Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
5
43
~
550
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I:
10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
543
-
550
543
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance ev
alu
atio
n
of fle
xible
cross
correl
atio
n
(FCC)
OCDM
A code bas
ed on radi
o over fibe
r (RoF)
simu
lation syste
m
Z
.Ibra
him,
C.B
.M
.
R
as
hidi
, S.A
.A
lj
un
aid, A.K
.Rahm
an,
M
.
S.
An
u
ar
School
of
Com
p
ute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on,
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Pe
rli
s (UniMA
P), M
al
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
23
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
4
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
8
, 2
018
Thi
s
pape
r
inves
ti
gat
es
th
e
per
f
orm
anc
e
of
an
el
eg
anc
e
code
s
et
al
go
rit
hm
known
as
Flexi
ble
Cross
Corre
lation
(FCC
)
code
to
be
run
int
o
a
sim
ula
ti
on
te
st
of
proposed
RoF
sy
stem.
Ex
ec
ut
ing
OCD
M
A
Code
int
o
Ro
F
fra
m
ework
is
see
n
as
a
pr
om
ising
te
chni
q
ue
for
e
nhan
cing
spec
tral
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
an
d
m
ea
nwhile
enh
anc
ed
th
e
l
ength
of
fib
er
op
tic
c
able
and
da
ta
b
it
r
ate
exe
cu
ti
on
while
red
uce
th
e
passive
equi
pm
e
nt
devi
c
e.
Th
is
code
can
eff
icac
iousl
y
red
uce
th
e
r
esult
s of
phase
-
indu
ce
d
i
nte
nsit
y
no
ise
(P
IIN),
it ha
s
the
m
u
lt
iple
acc
ess
int
erf
er
enc
e
(MA
I)
ca
nce
l
la
t
i
on
bel
ongs
to
RoF
sy
stem
and
a
t
th
e
sam
e
ti
m
e
sim
ple
and
ea
s
y
withi
n
th
e
code
construc
t
io
n.
Bit
err
or
rat
e
(BER)
per
f
orm
anc
e
is
assess
ed
for
thi
s
pr
oposed
sim
ula
ti
on
sy
st
em.
The
evalua
t
ion
m
ade
base
d
on
the
per
fo
rm
anc
e
of
fibe
r
le
ngth
,
dat
a
bit
ra
te,
rel
a
te
d
with
B
it
Err
or
Rate
(BE
R)
and
al
so
th
e
complexi
t
y
of
the
s
y
st
em.
The
extensive
si
m
ula
ti
on
result
s
rev
ea
l
FC
C
co
de
poss
ibly
will
ac
complish
suffic
ie
n
tly
up
t
o
51
km
at
B
ER
10
-
9
for
da
ta
r
a
te
155
Mbps
as
m
at
che
d
to
622
Mbps
with
expone
nt
ia
l
l
y
in
cre
ase
s
a
t
BER
10
-
12
err
or
floo
r
and
it
is
fit
for
short
h
aul
n
e
tworking
such
as
FTTH
and
lo
ca
l
area
n
et
work (
L
AN
).
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Bi
t error rat
e (
BER
)
Data bit
rate
FCC
-
OC
DMA
OCDM
A
-
R
oF
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ibrah
im
Zak
ari
a,
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
y M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s (U
niMAP
),
1s
t Fl
oor,
Pauh
Pu
t
ra Mai
n
Ca
m
pu
s,
02
600 A
rau, Pe
rlis
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: i
br
ahim
_im
90
@yah
oo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Trem
end
ous
e
nthusiasm
fo
r
interact
ive
m
e
dia
data,
hi
gh
e
r
data
sp
ee
ds
,
for
to
p
notc
h
vid
e
o
a
nd
a
grow
i
ng
nu
m
ber
of
cl
ie
nts;
are
pu
tt
in
g
t
he
bur
de
n
on
wireless
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
syst
em
m
erch
ants
t
o
offe
r
higher
data
rat
es.
Re
duce
thi
s
pr
ess
ure
co
ul
d
be
re
fine
d
b
y
util
iz
ing
a
m
ic
ro
cel
lular
s
yst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
infers
le
ssening the
c
el
l si
ze, and th
us
ly
, it m
igh
t d
i
m
inish th
e
power util
iz
at
ion
of the m
ob
il
e s
ta
ti
on
[1].
By
us
ing
an
opti
cal
fiber
to
par
t
ner
cent
ral
sta
ti
on
(CS)
with
num
ero
us
re
m
ote,
it
can
si
m
plify
th
e
ba
se
sta
ti
ons
(
BS),
it
ca
n
ess
entia
ll
y
gr
ow
the
syst
em
capaci
ty
,
cov
e
rage,
an
d
porta
bili
t
y
wh
at
'
s
m
or
e
serv
i
ng
bo
t
h
fixe
d
an
d
m
ob
il
e
end
cl
ie
nts
[2
]
.
Th
e
RoF
offe
rs
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
hi
gh
ca
pa
ci
ty
op
ti
cal
fi
ber
a
nd
adap
ta
bili
ty
wireless
syst
em
s.
This
ad
va
nce
m
ent
is
disp
la
ye
d
to
re
duce
fr
am
ewo
r
k
c
ost
and
the
i
ntric
acy
of
rem
ote
antenna
un
it
s
(RA
U).
Moreover,
Ro
F
adv
a
ncem
ent
is
a
con
te
nd
e
r
to
update
the
execu
ti
on
of
w
irel
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
with
the
blen
d
of
e
xt
ensive
band
width
(B
W)
an
d
l
ow
at
te
nuat
io
n
qu
al
it
ie
s
offere
d
by
op
ti
cal
f
i
ber [
2]
.
Ma
ny
co
des
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
pose
d
f
or
opti
cal
CDMA
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
[
3],
[
4].
Be
that
as
it
m
a
y,
j
us
t
a
couple
of
the
m
[5
]
,
[6
]
ha
ve
bee
n
a
pp
e
ared
t
o
reall
y
bo
lst
er
m
ulti
-
rate
tra
ns
m
is
sion
s
.
The
m
ulti
-
rate
transm
issi
on
i
s
one
of
t
he
pri
nciple
poi
nts
of
interest
of
OCDM
A
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
giv
e
asy
nc
hro
nous
transm
issi
on
s
instea
d
of
the
synch
ron
ou
s
tim
e
div
isi
on
m
ul
ti
plexing
(
TDM)
fr
am
ewo
r
ks
.
T
he
FC
C
code
giv
es
ba
sic
tridia
gonal
m
at
ri
x
de
velo
pm
ent
s
con
trast
e
d
w
it
h
the
oth
er
S
AC
-
OCDM
A
cod
e
s
,
f
or
exa
m
ple,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
4
3
–
5
5
0
544
MD
W
,
M
QC
and
MF
H
co
de
s.
FCC
cod
e
has
su
c
h
a
di
ff
ere
nt
prefe
r
red
sta
ndpoint
,
inclu
ding
th
e
le
ss
dem
and
ing
c
od
e d
evel
op
m
ent, less
m
any
-
sided
qual
it
y of
en
co
de
r/dec
od
e
r
plan
a
nd ad
a
ptable in
-
phase
cro
ss
-
correla
ti
on
for
unc
om
plica
t
ed
to
e
xecu
t
e
util
iz
ing
Fiber
B
ragg
G
rati
ng
s
(F
B
Gs
)
f
or
th
e
O
CDM
A
fr
am
ewo
r
ks
[
7]
.
In
t
his
pa
per,
we
hav
e
e
xec
uted
FCC
c
ode
into p
r
opos
e
d
Ra
dio
o
ve
r
Fi
be
r
(R
OF
)
f
ram
ewor
k
to in
vestigat
e t
he
e
xecu
ti
on th
rou
gh sim
ulatio
n sy
ste
m
ap
par
at
us
.
2.
FCC O
CDM
A CO
DE CO
NS
TR
U
CTIO
N
Opt
ic
al
c
od
es
are
the
gr
oup
of
K
(
for
K
use
rs)
bi
nar
y
[0,
1]
ar
rangem
ents
of
le
ngt
h
N
,
cod
e
wei
ght
W
(the
num
ber
of
"
1"
in
each
co
de
w
ord
)
an
d
the
m
os
t
extre
m
e
cro
ss
-
co
nnect
ion
,
λ
max
.
I
n
OCDM
A
fr
am
ewo
r
k,
op
ti
cal
cod
es
ough
t
t
o
ha
ve
substanti
al
est
i
m
at
ion
s
of
W
a
nd
the
siz
e
K
to
per
m
it
recei
ver
s
t
o
separ
at
e
ea
ch
of
the
co
nceiva
bl
e
us
er
s,
t
o
le
ss
er
c
hannel
inte
rf
e
ren
ce
an
d
further
m
or
e
t
o
s
ui
t
the
huge
nu
m
ber
of u
se
rs.
2.1.
Fir
s
t
S
te
p
The
set
opti
cal
co
de
consist
s
of (
N
, W, λ
max
)
F
CC
co
de
for
K
us
ers
. T
he
K
×
N
co
de
m
at
rix
W
K
A
is her
e
cal
le
d
the T
ridi
agonal C
od
e
Ma
trix.
T
hese
arr
a
ng
em
ents of c
od
es
are
the
n wr
it
te
n
as
[8];
(1)
Wh
e
re,
(2)
The
rows
of
A
1
,
A
2
,
a
nd
A
k
s
peak
to
the
K
cod
e
w
ord
an
d
it
is
acce
pte
d
that
the
c
old
w
ei
gh
t
of
eac
h
of the
K
c
ode
words is t
o be
W
.
2.2.
Sec
ond S
tep
Af
te
r
t
he
K
co
des
spo
ke
to
by
the
K
ro
ws
of
the
K×N
co
de
m
at
rix
W
K
A
in
(1),
the
cod
e
is
util
iz
ed
to
sp
ea
k
to
a
le
gitim
a
te
arr
ang
e
m
ent
a
valid
s
et
of
K
cod
e
word
within
phase
cr
os
s
-
c
orr
el
at
ion
s
λ
max
a
nd
c
ode
weig
ht
W
[9
]
.
The
el
em
ents {a
ij
} o
f
W
K
A
m
us
t hav
e
values
eit
he
r
“
0” or
“
1”.
(3)
The
in
phase
c
ro
ss
-
c
orrelat
ion
λ
max
,
betwee
n
a
ny
of
the
K
co
de
word
s
(
K
rows
of
the
m
at
rix
W
K
A
),
sh
oul
d no
t e
xc
eed c
od
e
w
ei
ght
W
.
Th
at
is
,
(4)
The
c
ode
weig
ht of eac
h
c
ode
word s
houl
d b
e eq
ual to W
w
her
e
,
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
0
0
0
0
00
00
00
W
K
KN
K
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
a
A
A
a
a
a
a
a
A
1
11
12
13
1
2
21
22
23
,
24
2
3
31
32
33
,
34
3
1
2
3
,
,
...
,
,
...
,
,
...
,
,
...
N
N
N
K
K
K
K
K
N
A
a
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
a
a
A
a
a
a
a
_
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
"
0
"
"
1
'
'
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
f
o
r
i
K
a
i
j
o
r
jN
m
a
x
T
ij
fo
r
i
j
XX
W
fo
r
i
j
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
fl
exi
ble cro
s
s c
orre
lati
on (FC
C
)
O
CD
MA c
ode
base
d on radi
o over…
(
Z.
Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
545
(5)
As
s
hown
i
n
(
3),
it
is
seen
th
at
the
W
=
X
i
X
i
T
is
the
in
phase
auto
-
co
rr
el
at
ion
f
unct
ion
of
c
od
e
s.
X
i
Y
j
T
is
the
ou
t
of
ph
ase
c
ro
s
s
-
co
rr
el
at
io
n
be
tween
the
i
th
and
the
j
th
co
des.
It
f
ollo
ws
that
X
i
X
i
T
s
hould
be greater
tha
n
X
i
Y
j
T
. In
o
t
her w
ords,
W>λ
ma
x
.
All K
ro
ws o
f
W
K
A
sh
ould
b
e li
ne
arly
ind
e
pe
ndent b
eca
us
e
ea
ch
cod
e
w
ord
m
us
t
be
uniq
uely
diff
e
re
nt
from
oth
e
r
co
de
w
ords.
T
hat
is
to
s
ay
,
the
ra
nk
of
the
co
de
m
at
ri
x
W
K
A
sh
oul
d be
K
. M
or
e
ov
e
r, f
or
W
K
A
t
o hav
e
r
a
nk
K
, t
hu
s
codes
N
≥
K
.
2.3.
Thi
rd
Step
Ou
t
of
five
c
onditi
ons
ab
ove
,
on
e
of
the
m
at
rices
bin
ary
seq
uen
ces
as
s
how
n
in
(1),
w
ho’s
the
fir
st
i
th
row
f
or the
fi
rst K
us
e
r
is
gi
ven b
y
[
10
]
;
(6)
The
le
ng
t
h
N
of the
codes
w
hich
is t
he
le
ngth
of the
rows
of
the
K×N
c
ode
m
at
rix
W
K
A
is gi
ven b
y;
(7)
It
can
be
see
n
that
the
le
ngth
N
is
le
ast
un
de
r
the
acce
pte
d
co
ndit
ion
s
.
This
te
ch
nique
will
now
be
cl
arified
with the assista
nce
of an
il
lustrati
on
; i
t i
s so
ught to
g
ene
rate a set
of
m
ini
m
u
m
le
ng
t
h
with
f
le
xi
ble in
ph
a
se
cr
os
s
-
co
rr
el
at
ion
opti
cal
cod
e
.
Ta
ble
1
s
hows
t
he
FCC
co
de
f
or
a
giv
e
n
nu
m
ber
of
us
ers
K
=4
,
cod
e
w
ei
gh
t
W
=3
a
nd f
le
xib
le
cr
os
s
-
co
rr
el
at
ion
λ
m
ax
≤1
.
Table
1.
T
he
F
CC
Cod
e
w
it
h
K
=4,
W
=
3,
λ
max
≤1
a
nd
N
=9
W
av
elen
g
th
s
λ
1
=1
5
5
0
.0
λ
1
=1
5
5
0
.8
λ
1
=1
5
5
1
.6
λ
1
=1
5
5
2
.4
User 1
1
1
0
0
User 2
0
1
1
0
User 3
0
0
1
1
3.
PROP
OSE
D OC
DMA
R
oF
SIMUL
ATIO
N
S
YS
TE
M
Figure
1
sho
ws
the
blo
c
k
diagr
am
of
pro
po
se
d
RoF
syst
e
m
execu
ti
ng
FCC
O
CDMA
co
de,
two
tra
ns
m
it
ter
s
will
be
util
iz
ed.
Eac
h
t
ransm
it
te
r
include
s
4
OLTs
an
d
4
O
N
Us
at
the
receive
r,
al
ong
thes
e
li
nes
the
aggre
gate
of
O
LTs
f
or
tw
o
transm
i
tt
ers
will
be
8
OLTs
.
The
ps
e
udo
-
ra
ndom
bi
t
sequ
enc
e
(P
R
BS)
is
util
iz
ed
to
ge
ner
at
e
bin
ary
dig
it
s
ra
ndom
l
y
wh
ic
h
is
use
d
to
produce
NRZ
or
RZ
pu
lse
c
oded
s
ign
al
.
This
co
de
d
si
gn
al
represe
nts
the
data
t
ha
t
need
e
d
to
be
transm
it
te
d
to
the
rec
ei
ve
r.
T
his
co
de
d
sign
al
s
require
d
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
sig
nal
to
act
as
a
c
arr
ie
r
.
I
n
this
m
ann
er
,
sine
gen
e
rato
r
is
si
gn
i
fyi
ng
ge
nerat
e
a
n
el
ect
rical
sine
wav
e
f
or
m
fr
eq
uen
cy
sig
nal,
ke
epin
g
in
m
ind
the
end
goal
to
co
nv
ey
co
de
d
sign
al
in
the
wak
e
of
c
onve
rg
i
ng
with
the
fr
e
quency.
F
our
l
ow
inte
rm
edia
te
fr
eq
ue
ncies
(I
F
)
are
sel
ec
te
d
accor
ding
to
fou
r
OLTs
.
Eac
h
O
LT
ha
vi
ng
IF
of 1
.
21G
Hz,
1
.
81G
Hz,
2.4
1GH
z,
an
d
3.0
1GH
z.
A
ny f
re
quen
cy
value
ou
gh
t
to be
fine
as
l
ong
it
is
unde
rn
eat
h
10G
Hz.
T
hes
e
four
el
ect
rical
carrier
si
gnal
s
are
com
bine
d
to
gethe
r
usi
ng
t
he
com
bin
er, w
hich
is t
hen f
or
m
ed
a
subcar
rier
m
ul
ti
plexed
(SC
M) sig
nals.
A
Ma
ch
-
Ze
hnder
m
odulator
(MZM
)
is
dr
i
ve
n
by
SCM
el
ect
rical
sign
al
s
and
LE
D
to
m
erg
e
i
nto
a
n
op
ti
cal
carrier
sign
al
.
OC
DM
A
enc
od
e
r
de
vices
exp
loit
in
g
on
e
sin
gle
broa
db
a
nd
source
be
ing
sli
ced
f
or
thr
ee
channels
with
cod
e
weig
ht
eq
ual
to
two.
A
n
evasio
n
inter
fe
ren
ce
s
ub
t
racti
on
is
us
e
d
as
the
detect
ion
sc
hem
e
at
the
receive
r
.
Fig
ur
e
2
s
ho
ws
the
enc
ode
r
co
nfi
gurati
on
operati
ng
the
FCC
co
de
se
qu
e
nce
w
hich
offer
s
si
m
plici
t
y
and
cost
-
e
f
fecti
ve
ness
co
nsum
ing
the
LE
D
as
a
li
gh
t
so
urce.
Each
wa
velen
gth
pr
oduce
w
il
l
be
us
e
d
as
a
ca
rr
i
er
f
or
each
co
ded
sig
nal.
F
or
instance,
co
de
d
sig
nal
hav
i
ng
I
F
of
1.2
1GHz
will
be
m
od
ulate
d
with
wa
velen
gt
h
(λ
1)
of
15
50nm
and
vic
e
ver
sa
.
T
he
Ce
ntral
wa
veleng
t
h
of
1550
nm
aro
und
C
-
ba
nd
(15
25
-
15
65
nm
)
is
po
pula
rly
kn
ow
n
as
zero
loss
wind
ow,
m
eans
sil
ic
a
fi
ber
gi
ves
the
le
ast
at
te
nu
at
ion
at
this
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
ap
pro
xim
a
te
ly
0.
2d
B/
km
,
wh
ic
h
m
or
e
ben
efic
ia
l
to
be
us
ed
as
op
ti
cal
carri
er
sign
al
wa
ve
le
ng
th
.
These
wa
vel
e
ng
t
hs
are
re
qu
ired
to
be
c
oupled
up
to
geth
er
us
in
g
the
m
ul
ti
plexer
(
MUX
)
to
bec
om
e
on
e
op
ti
cal
ba
nd
s
ign
al
.
Af
te
r
wa
rd,
the
opti
cal
band
is
trans
m
itted
thr
ough
Sing
le
Mo
de
Op
ti
cal
Fiber
cable.
SMF
ca
ble
is
picking
c
ontra
ste
d
with
Mul
ti
-
Mod
e
Fibe
r
(MM
F)
ca
ble
in
li
ght
of
t
he
fact
that,
a
n
SMF
,
1
,
2
.
.
.
1
N
a
W
i
K
ij
j
(
1
)
(
)
0
.
.
.
0
1
1
.
.
1
0
.
.
.
0
i
r
i
r
K
i
W
A
m
a
x
(
1
)
N
W
K
K
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S
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:
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
4
3
–
5
5
0
546
prof
ic
ie
nt
to
di
sp
os
e
of
hi
gh
er
orde
r
m
od
es
and
the
at
te
nu
at
io
n
is
sm
a
ll
er
since
le
ss
li
gh
t
will
encoun
te
r
abs
orption
an
d
scat
te
ring
e
ff
e
ct
s.
co
des
are
the
gr
oup
of
K
(for
K
us
ers
)
bi
nar
y
[
0,
1]
ar
r
ang
em
ents
of
le
ng
t
h
N,
c
ode
weig
ht
W
(the
num
ber
of
"
1"
i
n
eac
h co
de
.
1
.
2
1
G
H
z
P
R
B
S
N
R
Z
/
R
Z
C
O
M
B
I
N
E
R
M
Z
M
O
C
D
M
A
E
N
C
O
D
E
R
M
U
X
D
E
M
U
X
P
I
N
/
A
P
D
S
P
L
I
T
T
E
R
1
.
2
1
G
H
z
F
I
L
T
E
R
F
I
L
T
E
R
E
Y
E
D
I
A
G
R
A
M
O
P
T
I
C
A
L
F
I
B
E
R
L
E
D
O
C
D
M
A
D
E
C
O
D
E
R
Figure
1.
Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
o
f
pro
posed
FCC
OCDM
A
-
R
oF
syst
e
m
Figure
2.
Pro
pose
d
OC
DMA
encode
r
sim
ulati
on
syst
em
To
ward
th
e
fi
nish
of
t
he
S
MF
cable,
the
op
ti
cal
bands
f
eed
t
o
OCDM
A
decode
r
em
plo
yi
ng
fibe
r
Brag
g
grat
in
g
(F
BG
)
w
hich
will
decode
th
e
acce
ptance
s
ign
al
.
FB
G
is
us
e
d
to
isolat
e
the
wa
velen
gth
s
an
d
assign
a
n
a
ppropr
ia
te
ti
m
e
slot
to
each
on
e
[
13]
.
Fi
gure
3
d
em
on
strat
e
three
FB
G
th
at
enc
od
e
tw
o
wav
el
e
ng
t
hs
s
ym
bo
li
sed
by
λ2
,
λ3,
a
nd
λ
3,
λ1
w
hich
are
correla
te
d
or
overla
pp
i
ng
wa
velen
gth
as
s
how
n
i
n
Table
1.
D
ue
to
that,
FB
G
ba
ndwidt
h
will
ha
ve
a
sp
ect
ral
width
of
1.6
nm
fo
r
c
orrespo
nd
e
d
wav
el
e
ngth
a
nd
0.8n
m
fo
r
u
nc
orrelat
ed
wa
ve
le
ng
th
s
uc
h
as
λ1
an
d
λ4
f
or
bo
th
wav
el
e
ngths
.
PIN
Phot
od
et
ect
or
dete
ct
s
and
dem
od
ulate
s
the
wa
vele
ng
t
hs
to
tra
ns
f
or
m
it
on
ce
m
or
e
into
an
el
ect
rical
carrier
si
gnal
that
co
ntains
data
inf
or
m
at
ion
f
r
om
the
OLTs
.
These
c
ar
rier
s
ign
al
s
a
re
s
pl
it
unif
or
m
ly
by
the
po
wer
s
plit
te
r
w
hich
distr
ibu
te
s
the
carrier
si
gnal
s
to
four
O
N
Us.
T
o
pe
rm
i
t
the
exact
carri
er
sign
al
s
e
nterin
g
each
O
N
Us,
Ba
nd
Pass
Be
ssel
Fil
te
r
is use
d
a
nd f
il
te
red the
carrier
sig
nals
al
lud
in
g
th
e sa
m
e IF
values fr
om
O
LT.
On
ce
it
is
filt
ered,
eac
h
si
gnal
nee
ds
t
o
be
up
-
c
onve
rted
to
the
I
F
value
s
us
i
ng
c
oh
e
re
nt
detect
ion
te
chn
iq
ue
to
extricat
e
any
ph
ase
a
nd
f
reque
ncy
inf
orm
ation
an
d
enorm
ou
sly
enh
a
nce
d
the
receiver
sensiti
vity
.
In
this
way,
sin
e
gen
e
rato
r
is
a
dd
e
d
at
eac
h
ONU
to
ge
nerat
e
IF
an
d
m
e
rg
e
with
eac
h
sign
al
carrier
.
Lat
er
on,
the
car
rier
sign
al
s
once
a
gain
bein
g
filt
ered
by
L
ow
P
ass
Be
ssel
Fil
te
r
to
t
otall
y
disp
e
ns
e
with
any
sig
na
ls
above
the
cut
-
off
fr
e
que
ncy
of
t
he
u
p
-
conve
rsion
pr
ocess.
T
he
m
os
t
widely
recogn
iz
e
d
par
am
et
ers
util
iz
ed
for
m
easur
in
g
the ex
e
cut
ion
ar
e Q
-
facto
r
an
d
bit er
ror
r
at
e (BER).
T
he
BER
co
ns
i
dered as
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
inacc
ur
at
e
disti
nguish
i
ng
pro
of
of
a
bit
by
the
c
hoic
e
ci
rcu
it
in
t
he
r
ecei
ver
a
nd
Q
-
facto
r
m
easur
es
the
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
tra
ns
m
issio
n
of
sig
nals
in
te
rm
s
of
it
s
sign
al
-
to
-
noise
rati
o
(
SN
R)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
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Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
fl
exi
ble cro
s
s c
orre
lati
on (FC
C
)
O
CD
MA c
ode
base
d on radi
o over…
(
Z.
Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
547
higher
the
a
ppr
ox
im
at
ion
of
Q
-
facto
r,
the
s
up
erior
t
he
SN
R
and
i
n
this
way
,
the
lowe
r
the
chan
ce
of
bit
error.
BER
analy
zer
is
util
iz
ed
to
br
eak
dow
n
the
execu
ti
on
of
each
O
NU
i
n
the
receive
r
sid
e.
As
a
res
ult
of
the
FCC
OCDM
A
e
ncodin
g,
the
sig
nals
wh
ic
h
ar
e
re
qu
i
red
by
dif
fer
e
nt
Ba
se
Stat
ion
s
is
ge
ner
al
ly
incom
pr
ehe
ns
i
ble.
In
te
rf
e
rence
al
on
g
the
fi
ber
inter
face
a
nd
eac
h
Ba
se
Stat
ion
co
uld
c
on
st
ru
c
t
a
pr
i
va
te
and
secur
e
ass
ociat
ion
with t
he
Ce
ntral Stat
io
n.
An
al
yz
er
e
xe
cution
for
thi
s
back
to
ba
ck
tran
sm
issio
n
acc
om
plis
hed
li
m
i
t
10
-
9
after
the
transm
issi
on
over
m
or
e
tha
n
40km
SMF.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
the
fi
ber
tra
nsm
issi
on
is
put
stock
i
n
pre
pa
red
t
o
reac
h
up
t
o
45
km
fo
r
this
up
gr
a
de
d
desi
gn.
Figure
4
s
ho
ws
the
fi
nish
e
d
desi
gn
of
pr
opos
e
d
FCC
O
CDMA
-
RoF
sim
ulati
on
syst
em
.
Figur
e
3.
Pro
pose
d
OC
DMA
decode
r
sim
ulati
on
syst
em
Figure
4.
Pro
pose
d
c
om
plete
FCC
OCDM
A
-
RoF
sim
ulati
o
n
syst
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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on
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a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
4
3
–
5
5
0
548
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
Op
ti
cal
T
he
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
OCDM
A
-
R
oF
was
dem
on
str
at
ed
by
usi
ng
Op
ti
Sy
ste
m
software
f
r
om
Op
ti
wave
TM
an
d
the
sim
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers
are
sh
ow
n
in
Table
2
.
Th
e
FCC
cod
e
w
as
i
m
ple
m
ente
d
in
an
OCDM
A
e
nc
od
e
r
syst
em
i
ns
ide
the
L
E
D
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
set
ti
ng
base
d
on
the
FC
C
Cod
e
wa
ve
le
ng
th
.
The
sim
ulati
on
par
am
et
ers,
f
or
e
xam
ple,
at
te
nu
at
io
n,
dispe
rsion
ef
fects
and
non
-
li
near
eff
ect
s
s
uch
a
s
four
-
wav
e
m
ixing
are
init
ia
te
d
am
id
re
-
enactm
ent
an
d
in
dicat
ed
by
ordi
nary
ind
us
t
ry
qual
it
ie
s
to
m
i
m
ic
the
genuine
e
nvir
onm
ent
as
cl
os
e
as
would
be
prud
e
nt.
T
he
exh
i
bit
ion
s
of
the
fr
am
ework
wer
e
descr
i
be
d
by
al
lud
in
g
to
t
he
receive
d
power
at
var
i
ous
bit
rates
a
nd
al
so
an
RF
s
pectr
um
sign
al
of
NRZ
form
at
[4
]
.
The
pe
rfor
m
ances
of
the
s
yst
e
m
wer
e
char
act
erize
d
by
ref
err
i
ng
t
o
the
eff
ect
of
fiber
le
ngth
on
BER
perform
ance
a
nd
the
s
uitable
data
bit
rate
f
or
t
he
syst
em
for
FCC
-
OC
D
MA
Ro
F
syst
e
m
.
The
com
par
iso
n
m
ade
base
d
on
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
ea
rlie
r
pro
po
se
d
R
oF
syst
em
(w
ith
out
FCC
c
ode)
with
pro
pos
ed
FCC
OCDM
A
-
R
oF
syst
e
m
.
Table
2.
Param
et
ers
of t
he
Si
m
ula
ti
on
Anal
ysi
s
W
av
e
len
g
th
s
λ
1
=1
5
5
0
.0
λ
1
=1
5
5
0
.8
λ
1
=1
5
5
1
.6
λ
1
=1
5
5
2
.4
User 1
1
1
0
0
User 2
0
1
1
0
User 3
0
0
1
1
4
.
1.
Bi
t
Er
r
or
Rat
e
(
BE
R
) Versus
Fiber
Le
ng
t
h
The
Fig
ure
5
dem
on
strat
es
th
e
plo
ts
bet
wee
n
fibe
r
le
ngth
and
fr
am
ewo
r
k
execu
ti
on
BE
R
act
ualiz
ing
FCC
Cod
e
for
bit
rates
of
15
5
Mbp
s
.
The
ea
r
li
er
propose
d
RoF
syst
em
uti
li
zi
ng
la
ser
wit
h
one
wav
el
e
ngth
to
carry
f
our
data
to
be
tran
sm
i
tted
to
the
recei
ver.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
util
iz
ing
of
FCC
cod
e,
t
he
wa
velen
gth
of
1550nm
able
to
be
s
plice
d
t
o
a
no
t
her
three
wa
vele
ngths
(
1550.
8,
1551.
6
a
nd
1552.4nm
)
for
c
arr
yi
ng
t
he
f
our
data
without
inter
fe
rin
g
each
ot
her.
It
can
be
see
n
that,
at
the
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
exec
ut
ion
BER
of
10
-
9
,
RoF
syst
e
m
with
i
m
ple
m
enting
FCC
cod
e
cert
ai
nly
has
bette
r
f
ram
ewo
rk
e
xecu
ti
on
BER
,
wh
e
re
it
is
fit
for
acc
om
plis
hing
a
worthy BER
li
m
it
sati
sfactor
il
y fo
r
51 km
f
iber
len
gth
.
Figure
5. BER
perform
ance on fiber
len
gth
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
RoF
syst
em
without
im
plem
ent
FCC
co
de
achie
ved
50
km
bef
ore
t
he
per
form
ance
decr
ease
.
E
ve
n
thou
gh,
only
s
m
al
l
diff
ere
nt
change
within
these
tw
o
syst
e
m
,
FCC
cod
e
help
t
o
im
pr
ove
the
perform
ance,
wh
ic
h
a
ble
to
pr
e
ve
nt
m
ulti
p
le
acce
ss
inter
f
eren
ce
bet
wee
n
the
opti
cal
sign
al
t
hat
car
ries
f
our
data
from
on
e
transm
i
tt
er.
Fu
rt
he
rm
or
e,
as
the
fiber
le
ngth
is
exp
a
nd
ed
m
or
e
than
50km
,
the
ind
ex
of
chrom
at
ic
disp
ersio
n
of
FCC
cod
e
for
the
op
ti
cal
fibe
r
increase.
I
n
th
is
way,
BER
execu
ti
on
degr
ades
because
of
dis
per
si
on
im
pacts
in
the
FCC
OCDM
A
fr
am
ewor
k.
To
bea
t
the
issue,
the
BER
ca
n
be
le
ssene
d
by
inclu
ding
the
chi
ps
,
w
hil
e
the
i
m
pact
of
the
ch
ro
m
at
i
c
disp
e
rsion
is
decr
ease
d
by
increasin
g
the
force
of
the
opti
cal
tran
sm
it
te
r
po
we
r.
Ra
ther
tha
n
t
he
exec
ution
of
the
FCC
co
de
it
sel
f,
the
e
xec
ution
is
ad
diti
onal
ly
relat
ed
to
the
pro
po
se
d
RoF
fr
am
ewo
r
k.
R
F
coh
e
re
nt
detect
ion
is
act
ualiz
ed
at
the
receiving
a
rea
to
extract
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
fl
exi
ble cro
s
s c
orre
lati
on (FC
C
)
O
CD
MA c
ode
base
d on radi
o over…
(
Z.
Ib
r
ah
i
m
)
549
any
ph
a
se
an
d
fr
e
quency
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
and
e
norm
ou
sly
enh
ance
d
the
receive
r
af
fectabil
it
y.
Thu
s,
th
i
s
detect
ion t
ech
ni
qu
e a
nd FCC
cod
e
h
el
p
to
in
crease the
f
i
ber le
ng
t
h wit
h
a
m
ini
m
u
m
BER
value
.
4
.
2
.
Bi
t
Er
r
or
Rat
e
(
BE
R
) Versus
Data
Bi
t
R
at
e
Figure
6
e
xhibit
the
exec
ution
FCC
c
od
e
in
te
rm
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
data
bit
rate
and
the
fr
am
ewor
k
execu
ti
on
BER
trie
d
at
10km
of
op
ti
cal
fibe
r
le
ng
th
.
As
s
houl
d
be
obviou
s
from
the
gr
a
ph,
the
lo
wer
t
he
bit
rate
(15
5Mb
/s
),
the
FCC
co
de
exec
utio
n
com
plete
ly
increases.
T
he
BER
accom
pli
sh
e
d
for
15
5M
b/s
is
rou
gh
ly
ar
ound
7.5
6×
10
-
25
.
Wh
il
e
ex
pa
nd
i
ng
t
he
data
bit
rate
to
62
2Mb
/
s,
the
BER
di
m
inished
to
1.00x
10
-
12
,
wh
ic
h
le
t
us
kn
ow
the
BER
es
te
e
m
get
to
be
disti
nctly
gr
eat
er
an
d
dec
reas
e
the
e
xecu
ti
on
.
Me
an
wh
il
e, for
t
he
RoF
syst
em
without
FCC
co
de
,
f
or
bit
rate
155M
b/s,
t
he
B
ER
achieve
d
at
2.3
9x10
-
25
an
d
as
bit
rate
i
ncrea
se
to 622
M
b/s,
th
e BER
p
erfor
m
a
nce d
ec
rease t
o
5.0
5x10
-
1
. T
he
FCC
code hel
ps
to
im
pr
ove the p
er
form
a
nce on
the
propose
d
RoF
syst
em
.
As
t
he
bit
rat
e
ex
pa
nd
e
d
f
or
both
syst
em
s
to
GB/s
s
cal
e
(1GB/s,
2G
B/
s
,
and
3G
B/
s
),
th
e
BER
values
kep
t
on
dim
inishin
g
m
on
oton
ic
al
ly
.
Be
gin
nin
g
from
1G
B/
s
to
3G
B/
s,
t
he
data
bit
rate
go
es wi
th
rap
id
a
nd
tu
rn
o
ut
to b
e
to
o
quic
k
for
the
fr
am
ewo
r
k.
It w
il
l
pr
om
pt
to
a
deterio
rati
on
o
f
the
BER
be
hav
i
or.
This
is
go
i
ng
on
bec
ause
of
t
he
dim
inishing
of
the
pu
lse
w
idth
as
pr
oduci
ng
the
sen
sit
ive
bits
sign
al
t
o disp
e
r
sion ef
fect.
FCC
co
de
c
on
fron
ti
ng
str
ong
non
-
li
nea
r
int
erf
e
ren
ce
s
uppressi
on
for
higher
bit
rate.
E
xpan
ding
the
bit
rate
m
or
e
t
han
1
G
b/s
r
eq
uires
e
xtrem
ely
narrow
pulse
s
w
hich
are
tro
ub
le
s
om
e
fo
r
FCC
co
de
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
and
postu
re
chall
eng
e
s
in
tr
ansm
issi
on
an
d
detect
io
n
in
this
m
ann
er
i
ncr
easi
ng
BE
R
value.
I
nter
est
ing
ly
,
the n
ee
d
to
perform
en
cod
in
g and
dec
od
i
ng
f
or
FCC
OCD
MA sim
ulatio
n po
s
t
ur
es
one quick c
halle
nge
wh
ic
h
as
of
no
w
m
eth
od
ologies
the
br
ea
ki
ng
poin
t
of
el
ect
r
onic
handlin
g
du
e
to
bo
t
h
the
opti
cal
carrier
f
requen
c
y
and
higher
bit
rate
req
uire
d
powe
r
scal
ing
.
Scal
ing
to
sugg
e
sti
vely
gr
e
at
er
bit
rates
a
nd
c
hannel
nu
m
ber
s
would
re
qu
ire
a
ver
y
la
rg
e
opti
cal
a
m
plifier
at
each
receiver
,
wh
ic
h
is
hi
gh
ly
unwelco
m
e
fo
r
ap
plica
ti
on
to
netw
orks wit
h l
arg
e
num
ber
s
of no
des.
Figure
6. BER
perform
ance on vari
ou
s
data
bit rate
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
resea
rc
h,
t
he
w
ork
focusin
g
on
a
nal
ysi
s
of
t
he
pe
r
form
ance
of
F
CC
co
de
im
pl
e
m
ent
into
pro
po
se
d
OC
DMA
-
RoF
sy
stem
thro
ugh
op
ti
cal
si
m
ulati
on
syst
e
m
.
The
resu
lt
s
rev
eal
ed
tha
t
wh
e
n
i
m
ple
m
enting
FCC
cod
e
,
th
e
pro
po
se
d
R
oF
sim
ulati
on
syst
e
m
has
a
bette
r
pe
rfo
r
m
ance.
The
outc
om
es
sh
owe
d
that
th
e
FCC
cod
e
accom
plishes
lon
g
tra
ns
m
issi
on
up
to
51
km
fo
r
bit
rate
15
5M
b/s
an
d
ha
ving
m
ini
m
u
m
BER
1.0
0x10
-
9
for
bit
rate
622M
b/
s
as
c
om
par
ed
with
RoF
syst
e
m
without
FC
C
co
de.
W
it
ho
ut
a
ny
doubt,
the
m
axim
u
m
ou
t
of
phase
a
uto
-
co
rr
el
at
io
n
a
nd
fle
xib
il
it
y
in
ph
ase
cr
os
s
-
c
orrelat
io
n
value
s
,
resp
ect
ively
wi
th
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
om
bin
at
ion
of
(
N,
W,
λ
max
);
by
increasi
ng
W
and
inc
reasin
g
λ
max
will
i
m
pr
ove
the
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance
with
s
horter
,
N
.
T
his
will
giv
e
an
offe
r
in
OC
DM
A
-
R
oF
f
or
bet
te
r
qual
it
y
of
serv
ic
e
(QoS
),
fast
asy
nchr
onou
s
tra
nsm
issi
on
,
var
ia
ble
bit
r
at
e
traf
fic,
hi
gher
ba
ndwi
dth
i
n
op
ti
cal
acce
ss
net
works
and
gr
eat
pote
ntial
to
be
us
ed
in
the
fu
t
ur
e
GB/s
wireless
acce
ss
netw
ork
.
Figures
an
d
ta
bles,
as
or
i
gina
ls
of
good
qu
al
it
y a
nd w
el
l c
on
t
ras
te
d,
a
re to be
in
thei
r
fi
nal
f
or
m
, r
eady for
re
pro
du
ct
io
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
4
3
–
5
5
0
550
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
w
ork
wa
s
suppo
rt
by
the
High
Mi
ni
stry
of
E
duc
at
ion
Ma
la
ysi
a
unde
r
the
F
undam
ental
Re
search
Gran
t Schem
e (F
RGS) #
9003
-
00
456.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Y.
Li
u,
G.
Zh
ang,
Q.
Li,
W
DM
/T
DM
hy
bri
d
GP
O
N
te
chnol
og
y
,
in
2011
Sy
m
posium
on
Photonic
s
and
Optoel
e
ct
roni
cs
(SO
PO
),
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2,
Ma
y
16
–
18,
201
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–
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[2]
G.
O.
Young,
“
S
y
nth
et
i
c
struct
u
r
e
of
industri
a
l
pl
asti
cs
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st
y
l
e
with
pape
r tit
le a
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edi
tor)
,
”
in
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astic
s
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vol.
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J.
Pet
ers,
Ed.
New
York:
McGraw
-
Hill
,
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964,
pp
.
15
–
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[3]
G.
Chang,
A.
C
howdhur
y
,
Z.
Ji
a,
et
al
.
,
Ke
y
tec
hnologi
es
of
W
DM
-
PON
for
future
conve
rge
d
opti
c
al
bro
adba
n
d
ac
c
ess ne
tworks,
IEEE/OSA
J.
O
pt.
Com
m
un.
Ne
twork.
1
(Septem
ber
(4))
(2009)
C35
–
C50
(Invi
t
ed)
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[4]
Sveti
slav
V.Mar
ic
,
Zor
an
I.
Kos
ti
c
,
Edwa
rd
L
.
T
it
le
b
aum,
"A
New
famil
y
of
Opt
ic
a
l
Code
Seque
nce
s
for
Us
e
in
Sprea
d
-
Spect
ru
m
Fiber
Optic L
oca
l
Area
Netwo
rks"
,
IEEE Trans
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Com
m
.
,
vol
41,
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1217
-
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Augus
t
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[5]
J.A.
Sale
hi
,
"Code
divi
sion
m
ultiple
-
ac
c
ess
te
ch
nique
s
in
optica
l
fibe
r
ne
twork
-
Part
1:
Fundam
ent
a
l
principle
s,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Co
m
m
un.
,
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pp.
824
-
833
,
19
89.
[6]
Li
u,
M
.
Y.;
Tsao
,
H.W
"M
ult
irat
e
As
y
nchr
onous
Optic
a
l
CDM
A
S
y
stem
with
Pr
oduct
Code
,
"
C
om
m
unic
at
ions,
SEE
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edi
ng
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e:
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I
ss
ue:
56,
2002
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age
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[7]
Maric
,
S
.
V.;
Mo
ren
o,
O.
;
Corra
d
o,
C.
J."
Mult
imedia
Tra
nsm
ission
in
Fiber
-
Opti
c
LANs
Us
ing
Optic
a
l
CDM
A,"
Li
ghtwav
e
T
ec
h
nolog
y
,
Journa
l of Volume:
14
Iss
ue:
10,
Oct
199
6
Page(
s):
2
149
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[8]
Rashidi
,
C
.
B.
M.,
Aljuni
d
,
S.
A.,
Ghani
,
F.,
F
adhi
l
,
H.
A.
,
&
Anuar,
M.
S.
(2
013).
New
desig
n
of
Flexi
bl
e
Cr
oss
Corre
lation
(FC
C)
code for
SA
C
-
OCD
MA
sy
ste
m
.
Proce
di
a
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