TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 201
4, pp. 6291 ~ 6296
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.554
9
6291
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 3
1
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
Febr
uary 18,
2014; Accept
ed March 6, 2
014
Peak P
o
wer Reduction Using Improved Selective
Mapping Technique for OFDM
M. R. Anjum*, Mussa A.
Dida,
M. A. Shahee
n
Schoo
l of Information & Electr
onics, Bei
jin
g Inst
itute of T
e
chno
log
y
, Be
iji
n
g
, Chin
a, 100
0
8
1
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: engr.muh
am
madriz
w
a
n@
g
m
ail.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he conc
ept
of Orthogo
nal
F
r
eque
ncy D
i
visio
n
Mu
ltipl
e
xing (OF
D
M)
w
a
s initiate
d
and w
e
l
l
pro
m
in
ent s
i
nc
e 19
66
an
d gr
adu
ally
reac
he
d to it
s
deve
l
o
p
ment i
n
to sta
ndar
d syste
m
f
o
rm dur
ing
1
9
90.
Larg
e
a
m
o
unts
of digital
data
,
w
i
th high dat
a rate
, relia
bl
e
commu
n
ic
atio
n over fadi
ng
chan
nels c
an
be
transmit ov
er
radi
o w
a
ves t
hat is w
h
y O
F
DM is kn
ow
n to b
e
a
n
attr
active tec
hni
q
ue for
multic
a
rrier
transmissio
n
sche
m
e, it is an
attractive techniq
ue
for fourth gen
eratio
n w
i
reless co
mmu
nicati
on. T
he term
OF
DM is a speci
a
l type of
F
D
M
w
h
ich has very va
st
appl
icatio
n in
the field of w
i
reless an
d w
i
red
communic
a
tio
n
systems. OFDM has Major
disa
dvant
age i
s
that it leads to high Pe
ak to Averag
e Po
w
e
r
Ratio (PAP
R)
which is consider to
be as
the main im
plementation dr
aw
back. This kind
of system
has
the
possi
bil
i
ty of high PAPR. In this pap
er w
e
are discu
ss
ing a
bout PAPR w
h
ich affects the perfor
m
a
n
ce a
n
d
efficiency
of Pow
e
r Amp
lifier
(PA) and its i
n
flue
nce by
utili
zing th
e Sel
e
cti
v
e Map
p
in
g (S
LM) techni
qu
e
in
OFDM system for reductio
n
of PAPR. Many kin
d
s of
techn
i
qu
es are
avail
abl
e in
OFDM system for
reducti
on
of P
APR, How
e
ver
the
id
ea f
o
r i
m
pr
ove
d
SLM
prod
uces s
e
ve
ral i
n
d
e
p
end
en
t sign
als
bas
ed
o
n
converti
ng the
origi
n
a
l
data l
o
ck into ma
ny i
nde
pe
nde
nt signa
l and th
en
the sign
al h
a
s low
e
st PAPR that
specific si
gn
al
is trans
mitted.
Also d
a
ta rate
trade-
off exist
at the rece
ive
r
end w
h
e
n
si
de i
n
for
m
atio
n
is
detected for th
e recovery of d
a
ta block w
h
ic
h lea
d
s to
the reducti
on of dat
a rate. Improv
e
d
SLM techn
i
q
u
e
s
for reduci
ng th
e PAPR is the
most pr
o
m
isi
n
g
reducti
on
tech
niq
ue i
n
its no
n
-
unifor
m
p
has
e
factor for PAPR
reducti
on in
multicarri
er OFDM syst
em. Furthermore the
estimate ex
pr
e
ssion by us
ing
Compl
e
menta
r
y
Cu
mul
a
tive Di
stributio
n Func
tion (CCDF) fo
r PAPR
has been d
i
scusse
d. Simu
late
d results de
mo
nstra
t
e
that OF
DMA sign
als usi
ng i
m
pr
ove
d
SLM
techniq
ue c
a
rried si
gnific
ant
effects in red
u
ction of PAP
R i
n
OFDM system
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: FDM, OFDM,
PA
PR, SLM,
QPS
K
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
OFDM b
e
co
mes promin
e
n
t technolo
g
y
over
the past decade
due to its property of
robu
stne
ss a
gain
s
t multip
ath fading, hi
gh spee
d tra
n
smi
ssi
on
without utilizi
n
g
the expen
si
ve
equali
z
e
r
s th
at is why, it is form the ba
sis
of physi
cal layer and f
o
r high d
a
ta rate broad
ba
nd
techn
o
logie
s
include
s WiFi (IEEE802.11a/g), Digi
tal Video Broad
ca
sting (DVB), WiMA
X
(IEEE802.16
a/e) an
d Di
gital Subscri
ber Li
ne
(X
DSL). OFDM
is like
simil
a
r to Freque
ncy
Div
i
sio
n
Mult
iple A
c
ce
s
s
(FD
M
A
)
whe
r
e a
c
ce
ss
of
multiple users i
s
achi
eved into multipl
e
cha
nnel
s by sub
-
chan
nel
dividing the available b
a
n
d
width, which is then allo
cated the u
s
ers.
While OFDM
spectrum efficiently
utilizes by spacing t
he channel close to each other [1-5].
Major
drawback in OFDM
transm
itted
si
gnal i
s
PAPR and the
charac
teri
stic of P
APR reduction
inc
l
uding distribution needs
to be cons
ider
ed. PAPR dis
t
ribution follows the s
t
oc
has
tic
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics in OFDM
system. It can be expre
sse
d in terms of
Complem
ent
ary Cumul
a
tive
Distri
bution Function (CCDF),
orthogonal subcarrier si
gnal
as shown in Figure 1.
High PAPR require linear amplifier and it is di
fficult
to maintain linearity, the amplifier
whi
c
h produ
ces non lin
ear characte
rist
i
c
su
ch that it play a gr
eat role of undesired di
storti
on
like out of ba
nd sig
nal
sat
u
ration. In o
r
der to ove
r
co
me this p
r
obl
em seve
ral
method
can
be
employed
su
ch
as cli
ppin
g
an
d filterin
g, Tone
rese
rvation
(TR),
Tone
Inje
ction (TI), Pa
rtial
Tran
smit Seq
uen
ce (PTS
), Active Con
s
tellati
on Extensio
n (ACE
), Selective M
appin
g
(SL
M
)
also b
a
sed o
n
codi
ng tech
nique a
s
well.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 629
1 –
6296
6292
Figure 1. Ort
hogo
nal Sub
c
arri
er Sign
al
PAPR can be reduced in
OFDM
system using
clipping and filteri
ng but it generates in
band
cli
pping
noi
se
and
filtering
is kno
w
n to
be
the
phen
omen
on
wh
ere
side
band
is goi
n
g
to
redu
ce
d o
r
re
moved d
ue to
co
z of
clip
pin
g
. Ot
her met
hod
s like T
R
,
ACE do
es n
o
t po
ssess
such
kind
of pro
b
l
e
m exce
pt the u
s
ag
e of
high p
o
wer
to the tran
smitter. Phase
rotation i
s
also
another technique for reduction of PAPR. Degradat
ion
occurs in
(Bit Error Rate) BER and i
t
is
the drawba
ck usi
ng thi
s
m
e
thod.
D
ue to
out of b
and
noise p
r
od
uces
by u
s
ing t
h
is m
e
thod
calle
d
clippi
ng tech
nique, hig
h
p
o
we
r co
nsum
ption it
utilize
in con
s
tellati
on extensi
o
n
base
d
meth
od
.
Therefore
rec
ently work
in
progress
to optimiz
e t
he param
eter for improving better PAPR
redu
ction. I
n
non lin
ear regio
n
Hig
h
Power
Am
pl
ifier (HPA
) p
r
odu
ce
s
sign
al disto
r
tion
and
PAPR of OFDM si
gnal introduce
s degradation in BER. Further
more in order to improve
spe
c
tral effici
ency of multicarrie
r
amon
g the
inter modulatio
n of sub
c
a
rri
er si
gnal and o
u
t of
band radiatio
n noise.
Figure 2. Proce
ss of a Typ
i
cal OF
DM S
y
stem
The po
we
r amplifier of tra
n
smitter e
s
se
ntially
require
s ope
rating in
linear re
gion.
It is not
possibl
e to maintain
spe
c
ific limit to keep out
of b
and po
we
r, if HPA do not
operate in linear
region with
high back
off. This
c
o
ndition is
k
n
own to be not
suitable for
amplific
ation
als
o
transmitter b
e
c
ome
s
expen
sive that is
why wo
rk i
s
to
be ne
ede
d to
do mo
re
re
search fu
rthe
r
on
c
h
arac
teris
t
ic of PAPR inc
l
uding
dis
t
ribution and
reduc
t
ion of
OFDM s
y
s
t
em with tec
h
nic
a
l
feature
s
, pro
c
e
ss of typical OFDM
sy
stem is
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re
2. OFDM b
enefit cont
rib
u
te
s
several a
s
pe
cts
su
ch that
robu
stne
ss to ch
ann
el, high spe
c
tral e
fficiency imm
unity to impul
se
interferen
ce,
less no
n line
a
r di
stortio
n
, uniform
spe
c
tral
efficien
cy, multipath delay spread
to
toleran
c
e, i
m
munity to fre
q
uen
cy sele
ctive fadi
ng
ch
a
nnel,
cap
a
city
of ha
ndling
strong
multipat
h
fading an
d immunity to inter symb
ol i
n
terferen
ce. Ho
wever
still
the efficient desi
gn of OF
DM
system i
s
co
n
s
ide
r
ed to be
the chall
engi
ng issue a
nd
it is remain u
n
re
solved [6
-8].
In
this
paper firs
tly
the c
harac
teris
t
ic
of
OFDM PAPR dis
t
ribution is
analyzed and then
determi
ne sy
stem mod
e
l for improved
SLM techni
que in sectio
n 2 is discu
s
sed. Simulati
on
results pe
rformance dete
r
mine in se
ctio
n 3. Fi
nally concl
u
si
on is d
r
awn in se
ctio
n 4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Peak Po
wer
Red
u
ctio
n Using Im
prove
d
Selective Ma
pping Te
ch
ni
que for OF
DM (M. R. Anjum
)
6293
2. Sy
stem Model
PAPR reduc
t
ion in OFDM s
y
s
t
em c
a
rries
many
techniques
or approaches
suc
h
that
clippi
ng tech
nique, ad
apti
v
e pre di
stortion tec
hni
qu
e, codin
g
te
chni
que a
n
d
DFT spread
ing
techni
que. Non
linear saturation
pr
oduces on the peaks to minimi
ze the PAPR for that clippi
ng
method i
s
em
ployed.
Clippi
ng meth
od i
s
simpl
e
to im
plement, h
o
wever it p
r
od
u
c
e
s
o
u
t of ba
nd
and in ba
nd
interfaces
also it destroy t
he or
th
ogon
a
lity among subcarriers. F
o
r this
kind
of
spe
c
ific
app
roach in
clud
e
s
cli
ppin
g
a
nd filter
ing t
e
ch
niqu
e, bl
ock scali
ng
techni
que, p
eak
can
c
ell
a
tion t
e
ch
niqu
e, an
d pe
ak win
d
o
win
g
te
c
hni
que. To
sele
ct code
word
s that
red
u
ce
or
minimize PAPR by coding techni
que,
whi
c
h creat
es no out of band radiation and it causes to
prod
uce n
o
distortio
n
b
u
t the b
and
wid
t
h effici
en
cy
degrade
d a
n
d
code
rate i
s
redu
ce
d
wi
th
compl
e
xity. Reed Mulle
r co
de, Golay co
mpleme
ntar
y seq
uen
ce ca
n be use
d
for large n
u
mbe
r
of
subcarri
ers. To transmit OF
DM
symbol with mini
mum PAPR
probability existence can be
prod
uced by
scram
b
ling
of input
data
block of O
F
DM
symbol
usin
g proba
b
ilistic
scram
b
l
i
ng
techni
que. T
h
is te
ch
niqu
e do
es not
bear out
of
band
po
we
r ho
wever a
s
the n
u
mbe
r
of
sub
c
a
rri
er i
n
crea
se
s th
e
co
mplexity incre
a
se
s
and
spe
c
tral
efficie
n
cy decrea
s
e
s
.
Furthe
rmo
r
e
to
make PAPR
below specifi
ed level techniques invo
lves PTS, TR, SLM and TI.
In OFDM system
High
Power
Amplifier
(HP
A
) can
be u
s
ed to
com
p
e
n
sate
no
nline
a
r effe
cts
usi
ng a
daptive
pre
distortio
n
techniqu
e. Whe
r
e it can au
tomatica
lly modify the input con
s
tell
ation with le
ast
hard
w
a
r
e req
u
irem
ent to overco
me the time variation
of non linea
r HPA [7].
For OF
DM
system with
N su
bcarrier,
for each O
F
DM sub
c
a
r
rier, there
wil
l
be M
indep
ende
nt data gen
erat
ed by multiplying each O
F
DM
sub
c
a
rri
er with a p
h
a
s
e offset P. The
generated
data are then
compared
to
choose OFDM
subcarri
er
wi
th minimum
PAPR. Figure 3
is showi
ng an approach which used by SLM
schem
es
for reduci
ng
PAPR for OF
DM signal.
(2
)
m
x
(1
)
m
x
(3
)
m
x
()
U
m
x
m
x
(2
)
P
(3
)
P
()
u
P
Figure 3. Block
Diag
ram o
f
SLM Approa
ch
For
pro
per rece
ption of t
he tra
n
smitted
OF
DM
su
bca
rri
er, the
re
ceiver mu
st hav
e
informatio
n o
f
whi
c
h
OF
DM map
p
ing
s
wa
s
cho
s
e
n
i
.
e. The
re
cei
v
er
can
dete
c
t the
co
rrect
l
y
transmitted O
F
DM su
bcarri
er, In this case extra
inform
ation has to b
e
transmitted
along with th
e
sele
cted OF
DM mapping
s. In this rese
arch an OF
DM
with sub
c
a
rri
ers i.e. 128 bi
ts is use
d
an
d 4
bits are extra
informatio
n is used. OF
DM
syst
em mod
u
lation proce
ss u
s
ed the b
i
nary bit strea
m
c
h
ange into
complex data
after a modulation
k
e
ys suc
h
as QPSK
data
s
u
bc
arrier
X
T
and
after
IFFT is to tim
e
do
main
x
k
[9-15]. PAPR in OFDM
s
y
s
t
em is t
he
ratio of peak
power to average
power. In time domain
x
k
in base
ban
d sig
n
a
l may determine as:
(
1
)
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 629
1 –
6296
6294
The OF
DM
symbol i
s
complex valu
e i-e,
real
p
a
rt Xc
and
imagina
ry pa
rt xj of
mc
d
x
xj
x
and its Gau
s
sian di
strib
u
tion be
come
s:
(2)
Acco
rdi
ng to prob
ability theory the ampl
itude value fo
r OFDM be
co
mes
(3)
C is the Ralei
gh distri
butio
n, the pdf value may rep
r
e
s
ent by:
(
4
)
OFDM p
o
wer symbol re
pre
s
ent by
2
||
pc
, the pdf of Power
.
(
5
)
The Cumulative Distribution Function
(CDF) of
PAPR represent the probability
distribution of
the PAPR value below threshold value
may defined
as bel
ow:
(
6
)
The
probabili
ty of PAPR
value m
o
re than
threshol
d value for the
Com
p
lem
entary
Cumul
a
tive Distribution Function pr
obability (CCDF) represent by:
(
7
)
3. Simulation Resul
t
Improved SLM techni
que
carrie
s computational com
p
lexity, however it has good PAPR
redu
ction. Im
proved
SLM
techni
que
are very flex
ibl
e
a
s
they
do
not imp
o
se
any re
stri
ctio
n o
n
modulatio
n a
pplied in
sub
c
arri
er. In this tech
niqu
e inp
u
t data block
given by:
(
8
)
This
multiplied with U at different phas
e
seq
uen
ce.
(
9
)
After applying
SLM techniq
ue the com
p
l
e
x envel
ope
of the transmi
tted OFDM si
gnal be
com
e
s:
(
1
0
)
NT represent
s
the dire
c
t
ion of OFDM data block
.
Ou
tput data of lowes
t
PAPR is
sele
cted to tran
smitter P
APR redu
cti
on effect wil
l
be better as copy blo
ck n
u
mbe
r
U is
increased. I
m
proved SLM ba
sed techni
que effectively re
duces PAPR wi
thout any
si
gnal
distortio
n
. Th
e hig
h
e
r
com
putational
co
mplexity
ca
n
re
du
ce
by redu
cing
the I
FFT bl
ock. T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Peak Po
wer
Red
u
ctio
n Using Im
prove
d
Selective Ma
pping Te
ch
ni
que for OF
DM (M. R. Anjum
)
6295
simulatio
n
re
sult is d
one
for point IFF
T
.
Rand
om
sign
al 128
a
r
e ge
nerated
and code
d by
different
codi
ng rates for
the SLM technique.
The coded signal
s
ar
e then QPSK modulat
ed
simply to ease the process CCDF of PAPR for
128
point IFFT. As shown
in Figure 4 that the
PAPR reduc
t
ion us
ing improved SLM
technique provides
better redu
c
t
ion in
OFDM s
y
s
t
em than
its
c
onventional PAPR of OFDM s
y
s
t
em.
Figure 4. CCDF of PAPR for OF
DM wit
h
SLM using 128 Carriers
4. Conclusio
n
OFDM
provid
es
sp
ectrum
efficien
cy an
d c
hann
el
ro
bustn
ess
du
e to thi
s
it b
e
com
e
s
attractive te
chniqu
e for
ne
xt generation
comm
uni
cati
on sy
stem a
nd for
rapi
dly increa
sing t
he
deman
d of freque
ncy sp
e
c
trum utilization. We
have
propo
se
d an
improved SL
M techniq
ue by
applying
sets of pre-determined no
n-u
n
iform ph
ase
in OFDM
systems for t
he re
du
ction
of
PAPR. Going for lower value of N (number of carr
i
e
rs) for OFDM signal is good practi
ce
for
having a lo
wer value of P
APR in multicarri
er mo
dula
t
ion. High PA
PR produ
ce
s
the satu
ration
in
PA which tends to inter m
odulation mixing with ne
xt subcarri
ers. For r
eduction of PAPR several
method are a
v
ailable su
ch
as wind
owi
n
g, coding,
ton
e
reservation,
pulse shapi
n
g
, clipping et
c.
Ho
wever the
s
e
metho
d
s a
r
e
una
ble to
get si
multan
e
ously l
a
rg
e P
APR redu
ctio
n with
minim
u
m
compl
e
xity. In this
pap
er,
we
have di
scu
s
ses
many
importa
nt a
s
pect
s
an
d al
so d
e
scribe t
he
mathemati
c
al
analysis incl
uding PAPR
characteri
st
ics in OFDM
system
s.
An improved
select
ive
mapping technique im
proved the pe
rformance of the OFDM
sy
stem with respective to PAPR
with hi
gh
sp
ectral
efficie
n
cy a
nd l
o
w co
mplexity. Simulation
re
sults sho
w
s
that the PA
PR
redu
ction of OFDM
syste
m
in Figure
4. The
time domain
sele
ctive mapping
techniqu
e shows
signifi
cant enhancem
ents in
the PAPR perform
ance. Howeve
r, the upl
ink transmitter’
s
comp
utationa
l compl
e
xity is goi
ng u
p
. Therefor
e, a
com
p
romi
se
betwe
en th
e circuit’
s
co
st,
compl
e
xity and the PAPR tradeoffs
shoul
d
be taken into considerati
on.
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e
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t
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a Ran
dom-L
ik
e Codi
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Reducing PAPR in OFDM S
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w
i
t
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ong, Yinghu
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