TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 201
4, pp. 5946 ~ 5953
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i8.563
8
5946
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 16, 201
4
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 2
8
, 2014;
Acce
pted April 12, 2014
Enhancement Fault Ride-Through Capability of DFIG by
using Resistive and Inductive SFCLs
Ali Azizpour
1
, Mehdi Hos
seini
2
, Mahmoud Samiei Moghadd
am
1
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Dam
g
han Br
a
n
ch, Isl
a
mic Azad U
n
i
v
ersit
y
, Dam
g
h
an, Iran
2
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Ba
bol
Univers
i
t
y
of
T
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
, Ba
bol, Iran
Corresp
on
idi
n
g
author, e-mai
l
: AliAzizp
our@
y
mail.com, Meh
d
ie.h
ossei
n
i@
gmail.c
o
m,
Samiei
35
2@
ya
hoo.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he nu
mber of
w
i
nd turbi
nes
conn
ected to
the gri
d
is ste
adily
incre
a
si
n
g
in rec
ent ye
ars. This
situatio
n force
d
the revis
i
on
of the
electric utilities grid
c
o
des
req
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts, to rema
in
conn
ected d
u
ri
ng
grid faults, i.e., to ride th
r
o
u
g
h
the fau
l
ts, e
s
peci
a
lly for th
ose w
i
th pow
e
r
electro
n
ic co
nverters, such
as
DF
IGs. In fault conditi
on, the volt
ag
e at the Point of Co
mmon Co
upl
i
ng (P
CC) drops
i
mmedi
ately an
d
T
he
grid v
o
ltag
e d
i
ps i
m
p
o
sed
at
the con
necti
on
poi
nt of the
D
F
IG to the grid
ind
u
ce l
a
rg
e v
o
ltag
es i
n
the r
o
tor
w
i
ndin
g
s, resul
t
ing in
hig
h
rot
o
r current, w
h
i
c
h can d
a
m
a
g
e
the rotor-si
d
e conv
erter an
d disco
nn
ect from
grid. In th
is pa
per, resistiv
e a
nd i
n
d
u
ctive su
perco
nduc
ti
ng
fault curre
nt li
miter (SF
C
L) is
used t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
the fault ri
de- t
h
rou
gh (F
RT
) of w
i
nd turbi
n
e
gen
erat
io
n sy
stem (W
T
G
S). T
he W
T
GS is consi
dere
d
as
a
variable-s
peed system
, equip
ped with
a DFIG. The analytic
a
l and s
i
m
u
la
tion studies
of t
he res
i
stive SF
CL
for impr
ovi
ng FRT capab
ility a
r
e prese
n
ted
a
nd co
mp
are
d
w
i
th the inducti
ve SFCL.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
SF
CL, F
R
T
,
variable sp
ee
d w
i
nd
turbine (VSW
T
)
, DF
IG
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Due
to g
r
o
w
i
ng e
n
viron
m
ental
con
c
e
r
ns
and
de
m
and fo
r
ele
c
tricity, the
ca
pacity of
electri
c
ity ge
neratio
n from
rene
wa
ble e
nergy
g
ene
ra
tion system
(REGS) h
a
s i
n
crea
sed. Th
e
wind farm
s (WF
s
) are one
of the
representative rene
wabl
e energy s
ource
s, whi
c
h are integra
t
ed
in power sy
stem all aro
und
the world [1
-3].
The larg
e pe
netration of wind po
we
r to ex
isting po
wer
system
s,
have create
d
new
chall
enge
s
su
ch a
s
follows:
a)
Incre
a
si
ng sh
ort circuit current and,
b)
Fault ride through (FRT
) capability of wi
nd farm
s duri
ng fault
Different
co
u
n
tries have
e
s
tabli
s
he
d n
e
w
g
r
id
co
de
s
for integ
r
atio
n
of wi
nd fa
rm
s to
grid,
whi
c
h
WF
s requires to re
main in
op
eration du
rin
g
f
ault. Such
re
quire
ment
s a
r
e
kno
w
n
a
s
FRT
capability [2-3]. There
are three m
o
st
comm
onl
y used wi
nd turbi
nes
(WTs) in existing
wind
power indus
t
ry as
follows
[2-4]:
a)
Fixed spe
ed
wind turbine
(FSWT),
b)
Variabl
e wind
turbine (VS
W
T) b
a
sed
o
n
doubl
e fed indu
ction ge
n
e
rato
r (DFIG)
c)
VSWT ba
sed
on perm
ane
nt magnet sy
nch
r
on
ou
s ge
nerato
r
(PMS
G)
Since, exi
s
ting
WTs hav
e differe
nt struct
u
r
e
and
techn
o
logy;
they have
different
respon
se to g
r
id fault and requireme
nts to improve F
R
T capa
bility.
DFIG b
a
sed
WT
s wi
dely
use
d
be
ca
use of
notabl
e advantag
es such as:
in
de
pend
ent
control on a
c
tive and rea
c
tive powe
r
, operatio
n over a wide
ran
g
e of rotor
sp
eed an
d hig
h
efficien
cy.
Se
veral sol
u
tion
s
h
a
ve been
prop
osed
to
i
m
prove
F
R
T cap
ability
of DFIG ba
sed
WT
s
durin
g fault. Applicatio
n o
f
cro
w
ba
r sy
stem is
widel
y used to protect the rot
o
r sid
e
co
nverter
(RS
C
) a
nd i
m
prove F
R
T
[4-5]. The cro
w
ba
r sy
stem
con
s
i
s
ts of a
set of re
si
sto
r
s
con
n
e
c
ted
to
rotor si
de in
orde
r to
bypa
ss RS
C d
u
rin
g
faul
t. Altho
ugh th
e
cro
w
bar
syste
m
i
m
prove
the F
R
T
cap
ability of DFIG ba
se
d WT
s, but it abso
r
b
s
t
he la
rge am
ount o
f
reactive po
wer from gri
d
d,
whi
c
h might l
ead to de
cre
a
se g
r
id volta
ge duri
ng fau
l
t. Many authors h
a
ve bee
n prop
osed the
appli
c
ation
of STATCOM
to improve F
R
T
cap
abilit
y of DFIG
by rea
c
tive po
wer
comp
en
sa
tion
[6-7]. Appli
c
a
t
ion of STAT
ACOM i
s
a
b
l
e
only to im
prove voltage
recove
ry after fault cle
a
rin
g
.
In
this pape
r, the SFCL is propo
sed to improve FR
T capability of DFIG base
d
o
n
WTs, limit the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Enhan
cem
e
n
t
Fault Ride-T
h
rou
gh Capa
bility of DF
IG
by u
s
ing
Re
si
stive a
nd… (Ali Azizpo
ur)
5947
rotor
and
stat
or fault
cu
rre
nt, and d
e
cre
a
se th
e
volta
ge sag
duri
n
g fault. Vario
u
s type
s of S
F
CL
have bee
n d
e
velope
d, wh
ich g
ene
rally
are
cla
ssifie
d
as
re
sistiv
e and in
du
ctive SFCL. Th
e
analytical
an
d sim
u
lation
studi
es of
the re
si
stive and
ind
u
cti
v
e SFCL
for improving
FRT
capability are presented and
co
mpared together. The
simula
tions are
carried out
by
PSCAD/EMTDC s
o
ftware.
2. Supercon
ducting F
a
ult
Curr
ent Li
m
i
ter (SFC
L)
Superco
ndu
cting Fault
Cu
rre
nt Limite
r
(SFCL
)
offers a
solution
to re
duce th
e short
circuit level with many significa
nt advantage
s su
ch as, lo
ssl
ess ope
ratio
n
durin
g normal
operation an
d limiting first peak of fault current wi
thi
n
sub cy
cle. Additionally, they can imp
r
ove
reliability and transient st
ability of power
syst
em
s by reducing the fault current. There
are
variou
s types of SFCLs, which g
ene
rall
y are cla
ssifie
d
as re
si
stive and ind
u
ctive
SFCL [8-1
1].
2.1. Resis
t
iv
e
SF
CL
A resistive SFCL has advantages such
as si
mpler structure, smaller size, and
lower
capital cost than other types of SFCL. Du
ring normal operation mode, the superconducting
element is in its superconducting state, the
impedance
and power losses are very low. In
the
case of a short
circuit, the SFCL will
produce a certain value
of impedance within a
few
milliseconds
due to the loss
of superconductivity, and in
sert
it into the line
for limiting currents in
determined value. Many SFCL
models have been
proposed in order
to model the
transient
behavior
of the
resistive SFCL during
fault. In
this paper, a
resistive model
SFCL is developed
in electromagnetic transient
program (PSCAD/EMTDC) based on [9-10]. Equation (1) and
(2)
describe the behavior of
resistive SFCL duri
ng
and after fault. The
Eq. 2 describes
the
resistance generation curve of the SFCL duri
ng fault and the Equation (2) expresses the
recovery curve of the
SFCL after fault.
The re
covery curve
of the SFCL
has been modeled
with
two slopes as reported in [9-10].
1
e
xp
(1)
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
R
n
,
T
F
and
t
0
repre
s
ent the conv
erge
nce re
si
stance,
time consta
nt and
quen
ch
starti
ng
time, res
p
ec
tively.
a
1
,
a
2
,
b
1
,
b
2
and
t
1
,
t
2
in the
Equa
tion (2),
rep
r
e
s
ent th
e
re
co
very sl
ope, th
e
recovery
starting re
si
stan
ce an
d the
re
covery
sta
r
ting time, respec
tively.
The chara
c
te
risti
c
of
the resi
stive SFCL u
s
ed fo
r analysi
s
is
shown in Figu
re 1.
Figure 1. The Cha
r
a
c
teri
stic of the Resi
stive SFCL
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ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 594
6 –
5953
5948
2.2. Inductiv
e
SF
CL
The tran
sformer-type
SF
CL i
s
sh
own i
n
Figu
re
2. T
h
is type
of F
C
L
ba
sically
con
s
i
s
ts
of
a tran
sfo
r
me
r in
se
rie
s
with the line
a
nd a
re
si
stive supe
rcond
ucting
curren
t limiting dev
ice
con
n
e
c
ted to the se
con
dary winding of the se
rie
s
tran
sform
e
r (T) [1
1-12].
Therefore, th
e cu
rrent pa
ssing th
rou
gh
the SC
devi
c
e is b
e
low th
e criti
c
al
cu
rrent and
the second
ary of the tran
sform
e
r is sh
ort-circ
uited.
As a
re
sult, t
he im
peda
nce seen
by th
e
prima
r
y sid
e
of the co
upli
ng tran
sfo
r
m
e
r i
s
very
lo
w. The
re
sist
ance of SC
devise
ha
s to be
desi
gne
d to have large
r
im
peda
nce than
m
agnetizi
ng
rea
c
tan
c
e of tran
sform
e
r.
Duri
ng fa
ult con
d
ition, the
SC devi
c
e
gene
rate
s re
sista
n
ce qui
ckly. As a
re
sult, the
resi
stan
ce
of
SFCL
is i
n
crea
sed
an
d f
ault curr
ent li
mited by ma
gnetizi
ng
rea
c
tan
c
e,
whi
c
h is
purely in
du
ctive. In this ca
se, the im
pe
dan
ce
of the
tran
sform
e
r- type SFCL i
s
expresse
d
as
follows
:
(3)
Figure 2. Tra
n
sformer-typ
e
SFCL
3.
Modeling of
WECS Base
d DFIG
The b
a
si
c
co
nfiguratio
n of
a
DFIG i
s
shown in
Figu
re 3. It in
clu
des a
wo
und
ed roto
r
indu
ction gen
erato
r
(WRIG
)
, whic
h the stator wi
ndin
g
s of the WR
IG are di
re
ctly conne
cte
d
to
the g
r
id. T
he
rotor wi
ndin
g
s
of
the
WRIG a
r
e fe
d to
the
sam
e
g
r
id
throug
h
a
rot
o
r
sid
e
conve
r
ter
(RS
C
) an
d a
grid si
de con
v
erter (GSC) con
n
e
c
ted by
a commo
n DC link
cap
a
cit
o
r. The rotor
of
the DFIG is
mech
ani
cally
coupl
ed to the sh
aft of
a DFIG thro
ugh a me
ch
anical drive trai
n
system
whi
c
h consist
s
of a high-speed sha
ft, a gearbox (GB), and
a low-speed
shaft. The wi
nd
spe
ed mod
e
l, the model of wind turbi
ne,
the me
cha
n
i
c
al mod
e
l of the drive-trai
n and indu
cti
on
gene
rato
r is d
e
scrib
ed in th
e followin
g
se
ction
s
.
Figur 3. Sche
matic Dia
g
ra
m of Typical DFIG
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Enhan
cem
e
n
t
Fault Ride-T
h
rou
gh Capa
bility of DF
IG
by u
s
ing
Re
si
stive a
nd… (Ali Azizpo
ur)
5949
3.1. DFIG
MODE
L
In the syn
c
h
r
onou
s refere
nce f
r
ame fix
ed to t
he
stat
or flux, the st
ator a
nd rotor voltages
and fluxes
ca
n be de
scribe
d as follo
ws:
(1)
(2)
,
(3)
Whe
r
e, I
s
a
nd I
r
are th
e
sta
t
or an
d rotor
curre
n
ts, L
s
, L
r
and
L
m
a
r
e
the stato
r
, ro
tor an
d
magneti
z
ing
i
ndu
ctan
ce
s, resp
ectively, R
s
an
d R
r
are the
stator
and
rotor re
si
stan
ce
s, and
ω
b
and
ω
slip
are the stato
r
a
n
d
slip a
ngul
ar f
r
equ
en
cie
s
, resp
ectively. F
r
om the
math
ematical
mod
e
l
of DFIG [13], the active po
wer a
nd rea
c
tive powe
r
ge
nerate
d
are:
(4)
(5)
3.2. Wind
Speed
Model
As
sho
w
n i
n
Figure 4,
win
d
spee
d i
s
m
odele
d
a
s
the
sum
of follo
wing
compo
n
ent: Base
wind
spe
ed, Gust wi
nd sp
eed, Ram
p
wi
nd sp
eed a
n
d
Noise win
d
speed [14].
The Steady wind sp
eed to the turbin
e [m/s] is 15m/
s
.
Figure 4. Win
d
Speed Mo
d
e
l
3.3.
Shaft Mo
del/Driv
e
Train
Sy
stem
In orde
r to st
udy the FRT
cap
ability of DFIG two ma
ss m
odel
systems is u
s
e
d
for the
shaft syste
m
and me
cha
n
i
c
al dynami
cs as sh
ow
n in
Figure 5. T
w
o-ma
ss mo
del is define
d
by
[14-15] as
follows
:
=
(4)
(5)
(6)
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ISSN: 23
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TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 594
6 –
5953
5950
Whe
r
e
T
t
i
s
the me
ch
a
n
ical
torq
ue
refe
rre
d to
the g
ene
rat
o
r
side,
T
e
is
i
s
the
electroma
gne
tic torque,
J
t
i
s
the equival
ent turbine
-
bl
ade ine
r
tia re
ferre
d to the gene
rato
r sid
e
,
J
g
is the gen
erato
r
inertia,
ω
t
is the turbine’
s rotatio
nal spe
ed,
ω
g
is the gene
rator’
s rotatio
nal
spe
ed,
Ks
i
s
the shaft stif
fness and
θ
s
is the an
gul
ar di
spla
cem
ent betwe
en
the end
s of the
s
haft.
Figure 5. Two
Mass Model
of Wind Tu
rbi
ne Trai
n
3.4.
Wind Turbin
e
Model
The me
cha
n
i
c
al po
we
r ge
nerate
d
by wi
nd turbin
e follows the equ
a
t
ion belo
w
[14-15]:
3
)
,
(
2
w
p
wt
wt
v
C
A
P
(7)
Therefore, th
e me
cha
n
ical
po
wer extra
c
ted from th
e wi
nd
(
P
wt
) depe
nd
s on
the air
den
sity (
ρ
), (
v
w
) is the
win
d
spee
d, (
C
P
) is the
pe
rformance
co
effi
cient or
po
we
r coeffici
ent,
λ
is
the tip sp
eed
ration, (
A
wt
) =
π
R
2
is th
e area covere
d b
y
the wind tu
rbine rotor,
R
i
s
the
radi
us
o
f
the tip spee
d ration an
d (
λ
) is defined,
as follo
ws:
w
r
v
R
(8)
The relation between Cp and
λ
for different pitch angles of
β
is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. C
P
-
λ
Cu
rves fo
r Different Pitch Angles
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Enhan
cem
e
n
t
Fault Ride-T
h
rou
gh Capa
bility of DF
IG
by u
s
ing
Re
si
stive a
nd… (Ali Azizpo
ur)
5951
4. Simulation
Results
A singl
e line
diagram of th
e sim
u
lated
p
o
we
r
sy
stem
with F
C
L i
s
shown in
Figu
re 7. Th
e
para
m
eters o
f
this system
are li
sted in a
ppen
dix A.
A
three p
h
a
s
e
short ci
rcuit fault is sim
u
late
d
on the middl
e of line 2 (L
2), whi
c
h
sta
r
ts at t=10
s.
After 0.3 s, the ci
rcui
t bre
a
ke
r isolated
the
faulted line. The simul
a
tion
s have be
en
carrie
d out in three st
ates a
s
follow:
a)
State 1: Without usin
g FCL (No
_
F
C
L)
b)
State 2: With resi
stive SFCL and (R_Typ
e)
c)
State 3: With indu
ctive SFCL (L
_Type
)
Figure 7. Simulated Power
System
Figure 8 shows the PCC voltage in three
stat
es during fault. It can be observed that
not
using
STATCOM and
FCL will
lead to the
PCC vo
ltage
decreases to
zero approximately, but
can
be restored to the
normal level. By using
resistive and inductive SFCL
the PCC voltage not
only decreases the voltage sag
to 0.7pu and 0.5pu
respectively,
but also the voltage at
PCC
can be restored quickly after the
fault comparing without FCL.
Figure 8. PCC Voltage du
ring Fault in T
h
ree
States
Figure 9. Rot
o
r Spee
d duri
ng Fault in Th
ree
States
Figure 9
shows the
rotor speed
of the
induc
tion generator
during fault.
As shown
in
Figure
9, the
generator rotor
speed swings are
r
educed in
state 2
effectively. These results
show
that the resistive
SFCL
can provide
an effective damping
to the post-fault oscillations
comparing states 2 and 3.
Figure 10
and Figure
11 show
the total
active power
generated by
the IG
and the
total
reactive power exchange between
the IG and
the grid
, respectively. During
the fault the
active
power
generated by
the IG is
reduced to zero.
By
using
the resistive and
inductive SFCL active
power generated can be restored quickly after the f
ault comparing without FCL, which helps to
avoid other problems such as volt
age collapse and recovery process.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
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Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2014: 594
6 –
5953
5952
Figure 10. Active Power du
ring Fa
ult in Three
States
Figure 11. Re
active Powe
r
durin
g Fault i
n
Thre
e States
Figure 12, F
i
gure
13 an
d Figure 14
sho
w
t
he rotor current
IG for three
states,
respe
c
tively.
In both figures (Fig
ure 13 and Fi
gu
re 14), the amplitude of rotor cu
rrents is
redu
ce
d. Ho
wever, th
e rotor
cu
rre
nt tra
n
sie
n
ts
ar
e
si
gnifica
ntly re
duced in
fault
insta
n
t and
a
fter
fault cleari
ng
in states 2 a
n
d
3.
Figure 12. Ro
tor Cu
rre
nt during F
ault wi
thout
usin
g any FCL
Figure 13. Ro
tor Cu
rre
nt during F
ault wi
th
usin
g Re
si
stive SFCL
Figure 14. Ro
tor Cu
rre
nt during F
ault wi
th using Ind
u
c
tive SFCL
5. Conclu
sion
In this pap
er,
the ap
plicatio
n of th
e resi
st
iv
e and
ind
u
ctive SFCL
ha
s b
een
p
r
op
o
s
ed
for
improvin
g the
FRT capa
bili
ty of DFIG and limiting
the
fault current.
The sim
u
latio
n
re
sults
sho
w
that the resi
stive and indu
ctive SFCL n
o
t only lim
its the fault current but also
sup
p
re
sse
s
the
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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046
Enhan
cem
e
n
t
Fault Ride-T
h
rou
gh Capa
bility of DF
IG
by u
s
ing
Re
si
stive a
nd… (Ali Azizpo
ur)
5953
voltage dro
p
and improv
es gen
erator stability. Al
so, the oscill
ation of active and rea
c
t
i
ve
powers, stato
r
and rotor
cu
rre
nts a
r
e
re
d
u
ce
d effectively during fau
l
t.
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