TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.6, Jun
e
201
4, pp. 4756 ~ 4
7
6
3
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i6.549
6
4756
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 2
9
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
March 8, 201
4; Acce
pted
March 24, 20
14
Thermal Simulation and Experiment of Lunar Drill Bit in
Vacuum
Jinsheng
Cu
i, Xu
y
a
n Hou*, Deming Zhao, Yousong
Hou, Qiqua
n Quan, Xiang Wu,
Zongqua
n Deng, Sheng
y
uan Jiang, De
w
e
i Tang
Schoo
l of Mechatron
i
cs Engi
neer
ing,
Har
b
i
n
Institute of
T
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
No.92,
Xid
a
zh
i Street, Nang
an
g District, 1500
01, Harb
in, Chi
n
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: hou
xu
ya
n@
h
i
t.edu.cn
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Drill
ing s
a
mpl
e
s of lunar s
o
il i
s
an i
m
p
o
rtant
and
i
ndis
p
e
n
s
abl
e part of Ch
ina
’
s
lun
a
r exp
l
orati
o
n
proj
ect. The drill bit te
mp
era
t
ure duri
ng th
e drill
in
g
proc
ess is one of
the key conc
erns for schol
ars,
espec
ial
l
y for t
he
hard
lu
nar
rock dri
lli
ng
in
vacu
um. In
th
is articl
e, the
simulati
on
an
a
l
ysis of
dril
lin
g
i
n
atmos
p
h
e
re
an
d vacu
u
m
is c
o
nducte
d. More
over, a fi
ber gr
ating te
mper
ature
me
asuri
ng system
i
n
tegr
at
e
d
w
i
th vacuum
dr
illi
ng system
is establ
ished. Experi
m
en
t on lunar rock stimul
ant in
atmosphere and vacuu
m
is taken out a
n
d
compar
ed.
Ke
y
w
ords
: lun
a
r drill b
i
t, therma
l char
acteris
t
ic, vacuu
m
en
viron
m
e
n
t, FBG
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Acco
rdi
ng to
Chin
a’s luna
r exploration
p
r
oje
c
t pla
nnin
g
, the
sam
p
ling d
e
vice
carried
by
the dete
c
tor will colle
ct lunar
soil, d
epth ab
out
2m from th
e
lunar surfa
c
e, with
bed
ding
informatio
n [1]. Consid
eri
ng the sampl
i
ng depth,
dry drilling pro
c
e
ss, tempe
r
ature chan
ge
of
lunar
soil [2], high vacuu
m
lunar surfa
c
e, poo
r thermal prop
ertie
s
of lunar
soi
l
[3-5] and high
solar radi
ation,
the drill
bit may
reach very high tem
p
erature. Th
e hi
gh tem
perature
of drill bit
will
result in stru
ctural dam
age
of drill bit. In
addition,
it also may take unkno
wn effe
ct to lunar
so
il,
leadin
g
to po
or sa
mple q
u
a
lity.
In con
s
ide
r
in
g of the engineeri
ng re
qu
irem
e
n
t, basi
ng on the drill bit structure and
drilling procedure paramet
e
rs,
an
ex
peri
mental devi
c
e in
this paper is desi
gned
to simulating
the
exce
ssive
wo
rkin
g
con
d
itio
n, the va
cuu
m
envir
onme
n
t and
luna
r
rocks.
Com
p
a
r
ative si
mulat
i
on
and tem
p
e
r
a
t
ure te
sting
of drillin
g p
r
oce
s
s a
r
e
p
e
rform
ed
un
der
atmo
sph
e
ric an
d va
cuum
con
d
ition, pro
v
iding refe
ren
c
e for d
e
sig
n
and optimi
z
at
ion.
2. On-line Te
mperatu
r
e M
easuring Sy
stem Based
on Fiber Bra
gg Gratin
g Sensor
Princi
ple of fiber Bra
gg g
r
a
t
ing (FBG)
se
nso
r
is
sho
w
n
in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Sch
e
matic Beam
Propa
gation
within the Fib
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Therm
a
l Simulation an
d Expe
rim
ent of Luna
r Drill Bit in Vacuum
(Jinsh
eng
Cui)
4757
Whe
n
a b
r
oa
dban
d bea
m tran
spo
r
ts to t
he fiber
g
r
atin
g, sin
c
e the b
and-
stop role of
filter
grating,
th
e Bragg wavel
ength
of
th
e
light
will
re
turn al
ong t
he same
ro
ute, and
oth
e
r
wavele
ngth
s
of light will pa
ss th
rou
gh th
e gratin
g.
If the wavelengt
h of the Brag
g gratin
g can
be
cha
nge
d for
some phy
sical
paramete
r
s,
the ch
ang
e
value can get by
analyzi
ng the
refle
c
tion or
transmissio
n
spe
c
tru
m
. Th
e Bra
g
g
wavelength
refers
to
the
effective refra
c
tive ind
e
x an
d
the
grating
con
s
t
ant of the fiber co
re, whi
c
h
is as
sho
w
n i
n
formula (1).
(1)
Whe
r
e
is Bra
gg wavel
engt
h;
is Effective
refra
c
tive in
dex;
is Grati
ng co
nsta
nt.
Differential form of formula (1) is
as
follows
:
(2)
It can be see
n
from form
ul
a (2) th
at the physi
cal qu
an
tities cha
ngin
g
whi
c
h
can
cause a
cha
nge
of the
fiber Bra
gg
g
r
ating
ref
r
a
c
tive index
or
th
e
g
r
id sp
aci
n
g,
will ca
use a
chan
ge of
t
h
e
Bragg wavele
ngth.
There are
several fa
cts
can
ca
use the Br
a
gg
wa
velength d
r
ift due to the
external
temperature
cha
nge
s, such as the fibe
r expan
sion
effec
t, the fiber thermal-optic effec
t
and the
photo-ela
s
tic
effect. The
p
hoto-el
asti
c e
ffect is
so
we
ak th
at it can
be i
gno
red.
Therefore,
in
a
certai
n temp
eratu
r
e
ran
g
e
, wh
en te
mperature
in
fluences
FB
G individu
all
y
, the thermal
expan
sion
effect a
n
d
the t
herm
o
-o
ptic
effect of
th
e
grating
p
e
rio
d
an
d th
e eff
e
ctive
refra
c
ti
ve
index ch
ang
e
can be exp
r
e
s
sed a
s
follo
ws:
(3)
(4)
Whe
r
e
is the thermal e
x
pansi
on co
efficient
of the fiber mat
e
rial;
is the
norm
a
lized
freque
ncy of the fiber.
Whe
n
the te
mperature
ch
ange
s, the
drift
of Bragg
wavele
ngth
caused by th
e
therm
o
-
optical effe
ct is den
oted a
s
:
(5)
Whe
r
e
is thermo-optic
coe
fficient (
)
.
The drift of FBG wavelen
g
t
h cau
s
ed by
temperature
cha
nge
can b
e
denote
d
as:
(6)
FBG sen
s
o
r
has hig
h
pre
c
ision, and its
sen
s
in
g re
sul
t
s are ra
rely affected by the sou
r
ce
energy o
r
th
e opti
c
al
pat
h, ada
pting t
o
the
humid
climate. An
d
it also
ha
s
capability of
a
n
ti
-
electroma
gne
tic interfe
r
en
ce, sm
all si
ze, easy
to p
a
ste, an
d ha
rdly impa
ct on me
cha
n
ical
prop
ertie
s
. Therefo
r
e FBG
sen
s
or i
s
the
best sol
u
tion
.
The fib
e
r
gra
t
ing temp
erat
ure
mea
s
u
r
in
g sy
stem i
s
mainly comp
ose
d
of
fibe
r Bragg
grating
sen
s
o
r
s, optical fiber tran
smi
ssi
on line,
optical signal d
e
m
odulato
r
, wire
less tran
sceive
r
device, P
C
and d
a
ta pro
c
e
ssi
ng
software. FBG
a
nd the d
r
ill b
i
t is sh
own i
n
Figu
re 3.
The
measuri
ng sy
stem is
sho
w
n in Figure 2.
Be
f
f
2
n
B
eff
n
ef
f
B
Be
f
f
n
n
T
ef
f
e
f
f
ef
f
e
ff
1
nd
n
dV
T
n
n
dV
dT
V
ef
f
ef
f
1
dn
dV
nd
V
d
T
6
6.67
10
B
B
()
T
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4756 – 4
763
4758
Figure 2. FBG and the Dri
ll Bit
Figure 3. Sch
e
matic Di
ag
ram of FBG Test System
The transmission fiber of t
he FBG sensor i
s
arranged along the drill pipe i
n
si
de.
And the
sen
s
o
r
is inst
alled in th
e drill near th
e cu
tting tool. The
demod
ulatio
n and
a wi
rel
e
ss mod
u
le a
r
e
installed on the host
sam
p
ling dr
ill
rig,
whi
c
h
can rot
a
te with the
drill ri
g. The
PC receives
data
via a wirele
ss module, then
display an
d restore the dat
a.
The experimental rig is shown (FB
G
s
ensor in drilling
tool) in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Experime
n
tal Rig
and Dem
odu
lator Installati
on
3. Simulation
Before the experiment, si
mulations
compar
i
s
on bet
ween drilling in atmosphere
and
vacuum
are
con
d
u
c
ted. T
he mai
n
differen
c
e
bet
ween the
two
con
d
ition
s
is conve
c
tion.
For
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Therm
a
l Simulation an
d Expe
rim
ent of Luna
r Drill Bit in Vacuum
(Jinsh
eng
Cui)
4759
vacuum exp
e
r
iment, co
nvection i
s
ign
o
red a
nd ra
d
i
ation is con
s
ide
r
ed in va
cuum
contai
n
e
r,
mean
while,
radiation i
s
ig
nore
d
a
nd
convectio
n
is
con
s
id
ere
d
o
u
t of vacu
u
m
co
ntaine
r. For
atmosp
he
re experim
ent,
convectio
n
i
s
alway
s
con
s
i
dere
d
, an
d
ra
diation i
s
th
e
sa
me
as tha
t
in
vacuum exp
e
r
iment. The h
eat tran
sfer di
agra
m
s a
r
e shown in Figu
re 5.
a) vacu
um ex
perim
ent
b) atmo
sph
e
re experim
ent
Figure 5. Heat Transfer Di
agram
s
of Drilling Experiment
In
ord
e
r
t
o
si
mplify
the
an
alysis, ch
ang
e
of cutting condition due
to
tempe
r
ature
ri
se
i
s
not con
s
ide
r
e
d
in th
e
simul
a
tion. Assum
e
that
h
eat
i
s
gene
rated
on
the su
rface betwe
en cutti
ng
edge a
nd rock. Part of the
heat ente
r
s i
n
to the dr
ill a
nd the othe
r
enters into th
e ro
ck. Th
e h
eat
gene
ration fo
r every cuttin
g
edge i
s
given:
11
()
()
()
44
e
qt
k
P
t
k
T
t
n
(
7
)
Whe
r
e P
(
t) i
s
power
co
nsu
m
ed o
n
the
motor,
W; k
i
s
eq
uivalent
corre
c
tion
co
efficient du
e t
o
the
factors
of he
at co
nversi
o
n
,
heat
partitio
n
an
d
so
on,
dete
r
mine
d
difficultly, here, k=0.7;
T(t) is
torque in d
r
illi
ng, Nm; n is rotational spe
ed, rpm.
Equivalent
co
rre
ction
coefficient i
s
difficu
lt
to be
dete
r
mined, ta
ken
0.7 he
re. A
c
cordin
g
to the p
r
evio
us
experi
m
en
ts, the to
rqu
e
,
simplifi
ed
to
se
gmentatio
n fun
c
tion, i
s
sho
w
n
in
Fig
u
re
6. And rotatio
nal sp
eed
will be 108rpm.
The thermal load
s of cuttin
g
edge
s are shown in Figu
re 7.
Figure 6. Torque versu
s
Ti
me in Simulation
Figure 7. The
r
mal Lo
ad
s of Cutting Edge
s
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ISSN: 23
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TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4756 – 4
763
4760
The m
a
terial
of bit and
rod
is
C45
ste
e
l
with
smooth
surfa
c
e. The
length of
ro
d is
1
000
mm with 500
mm in the vacu
um tan
k
for vacuum e
x
perime
n
t. The sim
u
lation
param
eters
are
sho
w
n in Ta
b
l
e 1.
Table 1. The
Paramete
rs o
f
Simulation
Room
temperatu
r
e(
Ԩ
)
density
(k
g/m
3
)
thermal conductivity
(W
/m
Ԩ
)
specific heat
(J
/k
g
Ԩ
)
emissi
vity
convection
coefficient (W/m2)
20 7.85
0
℃
52.34
20
Ԩ
461
0.24 5
100
Ԩ
48.85
200
Ԩ
44.19
200
Ԩ
544
300
Ԩ
41.78
The di
stribution of
temperature
field for
the dr
ill tool and the m
e
asuring point i
s
shown in
Figure 8. The
result i
s
sho
w
in Figu
re 9.
Figure 8. Dist
ribution of
Te
mperature Fi
eld for
the Drill To
ol and the Mea
s
uring Poi
n
t
Figure 9. Te
mperature
s
o
f
Measu
r
ing
Point in
Atmosph
e
re
and Vacuum
versu
s
Time i
n
Simulation
It can b
e
se
en fro
m
Fig
u
re
9 that u
nder the
sa
me Th
erm
a
l
load
co
nditi
ons, th
e
temperature
rise of me
a
s
uri
ng poi
nt in vac
uum
is highe
r than that in atmosp
he
re,
that
confo
r
m
s
to the expe
ctatio
n. The differe
nce of tempe
r
ature is a
bout
40
Ԩ
.
4. Thermal Test in Vacuu
m
and Atmo
sphere
a) drilli
ng into
Sandston
e
in
vacuum
b) The
san
d
st
one after d
r
illi
ng
Figure 10. Pictures
of Drilli
ng Sandstone
The test process is sho
w
n
in Figure 1
0
and
Figu
re
11. In orde
r to obtain the
desi
r
ed
vacuum
test
environ
ment
, a rotary v
ane va
cuum
pump
wa
s
use
d
, whi
c
h
can
achiev
e a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Therm
a
l Simulation an
d Expe
rim
ent of Luna
r Drill Bit in Vacuum
(Jinsh
eng
Cui)
4761
maximum vacu
um of 1
P
a. Comp
ari
ng with th
e
molecula
r pump, which co
uld rea
c
h
highe
r
vacu
u
m
degree, rot
a
ry vane va
cuum pu
mp
can
with
stan
d harsh
d
u
st e
n
vironm
ent.
The
existing va
cu
um pum
p req
u
ire
s
2
-
3 h
o
u
r
s to
obtain t
he ne
ce
ssary
test environ
ment. If a hig
her
vacuum
envi
r
onment
nee
d
ed, the te
st ti
me will
in
cre
a
s
e
expon
entially. Con
s
ide
r
ing a
bove fa
cts
,
a rota
ry van
e
vacu
um p
u
mp
was chosen to
m
eet the mini
mum requi
re
ments fo
r te
st
environ
ment.
a) drilli
ng into loam bri
ck in vacuum
b) The lo
am brick after d
r
il
ling
Figure 11. Picture
s
of Drilli
ng Loam Bri
ck
The trial
matrixs for te
st ph
ase I
and te
st
pha
se II a
r
e
as
sho
w
n
in
Table
2 an
d
Table
3,
with their results
.
Table 2. The
r
mal test trial matrix of pha
se I (ro
om te
mperature 1
7
Ԩ
)
No.
dr
illing
subject
vacuum
degree [Pa]
dr
illing par
ameter
s
dr
illing
time[min]
feed maximum
temperatu
r
e[
Ԩ
]
feed-stop ma
xim
u
m
temperatu
r
e[
Ԩ
]
rotational
speed[rpm]
feed rate
[mm/min]
1001
sandstone
170 108
2
feed 8.5/
feed-
stop1.5
200 230
1002
normal
atmosphere
108 2
feed 8.5/
feed-
stop1.5
100 114
1003
130
108
2
feed 8.5/
feed-stop
5
199 248
1004
normal
atmosphere
108 2
feed 8.5/
feed-stop
5
104 138
1005
loam brick
230 108
2
feed 12/
feed-stop
3
98 87
1006
normal
atmosphere
108 2
feed 12/
feed-stop
3
70 60
1007
200
108
4
feed 6/
feed-stop
3
168 224
1008
normal
atmosphere
108 4
feed 6/
feed-stop
3
128 198
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02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4756 – 4
763
4762
Table 3. The
r
mal Test Tri
a
l
Matrix of Phase II (ro
om tempe
r
ature 2
0
Ԩ
)
No.
dr
illing
subject
vacuum
degree [Pa]
dr
illing par
ameter
s
dr
illing
time[min]
dr
illing
depth[mm]
feed maximum
temperatu
r
e[
Ԩ
]
rotational
speed[rpm]
feed rate
[mm/min]
2001
loam brick
190 108
20
2.5
50
70
2002
87
108
2
25
50
263
2003
150
54
2
6
12
35
2004
130
108
1
50
50
492
2005
100
54
1
50
50
96
2006
sandstone
190 54
1
32
32
265
2007
84
108
1
35
35
378
2008
40
108
2
25
50
407
2009
74
108
1
50
20
420
2010
35
108
2
25
50
414
Note: Du
ring
test No. 200
3
,
the rig brea
ks do
wn, but the data is eff
e
ctive for ana
lysis.
5. The Influence of the Vacuum on the Therm
al Characteristics of the
Drilling Process
The te
sts si
mulate th
e l
unar
surfa
c
e
vacu
um
co
n
d
itions. A
c
co
rding
to th
e
test pla
n
matrix, two sets of te
st data, which
are pe
rformed in unif
o
rm envi
r
on
mental condi
tions
respe
c
tively, are
ch
ose
n
f
o
r
comp
ari
s
o
n
. The two a
r
e li
sted in
T
able 4
and
T
able 5. An
d the
comp
ari
ng cu
rves a
r
e sho
w
n in Figu
re
12 and Fig
u
re 13.
Table 4. 100
1
-
100
2 Rigi
d Sand
stone Exp
e
rime
nt Data
No.
vacuum
degree [Pa]
dr
illing par
ameter
s
dr
illing time[min]
feed maximum
temperatu
r
e[]
feed-stop ma
xim
u
m
temperatu
r
e[]
rotational
speed[rpm]
feed rate
[mm/min]
1001
170
108
2
feed 8.5/
feed-stop1.5
200 230
1002
normal
atmosphere
108 2
feed 8.5/
feed-stop1.5
100 114
Table 5. 1005-1006 Rigi
d Clay Drilling Ex
perim
ent Dat
a
No.
vacuum
degree [Pa]
dr
illing par
ameter
s
dr
illing
time[min]
feed maximum
temperatu
r
e[]
feed-stop ma
xim
u
m
temperatu
r
e[]
rotational
speed[rpm]
feed rate
[mm/min]
1005
230
108
2
feed 12/
feed-stop
3
98 87
1006
normal
atmosphere
108 2
feed 12/
feed-stop
3
70 60
It can
be
see
n
from
Fig
u
re
6
and
Figu
re
7 th
at un
der
the same
exp
e
rime
ntal
con
d
itions,
the atmo
sph
e
r
ic te
st an
d the vacuum te
st have di
ffe
rent re
sult
s. Vacu
um ha
s
a
gre
a
t influen
ce
on the
drill bit
temperature, and th
e tem
peratu
r
e
of
bi
t unde
r vacuu
m
is al
mo
st d
ouble
of that i
n
atmosp
he
re
whe
n
the temperature
re
ach
e
s 20
0
Ԩ
. The differe
nce of the tempe
r
ature in
experim
ent hi
gher tha
n
tha
t
in simulation
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Therm
a
l Simulation an
d Expe
rim
ent of Luna
r Drill Bit in Vacuum
(Jinsh
eng
Cui)
4763
Figure 12. 10
01 and 1
002
Rigid San
d
st
one
Drilling Temperature
Figure 13. 10
05 and 1
006
Rigid
Clay Dri
lling
(2mm/min) T
e
mperature Curve
6. Conclusio
n
The temperat
ure and its i
n
fluen
cing factors in drilling rigid
regolith process is
a great
con
c
e
r
n of space
e
ngin
e
e
ring, espe
ci
ally
in
va
cuu
m
. A prelimin
ary expe
rime
ntal re
se
arch
on
this issu
e is
carrie
d out i
n
this p
ape
r. It c
an be
seen fro
m
the
experim
enta
l
results that,
in
vacuum, the t
e
mpe
r
ature o
f
the drill will signifi
cant
ly ri
se. And the h
i
gher the tem
peratu
r
e i
s
, the
deep
er the
effect sh
ows. T
he expe
rime
n
t
al result
s
sh
ow that the v
a
cu
um mu
st
be con
s
ide
r
e
d
as
one of the important fa
ctors
duri
ng the study on the drill bit thermal cha
r
a
c
teri
stic.
The
re
sult in
this
pap
er i
s
the
first
st
ep of th
e
study on
luna
r reg
o
lith d
r
ill
therm
a
l
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics. The a
c
tu
al drilling p
r
oce
s
s on L
una would
be take
n in
a high vacuum
environment, whi
c
h is al
most impo
ssi
ble
to reach, and more accu
rate simulations will be carri
ed
out in further
resea
r
ch.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This
wo
rk was fina
nci
a
lly sup
p
o
r
ted b
y
t
he Natio
n
al Natu
re S
c
ience Fo
und
ation of
Chin
a
(Grant
No.
51
1050
92) an
d
Coll
ege
Di
sci
p
lin
e Innovatio
n
Wisdom
Plan
of
Chin
a
(1
11
Proje
c
t, Gran
t No. B07018
).
Referen
ces
[1]
Z
hang
H. F
r
o
m
the S
a
tell
ite to
Lun
ar Pr
obe.
S
h
a
ngh
ai
: Shan
gh
ai S
c
ientific
an
d T
e
chn
o
lo
gic
a
l
Educati
on Pu
bl
ishin
g
. 20
07.
[2]
Cui J, Hou
X, Z
hao D. Experi
m
ent
al R
e
sear
ch on T
e
mpera
t
ure Rise of Bit
in Drill
ing N
o
r
m
al an
d Lo
w
T
e
mperature L
unar So
il Simu
l
ant
. Appli
ed M
e
cha
n
ics a
nd
Materials
. 2
0
1
3
; 373: 20
08-2
014.
[3]
Cremers
C, Bir
k
ebak
R, D
a
w
s
on J.
T
h
er
mal
con
ductivity
of
fines
fro
m
A
p
ollo
1
1
. Proc
e
edi
ngs
of th
e
Apol
lp 11
Lun
a
r
Science C
onf
erenc
e. 197
0; 3: 2045-
20
50.
[4]
Cremers C, Bi
rkebak R.
T
h
e
r
ma
l con
ductiv
i
ty of fines fro
m
Ap
oll
o
1
2
. Procee
din
g
s o
f
the Secon
d
Lun
ar Scie
nce
Confer
ence.
1
971; 3: 23
11-2
315.
[5] Keihm
S,
La
ng
se
th
M.
Surf
ace
brig
htness
te
mper
atures
at th
e
Ap
ol
lo
17
h
eat fl
ow
site: T
her
ma
l
cond
uctivity of
the up
per 1
5
c
m
re
gol
ith
. Pro
c
eed
ings
of the F
ourth L
unar
Scienc
e Co
nferenc
e. 198
0
;
3: 2503-
25
13.
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