len
g
th
a
n
d
a
b
s
o
rp
t
io
n
c
ro
ss
se
c
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
se
n
siti
v
it
y
o
z
o
n
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
Actu
a
to
rs
B:
Ch
e
mic
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
1
,
p
p
.
5
7
0
-
5
7
5
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
u
h
a
il
a
Isa
a
k
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
9
8
,
th
e
M
a
ste
r
i
n
S
c
ien
c
e
(El
e
c
tro
n
ic)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
1
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
N
o
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
En
g
lan
d
in
2
0
1
1
.
He
r
m
a
jo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts a
re
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
a
v
a
lan
c
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
s an
d
I
n
P
-
G
a
A
s p
h
o
to
d
e
tec
to
r
d
e
sig
n
,
sim
u
latio
n
a
n
d
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
sh
e
is
a
lso
w
o
rk
in
g
o
n
i
n
teg
ra
ted
li
n
e
a
r
a
rr
a
y
p
h
o
t
o
n
c
a
m
e
ra
u
sin
g
F
P
GA
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
o
n
s
p
e
c
tro
s
c
o
p
y
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
so
il
a
n
a
ly
sis.
Yu
sm
e
e
ra
z
Yu
so
f
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
in
teg
ra
ted
d
e
sig
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Ke
io
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
2
0
0
4
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter sc
ien
c
e
f
ro
m
Na
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
1
1
.
Be
f
o
re
sh
e
jo
in
e
d
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
)
a
s a fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
2
0
0
6
,
sh
e
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s an
R&
D en
g
in
e
e
r
w
it
h
A
lp
s E
lec
tri
c
M
a
la
y
sia
f
o
r
tw
o
y
e
a
rs.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
.
He
r
c
u
rr
e
n
t
in
tere
sts i
n
c
lu
d
e
C
M
OS
DN
A
c
h
ip
,
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
n
e
w
m
a
teria
l
b
io
se
n
so
rs,
a
n
d
p
o
in
t
-
of
-
c
a
re
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
d
e
v
ice
s.
Kh
a
iru
n
n
isa
M
o
h
d
Yu
so
f
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
in
2
0
14
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
M
a
ste
r
b
y
re
se
a
r
c
h
stu
d
e
n
t
i
n
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
),
Jo
h
o
r.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts f
o
c
u
s o
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
te
riza
ti
o
n
o
f
so
il
se
n
so
r
a
n
d
a
b
so
rb
a
n
c
e
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
u
sin
g
a
v
a
lan
c
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
.
Kh
o
o
M
i
n
g
Kw
a
n
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
i
n
2
0
17
.
H
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
w
it
h
Op
ss
tar S
d
n
.
Bh
d
,
P
e
n
a
n
g
M
a
lay
sia
a
s In
teg
ra
ted
Circu
it
De
sig
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
. H
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts f
o
c
u
s o
n
m
icro
lec
tro
n
ic
se
n
so
r
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
V
L
S
I
d
e
si
g
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.