Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
,
pp.
23
~
31
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
23
-
31
23
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Mont
e Car
l
o anal
ysis for sola
r PV i
mp
ac
t as
sess
m
ent
in MV
distribu
tion netw
or
ks
Dili
ni Almei
d
a
1
,
Jagadees
h
Pasupule
ti
2
,
S
ha
n
gari
K. R
aveendr
an
3
,
M. Re
ya
s
udin B
as
ir
K
han
4
1,
2,
3
Coll
ege
of
E
ngine
er
ing
,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
n
aga Na
sional
(UN
ITE
N
),
Putra
jay
a
,
Mal
a
y
si
a
4
Manipa
l
Interna
ti
onal Unive
rsi
t
y
,
Nil
ai,
Neg
eri Sem
bil
an
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
9
, 2
021
Re
vised
Jun
7
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
8
, 202
1
The
rap
id
pen
etrati
on
of
solar
photovol
taic
(PV
)
sy
stems
in
distri
buti
o
n
net
works
has
impos
ed
var
ious
implic
at
ions
on
net
work
oper
at
ions
.
The
ref
or
e,
i
t
is
i
m
per
at
ive
to
con
sider
the
stoch
asti
c
na
ture
of
PV
gene
ra
ti
on
and
lo
ad
deman
d
to
add
ress
th
e
oper
at
ion
al
c
hal
l
enge
s
in
fut
ure
PV
-
ric
h
distri
buti
on
n
etw
orks.
Thi
s
pap
er
proposes
a
M
onte
Car
lo
base
d
proba
bilis
ti
c
fra
m
ework
for
a
ss
essing
the
impact
of
PV
pen
et
ra
ti
on
on
m
edi
um
volt
a
g
e
(MV
)
distri
buti
o
n
net
works
.
The
unce
rt
ai
nt
ie
s a
ss
oci
a
te
d
wi
th
PV
insta
llati
o
n
c
apaci
t
y
and
it
s
l
oca
t
ion,
as
well
as
the
ti
m
e
-
var
y
i
ng
nat
ure
of
PV
gene
ra
ti
on
and
loa
d
demand
were
conside
red
for
the
implementa
ti
on
of
the
proba
bil
ist
i
c
fra
m
ework.
A
ca
se
stud
y
w
as
per
form
ed
for
a
t
y
pical
MV
distri
but
ion
net
work
in
Malay
s
ia,
demons
tra
ti
ng
th
e
eff
e
ct
iv
ene
ss
of
M
onte
Car
l
o
ana
l
y
sis
in
evalu
at
ing
the
pot
enti
al
PV
impact
s
in
the
future
.
A
total
of
1000
Monte
Carl
o
si
m
ula
ti
ons
were
conduc
t
ed
to
acc
ura
tel
y
ide
nt
if
y
t
he
infl
uen
ce
of
PV
pene
tra
t
i
on
on
volt
ag
e
p
rofil
es
and
n
et
w
ork
losses.
Besi
des,
seve
r
al
ke
y
m
et
r
ic
s
were
used
to
q
uant
if
y
th
e
tec
hnic
a
l
per
form
a
nce
of
the
distri
buti
on
n
etw
ork.
The
r
esults
rev
ea
l
ed
th
at
t
he
wors
t
rep
er
cu
ss
ion
of
high
solar
PV
penetr
at
ion
on
t
y
p
ic
a
l
Malay
si
an
MV
distri
but
ion
n
etw
orks
is
the
viol
ation
of
the
upper
volt
a
g
e
st
at
utor
y
l
imit,
wh
ic
h
is
li
k
ely
to
o
cc
ur
be
y
ond
70%
penetration
le
v
el
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
a
naly
sis
MV d
ist
ri
buti
on
netw
ork
PV
pe
netrati
on
Syst
e
m
p
ower
loss
Vo
lt
age
r
ise
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Dili
ni A
lm
ei
da
Coll
ege
of
En
gi
neer
in
g
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
na
ga Nasi
onal
(UN
ITE
N)
Jal
an
I
KR
AM
-
UNITE
N,
43
000 Ka
j
a
ng, S
el
ango
r,
Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
:
dili
nialme
ida2@gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ov
e
r
t
he
la
st
de
cade,
m
any
countries
ha
ve
i
niti
at
ed
the
pr
ocess
of
set
ti
ng
up
acce
ss
to
transm
issi
on
and
distrib
utio
n
netw
orks
to
li
ber
al
iz
e
their
el
ect
rical
sys
t
e
m
s
[1
]
.
This
has
bee
n
ass
oc
ia
te
d
with
subs
ta
ntial
grow
t
h
in
the
par
ti
ci
patio
n
of
distri
bu
te
d
gen
e
rato
rs
of
va
rio
us
te
c
hnologies.
O
wing
to
the
pro
po
s
e
d
dev
el
op
m
ents
in
the
reducti
on
of
ca
rbo
n
f
oo
t
pr
i
nts
an
d
rising
te
m
per
at
ur
es,
a
m
ajo
r
sh
ar
e
of
distr
ibu
te
d
gen
e
rato
rs
is
e
xp
ect
e
d
to
be
fo
c
us
e
d
on
re
ne
wab
le
e
ne
rg
y
[2
]
.
Re
centl
y,
the
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
integ
rati
on
of
s
olar
PV
syst
e
m
s
ha
s
sho
wn
a
re
m
ark
able
e
xpa
ns
io
n
due
t
o
t
he
e
nhance
d
m
od
ule
pe
rform
ance,
ec
onom
ie
s
of
scal
e,
an
d
rese
arch
an
d
de
velop
m
ent
relat
iv
e
to
the
ot
her
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
s
ources
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
per
i
od
of
2010
to
2019,
the
com
po
und
annual
gro
w
th
rate
of
so
la
r
PV
has
c
ro
s
se
d
over
40%
a
nd
it
s
glo
bal
in
sta
ll
ed
capaci
ty
is
pr
oject
ed
to
r
each
8519
G
W
by
2050
[
3].
In
Ma
la
ysi
a,
the
gove
rn
m
ent
has
intende
d
to
a
dd
a
n
annual
s
olar
ca
pacit
y
of
200
M
W
in
Pe
nin
s
ula
Ma
la
ysi
a
a
nd
50
M
W
i
n
S
abah
th
rou
gh
t
he
im
p
lem
enta
ti
on
of
the lar
ge
-
scal
e
so
la
r (LS
S) p
r
ogram
[
4].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
23
-
3
1
24
Ty
pical
ly
,
tradit
ion
al
powe
r
syst
em
s
are
co
nf
i
gure
d
as
passive
netw
orks
t
hat
co
ns
ide
r
a
un
i
directi
onal
p
owe
r
flo
w
fee
d: f
r
om
central
iz
ed
gen
e
rati
on
to
con
s
um
ers.
Thus,
the r
a
pid pr
olife
rati
on of P
V
s
yst
e
m
s
po
ses
new
te
ch
nical
chall
enges
on
the
operati
on
and
perform
ance
of
these
netw
orks,
since
the
y
hav
e
no
t
bee
n
desi
gned
to
facil
it
at
e
dis
per
se
d
ge
ner
at
io
n
[
5]
.
I
n
par
ti
cula
r,
MV
distrib
utio
n
netw
orks
to
wh
ic
h
la
rg
e
-
scal
e
s
olar
plants
a
re
i
nteg
rated
dir
e
ct
ly
or
by
a
ggreg
at
io
n
of
lo
w
vo
lt
a
ge
in
sta
ll
at
ion
s
are
a
lread
y
exp
e
rienci
ng
te
chn
ic
al
c
halle
ng
e
s
in
a
reas
wh
e
re
high
P
V
c
on
ce
ntrati
ons
e
xist
[
6
]
.
A
m
on
g
these
te
chn
ic
a
l
chall
enges,
the
vo
lt
age
rise h
a
s
been
ide
ntifie
d
as
the
m
os
t
c
riti
cal
chall
enge
as
it
s
i
m
p
li
ca
ti
on
s
di
rectl
y
a
ff
ect
the p
e
rfo
rm
ance of th
e
d
ist
ri
buti
on n
et
wor
k [
7
]
,
[
8
].
Ow
i
ng
to
the
s
tochasti
c
natu
r
e
of
the
outp
ut,
PV
un
it
s
are
c
on
si
der
e
d
unc
ontr
ollable
.
As
a
resu
lt
,
the
var
yi
ng
ge
ner
a
ti
on
an
d
load
dem
and
co
uld
c
ause
over
volt
age
pro
blem
s
i
n
MV
distribu
ti
on
netw
orks.
Durin
g
per
i
od
s
w
hen
low
dem
and
a
nd
hi
gh
ge
ner
at
ion
c
oin
ci
des,
excess
ge
ner
a
ti
on
fl
ow
s
to
w
ard
s
t
he
s
ubsta
ti
on
form
ing
rev
e
rs
e
powe
r
flo
ws
[
9
]
.
C
on
se
que
ntly
,
the
ordi
na
ry
be
hav
i
our
of
t
he
distri
bu
t
ion
netw
ork
va
ries,
le
ading
t
o
i
ncrea
sed
volt
age
l
evels.
Be
sides
,
vo
lt
age
vio
la
ti
on
s
c
ould
oc
cu
r
with
a
f
ur
t
her
el
evati
on
in
th
e
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel
in
the
net
work.
Noneth
el
ess,
the
se
ve
rity
of
the
se
i
m
pacts
dep
en
ds
on
seve
ral
factors,
includi
ng
netw
ork
t
opology,
geog
raphic
loc
at
ion
a
nd
siz
e
of
instal
le
d
P
V
syst
em
s,
an
d
weathe
r
c
onditi
ons
[
10
]
.
T
he
i
ncr
e
ased
act
ive
po
wer
loss
of
t
he
netw
ork
,
acc
om
pan
ie
d
by
hi
gh
s
olar
P
V
i
nt
egr
at
io
n,
is
an
oth
e
r
chall
enge
that
cou
l
d
affe
ct
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
distr
ibu
ti
on
net
wor
k
[
11
]
.
Us
ually
,
the
netw
ork
los
s
represe
nts
a
U
-
s
ha
pe
tra
j
ec
tory
a
gainst
t
he
P
V
pe
netra
ti
on
le
vel
[
1
2
]
.
It
is
e
xpect
ed
to
dec
rease
unde
r
m
od
erate
PV
pen
et
rati
on,
as
the
inte
gr
at
io
n
of
PV
syst
em
s
red
uces
th
e
net
po
wer
fl
ow
withi
n
the
netw
or
k
[1
3
]
.
Howe
ver,
at
hi
gh
P
V
pe
netrati
on
l
ev
el
s,
the
inc
rease
d
rev
e
rse
pow
er
fl
ow
c
ou
l
d
r
esult
in
hi
gh
ne
twork
losses
[1
4
]
.
Re
centl
y,
a
c
on
si
der
a
ble
num
ber
of
rese
arch
ef
forts
ha
ve
bee
n
unde
rtake
n
to
in
ve
sti
gate
the
po
te
ntial
te
chn
ic
al
chall
eng
es
associat
ed
with
high
pen
et
r
at
ion
s
of
PV
in
distrib
utio
n
netw
orks.
Mo
st
of
these
PV
im
pact
assessm
ents
hav
e
bee
n
f
oc
us
e
d
on
assess
ing
the
e
ff
ect
of
gr
i
d
-
c
onnec
te
d
so
la
r
PV
on
the
syst
e
m
and
qu
antify
ing
t
he
a
ntici
pated
im
pacts
as
a
functi
on
of
t
he
pe
net
rati
on
le
vel,
co
ns
ide
rin
g
the
s
ta
tutes
and
sta
ndar
ds
.
The
m
et
ho
ds
util
iz
ed
in
prev
iou
s
st
ud
ie
s
t
o
analy
ze,
an
d
quantify
the
so
l
ar
P
V
im
pacts
cou
l
d
be
m
ai
nly
ca
te
gorized
as
determ
inist
ic
and
pro
ba
bili
sti
c
ty
pes.
In
the
dete
rm
i
nisti
c
appr
oac
h,
t
he
un
ce
rtai
nties
li
nk
e
d
t
o
P
V
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
re
id
entifi
ed
a
nd
e
va
lua
te
d
us
in
g
s
cenari
o
-
base
d
analy
sis.
T
he
worst
-
case
scena
rio
analy
sis
is
on
e
of
t
he
frequ
e
ntly
ad
op
te
d
decisi
on
-
m
aking
te
c
hniqu
e
s
in
the
e
ven
t
of
un
ce
rtai
nties.
Be
sides,
this
m
et
ho
d
does
not
co
ntem
plate
the
pr
ob
a
bili
sti
c
aspect
of
the
syst
em
,
as
al
l
the
inpu
t
data
a
nd
the
e
ve
nts
are
kn
own
in
adv
a
nce
.
O
ne
of
t
he
ke
y
lim
i
ta
ti
on
s
of
this
m
et
ho
d
is
the
ov
e
resti
m
at
ed
resu
lt
s
wh
ic
h
cou
l
d
dri
ve
unnece
ssary
gr
i
d
rei
nfor
cem
ents.
Howe
ver
,
in
the
prob
a
bili
sti
c
appr
oach,
the
r
andom
pr
oba
bili
ty
of
an
eve
nt
is
con
side
red
t
o
assist
the
syst
e
m
un
certai
nties.
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
i
s
on
e
of
t
he
wi
de
ly
e
m
plo
ye
d
pro
bab
il
ist
ic
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
that
gen
e
rates
re
pe
at
ed
ra
ndom
s
a
m
pling
to
a
ddress
the
un
ce
rtai
nties i
n t
he
syst
em
.
Ma
ny
determ
i
nisti
c
ty
pe
stu
dies
hav
e
bee
n
re
porte
d
in
the
li
te
ratu
re
t
o
assess
t
he
P
V
pe
netrati
on
i
m
pacts
on
M
V
distri
bu
ti
on
netw
orks.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
a
determ
i
nisti
c
ty
pe
i
m
pact
assessm
ent
has
been
pe
rfor
m
ed
to
exam
ine
the
ne
twork
l
os
ses
and
volt
age
iss
ues
relat
e
d
to
PV
pen
et
rati
on
in
MV
distrib
ution
net
works
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
so
la
r
var
ia
bili
ty
con
diti
on
s
.
A
sim
i
la
r
stud
y
has
be
en
co
nducted
in
[1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
to
evaluate
the
im
pact
of
P
V
pe
netra
ti
on
on
distrib
ution
netw
ork
s'
vo
lt
age
profi
le
and
power
losses.
In
[1
9
]
,
the
auth
ors
have
stud
ie
d
the
e
f
fect
of
P
V
se
lf
-
co
nsum
ption
on
the
volt
age
le
vels
a
nd
syst
e
m
losses
of
a
S
pa
nish
MV
distrib
ution
network,
co
ns
ide
r
ing
six
ge
ogra
ph
ic
distri
bu
ti
ons;
rand
om
,
di
sp
ers
ed
,
low,
m
od
erate,
strong,
an
d
extrem
e.
In
[
20
]
,
the
im
pact
of
P
V
ge
nerat
ion
on
the
volt
age
pro
file
s
and
powe
r
lo
sses
in
distri
buti
on
n
et
w
orks
has
been
assesse
d,
co
ns
ide
rin
g
di
ff
ere
nt
P
V
in
ver
te
r
capaci
ti
es,
instal
le
d
at
dif
fer
e
nt
loca
ti
ons
.
Re
fer
e
nces
[
21
]
-
[
2
5
]
hav
e
pro
posed
M
on
t
e
Ca
rlo
base
d
pro
bab
il
ist
ic
i
m
pact
assess
m
ents
to
dete
rm
ine
the
influ
e
nce
of
P
V/D
G
pe
netrat
ion
on
MV d
ist
rib
ut
ion
n
et
w
orks
.
I
n
m
os
t
of
these
publica
ti
on
s
,
the
aut
hor
s
hav
e
ta
ken
into
acc
ount
the
num
ber
of
P
V
syst
em
s,
the
instal
led
capaci
ty
,
and
the
locat
ion
w
it
hin
the
distribu
ti
on
netw
ork
as
un
certai
nties
ass
ociat
ed
with
s
olar
P
V
gen
e
r
at
ion
.
In
[
2
6
]
,
a
stud
y
has
b
e
en
pe
r
form
ed
to
assess
the
i
m
pact
of
PV
syst
em
s
on
a
ru
ral
MV
di
stribu
ti
on
net
w
ork
by
util
iz
ing
a
Mon
te
Ca
r
lo
based
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
to
represe
nt the i
nterm
ittency
o
f
PV pro
duct
io
n an
d
loa
ds.
Wh
il
e
a
fe
w
st
ud
ie
s
ha
ve
pro
po
s
ed
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
a
naly
sis
f
or
so
la
r
P
V
i
m
pact
assess
m
ent
in
M
V
distrib
ution
ne
tworks
,
the
stu
dies
that
consi
der
detai
le
d
an
d
reali
sti
c
network
m
od
el
s
with
high
res
ol
ution,
tim
e
-
series
representat
io
ns
ar
e
lim
it
ed.
The
refor
e
,
this
pa
per
pro
po
se
s
and
a
dopts
a
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
base
d
pro
bab
il
ist
ic
f
ram
ewo
rk
to
inv
est
igate
t
he
pote
ntial
te
chn
ic
al
im
pacts
of
s
olar
P
V
pe
netrati
on
on
MV
distrib
ution n
et
works
wh
il
e ca
te
ring to
t
he unc
ertai
nties rela
te
d
to
s
olar
P
V gen
e
rati
on.
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
the
pa
pe
r
is
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
Sect
ion
2
outl
ines
the
re
sea
rch
m
et
hod
includi
ng
the
pro
po
se
d
M
on
te
Ca
rlo
-
base
d
pro
ba
bili
sti
c
fr
am
ewo
rk
,
t
he
i
m
pact
m
e
tric
s
,
a
nd
the
case
stu
dy
.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
ob
ta
ined
from
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
the
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
are
prese
nted
a
nd
discusse
d i
n Se
ct
ion
s
3
.
Finall
y, the c
on
cl
us
i
on
s
are
dra
wn in S
ect
io
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Mo
nte Carl
o a
na
ly
sis f
or
s
olar PV i
mpact
asse
ssme
nt in
M
V d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
ks
(
Dili
ni Almei
da
)
25
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
sect
io
n
presents
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
im
pact
assessm
ent
fr
am
ewo
r
k
a
nd
t
he
im
pact
m
e
t
rics
us
e
d
t
o
analy
ze an
d q
ua
ntify t
he
im
pact o
f
so
la
r
P
V pen
et
rati
on on M
V
distri
buti
on
netw
orks.
2
.
1.
O
ver
vie
w
o
f the
i
mp
ac
t
a
ssessme
nt
f
ramew
ork
The
pro
posed
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
base
d
pro
ba
bili
sti
c
i
m
pact
assessm
ent
f
ram
ewo
rk
is
capab
le
of
inv
est
igati
ng
t
he
po
te
ntial
te
chn
ic
al
im
pacts
of
s
olar
PV
pe
netrati
on
on
MV
distri
buti
on
netw
orks
wh
il
e
addressi
ng
t
he
uncertai
nties
and
inter
m
it
ten
t
nat
ur
e
of
s
olar
P
V
gener
at
ion
.
T
he
flo
wch
a
rt
of
the
i
m
pac
t
assessm
ent
fr
am
ewo
r
k
is
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
For
a
giv
e
n
MV
distrib
utio
n
net
work,
this
fr
am
ewo
r
k
ev
al
uates
the possi
ble im
pacts
of
so
la
r
P
V pen
et
rati
on in
te
rm
s o
f
sev
e
ral m
et
rics.
S
t
a
r
t
M
od
e
l
l
i
n
g
M
V
ne
t
w
or
k m
ode
l
T
opo
l
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
of
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k
D
a
i
l
y l
oa
d a
nd P
V
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on p
r
of
i
l
e
s
I
m
p
a
c
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
R
un t
hr
e
e
-
pha
s
e
t
i
m
e
-
s
e
r
i
e
s
pow
e
r
f
l
ow
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ons
A
not
he
r
P
V
de
pl
oym
e
nt
s
c
e
na
r
i
o t
o
a
na
l
ys
e
?
R
e
c
or
d t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on r
e
s
ul
t
s
E
nd
A
na
l
ys
e
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
Y
e
s
No
M
on
t
e
C
ar
l
o
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
on
R
a
ndo
m
l
y gene
r
a
t
e
P
V
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y a
nd l
oc
a
t
i
on
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
s
t
o t
he
ne
t
w
or
k
S
e
l
e
c
t
t
he
P
V
pe
ne
t
r
a
t
i
on l
e
ve
l
A
not
he
r
P
V
P
e
ne
t
r
a
t
i
on l
e
ve
l
t
o
a
na
l
ys
e
?
No
Y
e
s
Figur
e
1.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
pro
po
s
ed
Mo
nte C
arlo
s
olar
P
V
i
m
pact assess
m
ent fram
ewo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
23
-
3
1
26
Firstl
y, the to
polo
gical
and el
ect
rical
d
at
a of
the select
ed
M
V
distri
buti
on
netw
ork
is
us
e
d
to
de
velo
p
a
detai
le
d
netw
ork
m
od
el
c
onnected
with
so
l
ar
P
V
syst
em
s.
In
or
der
t
o
c
o
nduct
a
reali
sti
c
analy
sis,
different
load
pr
of
il
es
and
ir
rad
ia
nce
prof
il
es
are
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
incorp
or
at
e
real
-
tim
e
var
ia
ti
on
s
in
PV
ge
ner
at
ion
an
d
load
dem
and
.
As
the
first
ste
p
to
wards
the
Mote
Ca
rlo
im
plem
entat
ion
,
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
PV
de
ploym
ent
scenari
o
s
are
consi
der
e
d
by
rando
m
ly
a
llo
cat
ing
differe
nt
PV
capaci
ti
es
acro
ss
the
netw
ork.
T
herea
fter,
three
-
phase,
ti
m
e
-
series,
m
inu
te
-
by
-
m
inu
te
,
daily
po
we
r
f
low
sim
ulati
on
s
are
perform
e
d
to
inv
e
sti
gate
the
po
s
sible
s
olar
PV
im
pacts
under
dif
fer
e
nt
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
ls.
The
m
ai
n
ste
ps
of
a
si
ng
l
e
si
m
ulati
on
unde
r
a
par
ti
cula
r pene
trat
ion
le
vel ar
e su
m
m
arized b
el
ow.
Allocat
ion
of
l
oad
co
nsum
pti
on
pr
of
il
es
f
or
reside
ntial
,
c
om
m
ercial
,
and
industrial
loa
ds
co
nnect
ed
t
o
the
netw
ork.
Ra
ndom
al
locat
ion
of
PV
ca
pacit
ie
s
acr
os
s
the
netw
ork
unti
l
the
de
fine
d
le
vel
of
penet
rati
on
is
reac
hed
(r
a
ndom
ly
gen
erated
P
V
ca
pa
ci
ti
es
are
assig
ned
t
o
ra
ndom
l
y
gen
e
rated
nodes).
T
he
P
V
ge
ner
at
io
n
prof
i
le
s
are all
ocated
to
each PV
syst
em
r
and
om
ly
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
netw
ork.
Power
flo
w
si
m
ul
a
ti
on
s
are
perform
ed
and
the
re
quired
r
esults
(
vo
lt
ag
e
s,
cu
rr
e
nts,
a
nd
power
flo
ws
)
are
extracte
d an
d r
ecorde
d
f
or lat
er
processin
g u
nd
e
r
t
he
im
pact assessm
ent.
The
ab
ove
pro
cess
is
rep
eat
e
d
unti
l
a
def
in
ed
num
ber
of
scenari
os
are
s
i
m
ulate
d
unde
r
each
P
V
p
enet
rati
on
le
ve
l.
Finall
y,
the
resu
lt
s
of
al
l
powe
r
flo
w
sim
ulati
on
s
are
an
al
yz
ed
an
d
qua
ntifie
d
us
i
ng
s
ever
al
i
m
pact
m
et
rics
to
asse
ss the
potenti
al
so
la
r
P
V
im
pacts o
n t
he dist
rib
utio
n netw
ork.
2
.
2
.
Im
pa
c
t
m
etrics
The
f
ollo
wing
m
et
rics
are
adopted
t
o
anal
yz
e
and
qu
a
ntify
the
key
te
chn
ic
al
im
pacts
of
diff
e
re
nt
so
la
r PV
p
e
net
rati
on levels
on MV
d
ist
rib
ution
netw
orks
.
2.2.1.
M
ax
im
u
m nodal
volt
age
This m
et
ric ass
esses the inf
l
ue
nce of
so
la
r
P
V
pe
netrati
on
on
t
he
volt
age
prof
il
es of the
netw
ork.
F
or
each
p
ow
e
r
flo
w
sim
ulati
on
,
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
no
dal
volt
age
re
corde
d
in
the
ne
twork
is
e
xtra
ct
ed
to
exam
ine
th
e
var
ia
ti
on
of
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
v
oltage
unde
r diffe
ren
t
PV pe
netr
at
ion
lev
el
s.
2.2.2.
V
olt
ag
e
v
iola
tio
ns
This
m
et
ric
assesses
th
e
pote
ntial
vo
lt
age
rise
pro
blem
s
of
the
net
w
ork
due
to
hi
gh
s
olar
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
in
t
he
f
uture.
F
or
each
powe
r
fl
ow
sim
ulati
on
,
t
he
daily
vo
lt
ag
e
pro
file
s
of
al
l
nodes
co
nnect
ed
t
o
the
net
wor
k
ar
e
analy
zed
f
or
adh
e
re
nce
to
the
local
sta
nda
rd
s
.
Accord
i
ng
to
the
sta
tuto
r
y
lim
it
s
sp
eci
fied
by
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
el
ect
ric
util
it
y,
Tena
ga
Nasio
nal
Be
r
had
(
T
NB)
for
vo
lt
ag
es
in
MV
net
w
orks,
the
m
axim
u
m
and
m
ini
m
u
m
vo
lt
age
le
vels
are
1.0
5
an
d
0.
95pu,
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
Su
bs
e
quen
tl
y,
the
per
cent
age
of
node
s
th
at
do
no
t
c
om
ply
with
pe
rm
issi
ble
volt
age
li
m
it
s
is
extracte
d
t
o
e
xam
ine
the
possible
volt
age
rise
issues
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt P
V p
enetrati
on leve
ls.
2.2.3.
Sy
s
tem
po
w
er lo
sses
This
m
et
ric
assesses
the
im
pact
of
so
la
r
PV
pe
netrati
on
on
the
total
act
ive
power
loss
of
th
e
netw
ork.
F
or
each
powe
r
fl
ow
sim
ulati
on
,
the
daily
aver
age
act
ive
powe
r
loss
of
the
entire
netw
ork
is
ob
ta
ine
d
t
o
de
te
rm
ine
the
va
riat
ion
of
t
he
syst
e
m
po
we
r
loss
at
di
ff
e
re
nt
so
la
r
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
s.
Th
e
equ
at
io
n use
d
t
o
cal
culat
e t
he sy
stem
p
ow
e
r
l
os
s is e
xpre
sse
d
in
(1)
Av
er
ag
e powe
r l
os
s
=
1
∫
(
)
0
(1)
wh
e
re,
is t
he
to
ta
l act
ive pow
e
r
loss
of t
he ne
twork
.
2.3.
Ca
se
stu
dy
The
propose
d
Mon
te
Ca
rl
o
im
pact
assess
m
ent
fram
ewo
rk
was
a
pp
li
ed
to
a
ty
pical
Ma
la
ysi
an
M
V
distrib
ution
ne
twork
to
e
xa
m
ine
the
f
utur
e
risk
of
so
la
r
P
V
i
nteg
rati
on.
Fi
gure
2
pr
ese
nts
t
he
one
-
li
ne
diag
ram
of
th
e
te
st
net
work.
The
netw
ork
is
a
th
ree
-
phase
rad
ia
l
syst
em
with
t
wo
distri
bu
ti
on
fee
der
s
serv
i
ng
a
range
of
resi
den
ti
al
,
com
m
ercial
,
an
d
industrial
load
s
as
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
T
he
fee
der
s
a
re
sup
plied
by
a
30
M
VA
distri
bu
ti
on
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
with
nom
i
nal
volt
age
rat
ing
s
of
33
/
11kV.
Fee
ders
1
a
nd
2
of
the
ne
twork
com
pr
ise
fiftee
n
a
nd
f
ourtee
n
node
s,
res
pec
ti
vely
.
It
wa
s
pr
es
um
ed
that
the
m
axi
m
u
m
load
dem
and
of
the
netw
ork
t
o be
6M
W.
T
he bas
ic
n
et
w
ork par
a
m
et
ers
of the
te
st sy
stem
are
su
m
m
arized in
Table
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Mo
nte Carl
o a
na
ly
sis f
or
s
olar PV i
mpact
asse
ssme
nt in
M
V d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
ks
(
Dili
ni Almei
da
)
27
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
Co
mme
r
c
i
a
l
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
ti
a
l
I
n
d
u
s
tr
i
a
l
1
3
3
k
V
1
1
k
V
Figure
2
.
O
ne
-
l
ine d
ia
gr
am
o
f
the test
n
et
wor
k
Table
1.
Ba
sic
netw
ork param
et
ers
of t
he
te
st
syst
e
m
Variable
Valu
e
Cap
acity
3
0
MVA
Vo
ltag
e
3
3
/1
1
k
V
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
eeders
2
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
no
d
es
30
Load
co
n
n
ected
Feed
er
1
3
.47
MW
Feed
er
2
2
.53
MW
The
netw
ork
par
am
et
ers
rel
at
ed
to
the
i
m
ped
ances
a
nd
the
le
ngths
of
each
li
ne
s
egm
ent
wer
e
acqu
i
red
f
ro
m
ty
pical
Ma
la
ysi
an
MV
dis
tribu
ti
on
netw
orks.
T
he
nor
m
al
iz
ed
PV
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd
load
consum
ption
pro
file
s
adopte
d
in
this
stud
y
are
presente
d
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
A
s
sh
ow
n
in
th
e
figure,
resid
entia
l
consum
ers
usual
ly
ref
le
ct
a
low
co
nsum
ption
duri
ng
t
he
dayt
i
m
e,
where
PV
ge
nerat
ion
is
at
it
s
peak.
Ind
us
tria
l
co
nsum
ers
pr
ese
nt
a
high
c
on
s
umpti
on
duri
ng
t
he
dayt
i
m
e
and
ancho
red
at
a
l
ow
e
r
c
on
s
um
ption
durin
g
the
ni
gh
t.
I
n
co
ntra
st,
com
m
ercia
l
con
s
um
ers
de
pict
a
sta
ble
con
s
um
ption
durin
g
the
da
yt
i
m
e.
More
ov
e
r,
a
P
V
ge
ner
at
io
n
prof
il
e
co
ncernin
g
a
sunn
y
cl
i
m
atic
con
diti
on
w
as
ad
op
t
ed
to
in
vestig
at
e
the
m
axi
m
u
m
p
os
s
ible im
pact du
e to
high s
olar PV
pe
netrati
on
.
Figure
3
.
N
orm
al
iz
ed
PV
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd lo
ad
c
onsu
m
ption
prof
il
es
Firstl
y,
a
detai
le
d
netw
ork
m
od
el
of
the
te
st
syst
e
m
was
dev
el
oped
i
n
th
e
op
e
n
distri
buti
on
syst
em
si
m
ulator
(
O
pe
nDSS)
sim
u
l
at
ion
platfo
rm
interface
d
wi
th
MAT
LAB
so
ft
war
e
.
I
n
orde
r
to
exam
i
ne
th
e
influ
e
nce
of
s
olar
PV
pe
netr
at
ion
on
the
ne
twork
,
m
ulti
ple
PV
de
plo
y
m
ent
scena
rios
we
re
c
onside
r
ed
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
23
-
3
1
28
integrati
ng
te
n
rand
om
l
y
gen
erate
d
P
V
c
apacit
ie
s
at
ra
ndom
ly
gen
er
at
ed
locat
io
ns
unde
r
di
ff
e
re
nt
PV
pen
et
rati
on
le
vels.
I
n
t
he
re
al
iz
at
ion
of
P
V
instal
la
ti
on
capaci
ty
for
e
ach
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel,
t
he
ra
ndom
ly
gen
e
rated
P
V
capaci
ti
es
were
assigne
d
unt
il
the
cor
res
pond
i
ng
total
P
V
capaci
ty
in
ea
ch
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
was
reach
ed
.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
instal
le
d
s
olar
PV
cap
aci
ty
was
li
m
i
te
d
to
12M
W
at
a
100%
P
V
pe
netrati
on
le
vel. T
he belo
w
sel
ect
io
ns
w
ere c
ounted
pri
or to t
he power
f
lo
w
sim
ulati
on
s.
Sele
ct
ion
of th
e PV pe
netrati
on level
(0
-
10
0%
in
ste
ps
of 10%)
.
Ra
ndom
selec
t
ion
of P
V
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
ca
pacit
y (
0.1
-
2M
W,
th
r
ee
-
phase
PV s
yst
e
m
s).
Ra
ndom
selec
t
ion
of P
V
l
ocati
on
.
Ther
ea
fter
,
th
ree
-
ph
a
se,
ti
m
e
-
series,
m
i
nu
te
-
by
-
m
inu
t
e,
da
il
y
pow
er
fl
ow
sim
ulati
on
s
wer
e
perform
ed
consi
der
in
g
the
s
unny
day
P
V
gen
e
rati
on
pro
file
and
the
l
oa
d
co
nsum
ption
pro
file
s
co
ve
rin
g
reside
ntial
,
co
m
m
ercial
,
and
industrial
loa
ds
pr
ese
nted
i
n
Fig
ure
3.
T
he
le
vel
of
pe
netrati
on
wa
s
el
evated
from
0%
to
100%
in
ste
ps
of
10%,
a
nd
a
total
of
1000
Mo
nte
Ca
rl
o
sim
ulati
on
s
(10
0
sim
ulati
o
ns
pe
r
pen
et
rati
on
le
ve
l)
wer
e
c
ondu
ct
ed
for
uni
que
PV
de
plo
ym
e
nt
scena
rios.
T
he
sim
ulatio
n
r
esults
wer
e
a
na
ly
zed
and
qua
ntifie
d
us
i
ng
the
de
fine
d
im
pact
m
et
rics
to
ass
ess
tw
o
key
te
chn
ic
al
c
halle
ng
e
s
of
so
la
r
P
V
pen
et
rati
on
;
vo
lt
age r
ise
a
nd s
yst
e
m
p
ow
e
r
l
os
ses
on M
V d
ist
ribu
ti
on
net
works.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AN
D
D
I
SCUS
S
ION
Fo
r
eac
h
pow
er
flo
w
sim
ul
at
ion
,
the
m
axim
u
m
vo
lt
age,
the
pe
rcen
t
age
of
no
des
with
volt
age
vio
la
ti
ons,
a
nd
the
daily
avera
ge
po
wer
l
oss
values
we
re
com
pu
te
d.
T
he
reafter
,
the
m
e
an
an
d
th
e
+/
-
one
sta
nd
a
rd
de
via
ti
on
of
eac
h
100
sim
ulati
on
s
per
pe
net
ra
ti
on
le
vel
were
cal
culat
ed.
Figures
4,
5,
and
6
gr
a
phic
al
ly
i
ll
us
trat
e
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
the
m
a
xim
u
m
vo
lt
age
,
the
per
ce
ntag
e
of
node
s
with
volt
age
vio
la
ti
on
s,
and
the
da
il
y
aver
age
pow
er
loss
agains
t
the
PV
penet
rati
on
le
vel,
resp
ect
ively
.
In
each
gra
p
h,
the
distrib
utions
of
com
pu
te
d
val
ues
we
re
re
flec
te
d
by
scat
te
re
d
points
unde
r
each
pe
netrati
on
le
vel.
Be
side
s,
the
m
ini
m
u
m
an
d
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
v
al
ues of
t
he dis
tribu
ti
on
were
pr
ese
nted
usi
ng a
square
m
ark
.
Figure
4
.
Va
riat
ion
of the m
axi
m
u
m
v
oltage
aga
inst t
he
P
V pen
et
rati
on lev
el
As
sho
wn
in
Figure
4,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
no
da
l
vo
lt
age
rec
orde
d
f
or
eac
h
powe
r
flo
w
sim
ula
ti
on
was
gr
a
dual
ly
raised
with
the
i
ncr
ease
d
pe
ne
trat
ion
le
vel.
Howe
ver,
sim
il
ar
to
the
sc
enar
i
o
with
ou
t
PV
integrati
on,
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
no
da
l
vo
lt
age w
as r
ep
or
te
d
near
t
he
s
ub
sta
ti
on
a
t
the
10% p
ene
trat
ion
le
vel
.
T
his
is
m
ai
nly
du
e
to
the
fact
that
th
e
low
P
V
generati
on
at
a
10%
pe
netrati
on
le
vel
was
no
t
su
f
fici
ent
en
ou
gh
t
o
com
pen
sat
e
f
or
the
vo
lt
ag
e
dro
p
du
e
t
o
the
higher
l
oad
co
ns
um
ption.
T
he
u
ppe
r
volt
ag
e
lim
i
t
(i.e.,
1.
05pu)
vio
la
ti
ons
were
sta
rted
at
a
70
%
PV
pe
netr
at
ion
le
vel
an
d
con
ti
nued
unti
l
the
m
axi
m
u
m
le
vel
con
sid
ered
in
the
stud
y.
Acc
ordin
g
to
the
sim
ula
ti
on
resu
lt
s,
there
we
re
no
volt
age
lim
it
vio
la
ti
on
s
un
ti
l
the
PV
pen
et
r
at
ion
le
vel
was
reac
hed
60%.
Eve
n
th
ough
a
fe
w
no
des
wer
e
ob
s
er
ved
with
an
up
per
volt
age
li
m
it
vio
la
tio
n
at
a
le
vel
of
70%
P
V
pen
et
r
at
ion,
the
num
ber
of
vio
l
at
ions
has
su
r
ge
d
with
a
f
ur
t
her
i
ncr
ease
in
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel.
Con
se
quently
, th
e
pe
rce
ntage
of
no
des
with v
oltage
vi
olati
on
s
w
as
inc
rea
sed
at
a
sig
nifi
cant
rate
a
fter
7
0%
as
dep
ic
te
d i
n Fi
gure
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Mo
nte Carl
o a
na
ly
sis f
or
s
olar PV i
mpact
asse
ssme
nt in
M
V d
ist
rib
utio
n netw
or
ks
(
Dili
ni Almei
da
)
29
Figure
5
.
Va
riat
ion
of the
pe
rc
entage
of
node
s w
it
h v
oltage
vio
la
ti
ons a
gainst the
P
V pene
trat
ion
le
ve
l
Figure
6
.
Va
riat
ion
of the
daily
av
era
ge p
ower loss
a
gainst
the P
V pen
et
ra
ti
on
level
As
it
c
ou
l
d
be
seen
in
Fig
ure
6,
a
U
-
traj
ec
tory
was
de
picte
d
f
or
the
vari
at
ion
of
the
da
il
y
aver
ag
e
powe
r
loss
ag
ai
ns
t
the
PV
pe
netrati
on
le
ve
l.
The
m
ean
network
loss
w
as
decr
ease
d
up
to
20%
pe
ne
trat
ion
le
vel
as
the
inf
lux
of
P
V
re
du
ced
the
net
power
flo
w
withi
n
the
net
wor
k.
However,
it
was
raise
d
ab
ove
the
base case
n
et
w
ork
l
os
s at a
50
% p
e
netrati
on l
evel owin
g
t
o
t
he
inc
rease
d re
ver
se
po
wer fl
ow.
By
exam
ining
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults,
it
was
re
vealed
that
vo
lt
age
rise
is
t
he
worst
rep
e
rcu
ssi
on
of
high
so
la
r
PV
pen
et
rati
on
on
the
netw
ork.
B
esi
des,
it
was
r
e
m
ark
ed
t
hat
the
occ
urre
nce
of
vo
lt
ag
e
vio
l
at
ions
do
e
s
not
s
olely
rely
on
the
tot
al
instal
le
d
PV
capaci
ty
of
th
e
netw
ork
a
s
t
he
re
su
lt
s
ob
ta
ined
from
the
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
analy
s
is
hav
e
s
how
n
a
no
ti
ceable
distrib
ution
at
higher
P
V
pe
netra
ti
on
le
vels
(fo
r
each
si
m
ulatio
n
at
a
certai
n
pe
netra
ti
on
le
vel,
the
instal
le
d
capac
it
y
was
retai
ned
as
a
co
ns
ta
nt).
T
her
e
fore,
it
cou
l
d
be
c
onc
lud
e
d
that
the
siz
e
a
nd
locat
io
n
of
PV
syst
e
m
s
conne
ct
ed
to
t
he
netw
ork
play
i
m
po
rtant
r
oles
in
a
ssessi
ng
the
i
m
pact
of
PV
pen
et
rati
on
on
distrib
ution
net
works.
F
ur
t
her,
the
stoc
hastic
natu
re
of
so
la
r
PV
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd
load
c
onsu
m
ption
c
ou
l
d
hav
e
a
substanti
al
im
pact
on
the
oc
currence
of
th
ese
volt
age
vi
ol
a
ti
on
s.
In
par
ti
cular
,
the
occurre
nce
of
volt
age
vi
ol
at
ion
s
co
uld
increase
wh
e
n
m
os
t
PV
syst
e
m
s
are
locat
ed
at
residen
ti
al
nodes
,
wh
e
re
co
nsum
ption
is
lo
w
duri
ng
high
P
V
gen
e
rati
on
pe
rio
ds
.
Co
nvers
el
y,
the
load
c
on
s
um
ption
of
bo
t
h
com
m
ercial
a
nd
in
dustria
l
nodes
re
flect
s
a
go
od
co
rr
e
la
ti
on
with
P
V
ge
ner
at
io
n,
wh
ic
h
c
ou
l
d
te
nd
to
m
ini
m
iz
e the occ
urren
ce
a
nd the m
agn
it
ude
of volt
age
vio
l
at
ion
s.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
In
this
pa
per
,
a
Mon
te
Ca
rl
o
based
pro
ba
bili
sti
c
fr
a
m
ework
was
propos
ed
to
asses
s
th
e
so
la
r
P
V
i
m
pacts
on
M
V
distrib
utio
n
netw
orks
w
hile
cat
erin
g
to
t
he
un
ce
rtai
nties
relat
ed
to
s
ol
ar
P
V
ge
ner
at
i
on.
T
he
case
stud
y
pre
sented
has
il
lustrate
d
the
ef
f
ect
iveness
of
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
a
naly
sis
in
evaluati
ng
t
he
pote
ntial
te
chn
ic
al
chall
eng
e
s
on
a
ty
pi
cal
Ma
la
ys
ia
n
MV
di
strib
ution
netw
ork.
T
he
m
axi
m
u
m
n
od
al
vo
lt
age
,
volt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
21
:
23
-
3
1
30
vio
la
ti
ons,
an
d
syst
e
m
po
wer
losses
we
re
use
d
as
key
m
e
tric
s
to
qu
a
ntif
y
the
te
chn
ic
al
per
f
orm
ance
of
the
distrib
ution
net
work.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
rev
eal
e
d
that
the
w
orst
rep
e
r
cussion
of
high
so
la
r
P
V
pen
e
trat
ion
on
ty
pical
Ma
l
ay
sia
n
MV
distribu
ti
on
netw
orks
is
the
vio
l
at
ion
of
the
up
per
volt
age
sta
tutor
y
li
m
it
,
wh
ic
h
is
li
kely
to
occur
beyo
nd
70%
pen
et
rati
on
le
ve
l.
More
over,
it
was
identifi
ed
that
the
siz
e
and
locat
io
n
of
P
V
syst
e
m
s
con
ne
ct
ed
to
t
h
e
network
play
c
ru
c
ia
l
ro
le
s
in
ass
essing
the
im
pact
of
PV
pe
ne
trat
ion
on
distr
ibu
ti
on
netw
orks.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
it
was
obser
ve
d
that
the
sto
chasti
c
nat
ur
e
of
s
olar
PV
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd
lo
a
d
consum
ption
c
ou
l
d
ha
ve
a substanti
al
i
m
pact
on
t
he
occ
urr
ence o
f
vo
lt
a
g
e
vio
la
ti
ons.
T
hus,
it
is
im
per
at
ive
to
consi
der
t
he
stocha
sti
c
beh
a
vi
our
of
PV
outpu
t
a
nd
l
oad
dem
and
,
to
geth
er
with
the
fee
der
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
in
the p
la
nn
i
ng st
age,
t
o defi
ne
t
he
li
m
it
s f
or P
V
instal
la
ti
ons
in or
der
t
o pr
e
ven
t
f
utu
re
ove
rvolta
ge pr
oble
m
s.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tena
ga
Nasi
onal
(U
N
ITE
N),
Ma
la
ysi
a
fo
r
pro
vid
i
ng
th
e
BOLD
Re
sea
r
ch
G
ran
t
(RJ
O10
517844/0
71)
to
do
this
r
esearch
a
nd
ackno
wled
ge
th
e
publica
ti
on
su
pp
or
t
thr
ough J
5100
50002
-
BO
LD
REFR
ESH2
025
-
CE
NTRE
O
F EX
C
ELLE
N
CE from
the iRM
C of
U
NI
T
E
N
.
REFERE
NCE
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of
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tors
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t
c
an
cont
ribu
te
m
ost
to
ac
hie
v
e
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io
of
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Miti
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tra
t
io
n
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photovol
ta
i
cs
using
smart
inve
r
te
rs
vol
t/
var
con
trol,”
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e
ct
rica
l
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d
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Gene
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f
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enerat
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:
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ec
t
ive
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i
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odel
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e
ev
al
ua
ti
on
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t
rat
ion
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ere
n
t
locati
ons
in
a
LV
distri
buti
on
net
work
conne
c
t
ed
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a
n
off
-
loa
d
ta
p
cha
ng
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g
tra
nsform
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”
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sian
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of
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ectric
al
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ne
ering
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i
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ea
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at
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n
J
E
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p
Sci
IS
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N:
25
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4752
Mo
nte Carl
o a
na
ly
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or
s
olar PV i
mpact
asse
ssme
nt in
M
V d
ist
rib
utio
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or
ks
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Dili
ni Almei
da
)
31
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,
“
Inve
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on
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Distribut
ion
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-
Penet
ratio
n
Distribut
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tr
at
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edi
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”
20
13
Inte
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G
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Loc
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r
s
y
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”
Proceedi
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34
t
h
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Hawai
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From
I
m
pac
t
Anal
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s
is
to
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ons,
”
2018
IEEE
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renc
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on
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El
ectri
cal
Engi
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and
2018
IEE
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