Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
2
,
F
eb
r
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
825
~
830
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
825
-
830
825
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A multi
-
instanc
e mu
lti
-
samp
le palm
print id
entific
ation s
ystem
Thul
fiqa
r
H.
Mandeel
, Mu
ha
mm
ad Imr
an
Ah
m
ad, S
ai
d A
mi
rul
Anw
ar
School
of
Com
p
ute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
e
ring,
Univ
ersit
i
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1,
2018
Re
vised
N
ov
27
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
1
2,
2018
The
m
ult
ib
iome
tri
c
r
ec
ogn
it
ion
s
y
stem
consid
e
red
m
ore
re
li
ab
le
th
an
th
e
unimodal
biometric
re
cogni
t
io
n
s
y
stem
due
t
o
the
addi
t
ion
of
an
ex
tra
informati
on
that
inc
re
ase
s
the
dis
cri
m
ina
t
ion
b
e
tw
ee
n
the
cl
asses.
I
n
th
is
pap
er,
a
m
ult
i
-
sam
ple
m
ult
i
-
insta
n
ce
bi
om
et
ric
re
cogni
t
ion
s
y
stem
is
pr
oposed.
Th
e
ai
m
of
th
e
propo
sed
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
inc
re
ase
the
rob
ustness
of
the
id
ent
ifica
ti
on
.
The
proposed
s
y
stem
al
so
addr
esses
the
over
fi
tt
ing
to
th
e
tra
i
n
sa
m
ple
s
proble
m
of
a
f
ea
tur
e
ext
ra
ct
io
n
al
gor
it
hm
,
n
a
m
ed
2
-
Dim
ensiona
l
Li
ne
ar
Discriminant
an
aly
s
is
(2D
-
LDA).
Th
e
sam
ple
s
i
n
the
proposed
m
et
hod
are
bootstra
pped
an
d
the
2D
-
LDA
per
form
ed
on
e
a
ch
group
during
the
off
li
n
e
phase
.
W
hile
in
the
onl
ine
ph
ase
,
th
e
t
este
d
cl
a
ss
will
be
tr
ansform
ed
into
subs
pac
es
using
diffe
ren
t
e
ige
nv
e
ct
ors
th
at
ob
ta
in
ed
from
diff
ere
nt
sam
pli
ngs,
and
the
result
s
m
at
che
d
with
tem
pla
te
s
in
th
e
c
orre
sponding
subs
pac
e.
T
o
eva
lu
at
e
the
prop
osed
m
et
hod,
tw
o
pal
m
print
d
at
a
base
s
are
used
whi
ch
ar
e
II
T
Delhi
Touc
h
le
ss
Palmprint
Dat
aba
se
and
Pol
yU
pal
m
print
da
ta
base
,
and
diffe
ren
t
r
ank
-
level
fusion
al
gor
it
hm
s
are
inve
st
iga
t
ed.
The
res
ult
s
of
th
e
proposed
m
et
ho
d
show
improvem
ent
in the
ide
n
t
ifi
c
at
ion
ra
te
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bi
om
e
tric
s r
ec
ogniti
on
Fu
sio
n
Pal
m
pr
int
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muh
am
m
ad
Im
ran
A
hm
ad,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
Kam
pu
s Pa
uh
Pu
tra
, 026
00 Arau
, P
e
rlis, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
m
.
i
m
ra
n@u
nim
ap.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Hu
m
an’
s
physi
cal
an
d be
ha
vio
ral c
har
act
e
risti
cs d
iffe
r
f
r
om an i
nd
i
vidual t
o
a
no
t
her
w
hich give
us
t
he
abili
ty
to
disti
nguis
h
a
per
s
on
from
ano
the
r.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
t
his
natu
ral
a
nd
accu
rate
hu
m
an
s
kill
is
af
fect
ed
by
m
e
m
or
y
lim
i
ts
wh
ic
h
m
ean
it
s
ina
pp
li
cable
to
m
e
m
or
iz
e
a
la
rg
e
data
base
of
disti
nctive
bi
om
et
ric
featur
es
from
palm
pr
int
or
iris
f
or
e
xam
ple.
A
uto
m
at
ic
bio
m
et
ric
recogn
it
io
n
syst
em
s
are
de
vised
to
ove
rco
m
e
su
c
h
pro
blem
[1
]
,
[
2]
.
T
he
m
os
t
c
omm
on
hum
an
cha
racteri
sti
cs
that
can
be
use
d
i
n
bi
om
et
ric
re
c
ogniti
on
syst
e
m
s
are
physi
cal
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
s
uch
as
the
fac
e
,
Ir
is,
fi
nger
pri
nt,
palm
pr
int
an
d
ha
nd
ge
om
et
ry,
or
be
ha
viora
l
char
act
e
risti
cs
su
ch
as
sp
e
e
ch,
gait,
keyst
roke,
a
nd
sig
na
ture.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
these
char
act
erist
ic
s
var
y
in
diff
e
re
nt
as
pec
ts:
acc
uracy
,
unive
rsali
ty
,
dis
ti
nctiveness
,
pe
rm
anen
ce,
c
ol
le
ct
abili
ty
,
and
acce
pta
bili
ty
.
Am
on
g
these c
har
act
er
ist
ic
s,
palm
pr
int s
how hig
h d
ist
incti
ven
ess a
nd f
ai
r
acce
ptabili
ty
[1]
.
Howe
ver,
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
sin
gle
bi
om
et
ric
char
act
erist
ic
s
in
a
un
im
od
al
syst
e
m
(e.g
.
sin
gl
e
sam
ple,
sing
le
fin
ge
rprint)
ha
s
a
li
m
it
a
ti
on
in
the
rec
ogni
ti
on
acc
ur
acy
due
to
the
li
m
it
ed
a
m
ou
nt
of
the
extracte
d
in
for
m
at
ion
w
hich
aff
ec
t
th
e
syst
e
m
per
form
ance
[
3]
,
[
4]
.
Mult
i
bio
m
et
ric
recogn
it
io
n
syst
em
s
ha
ve
been
em
erg
ed
to
s
olv
e
t
his
is
su
e
i
n
the
uni
m
od
al
syst
e
m
s
.
Mult
im
od
al
syst
e
m
s
can
be
form
ed
us
in
g
m
ul
ti
ple
sens
or
s
,
m
ulti
ple
sam
ples,
m
ulti
ple
instances
,
or
m
ulti
ple
al
gorithm
s
[3]
.
T
he
in
f
or
m
at
ion
from
these
s
our
ces
can
be
fu
se
d
at
dif
fer
e
nt
sta
ges
of
the
biom
et
ric
recog
niti
on
syst
em
.
The
f
us
io
n
can
be
do
ne
be
for
e
the
m
at
ching
:
at
sensor
-
le
vel
[
5]
,
[6]
or
at
featu
re
-
le
vel
[
7]
-
[
9]
,
or
after
t
he
m
at
c
hing:
at
scor
e
-
l
evel
[
10
]
-
[12]
,
rank
-
le
vel
[
13
]
-
[
15
]
or
at
decisi
on
-
le
vel
[
16
]
-
[
19
]
.
Ne
ve
rtheless,
the
us
e
of
m
ulti
ple
sens
or
s
s
yst
e
m
raises
th
e
cost
of
the
bio
m
et
ric
recogn
it
io
n
s
yst
e
m
[4]
.
The
m
ul
ti
-
al
go
rith
m
s
app
r
oac
h
is
propose
d
to
obta
in
extra
in
for
m
at
ion
from
the
sam
e
bio
m
et
ric
data
[20
]
,
[21]
w
hich
el
im
inate
the
need
for
t
he
e
xt
ra
ac
quisi
ti
on
e
qu
i
pm
ent.
H
oweve
r,
this
ap
proac
h
c
on
s
um
es
su
bs
t
antia
l
tim
e
becau
se
diff
e
re
nt
f
eat
ur
e
e
xtracti
on
al
gorithm
s
need
to
be
a
pp
l
ie
d
first
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
F
e
bru
ary
20
19
:
8
25
–
830
826
and
differe
nt
t
ype
of
cl
assifi
ers
m
ay
be
nee
ded
depen
ding
on
the
natu
re
of
the
e
xtracte
d
featu
res.
T
o
fix
this
issue,
Yan
et
al
.
[4]
propose
d
extracti
ng
the
sam
e
featur
e
(
i.e.
SIFT
feat
ure)
from
m
ult
i
ple
sam
ples
of
palm
vein
im
ages
an
d
f
us
es
them
at
the
feat
ur
e
-
le
ve
l
durin
g
the
offli
ne
phase
for
r
obus
t
i
den
ti
f
ic
at
ion
.
Le
ng
e
t.
al
.
[22]
m
erg
ed
2D
-
DCT
feat
ur
e
s
from
le
ft
and
righ
t
palm
at
fe
at
ur
e
-
le
vel.
Wh
il
e
at
the
sc
or
e
-
le
vel,
C
he
ng
et
al
.
[23]
f
us
e
d
the
scor
e
of
m
at
ch
ing
f
ro
m
the
re
peated
s
ca
n
of
fin
gerpr
i
nts
(i.
e.,
m
ulti
-
sa
m
ple)
durin
g
the
onli
ne
ph
a
se.
K
um
ar
and
S
he
kh
a
r
[
14
]
a
r
gu
e
d
tha
t
the
rank
-
le
ve
l
fusio
n
is
pref
erab
le
over
oth
er
f
us
io
n
le
ve
ls
f
or
m
ul
ti
bio
m
e
tric
identific
at
ion
du
e
t
o
first
ly
,
el
i
m
inati
on
of
featur
e
or
sco
r
e
norm
al
iz
a
ti
on
,
sec
ond
ly
,
pr
ov
i
de
dev
ic
e
an
d
al
gorithm
s
ind
e
pe
nd
e
ncy,
t
hir
d
ly
,
the
act
ual
ide
ntific
at
ion
m
ay
fall
in
seco
nd
or
thir
d
ran
k
es
pecial
ly
in lar
ge data
ba
se due t
o
li
m
it
a
ti
on
in
the
feat
ur
e
ex
tract
i
on
al
gorithm
o
r/and cl
assifi
er e
f
fici
ency.
Ther
e
are
t
wo
com
m
on
al
gorithm
s
fo
r
fe
at
ure
extracti
on,
nam
ed
Linear
D
isc
ri
m
inant
A
na
ly
sis
(LDA
)
and
Pr
i
ncipal
Com
po
ne
nt
A
naly
sis
(P
CA
).
The
se
al
gorithm
s
req
uire
t
he
i
m
age
to
be
in
1
-
dim
ensional
fo
rm
befor
e
bein
g
fe
ed
i
nto
the
PC
A
or
the
L
D
A,
w
hich
is
m
e
m
or
y
e
xpe
ns
ive.
Th
ese
al
gorith
m
s
al
so
pro
ne
to
th
e
sm
a
ll
sa
m
ple
s
i
ze
(S
SS
)
pr
ob
l
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
m
any
sa
m
pl
es
require
d
to
e
xtract
reli
able
r
epr
ese
ntati
on.
Yang
et
al
.
[
24]
an
d
Li
&
Y
uan
[25]
pro
po
se
d
us
i
ng
the
ori
gi
nal
im
ages
without
c
onver
ti
ng
them
into
one
vecto
r,
wh
ic
h
is
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt.
An
oth
e
r
ap
proac
h
was
pro
pose
d
to
ov
e
rco
m
e
the
SSS
pro
bl
e
m
and
reduc
e
the
ov
e
rf
it
ti
ng
t
o
the
trai
ni
ng
set
by
N
gu
ye
n
et
al
.
[26]
an
d
W
a
ng
&
Tan
g
[27]
.
These
al
gorit
hm
s
pr
opos
e
se
le
ct
ing
the
sig
nifica
nt
ei
genvect
or
s
and
ra
ndom
ly
sel
ect
ot
he
r
le
ss
im
po
rtant
e
igen
vecto
rs
t
o
m
ake
sever
al
wea
k
cl
assifi
ers
an
d
com
bin
e
them
to
m
ake
bette
r
cl
assifi
er.
T
he
ei
genvecto
rs
th
at
cor
res
po
nd
t
o
bi
g
ei
ge
nv
al
ue
s
are
sel
ect
ed
beca
use
they
are
bette
r
in
discrim
in
at
ing
the
cl
ass
es
,
in
the
LD
A
al
gorithm
,
or
be
tt
er
in
repres
enting
the
data
,
in
t
he
PCA
al
gorith
m
.
Ho
wev
e
r,
t
he
ra
ndom
sel
e
ct
ion
of
ei
ge
nv
ect
or
s
m
ay
le
a
d
to
the
i
nclusi
on
of
a
no
ise
or in
sig
ni
ficant data
w
hi
ch
res
ult i
n de
gr
a
de
d per
for
m
ance
[
28
]
.
In
t
he
pro
po
se
d
m
et
ho
d
t
he
e
igen
vecto
rs
will
be
sel
ect
ed
a
ccordin
g
t
o
the
ir
sig
nificance
instea
d
of
th
e
rand
om
sel
ect
i
on.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
to
av
oid
ove
rf
i
tt
ing
,
the
sam
ples
are
bootstr
app
e
d,
an
d
t
he
2D
-
L
D
A
a
pp
l
ie
d
to
the
diff
e
re
nt
form
at
ion
s
of
t
ra
ining
sam
ples
and
diff
e
re
nt
e
igen
vecto
rs
ext
racted
f
ro
m
each
f
or
m
at
ion
.
Lat
er,
these
ei
ge
nvec
tors
will
be
us
e
d
to
tra
ns
f
or
m
ano
t
her
sam
ple
that
de
dicat
ed
f
or
te
sti
ng
int
o
dif
fer
e
nt
s
ubs
paces
to
gen
e
rate
te
m
pla
te
s
an
d
sa
ve
t
hem
in
the
syst
em
data
ba
se
durin
g
offli
ne
phase.
Wh
il
e
in
the
on
li
ne
phase
,
these
dif
fer
e
nt
ei
genvecto
rs
w
il
l
al
so
be
us
e
d
to
tra
ns
f
or
m
the
te
ste
d
palm
pr
i
nt
im
age
into
dif
fer
e
nt
s
ub
sp
ace
s
and
m
at
ch
the
resu
lt
s
with
th
e
cl
asses
i
n
t
he
co
rr
es
pondin
g
subs
pace
s
.
T
he
res
ults
f
r
om
t
h
ese
m
at
ches
will
be
fu
se
d
to
fi
nd
t
he
final
palm
pr
int
i
den
ti
ty
at
rank
-
le
vel.
Th
e
ge
ne
ral
ou
tl
i
ne
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
presente
d
in Figu
re
1.
Figure
1
.
Th
e
pro
po
se
d
m
et
ho
d
The
rest
of
the
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ow:
s
ect
ion
s
2
re
pre
sent
the
pro
pos
ed
m
et
ho
d;
sec
ti
on
3
s
hows
the
re
su
lt
a
nd
t
he
e
xperim
ent
set
up
w
hile
sec
ti
on
4
re
pr
ese
nt
s
the
c
oncl
us
i
on.
It’s
sho
uld
be
m
entione
d
t
hat
the
Ma
xim
u
m
Ra
n
k
Me
th
od
a
nd
the
m
ajo
rity
vot
ing
schem
e
isn’t
im
ple
m
ented
due
to
the
ge
ne
rati
on
of
ti
es
wh
i
c
h
rand
om
l
y br
ok
en
to
pr
oduce t
he
te
ste
d cl
ass
identit
y
[13]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A
m
ulti
-
insta
nc
e mult
i
-
sample
palm
pr
int i
de
ntif
ic
ation
sy
ste
m
(
Mu
ham
m
ad
Im
r
an A
hma
d
)
827
2.
THE
PR
OPO
SED
METHO
D
The first
ste
p
i
n
t
he pr
o
po
se
d
m
et
ho
d i
s
div
i
ding t
he
cl
asse
s’
sam
ples
1
,
…
,
into tw
o g
rou
ps
: t
he
trai
n
gr
oup
an
d
the
te
st
gro
up
,
the
trai
n
gro
up
has
cl
asses
and
sa
m
ples,
,
,
w
hile
the
te
st
gro
up
has
o
ne
sam
pl
e
,
1
.
D
ur
i
n
g
t
he
offli
ne
ph
ase
,
the
2D
-
L
D
A
a
pp
li
ed
on
to
extract
the
ei
ge
nv
ect
or
s
an
d
these
ei
ge
nv
ec
tors
us
ed
t
o
re
du
ce
t
he
dim
e
ns
io
nalit
y
of
and
ge
ner
at
e
th
e
tem
plate
s.
The
sel
ect
ion
of
the
sam
ples
to
be
inclu
ded
in
and
will
var
y
to
ge
ner
at
e
dif
fer
e
nt
f
or
m
at
ion
s,
,
and
,
1
,
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
2.
Figure
2
.
The
Diff
e
re
nt F
or
m
at
ion
s
of
and
,
he
re is
7
The pr
opose
d
m
et
ho
d
is
r
e
presented
m
at
he
m
at
ic
ally as
fol
low:
=
∑
∑
(
,
−
)
(
,
−
)
,
∈
=
1
(1)
wh
e
re
is
scat
te
r
m
at
rix
with
in
cl
asses
,
is
the
m
ean
f
or
each
cl
as
s,
,
is
2
-
dim
ension
al
palm
pr
int
i
m
age.
is t
he nu
m
ber
of
t
he
sam
ples
f
or each
class
in
.
=
1
∑
,
,
(2)
=
∑
=
1
(
−
)
(
−
)
(3)
wh
e
re
is
the
sc
at
te
r
m
at
rix
between
cl
asses
is
the
ove
rall
m
ean,
an
d
and
a
re
the
m
ean
an
d
siz
e o
f
the
res
pe
ct
ive cla
ss
. T
he final
scatt
er
m
at
rix
is eval
ua
te
d
as i
n
the
e
qu
at
io
n:
=
−
1
(4)
Finall
y, the ei
ge
nv
ect
or an
d
ei
genvalue
are
c
al
culat
ed
as
=
(5)
Wh
e
re
is
1
×
ei
ge
nv
ect
or
an
d
is
the
ei
ge
nval
ue
.
To
create
t
he
ne
w
s
ubsp
ac
e,
ℎ
ei
genvecto
r
s
with
c
orrespo
ndin
g
hi
gh
ei
ge
nv
al
ues
a
re
sel
ect
ed
1
,
…
,
ℎ
.
a
nd
eac
h
vecto
r
is
m
ultip
li
ed
with
ori
gi
nal
i
m
ages
from
the test
g
r
oup
t
o form
a f
eat
ur
e
vecto
r.
=
∗
,
1
,
=
1
,
…
,
ℎ
(6)
The
te
m
plate
s ar
e c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d from
the acqui
red featu
re
vec
tors
a
s:
=
[
1
,
…
,
]
(7)
In
the
onli
ne
ph
a
se,
t
he
te
st
ed
cl
ass
tra
ns
f
or
m
ed
into
s
ubspa
ce
us
in
g
t
he
to
ge
ner
at
e
featu
re
m
at
rices
.
To
determ
ine
the
te
ste
d
cl
ass
i
de
ntit
y,
the
E
uclidean
dista
nce
i
s
cal
culat
ed
be
tween
t
he
and
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
2
,
F
e
bru
ary
20
19
:
8
25
–
830
828
(
,
)
=
√
∑
(
−
)
2
=
1
(8)
Last
ly
, d
iffe
re
nt fusio
n sche
m
es can be im
plem
ented
us
in
g
to
ob
ta
in
acc
ur
at
e cla
ss
ide
ntit
y.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND E
X
PE
RI
MENT
SET
U
P
To
e
valuate
th
e
pro
po
se
d
m
et
hod,
t
he
ex
pe
r
i
m
ents
condu
ct
ed
on
t
wo
pal
m
pr
int
databa
s
es
w
hich
a
re
the
IIT
Del
hi
To
uch
le
ss
Palm
pr
int
Databa
se
an
d
P
olyU
palm
pr
int
d
at
abase.
Dif
fer
e
nt
nu
m
ber
of
sa
m
ples
of
palm
pr
int
im
a
ges
i
nclu
ded
in
as
avail
able
in
th
e
c
orres
pond
i
ng
database
.
T
he
vo
te
s
are
obta
ine
d
by
orde
r
the
val
ues
of
∀
in
asce
ndin
g
fa
sh
io
n
.
IIT
Delhi
T
ou
c
hless
P
alm
pr
int
Data
ba
se
inclu
des
i
m
ages
f
ro
m
le
ft
and
rig
ht
hand
s
that
gat
her
e
d
from
460
pa
l
m
s
in
a
pe
g
f
ree
f
or
m
.
Th
e
re
gion
of
in
te
rest
(R
OI)
c
rop
pe
d
autom
at
ic
ally
and
incl
uded
i
n
t
he
data
base
w
hich
has
the
siz
e
of
150*
1
50
pix
el
s
[
29]
.
F
or
eac
h
pal
m
,
fo
ur
sam
ples
ou
t
of
fi
ve
us
e
d
to
f
or
m
fou
r
f
or
m
at
ion
s.
T
he
noi
se
that
pr
ese
nt
s
in
II
T
Delhi
p
al
m
pr
int
data
base
in
the
form
of
distor
ti
on
an
d
tra
nsl
at
ion
co
ns
ide
red
as
a
facto
r
that
de
gr
a
des
th
e
recogn
it
io
n
r
at
e
if
a
sing
le
s
a
m
ple
sing
le
-
i
ns
ta
nce
is
us
ed
.
Po
ly
U
palm
pr
int
database
incl
ud
es
7,7
52
palm
pr
int
i
m
ages
belo
ngs
to
386
palm
s
wh
i
c
h
gathe
red
us
in
g
charge
-
c
ouple
d
de
vice
(C
C
D
)
cam
era
-
based
dev
ic
e
with
th
e
help
of
pe
gs
to
fix
palm
po
sit
ion
wh
ic
h
m
ini
m
izes
the
sp
at
ia
l
di
stortion
betwe
en
the
im
ages
that
belo
ngs
to
the
sam
e
pal
m
.
The
i
m
ages
ha
ve
been
c
ollec
te
d
thr
ough
out
tw
o
sessi
on
s
.
T
o
m
i
m
ic
the
real
-
w
or
l
d
-
sce
na
rio,
the
se
tw
o
se
ssion
s
sepa
rate
d
by
arou
nd
t
wo
m
on
t
hs
.
In
t
hese
two
sessi
ons,
m
os
t
of
the
subj
ect
s
pro
vid
e
arou
nd
te
n
im
a
ges
f
or
le
ft
an
d
ri
gh
t
palm
s
separ
at
el
y
[30]
.
To
ke
ep
the
unif
orm
ity
between
the
cl
asses,
t
he
palm
pr
ints
that
ha
ve
at
le
s
s
sev
e
n
sam
ple
s
incl
u
de
d
in
our
e
xp
e
rim
ent
wh
ic
h
can
be
s
umm
e
d
to
37
8
dif
fere
nt
palm
s.
The
se
palm
s
are
di
vide
d
rand
om
l
y i
nto
two
cate
go
ries to r
e
pr
ese
nt th
e left
an
d rig
ht
palm
s b
y wh
ic
h
each cate
gor
y has 18
9
palm
s
. The
ROIs f
or
t
his
da
ta
base
ob
ta
ine
d usin
g
t
he
m
eth
od
pro
pose
d i
n
[31]
.
The
f
us
io
n
at
s
cor
e
-
le
vel
is
not
a
pp
li
cable
f
or
le
ft
a
nd
rig
ht
palm
pr
ints
fusion
bec
ause
pa
l
m
pr
ints
for
the
rig
ht
a
nd
l
eft
palm
s
that
belo
ng
to
t
he
s
a
m
e
subj
ect
ar
e
not
i
de
ntica
l.
He
nce
it
is
i
na
pp
li
cable
to
f
us
e
th
e
m
at
ching
sco
re
f
ro
m
corres
pond
i
ng
palm
s
without
f
orm
er
knowle
dge
of
t
he
co
rr
el
at
io
n
be
tween
them
.
Xu
ET
.
al
.
[32]
show
e
d
a
co
rr
el
at
io
n
betwee
n
the
pri
ncipal
li
nes
of
the
le
ft
an
d
r
igh
t
palm
s
that
belo
ngs
to
the
sa
m
e
per
s
on.
Nev
e
rt
heless,
thei
r
ex
per
im
en
t
sh
ow
ed
the
best
res
u
lt
s
w
hen
as
sign
i
ng
a
sm
all
weig
ht
f
or
the
fu
s
e
d
scor
e
s fr
om
cro
ss
palm
s (
≤
0
.
1
)
.
The a
lg
ori
thm
s
that
i
m
ple
m
ented i
n t
his
pa
pe
r f
or
ra
nk
fusio
n
are
B
orda
C
ount
a
nd
Buc
klin
Ma
jority
Vo
ti
ng,
bo
t
h
w
it
h
dif
fe
ren
t
ra
nk
le
vels.
In
th
e
Bo
rd
a
Co
unt
Me
thod,
sco
res
are
assig
ne
d
t
o
e
ver
y
ide
ntit
y
that
pro
du
ce
d
by
each
cl
assifi
er.
T
he
ide
ntit
y
at
t
he
first
rank
r
e
cei
ves
hi
gh
est
po
i
nts,
w
hile
id
entit
ie
s
at
lower
ra
nk
s
receive
lo
wer
po
i
nts
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
t
heir
le
ve
l.
Lat
er
,
t
hese
po
i
nts
a
re
s
umm
ed
a
nd
the
i
de
ntit
y
with
the
highest
po
i
nts
will
be
consi
der
e
d
as
genuine
ide
ntit
y
[13]
.
I
n
B
uc
klin
Ma
jority
Vo
ti
ng,
the
fi
r
st
ra
nk
will
be
us
e
d
to
extract t
he
ide
ntit
y vo
te
s
and
the cla
ss
with
the m
ajo
rity
of
vo
te
s
is
declar
ed
as
the
g
e
nuine i
den
ti
ty
. If
t
her
e
i
s
no
m
ajorit
y
produce
d,
the vo
te
s
from
oth
er
ranks
will
be
inclu
ded
i
n
a
st
eps
fa
sh
i
on
d
e
pend
on
t
he
m
entione
d
conditi
on.
Ta
bl
e
1
an
d
Ta
ble
2
sho
w
the
id
entifi
cat
ion
r
at
e,
the
ave
ra
ge
identific
at
ion
r
at
e
is
ob
ta
ine
d
from
aver
a
ging
the
r
esults
from
the
unim
od
al
m
od
el
at
dif
fer
e
nt
sam
ples
f
or
m
at
ion
s,
these
re
su
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d
us
in
g
2D
-
L
DA
[
25
]
.
T
he
num
ber
of
the
us
ed
ra
nks
is
betwe
en
pa
r
entheses
,
wh
il
e
the
nu
m
ber
of
ranks
has a
pos
it
iv
e
i
m
pact
on
the
identific
at
ion
r
at
e
(for
bo
t
h
pa
l
m
s)
of
P
olyU
data
base
it
has
the
opposi
te
on
t
he
I
IT
Delhi
database
.
T
he
r
easo
n
f
or
s
uch
eff
ect
is
th
at
IIT
Delhi
cl
ass
es
ha
ve
a
cl
ear
int
raclass
va
riat
io
n
in
f
or
m
of
ro
t
at
ion
,
per
s
pecti
ve,
or
distance
from
t
he
cam
era
,
w
hich
re
duce
the
di
scri
m
inati
on
powe
r
a
nd
res
ult
in
scat
te
red
ge
nu
i
ne
identit
ie
s
al
ong
the
di
ff
e
ren
t
ra
nk
s
.
Also
,
the
i
nclusi
on
of
m
or
e
ra
nks
ca
n
de
gr
a
de
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
and
i
nc
rease
the con
fu
si
on in
the
f
i
nal d
eci
sion.
Table
1
.
Re
c
og
niti
on
Rat
e
(R
R) for I
IT Del
hi
d
at
abase
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
tr
ain
i
m
ag
es
Av
erage of
lef
t pal
m
RR
(
%)
Av
erage of
righ
t pal
m
RR
(
%)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/lef
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%
)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/righ
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/b
o
th
p
al
m
s
RR
(
%
)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
lef
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
tig
h
t pal
m
s
RR
(
%)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
b
o
th
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
2
5
5
.9
6
1
.7
2
(1)
6
5
.6
6
8
.6
86
2
(3)
5
4
.7
5
8
.6
76
.5
2
(6)
5
2
.1
5
6
.9
7
5
.2
5
9
.5
6
4
.7
80
3
5
6
.9
6
2
.8
3
(1)
6
6
.5
6
7
.3
8
4
.7
3
(3)
5
6
.9
6
2
.1
7
9
.5
3
(6)
5
5
.2
6
0
.8
7
7
.3
6
1
.3
6
5
.21
8
2
.1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A
m
ulti
-
insta
nc
e mult
i
-
sample
palm
pr
int i
de
ntif
ic
ation
sy
ste
m
(
Mu
ham
m
ad
Im
r
an A
hma
d
)
829
Table
2.
Rec
og
niti
on
Rat
e
(R
R) for
P
olyU
pa
l
m
pr
int data
ba
se
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
tr
ain
i
m
ag
es
Av
erage
o
f
lef
t
pa
l
m
RR
(%)
Av
erage
o
f
r
ig
h
t
p
al
m
RR
(%)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/lef
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/righ
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bo
rda
Co
u
n
t/b
o
th
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
lef
t
p
al
m
s
RR
(%)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
righ
t pal
m
s
RR
(
%)
Bu
ck
lin
Majorit
y
Vo
tin
g
/
b
o
th
pal
m
s
RR
(%)
2
9
5
.2
9
5
.4
2
(1)
9
7
.8
9
7
.3
9
8
.4
2
(3)
9
7
.8
9
7
.3
100
2
(6)
9
6
.8
9
7
.3
100
9
7
.3
9
7
.8
9
8
.9
3
9
5
.1
9
5
.2
3
(1)
9
7
.8
9
7
.3
9
8
.4
3
(3)
9
7
.3
9
6
.2
100
3
(6)
9
6
.8
9
6
.2
100
9
8
.4
9
7
.3
9
8
.9
4
9
5
.3
9
5
.1
4
(1)
9
6
.2
9
7
.8
9
8
.9
4
(3)
9
5
.2
9
5
.2
100
4
(6)
9
4
.1
9
4
.1
100
9
6
.8
9
6
.8
9
9
.4
5
9
5
.2
9
4
.8
5
(1)
9
5
.2
9
6
.8
9
8
.9
5
(3)
9
3
.1
9
4
.7
100
5
(6)
9
3
.1
9
5
.7
100
9
4
.7
9
5
.2
9
9
.4
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
pe
r
a
new
m
et
ho
d
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
a
m
ulti
-
sam
ple
m
ulti
-
insta
nce
pal
m
pr
int
rec
ogni
ti
on
syst
e
m
.
In
t
he
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
,
the
p
al
m
pr
int
i
m
a
ges
sam
ples
th
at
us
e
d
f
or
trai
ning w
ere
sel
e
ct
ed
di
ff
e
ren
tl
y
pr
i
or
t
o
the trai
ning
process.
T
he pr
opose
d m
et
ho
d
fixe
d
tw
o p
rob
lem
s,
the
first
one
is t
he
over
fitt
ing
t
o
the
tr
ai
n dat
a
.
Wh
il
e
t
he
sec
ond
pr
ob
le
m
is
the
li
m
it
ed
di
scri
m
inati
on
i
nfor
m
at
ion
i
n
the
un
im
od
al
bio
m
et
ric
recogn
it
io
n
syst
e
m
s
.
The
r
esults
in
dicat
e
that
the
risi
ng
of
the
discrim
i
nation
i
nfor
m
at
ion
le
a
d
to
an
im
pr
ov
em
ent
in
th
e
recog
niti
on
ac
cur
acy
an
d
res
trai
ning
t
he
no
ise
.
T
hese
s
olu
ti
ons
ac
hieve
d
with
ou
t
im
pl
e
m
entat
ion
for
ext
r
a
al
gorithm
s o
r
s
ens
or
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NTS
This
resea
rch
i
s
s
upporte
d
pa
rtia
ll
y
by
gr
a
duat
e
as
sist
ant
(
GA)
f
und
f
r
om
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a
Perlis
(UniM
AP)
with
ref
e
ren
ce
num
ber
:
Un
iM
A
P/PPPI
/
1
-
18/JI
d.
2.
T
his
res
earch
is
s
uppo
rted
by
Mi
nist
ry
of
Ed
ucati
on Mal
ay
sia
f
inancial
unde
r
the
F
undam
ental
Resea
rch
Gr
a
nt Sc
he
m
e (F
RGS
) Gr
ant No:
9003
-
0058
3
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le
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ce
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"
in
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ings
of
th
e
2004
IE
EE
Computer
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e
ty
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fe
re
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r V
ision
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t
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xtur
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al
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n
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"
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
P
att
ern
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l.
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H
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r
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sed
on
Moore
-
N
ei
ghbor
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ng
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e
t
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,
"
Com
bini
n
g
le
ft
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right
pa
lmprint
imag
es
for
m
ore
ac
cur
ate
p
ersona
l
ide
nt
ifi
c
at
ion
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Image
Proc
ess.
,
vol.
24
,
pp
.
549
–
559,
2015
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Thul
fiq
ar
Hus
sei
n
Mande
el
is
a
P
h.
D.
student a
t
Unive
rsiti
Ma
lay
si
a
Per
li
s (UniMA
P),
School
o
f
Com
pute
r
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
sin
ce
Dec
ember
2015.
Studie
d
his
M
.
Sc
.
at
UniMA
P
,
Malay
s
ia
,
from
2014
unti
l
2015
.
His
m
ai
n
rese
ar
ch
intere
sts
are
pat
t
ern
rec
ogn
it
i
on
and
image
proc
essing.
Muham
m
ad
Imra
n
Ahm
ad
re
c
ei
ved
his
Ph
.
D
.
in
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
fr
om
Newca
stle
Univer
sit
y
,
th
e
Unite
d
Kingdom
in
2014
.
Curr
en
tly
,
he
is a seni
or
lectur
e
r
a
t
Scho
ol
of
Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
ering,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia
Per
li
s.
His
rese
ar
ch
i
nte
rests
in
cl
ud
e
biometri
c
s
,
sign
al
ana
l
y
sis
and i
m
age
pro
c
essing.
Said
Am
irul
Anw
ar
Ab.
Ham
id
r
ec
e
ive
d
h
is
Ph
.
D.
in
Com
pute
r
En
gine
er
ing
from
Univer
siti
Sa
ins
Malay
s
ia
in
201
4.
Cur
ren
t
l
y
,
he
is
a
sen
ior
lectur
er
at
School
of
Com
pute
r
and
C
om
m
unic
at
io
n
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Univer
siti
Malay
si
a
Perli
s
.
His
re
sea
rch
int
er
ests
inc
lud
e
image
p
roc
essing
and
pat
t
ern
r
ec
ogni
tion.
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