TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 20
15, pp. 360 ~ 368
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i2.693
6
360
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 3
0
, 201
4; Revi
se
d Decem
b
e
r
18, 2014; Accept
ed Ja
nua
ry 1
0
, 2015
ESL Reading Research
Based on Eye Trackin
g
Techniques
Wenlian Zh
a
n
*, Zhulin Shen
Busin
e
ss Engl
i
s
h Dep
a
rtment
of F
o
reign L
a
n
gua
ges Stud
ie
s,
,
Hunan Inter
natio
nal Ec
ono
mics Univers
i
t
y
,
Cha
ngsh
a
, Ch
angs
ha, 41
02
0
5
,
Chi
nam T
e
l.: 13807
49
99
18
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: 5138
69
962
@
qq.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Rea
d
in
g is
a c
o
mpl
e
x cog
n
iti
v
e proc
ess. T
h
roug
h
eye tr
ac
king tec
hni
qu
e
s
the cog
n
itiv
e
features
can be obs
erv
ed in de
pth,
a
n
d
ther
efor
e
a b
e
tter
gras
p of
the instant
cog
n
i
tive process
i
n
g
of lan
g
u
a
g
e
can
be ac
hiev
ed.
Co
mp
ared to t
r
aditi
ona
l
meth
ods, the gr
eat
est
adva
n
tag
e
of eye tracki
ng
is that is that
the
read
er pr
ocee
d
s
w
i
th read
in
g
coher
ently
an
d
fluently
w
i
thou
t interrupt
an
d i
n
terferenc
e, w
h
ich s
e
cur
e
s th
e
results in
hig
h
e
r
ecolo
g
ic
al val
i
dity. T
h
is pa
p
e
r is
mai
n
ly a
b
out studi
es on
eye
move
ment
features in ES
L
read
ing,
and
p
a
rticul
arly i
llust
rates eye
mov
e
ment
p
a
tterns
,
the rel
a
tions
h
i
p b
e
tw
een
ey
e
move
ment a
n
d
perce
ptual
pro
c
essin
g
, an
d
eye
mov
e
me
n
t
control,
a
i
mi
ng
at prov
idi
n
g so
me
b
a
sic
evid
enc
es fo
r
expl
ain
i
ng
the
relati
ons
hip
b
e
tw
een ey
e
move
me
nt be
ha
vior a
nd c
o
g
n
i
t
ive proc
essi
n
g
thus
hel
pi
ng
to
solve so
me the
o
retica
l prob
le
ms in re
ad
ing.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
re
adi
ng, eye
mov
e
ment, infor
m
a
t
ion trackin
g
,
cogn
itive proc
es
s,
perceptio
n span
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Rea
d
ing i
s
a
compl
e
x co
gnitive pro
c
e
ss, an
d thro
ugh eye tra
c
king te
chni
qu
es, the
cog
n
itive feature
s
of
rea
d
i
ng p
r
o
c
e
s
s can be
ob
se
rved mo
re i
n
-d
epth, and
the
r
efore a
bette
r
gra
s
p
of real
-time cognitiv
e
processing
t
he lang
uag
e co
mprehe
n
s
ion
ca
n be
achi
eved. Eye
movement a
s
an ind
e
x to investigate
re
ading
pro
c
e
s
s is
an imp
o
rt
ant are
a
of p
s
ych
o
ling
u
isti
cs
and
readi
ng
psycholo
g
y. In rea
d
ing
activities
, th
e re
se
arch
of the rel
a
tionship b
e
tween
cog
n
itive pro
c
e
ssi
ng an
d
eye moveme
nt behavio
r c
an be d
a
ted
back to the 1
9
th centu
r
y, whe
n
the research
f
o
cu
se
d o
n
th
e ba
si
c p
a
ra
meters a
n
d
fe
ature
s
of eye
movement. Si
nce
the
197
0
s
,
with the
dev
elopme
n
t of
eye movem
e
nt re
co
rd
in
g techn
o
logy, and parti
cula
rly
the use of
comp
uter technolo
g
y, the
study
o
n
the
readi
ng
pro
c
ess h
a
s
ente
r
ed a
ne
w p
h
ase. A
com
m
o
n
eye tracke
r is sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 1.
Figure 1.
C
o
mmon eye tra
c
ker
And an Eye tracking
syste
m
is sh
own a
s
in Figu
re 2.
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
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ESL Readi
ng
Research Ba
sed o
n
Eye T
r
ackin
g
Te
ch
nique
s (Wenli
an Zhan
)
361
Figure 2. Motion ca
pture
a
n
d
eye trackin
g
system
Eye trackin
g
tech
nolo
g
y i
s
still in
the
expl
orato
r
y
stage, an
d th
e evolutio
n o
f
eye
tracking te
ch
nology ap
plication is sho
w
n in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Eye tracking te
ch
nology ap
plications
Psychol
ogi
sts bega
n to attach im
po
rtan
ce to the
rel
a
tionship am
ong eye m
o
vement,
perceptio
n a
nd
cognitio
n
, and
de
scrib
e
the
cog
n
itive pro
c
e
s
sin
g
by u
s
ing
eye moveme
nt
para
m
eters.
With the dev
elopme
n
t of eye movem
ent
research in
readin
g
, some
new adva
n
ced
techni
que
s
(e.g eye m
o
vement
contin
gent di
splay
)
we
re
applie
d. On th
e b
a
si
s of the
e
y
e
movement n
e
we
r technol
ogie
s
, the scope of re
adin
g
re
sea
r
ch was furth
e
r ex
pand
ed an
d no
longe
r
confin
ed to th
e b
a
si
c eye
movem
ent pa
ram
e
te
rs; th
e info
rm
ation a
bout
si
de-visi
on
are
a
s
wa
s co
ncern
ed abo
ut, expectin
g
to kn
ow ab
out
wh
at informatio
n the rea
der
woul
d get fro
m
side
-visio
n area, and its
effects
on the le
ngth of ga
zin
g
at the
fovea
regi
onal wo
rds. Com
pare
d
to tradition
al
method
s, the
gre
a
test
adv
antage
of
ey
e tra
cki
ng i
s
t
hat the
read
e
r
p
r
o
c
eed
s
wi
th
readi
ng cohe
rently and flu
ently wi
thout interrupt and
interferen
ce,
whi
c
h se
cu
re
s the re
sults i
n
highe
r e
c
olog
ical validity. From in
dicato
rs of eye m
o
vement, what
the brain i
s
pro
c
e
ssi
ng
can
be inferre
d
, and the readi
n
g
pro
c
e
s
s is
unde
rsto
od in
depth, which
will help
solv
e a lot of theo
ry
probl
em
s in readin
g
.
Nee
d
le
ss to say, there a
r
e great p
r
o
s
pect
s
in ESL readin
g
re
search ba
se
d
on eye
tracking te
ch
nique
s.
2. Ey
e Mo
v
e
ment Pattern
s
in the Re
a
d
ing Proces
s
An eye-tra
c
ki
ng sy
stem u
s
ually mo
nito
rs the
re
acti
on an
d the t
y
pical mo
bile
of the
target h
u
man
eye on
a di
g
i
tal image. P
eople'
s
eyes
are usually
kept
movi
ng
u
n
til it stays
at a
certai
n
point.
Eye move
ment p
a
ttern
s m
a
y reflec
t the
choi
ce
of visual i
n
formation,
a
nd
psycholo
g
ical
mech
ani
sm
s of the co
gni
tive proc
essi
ng is to
reve
aled, which
are im
porta
nt.
Duri
ng
the p
r
ocess
of re
ading re
sea
r
ch,
p
s
yc
h
o
lo
gists
have fo
und different
eye movem
ent
para
m
eters t
o
refle
c
t the
real-time
co
gn
itive pro
c
e
ssi
ng. The
main
pattern
s
of e
y
e movement
in
readi
ng
cou
r
se are: fixation, sacca
de, re
gre
ssi
ve
eye
movement, a
nd return
sweep. When
th
e
eyes a
r
e fo
cu
sed
on
a poi
n
t, we call it fixation, and
wh
en the
eyes
move bet
wee
n
seve
ral
soli
d
points of view, we call it a glance.
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TELKOM
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Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
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362
2.1. Fixation
Fixation mea
n
s that the time of the fov
ea alignm
ent of an object e
x
ceed
s 100
ms, and
in the me
anti
m
e, the watched o
b
je
ct wi
ll be fully
pro
c
e
s
sed, with
a cle
a
r im
age
formed
at th
e
fovea. When
readi
ng, re
ad
ers
get the m
a
in in
form
atio
n by gaze
m
e
n
t. For skilled
reade
rs, the
averag
e g
a
zi
ng time
is fro
m
20
0 to
250
ms (Ray
ne
r,
1978
).
Howe
ver, individu
al
differe
nces a
r
e
large. In ad
d
i
tion, when t
he sa
me re
a
der i
s
at
different time
s
or re
ad
s different texts, the
watching
du
ration a
r
e
qui
te differe
nt. With
re
spe
c
t
to a
re
ade
r, the ga
zin
g
du
ration
wh
en
readi
ng
som
e
articl
es i
s
betwe
en 10
0
and 5
00 m
s
(Rayn
e
r, 1
9
78). Read
ers often wat
c
h
on
function
al wo
rds
sh
orte
r than a
d
jective
s
. Fa
ct
ors of
watching ti
me incl
ude
word fre
quen
cy,
word length,
word predi
cta
b
ility, and so on.
(Rayn
e
r,
1998; see To
wn
sen
d
& Bever, 2001
)
2.2. Saccade
Saccade
refe
rs to peo
ple’
s continu
o
u
s
eye movement
when readi
n
g
(se
e
Figu
re
4). It
is a rapid
eye moveme
nt; its sp
eed i
s
gene
rally 50
0
degree
s pe
r se
con
d
. On
ce the saccad
e
start
s
, you
ca
n not
cha
nge
the di
re
ction
of mo
veme
n
t
until it end
s.
Saccad
e a
ccounts for
10%
of the readi
ng time. Averag
e sacca
de dista
n
ce
is 8 - 9
ch
ara
c
ters (eq
u
ivalent to twice
perspective).
In the
saccadic
course,
eye sensitivity will be
reduced, which is
known as
sa
ccadi
c sup
p
re
ssi
on. Th
e rea
d
e
r
can
not obtain
i
n
formatio
n o
n
this p
r
o
c
e
s
s, be
cau
s
e t
he
pre
s
ente
d
inf
o
rmatio
n i
s
o
n
ly fleeting.
Saccade
time
is effected b
y
sa
ccade di
stan
ce (Rayn
e
r,
1998
). The fa
rther
sa
ccade
distan
ce, the
longer the ti
me spe
n
t.
Figure 4.
Saccad
e schem
a
t
ic diagram
2.3. Regre
s
s
i
v
e
E
y
e Mo
v
e
ment
Reg
r
e
ssive e
y
e movement
refers to the
process of eye movem
ent
s that the re
aders
watch the new words from
right to left, and then
return to the
cont
ent
whi
c
h has been watched
over, as i
s
sh
own in Fig
u
re
5.
Figure 5. Reg
r
essive eye
movement schematic di
ag
ram
Re
sea
r
ch
sh
ows that
wh
e
n
a
wo
rd
is n
eede
d to
be
watched
ba
ck, the
wat
c
h
time of
the wo
rd i
s
often long
er
than tho
s
e
which i
s
not n
eede
d to. (Rayner
et al., 2003
). Skill
ed
read
ers
are
back
at ab
ou
t 10% to
20
% of re
adi
n
g
time. Frazi
e
r and
Rayne
r
(198
2) propo
sed
three
reg
r
e
s
si
ve eye move
ment mod
e
s:
1) Advan
c
in
g
reg
r
e
ssive
e
y
e movement
, that watchin
g
point i
s
b
a
ck to the
begi
n
n
ing
of a
se
ntence
a
nd t
hen
re
-re
ad t
he
sente
n
ce; 2) Retreatin
g
reg
r
e
ssive
eye moveme
nt, that is ju
st to
read
c
ontent
whi
c
h i
s
read
verbatim fro
m
Rig
h
t-to-lef
t;
3) Sele
cting
style regre
ssive
eye
movemen
t, t
h
rou
gh th
e
eyes ju
mpin
g ba
ck on
the
misun
d
e
r
sto
o
d
se
nten
ce.
From the
perspe
c
tive
of informatio
n pro
c
e
s
sin
g
, the high
est
efficien
cy of these three st
rategie
s
is th
e sele
cting re
gre
ssive eye
movement, for it just need
s
to re
-read
th
e ing
r
edi
ents of mi
sun
derstood
s
enten
ce
s.
Reg
r
e
s
sive eye
mo
vement h
e
lp
s
read
ers to po
st deep p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng. The re
aso
n
of
reg
r
e
ssive eye m
o
vement may be that there
is
somethi
ng wrong with the
word the rea
der is
watchi
ng, or the reader d
o
e
s
no
t understand
the
article
(Rayn
e
r, 19
98). In
addition,
whe
n
there i
s
an
apho
ric refe
rence in th
e
senten
ce, that
is,
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
ESL Readi
ng
Research Ba
sed o
n
Eye T
r
ackin
g
Te
ch
nique
s (Wenli
an Zhan
)
363
usin
g a p
r
on
oun to
refer t
o
a previou
s
word o
r
a g
r
o
up of word
s,
reg
r
e
ssive
eye moveme
nt is
also p
r
on
e.
2.4. Retu
rn Sw
e
e
p
There are
si
milaritie
s
betwee
n
reg
r
e
s
sive
eye movement and ret
u
rn swe
ep, b
e
ca
use
they are
both
a ri
ght-to
-
left eye movem
e
nt. Ho
weve
r,
the retu
rn
sweep i
s
rea
d
in
g from
the e
n
d
line to the b
eginni
ng of t
he next line,
though
also
a rig
h
t-to-l
eft eye, but different fro
m
the
reg
r
e
ssive
eye movem
ent. So, in o
r
de
r to di
stingui
sh from
the
re
gre
ssive
eye
movement,
we
call it return
sweep,
whi
c
h
is a
natu
r
al
eye moveme
nt from o
ne li
ne to a
nothe
r, as in
Figu
re
6
from E to F.
Figure 6.
Ret
u
rn swe
ep schematic di
ag
ram
Eye fixation usu
a
lly take
s 100-600
mil
lise
c
on
ds,
when the
brai
n begi
ns
pro
c
e
ssi
ng
visual inform
ation re
ceive
d
from the eye at ev
ery point of fixatio
n
. Sacca
de u
s
ually refe
rs
to
jumping
qui
ckly from o
ne f
i
xation point t
o
anot
h
e
r fixa
tion point. Ty
pically the
sa
ccade
avera
g
e
time is 20-40 milliseconds. Duri
ng thi
s
period, the
eye does not
transmit information to the
brain.
Vision of the
human
eye i
s
proba
bly in
200 º, t
he v
a
st majo
rity of light-sen
sitive cell
s
are lo
cate
d i
n
the fovea o
n
the retin
a
,
whi
c
h i
s
en
o
ugh for
us to
see
a variet
y of things
wi
th
colo
r. The
ce
ntral
con
c
ave
are
a
is quite
small,
u
s
u
a
lly cove
ring
onl
y1-2 d
egree
s
of our vision.
It
is wo
rth ment
ioning that these light
-sen
sitive cells
in
our brain
s
also can a
c
cept the key factors
of visual information, as is
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 7.
Figure 7.
The
process of light-sen
sitive ce
ll
s receiving visual information
Whe
n
ou
r ey
es a
r
e in
a re
sting
state, the br
ai
n'
s atte
ntion may shi
ft to other pla
c
e
s
. We
can dive
rt attention, but the eyes d
o
not mo
ve. Then, foveal vision monito
ring i
s
usuall
y
effective me
ans
of ch
an
ging the
attention jud
g
me
nt, beca
u
se
the brai
n typically do
es n
o
t
pro
c
e
ss
co
m
p
lex stimulati
on informatio
n outsi
de t
he
fovea. The b
r
ain is m
o
re ef
ficient than th
e
perip
he
ral visual info
rmat
ion wh
en d
e
a
ling with fo
veal visual i
n
formatio
n. Comp
ared cl
ea
r
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 360 – 368
364
visual info
rm
ation, the brain ne
ed
s to
spe
nd
mo
re effort to u
nderstan
d th
e fuzzy visu
al
informatio
n. This i
s
why you can tra
c
k
eye move
me
nts, espe
ciall
y
watchi
ng to
explain pe
op
le's
behavio
r. It's like
we
kn
o
w
, in o
r
de
r t
o
und
erstan
d
the thing
s
,
we
can
only
watch it, or v
e
ry
clo
s
e to it. If
some
one i
s
n
o
t lookin
g, he
could n
o
t se
e and read th
e text. Eye tracking
record
s
these
mobil
e
, and
when
th
e eye
s
g
a
ze,
it can
ma
rk the lo
catio
n
of
the fovea. B
y
analyzi
ng t
he
eye moves,
we u
nde
rsta
n
d
the pe
ople'
s be
havior.
T
he len
g
th of fixation time u
s
ually in
dicate
s
brain p
r
o
c
e
sses of visual in
formation p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng an
d the occu
rren
ce of cognitive
behavior.
The
several
ways
of eye
movement a
r
e often inte
rt
wine
d, and
th
e aim i
s
to
select the
information, whi
c
h will be noted in the f
o
vea irri
tants
imaging area to form a clear image. Dat
a
is
colle
cted f
r
om the
eye, it be
come
s th
e
co
gni
tive p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng in
dex
whi
c
h
re
se
arche
r
s an
alyze
and read in
real
-time. Based m
e
a
s
ure
of the wo
rd,
the eye movement data
is as
real
-tim
e
indicators to
analyze, eye
movement
an
alysis indi
cat
o
rs a
r
e
com
m
only: sin
g
le
fixation time
on
the target
wo
rd, first fixation du
ration o
f
the word, g
a
ze
duration,
total fixation duratio
n. Ga
ze
time is o
ne of
the be
st me
asu
r
e
s
. Vari
o
u
s eye
move
ment pattern
times a
r
e
also extra
c
ted, a
nd
there a
r
e mai
n
ly the numb
e
r of fixation, the num
be
r o
f
saccad
es, t
he numb
e
r of
regressive e
y
e
movement in
different sce
ne po
sition
s or bet
ween l
o
catio
n
. The
time and lo
ca
tion informati
on
can
be
u
s
ed
to an
alyze
a v
a
riety of fin
e
eye mo
vem
e
nt patterns, th
us
whi
c
h
reveals
a va
riety
of
informatio
n proce
s
sing a
n
d
processin
g
mode
s.
3. Ey
e Mo
v
e
ments an
d Percep
tual Pr
ocessin
g
in Readin
g
3.1. Perceptual Span an
d Ey
e Mo
v
e
ment Tec
h
n
o
log
y
in Reading Proces
s
Perceptual span may be
able to obtain us
eful inf
o
rmatio
n on the area a
r
o
und the
fixation point, in gen
eral, i
t
is divided i
n
to left
fixation span
and
right fixation
spa
n
. With
eye
movement d
a
t
a, there i
s
m
o
re a
c
cu
rate
spe
c
ul
ation
i
n
rea
d
ing
pro
c
e
ss, it is ve
ry important t
h
a
t
the un
derstan
ding
of the
pe
rce
p
tual
sp
an
ran
ge
si
ze
a
nd info
rmatio
n which i
s
ext
r
acte
d from t
he
perceptu
a
l
sp
an. In th
e p
a
s
t 20
yea
r
s,
psycholo
g
ist
s
often
used t
h
ree
kind
s
of eye m
o
vem
ent
servo te
chn
o
l
ogy of moving wind
ow, foveal mask an
d
bound
ary pa
radig
m
s.
In the moving
windo
w p
a
ra
digm, the si
ze
of the win
d
o
w i
s
present
ed by ch
angi
ng, you
can
accu
ratel
y
measure
th
e si
ze
of the
perceived
bre
adth. The
ba
sic
pri
n
ci
ple i
s
that
whe
n
t
h
e
found
windo
w is sm
alle
r th
an the p
e
rce
p
tual span,
re
ading
sp
eed i
s
sl
ow
do
wn.
The content
s
o
f
the win
d
o
w
was p
r
e
s
ente
d
norm
a
lly in th
e exper
i
m
ent,
and the
co
ntent outsi
de th
e win
d
o
w
were
masked,
ran
dom letters
can
be p
r
e
s
ented out
sid
e
the win
d
o
w
. Fovea
sh
elter an
d mo
ving
wind
ow te
ch
nique i
s
ve
ry simila
r
,
the
differen
c
e be
tween
them
i
s
that whe
n
read
ers
g
a
ze
,
fixation conte
n
t arou
nd o
r
conte
n
ts in
sid
e
the
wi
ndo
w are bl
ocke
d, and the i
n
formation which
is
pre
s
ente
d
o
u
t
side the
win
dow i
s
norm
a
l (Rayne
r, 1
998). At the
edge
pa
radig
m
, we m
u
st f
i
rst
determi
ne th
e location of
a word i
n
t
he a
r
ticle
,
where
is
critical wo
rd l
o
cation, and
the
n
a
boun
dary l
o
cation i
s
set.
Whe
n
the
re
a
der
sa
ccad
e i
s
ove
r
the
a
r
tificial d
e
velop
ed o
ne, a
nd i
t
is
invisible
boun
dary lo
cation,
target
words will be
pre
s
e
n
ted to repla
c
e the p
r
eviou
s
stim
ulus, it i
s
able to determine wh
at informatio
n is o
b
tained fro
m
the sid
e
vision
. (Rayne
r & Seren
o
, 1994
).
The resea
r
ch
ers foun
d tha
t
the perce
ptual span
of reade
rs sin
g
le
(fix
ation is li
mited by
the use of th
ese te
ch
nolo
g
ies.
Whe
n
reade
rs re
ad i
n
Engli
s
h, th
e inform
ation
ran
ge i
s
g
o
tten
from the
current fixation point; it is loca
tions fro
m
3 - 4 letters
at the left of fixation point to 1
4
-
15 letters at the rig
h
t of the fixation poi
nt. Inform
atio
n to identify the word i
s
co
nfined in
a ra
nge
of 5 - 7 letters at the right
of fixation point, th
is rang
e is call
ed the reco
gnition ra
nge. Thi
s
sh
o
w
s
the scope of
the percept
u
a
l brea
dt
h at both sid
e
s of
watching p
o
i
n
t are a
s
ymmetrical. Different
writing
syste
m
s will affe
ct the asymme
try and si
ze
of the percep
t
ual spa
n
. Co
mpared with
the
phon
etic re
a
ders, the perceptu
a
l sp
an
range
of re
aders to re
a
d
Chin
ese and Ja
pan
ese
are
small
(Rayne
r & Se
re
no, 1
994).
Japa
ne
se
re
se
arch
found
that
perceptu
a
l
spa
n
is le
ngth
of 1
3
cha
r
a
c
ters (B
inder
et al., 1999). It is the
length fr
om t
he 7 word
s at
left side of the fixation poi
nt
to 6 word of
the right sid
e
.
For Chin
ese read
er
s, their pe
rceptua
l span i
s
the length from o
n
e
word at th
e l
e
ft side
of th
e fixation poi
nt to the
righ
t three
wo
rd
s (Bind
e
r
et al
., 1999). In
the
writing text from left to right (su
c
h a
s
E
nglish)
, there
is a large ra
nge of pe
rce
p
tual sp
an at
the
right of fixation point, and in the right-to
-
left text
(such
as Heb
r
e
w
),
the rang
e ove
r
the brea
dth o
f
perceptio
n i
s
larg
e at the
left of fixation point,
the
perceptu
a
l b
r
eadth i
s
a
s
y
mmetry, it is
also
affected by the domi
nant
readi
ng
di
re
ction (Rayner
& Sereno, 1
9
94). In the re
ading p
r
o
c
e
s
s,
the scope of
the perceive
d
bre
adt
h is
limited in a singl
e line, that can n
o
t extract the text
messag
e of the next line a
t
the fixation
point (Rayne
r & Sereno, 19
94).
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TELKOM
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2302-4
046
ESL Readi
ng
Research Ba
sed o
n
Eye T
r
ackin
g
Te
ch
nique
s (Wenli
an Zhan
)
365
In additio
n
t
o
readin
g
d
o
minant
dire
ction
and
writing
system
itself influ
e
n
ce
on
perceptu
a
l sp
an, the si
ze
o
f
the
perceive
d
bre
adth i
s
also
affect
ed
by many othe
r facto
r
s
(su
c
h
as text difficu
lty, skill). Article
s
be
com
e
di
fficult, the scope of the
perceived breadth
be
co
m
e
s
small, a
nd
especi
a
lly the
content difficul
t
y of the
fixation p
o
int woul
d affect th
e reade
r to
extract
informatio
n o
n
the next vision. In additio
n
, unskill
ed reade
rs
can p
e
rceive 12 let
t
ers in len
g
th
a
t
the ri
ght
side
of the
fixation poi
nt. It ca
n be
see
n
th
at the
perceiv
ed
spa
n
it
self
is not
a
defi
n
ite
value, it is one of these p
r
oblem
s whi
c
h
is al
so m
enti
oned late
r an
d pro
c
e
ssi
ng
model
s ca
n n
o
t
solve (Hen
de
rso
n
et al., 1990).
3.2. Information is Obtain
ed from th
e Percep
tual Span
Rea
ders get
a vari
ety of in
formation
whi
c
h
the rea
d
in
g pro
c
e
ss ne
eds from p
e
rceptu
a
l
spa
n
ra
nge.
Rayne
r
(1
978
) wo
uld divid
e
the line of
text into three
regio
n
s o
n
the retin
a
: foveal
regio
n
, paraf
oveal re
gion,
and pe
rip
h
e
r
al region.
F
o
veal vision
regio
n
form
s into 1-2
deg
ree
perspe
c
tive a
ngle with
rea
der’
s
fixation point, in th
is
area, the
rea
der visual a
c
uity is high, a
nd
you can cl
ea
rly get a lot
of informatio
n (Lle
wellyn-Thoma
s
, 196
8). Visual a
c
uity outside the
fovea decreases
signifi
cantly
, its ability to identify is
not better
than the fovea. Vi
ce foveal visi
on
regio
n
form
s
into 10 de
gre
e
angle
aro
u
nd with
rea
d
e
r’s fixation
p
o
int (Dit
chb
u
rn, 1973
). Edge
visual
are
a
i
n
clu
d
e
s
the
entire
area
o
u
tside
the vi
ce fove
al vision a
r
ea.
Re
aders can
g
e
t
different information on different area
s o
f
the reti
na, in the recog
n
ition ran
ge; you can get all the
informatio
n to identify a word.
In additio
n
to
the i
dentifying
scope
of
the
a
r
ea, th
e
re
ade
r
ca
n
also
get
a va
riety of
useful
inform
ation. Read
e
r
s can
get th
e word
vi
sua
l
features fro
m
si
deline
s
vision.
Rayn
er
(198
3) fou
nd
glyph simila
r
words
appe
ar in the nex
t vi
sion, it will facilitate the su
bse
que
nt gaze
target
wo
rd
naming
resp
onse. Rayne
r
a
nd
McCo
nkie
et al
(1
980) ma
de
p
r
elimin
ary let
t
er
identificatio
n
hypothe
sis to
explain
what
inform
at
ion
wa
s g
a
ine
d
i
n
the
next vision, an
d
rea
d
e
rs
can g
e
t the first few letters inform
ation
of a word in
the side visi
o
n
, and this inf
o
rmatio
n ca
n
provide
the
necessa
ry context
in
form
ation fo
r id
e
n
tification
of the lette
rs
(su
c
h
a
s
vi
sual
informatio
n o
r
o
r
thog
rap
h
i
c
), it m
a
y ca
use
to fo
cu
s
attention o
n
t
he letters t
o
be n
o
t ide
n
tified,
thus the word
recognition i
s
promoted
(Rayne
r
et al., 1980).
Whet
her
start wo
rd
s are on the l
e
ft
or the ri
ght of
watching p
o
i
n
t, the startin
g
wo
rd i
s
the
s
a
me
s
e
veral letters
with before the target
word, it
will p
r
omote th
e n
a
m
ing of
the ta
rget
wo
rd. In
addition, th
e
alpha
betic wri
t
ing is stu
d
ie
d
in the readi
n
g
pro
c
e
ss a
n
d
read
ers ca
n acq
u
ire the
shap
ed information and v
o
ice info
rmati
on
from the
side
lines vi
sion
(Jared, et al., 1999
). Pa
rt o
f
studie
s
hav
e sh
own that
the sid
e
visi
on
can
obtain
se
mantic i
n
form
ation, the
re
sults of
som
e
studie
s
in
dica
te sem
antic i
n
formatio
n can
not be
obtai
n
ed, font i
n
formati
on
or voice i
s
only
accessed
(Rayn
e
r &
Mo
rri
s, 1
992),
out
side
the
rang
e of the
area i
dentification,
informa
t
ion is not abl
e to prom
ote word re
co
gnit
i
on (Rayne
r e
t
al., 1980). By Chinese study for eye movemen
t, similar re
su
lts are also
obtained wi
th
alpha
betic writing, the reader c
an obtai
n font information and voi
c
e inform
atio
n from sideli
n
es
vision, but th
ere i
s
no
sufficient evide
n
ce that t
he rea
der
can o
b
tai
n
sem
antic in
formation fro
m
sideli
n
e
s
vision. (Liu et al., 2002)
4. E
y
e Mo
v
e
ment Control in Reading
In a gaze, wh
at factors con
t
rol the viewi
ng
time to be
increa
sed
so
that the sub
s
eque
nt
sa
ccade
dist
ance be
com
e
s shorte
r, an
d there m
a
y be re
gressive
eye movem
ent? To a
n
swer
this q
u
e
s
tion
, the eye
m
o
vement
con
t
rol mu
st b
e
re
se
arche
d
in re
adin
g
.
On
rea
d
ing
eye
movement co
ntrol, there a
r
e two views:
one is di
re
ct
control, the i
dentif
icatio
n of the current
attention wo
rd is complet
e
d, it means th
at the
eye re
ceives a
sign
al
to the next step moveme
nt,
the eye
begi
n
s
to
move. Vi
sual
informati
on i
s
o
b
taine
d
from
the
cu
rre
nt watchi
n
g
word,
and
t
h
e
next eye movement directi
on is d
e
ci
ded
. Another vi
e
w
is that
cog
n
itive control, eye moveme
nt
control i
s
that
informatio
n i
s
obtai
ned
ba
sed
on
j
u
st
re
ading texts,
while i
n
form
a
t
ion is
obtain
ed
by the watchi
ng wo
rd, and
it is not necessary.
The result
s also provide evide
n
c
e to su
ppo
rt
these t
w
o pe
rsp
e
ctive
s
of
eye movem
ent co
ntrol
,
whi
c
h a
r
e th
e dire
ct control and
cog
n
itive
control.
O 'Re
gan (1
975) a
nd Ra
yner (1
979
) found that saccad
e dista
n
ce in
crea
se
s with
increa
sing
word len
g
th at the right sid
e
of t
he fixation point (O
' Reg
an, 1975
), in the read
ing
pro
c
e
ss,
the
next fixation l
o
catio
n
info
rmation
depe
n
d
s
not
only o
n
the
letters a
t
the ri
ght of
the
curre
n
t fixation, but it is effected
also
by t
he right
word boun
da
ry, the saccad
e l
ength i
s
de
ci
ded
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366
by a length of a watche
d word an
d the n
e
xt wo
rd len
g
t
h. For example, when n
e
x
t looking wo
rd
length inform
ation is un
kn
own, the re
a
der sacc
a
de
distan
ce will
be sh
orte
r than the length
of
the informatio
n, and it is alr
eady kn
own (Rayne
r, 199
8
)
. Furthe
r, the
gap bet
wee
n
words i
s
al
so
importa
nt for the rea
der. It not only hel
ps the r
ead
er to distingui
sh betwe
en th
e start po
siti
on
and en
d po
si
tion of the word, but al
so
it helps
eye
movement (Rayner, 19
98).
Bever (20
0
2
)
study on the
other ha
nd p
r
ovides the
evi
den
ce for the
s
e con
c
lu
sion
s.
Re
sea
r
che
r
s investigate
d
the fixations rest
p
o
siti
on from
different
aspect
s
. In the
pro
c
e
ss
of re
ading eye
m
o
vements, a
nd on the
ne
xt gaze poi
nt, there a
r
e the existe
nce
of
optimal fixation point and
a prefe
r
en
ce
for the fixation point. O 'Regan et al (1
987)
con
c
lu
d
e
d
that the be
st fixation refe
rs to th
e po
sition
whi
c
h
the rea
d
e
r
spent lea
s
t time in a
wo
rd
perceptio
n, it is in a little at the right "prefe
ren
c
e g
a
ze p
o
int". There
are two
effects in be
st
fixation point: re-fixation
effect
and
processing
-cost e
ffect. Fart
he
r the sig
h
t of gaze word
i
s
away from th
e be
st fixatio
n
poi
nt, the
greate
r
th
e li
kelih
ood
of the h
eavy ga
ze
of the
wo
rd,
durin
g the executio
n of sa
ccadi
c eye, and noise is caused by
eye movements
(Rayn
e
r, 199
8).
The
rea
s
on
for thi
s
p
heno
menon
is th
at
rea
ders
ca
n obtain
u
s
eful
informatio
n
from
the side
of
the fovea. Pe
ople
watch a
particula
r word, and it
m
a
y be
con
s
id
ered a
s
emi
s
si
on poi
nt of th
e
next wo
rd,
a
nd the
di
sta
n
ce
bet
wee
n
the fixation
point a
nd th
e target
word will
affect
the
spe
c
ific
ga
ze
positio
ns of the next
word
. If the gaz
e
word a
ppea
rs in the a
r
ticle
,
it will sh
ow
a
heavy gaze e
ffect, but the effect of pro
c
essing
co
n
s
u
m
ption is
sm
all (Inhoff & Liu, 1998
). The
watching eff
e
cts a
nd pro
c
e
ssi
ng con
s
umption e
ffe
cts a
r
e asso
ciated
with reade
r co
gniti
ve
pro
c
e
ssi
ng d
epth and
cog
n
itive capa
cit
y
.
By studying
the eye
move
ment
control i
n
readi
ng, yo
u can
lea
r
n to
re
ad i
n
the
di
recti
o
n
of eye move
ment an
d ey
e moveme
nt
time, and the
n
the
sci
entific meth
od of
rea
d
ing i
s
p
u
t
forwa
r
d to im
prove
rea
d
in
g efficien
cy a
nd to
p
r
ovide
a theo
retical
foundatio
n, esp
e
ci
ally, the
basi
s
resea
r
ch eviden
ce i
s
provide
d
to
explai
n the
re
lationship b
e
twee
n eye mo
vements in t
h
e
readi
ng p
r
o
c
e
ss a
nd cogniti
ve processe
s.
5. Conclusio
n
s and Ou
tlo
o
k
Rea
d
ing pro
c
e
ss req
u
ire
s
complex cognitive
a
c
tivity participati
on; eye mo
vement
recording
met
hod fo
r real
-time me
asure
m
ent of th
e
readin
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s allo
ws u
s
a mo
re p
r
ofo
und
unde
rsta
ndin
g
on the nat
ure of the readin
g
pro
c
e
ss. F
r
om the
above bri
e
f review of e
y
e
movement control resea
r
ch p
r
og
re
ss
in rea
d
i
ng p
r
oce
s
s, it can
be se
en th
at whethe
r the
positio
n of the fixation poi
nt, or re
gre
s
sive
eye mo
vement, sa
ccade read, a
n
d
wat
c
h time
studie
s
have
made som
e
achievem
ent
s. With t
he use of eye movement disp
lay technolo
g
y
and eye movement studi
e
s
in readi
ng p
r
ocess, and
a different lan
guag
e syste
m
s for co
gniti
ve
pro
c
e
ssi
ng wi
ll sho
w
different perfo
rma
n
ce, which it has o
pen
ed u
p
new
re
sea
r
ch field
s
for e
y
e
movement re
sea
r
ch in rea
d
ing. In addition,
eye movement pro
c
e
ssing model (M
orri
so
n, 1984
),
strategi
c
and
tactical
mod
e
l
(Rega
n, 19
9
2
), e
s
pe
cially
the EZ
Rea
d
e
r m
odel
(Rei
chle,
1998
), to
some extent,
is a more rea
s
on
able expl
anation for th
e eye movem
ent cont
rol ph
enome
na.
Although eye
movement
data provide
a wealth
of
information
for rea
d
ing
cognitive
pro
c
e
s
ses,
e
y
e movemen
t
indicato
rs
can not
be trusted
to the
degree
of su
perstition. Eye
movement te
chni
que i
s
a
fter all just
a mean
s of
psycholo
g
ist
readi
ng rese
arch, and eye
movement re
cording i
s
no
t the most perfect refle
c
tio
n
of only reading psy
c
hol
ogy. It also h
a
s
many defi
c
ie
ncie
s a
nd limi
t
ations. First,
the eye is
abl
e to truly reflect the
co
gnit
i
ve pro
c
e
s
sin
g
,
whi
c
h al
so in
volves the p
r
oblem of “eye
-brain"
di
stan
ce. Premi
s
e
of eye move
ment re
se
arch is
that eye mov
e
ment
refle
c
ts real
-time
cognitive p
r
o
c
essing,
but whether it
is a
b
le to a
c
cu
ra
tely
reflect the co
gnitive pro
c
e
ssi
ng, and it is also
just a
hypothesi
s
. If we can ab
sorb the de
rive
tight cau
s
al
logic i
n
term
s of exp
e
rim
ental
de
sig
n
of traditio
n
a
l
method
s, e
y
e movemen
t
method
s will
better reve
al the internal
mech
ani
sm
s of cognitive p
r
ocessin
g
. Th
e eye trackin
g
techn
o
logy i
s
com
b
ine
d
wi
th tradition
al
readi
ng m
e
th
ods, a
nd Eve
n
t-rel
a
ted Po
tential (ERP
),
and F
u
n
c
tion
al Mag
netic
Re
son
a
n
c
e I
m
aging
(F
MR
I) tech
nolo
g
y to stu
d
y co
g
n
itive pro
c
e
s
se
s
of rea
d
ing, th
e only
way
make
s
rea
d
in
g of eye m
o
vement m
o
re
i
n
-de
p
th
stud
y, the re
sult i
s
more
a
ccu
ra
te. In additi
on, weste
r
n
re
sea
r
ch
e
r
s
co
nstruct a
theoretical
model of
ey
e
movement
co
ntrol, even th
ough it can e
x
plain the
ex
perim
ental re
sults
within a
certai
n ra
ng
e,
but it can not
explain the m
e
ch
ani
sms of
information p
r
ocessin
g
at
a highe
r level
of abstractio
n
,
but also furt
her imp
r
ove
m
ent is don
e
on the
basi
s
of the experime
n
tal dat
a accumul
a
tion,
esp
e
ci
ally it is nee
d to be
combi
ne the
result
s
of mod
e
rn
cog
n
itive neuroscie
n
ce
, an integrate
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
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046
ESL Readi
ng
Research Ba
sed o
n
Eye T
r
ackin
g
Te
ch
nique
s (Wenli
an Zhan
)
367
model
of cog
n
itive pro
c
e
s
se
s h
a
s bee
n
esta
blished t
o
re
ad
with
widely interpret
ed validity. We
look fo
rward
to have mo
re accu
rate
a
nd scie
nt
ific i
ndicators of
eye moveme
nt co
ntrol
an
d
mental proce
ssi
ng mod
e
l in future stud
ies, t
he eye movement proce
s
s is to descri
bed a
n
d
explained i
n
readi
ng, by the eye move
ment anal
y
s
i
s
, the re
adin
g
pro
c
e
s
s ca
n be in
spe
c
t
ed
more i
n
-dept
h, thus
co
gn
itive pro
c
e
ssi
ng me
ch
anisms a
nd n
a
tu
re a
r
e
reveal
ed in
rea
d
in
g
p
r
oc
es
se
s
.
.
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fer
e
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