Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
, p
p.
293
~
301
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
293
-
301
293
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
A surv
ey on adv
an
ce
d t
ra
nsmi
ssion
techno
logies fo
r high
band
width
and good sign
al qualit
y for hig
h
-
speed rail
ways
Ab
d
ul R
afa
y
1
,
Sevi
a Mahd
aliz
a
Idrus
2
,
K
am
aludin
M
oham
ad
Yu
s
of
3
, Si
ti
H
as
un
ah
Moham
ma
d
4
1,2,3,4
School
of E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi Mal
a
y
sia
(UTM),
Ma
lay
s
ia
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
The Univ
ersity
of
L
ahor
e
(UO
L),
Pakist
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1
7
, 202
0
Re
vised
Ma
r
28
, 2
021
Accepte
d
A
pr
1
3
, 202
1
A
h
igh
-
s
pee
d
r
ailwa
y
(HS
R)
has
gai
ned
ver
y
h
ig
h
popula
rity
for
passenge
rs
due
to
th
e
fast
,
rel
i
abl
e
,
e
conomical
and
conve
ni
ent
during
tra
v
eling
a
v
e
r
y
long
-
dista
n
ce
jo
urne
y
.
The
d
emand
for
adv
ance
d
broa
dband
ser
vic
es
such
as
watc
hing
4K
m
ovie
s,
cl
oud
computing
and
onli
n
e
gaming
,
has
e
xponent
i
all
y
inc
re
ase
d
for
travel
ers
on
the
h
ig
h
-
s
pee
d
t
rai
n
(H
ST)
.
The
HS
T
ca
n’t
provide
good
bandwidt
h
to
fac
ilitate
the
se
servic
es
for
tra
vel
ers
via
exi
stin
g
te
chno
l
ogie
s
su
ch
as
c
el
lu
la
r
n
et
works
and
sat
el
lite
n
et
works
bec
ause
of
fre
quent
h
andof
f
s,
high
penetra
t
i
on
and
fad
ing
.
So,
the
bandwid
th
degr
ad
es
dra
m
at
ically
du
e
to
the
se
issues.
Resea
rch
work
er
s
have
develope
d
proposals
to
handl
e
th
ese
proble
m
s
by
ad
vanc
ed
tr
ansm
ission
te
c
hnologie
s
for
H
SR
.
Until
now,
var
i
ous
tra
nsm
issio
n
sche
m
es
have
bee
n
suggested
b
y
rese
ar
ch
works
with
th
e
foc
us
fo
r
e
it
her
high
b
an
dwidth
o
r
sig
nal
qu
ali
t
y
improvem
ent
.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
a
surve
y
on
adva
nce
d
tra
nsm
ission
te
chno
logi
es
for
high
bandwid
t
h
a
nd
good
sig
nal
qu
al
ity
.
In
t
his
pape
r
,
a
comprehe
nsive
surve
y
of
the
app
ropria
t
e
li
t
era
tur
e
publi
shed
tha
t
conc
en
trat
e
on
adva
nce
d
tr
a
nsm
ission
m
et
hods
in
H
SR
com
m
unic
at
ions
in
get
ti
ng
high
er
bandwidt
h
eff
i
cienc
y
and
m
axi
m
iz
e
th
e
signal
qu
al
ity
is pr
ese
nte
d
.
Advanc
e
d
tra
nsm
ission
m
e
thod
ca
n
b
e
c
ategori
z
ed
int
o
or
thogona
l
fr
equenc
y
d
ivi
sio
n
m
ult
ipl
exi
ng
(O
FD
M),
m
ult
ipl
e
-
input
m
ult
ipl
e
-
output
(MIM
O)
and
rad
io
-
over
-
fibe
r
(RoF)
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
High
-
s
pee
d rail
way
Mi
ll
i
m
et
er
-
wav
e
Mult
iple
-
in
pu
t
m
ul
ti
ple o
ut
pu
t
Or
t
hogonal
f
r
equ
e
ncy
di
vision
m
ul
ti
plexing
Ra
dio
-
over
-
Fi
ber
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sevia
Ma
hd
al
i
za
I
drus
School
of Elec
tric
al
En
gin
eer
ing
Un
i
ver
si
ti
Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
, Mal
ay
sia
Skud
ai
,
J
ohor
81310
, Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
:
sevia@u
tm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
dem
and
of
sm
art
de
vices
ba
sed
on
t
he
f
ourt
h
-
g
e
ner
at
io
n
(4G)
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
fr
om
anywh
e
re
an
d
anyt
i
m
e
to
the
internet,
pro
vid
in
g
ad
va
nce
d
m
ult
i
m
edia
s
erv
ic
es
su
c
h
as
onli
ne
gam
ing
,
h
igh
-
d
e
finiti
on
t
el
e
visio
n
(
HD
T
V
)
an
d
pee
r
-
to
-
peer
s
ocial
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
,
a
nd
industrial
inter
net
of
thi
ng
s
(
Io
T
)
,
is
gro
wi
ng
r
api
dly
[1]
.
Wh
il
e
m
or
e
than
80
c
ountri
es
hav
e
sta
rte
d
4G
m
ob
il
e
com
mu
nicat
io
n
se
rvi
ces.
N
ow,
t
he
f
ifth
-
g
ene
rat
ion
(
5G)
m
ob
il
e
ser
vice
ha
s
bee
n
pr
act
ic
al
l
y
i
m
ple
m
ented
[2
]
,
[3
]
.
H
owev
er,
these
dem
and
s
for
fast
-
m
ov
i
ng
us
ers
,
es
pecial
ly
travelers
on
HS
T
s
f
or
lo
ng
-
d
ist
ance
j
our
ne
ys,
ha
ve
bec
om
e
chall
eng
ing
f
or
netw
ork
ope
rators
over
t
he
tradit
i
on
al
cel
lular
wireles
s
netw
ork d
ue
to
low th
rou
ghpu
t and hi
gh
-
la
te
ncy.
HS
R
has
bee
n
evo
lve
d
ex
po
nen
ti
al
ly
as
a
f
ast
,
ver
y
co
nvenient
an
d
gr
e
en
trans
portat
ion
syst
em
.
It
will
tu
rn
into
the
patte
rn
of
fu
t
ur
e
of
ra
il
ro
ad
tra
nsporta
ti
on
ar
ound
the
wo
rl
d.
B
esi
des,
gi
ga
bit
-
le
vel
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
an
d
a
dv
a
nc
ed
ne
xt
-
gen
e
ra
ti
on
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
em
s
are
requirem
ents
to
facil
it
at
e
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
293
-
301
294
broa
db
a
nd
wireless
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
s
f
or
HS
Ts
.
Howe
ve
r
,
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
su
c
h
as
broa
db
a
nd
wir
el
ess
acce
ss
syst
e
m
s
li
ke
the
W
or
l
dw
i
de
I
nter
op
e
rab
il
it
y
for
m
ic
ro
wave
a
ccess
(
W
iM
AX
)
,
sat
el
li
te
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
and
4G
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
,
ha
ve
be
en
a
pp
li
ed
f
or
the
c
urre
nt
r
ai
lway
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
ys
te
m
s (
RC
Ss)
util
iz
ed
f
or traveler
s
[
4]
.
A
hi
gh
-
s
peed
netw
ork
m
us
t
be
co
ns
tr
ucte
d
to
overc
om
e
sever
al
iss
ues,
su
c
h
as
f
re
quent
ha
ndoffs
,
fad
i
ng,
and
hig
h
pen
et
r
at
ion
loss.
I
n
a
cel
lular
-
ba
sed
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
network,
inco
r
por
at
ing
W
iM
A
X
at
the
fron
t
e
nd
to
c
om
m
un
ic
at
e
wit
h
the
ante
nn
a
of
m
ob
il
e
-
us
e
r
,
ade
qu
at
e
ba
ndwi
dth
m
or
e
than
20
M
bit/
s
within
the
cel
l'
s
rad
io
cov
e
rag
e
a
rea
up
to
1
-
2
km
cou
ld
be
achi
eved.
Alth
ough
HSTs
su
c
h
as
a
Ma
glev
-
s
yst
e
m
-
base
d
trai
n
at
a
sp
ee
d
of
50
0
km
/h
or
eve
n
the
Japa
nese
Sh
in
ka
ns
e
n
Bu
ll
et
Train
at
a
sp
ee
d
of
30
0
km
/h,
cro
ss
the
c
ov
e
rag
e
area
of
th
e
cel
l
within
j
us
t
10
sec
.
Th
eref
or
e
,
the
frequ
e
nt
ha
ndov
er
process
occ
ur
s
,
in
wh
ic
h
the
cha
ng
i
ng
of
rem
ote
antenn
a
un
it
s
(RAU
s
)
is
perform
ed
fastl
y
within
a
short
t
i
m
e
li
ke
hu
nd
red
of
m
illi
secon
ds.
F
inall
y,
the
ef
fe
ct
ive
t
hro
ughp
ut
de
grades
dra
m
at
ic
ally
[5]
.
More
ov
e
r,
us
i
ng
a
li
near
-
cel
l
-
base
d
RoF
net
wor
k,
pen
et
rati
on
lo
s
ses
and
fad
i
ng
sign
al
s
can
be
reduced
dr
a
m
at
ic
ally
beca
us
e
the
ra
dio
s
ign
al
s
pro
pag
at
e
t
hro
ugh
t
he
RA
U
a
nd
trai
n
a
nten
na
unit
(T
AU).
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
r
e
is
no
direct
tr
ansm
issi
on
bet
ween
the
RA
U
a
nd
m
ob
il
e
te
r
m
ina
l
(MT)
[6]
.
I
n
order
to
res
olve
the
f
re
qu
e
nt
hand
ov
e
rs
pro
blem
,
there
are
m
any
adv
a
nce
d
tra
nsm
issi
on
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
su
c
h
as
OFDM,
MIM
O
a
nd
R
oF
te
c
hnol
og
y
.
T
hese
tra
nsm
issi
on
te
chnolo
gies
w
il
l be d
esc
ribe
d i
n
the
foll
owin
g
sect
io
ns
.
2.
HIGH
-
SPEE
D RA
IL
WA
Y
C
O
M
MUNI
CA
TI
ON
HS
Rs
have
be
en
e
vo
l
ved
ex
pone
ntial
ly
world
wide
in
de
ve
lop
e
d
c
ountri
es
su
c
h
as
A
m
erica,
UK,
Euro
pe,
a
nd
C
hin
a.
HS
R
be
c
ause
of
it
s
big
adv
a
ntage
ous,
fo
r
e
xam
ple,
ver
y
fast,
reli
able,
co
nvenie
nt
and
ver
y
eco
nom
ical
du
ri
ng
tra
vel
ing
a
ve
ry
long
distance
[5]
.
As
pe
r
the
la
te
st
rep
ort
relat
ed
to
rail
way
tra
ck
[6
]
,
[
7]
,
Am
erica
has
plan
ne
d
a
ra
il
way
track
for
HS
R,
an
d
C
hin
a
has
in
sta
ll
ed
a
high
-
sp
ee
d
rail
track
of
36,
000
km
in
Augu
st
2020
a
nd
has
anno
un
ce
d
t
o
exp
a
nd
the
rai
lway
track
le
ngth
70,
000
km
by
20
35.
W
it
h
the
increasin
g
co
nt
inu
ously
deve
lop
m
ent
of
HSR
in
recent
ye
ars,
the
pro
ble
m
of
the
safety
of
trai
n
op
e
r
at
ion
is
ta
kin
g
an
inter
est
i
m
pr
essivel
y
because
the
con
t
ro
l
of
trai
n
op
e
rati
on
is
ver
y
im
po
rta
nt
pa
rt
in
t
he
sa
f
et
y
of
trai
n
ope
rati
on
and
is
kn
own
as
hea
rt
of
H
SR
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
A
sta
ndar
d
has
been
desig
ne
d
to
c
ontr
ol
of
trai
n
op
e
rati
on
center
by
e
ur
op
ea
n
t
rain
c
ontr
ol
syst
em
(ETCS)
[8
]
,
[
9]
.
S
o
as
to
m
ake
ETCS
w
ork
bette
r
,
internati
onal
unio
n
of
rail
w
ay
(U
IC
)
us
e
d
the
Global
Syst
e
m
fo
r
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
f
or
ra
il
way
(G
SM
-
R)
[
10
]
.
In
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
,
GSM
-
R
has
be
en
broa
dly
util
iz
e
d
an
d
ca
n
kee
p
up
a
reli
able
connect
i
on
betwee
n
the
groun
d
an
d
the
t
rain
.
Des
pite
these
be
ne
fits,
it
has
so
m
e
si
gn
i
ficant
de
fici
encies
,
f
or
e
xam
ple,
inade
qu
at
e
ca
pa
ci
ty
and
li
m
ited
band
width
for
inter
net
se
r
vices
[
11]
.
Only
the
ba
ndwidt
h
of
200
kbps
was
achieve
d
by
usi
ng
the
ga
us
sia
n
m
ini
m
u
m
sh
ift
keyi
ng
(
GM
SK
)
-
ti
m
e
div
isi
on
m
ulti
ple
acce
ss
(T
DMA
)
-
base
d
GS
M
-
R
netw
ork
for
H
SR
[
12
]
.
Howe
ver,
Nex
t
-
ge
ner
at
i
on
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
ded
ic
at
e
d
to
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
k
no
wn
a
s
l
ong
-
te
rm
evo
luti
on
f
or
rail
w
ay
(LTE
-
R
)
is
introd
uced
i
n
[
13
]
,
[
14]
.
Also,
It
has
been
deci
de
d
in
the
7th
w
orl
d
c
ongress
e
sp
eci
al
ly
for
HS
R
[15]
.
It
can
c
on
t
ro
l
da
ta
transm
issio
n,
for
exam
ple,
safety
and
track
dia
gnos
ti
c
ty
pe
inform
ation
duri
ng
trai
n
op
e
rat
ion
[
16
]
.
Also
,
It
can
prov
i
de
m
or
e
serv
ic
es
to
pas
sen
ger
s
su
c
h
a
s
inter
net
acce
s
s,
a
dv
a
nce
d
m
ul
tim
edia
serv
ic
es
[17]
.
T
he
m
axi
m
u
m
ban
dw
i
dt
h
of
10
Mb
ps
was
ac
hieve
d
u
sin
g
by
64
-
qu
a
drat
ur
e
am
plit
ud
e
m
odulati
on
(QAM)
-
OFDM
-
based
LTE
-
R
netw
ork
f
or
H
SR
[15]
.
Wh
e
reas
the
m
axim
u
m
ban
dwid
th
of
2
Mb
ps
is
at
ta
ined
us
i
ng
by
fr
e
quen
c
y
sh
ift
keyi
ng
(
FS
K)
/
ph
a
se s
hift
keyi
ng
(P
S
K
)
-
base
d
sat
el
li
te
n
et
w
ork for
HS
R
[18]
.
To
up
gr
a
de
th
e
capaci
ty
of
HS
R
esp
eci
al
l
y
in
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
for
getti
ng
high
ba
ndwi
dt
h
and
good
sig
nal
qu
al
it
y
,
th
e
up
c
om
ing
ne
wly
HS
R
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
netw
orks
are
require
d
to
pr
ov
i
de
com
patibil
ity
a
m
on
g
var
io
us
net
wor
ks
a
nd
rad
i
o
acce
s
s
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
su
c
h
as
cel
lular
netw
ork
,
sa
te
ll
i
t
e
netw
ork
an
d
wireless
data
netw
ork
so
t
ha
t
hu
nd
r
eds
of
us
e
rs
duri
ng
traveli
ng
by
the
trai
n
can
acce
ss
si
m
ultaneou
sly
[19
]
,
[
20]
.
S
o,
we
ca
n
incre
ase
sp
ect
ral
ef
fici
ency
an
d
a
ggre
gate
capac
it
y
by
arch
it
ect
ur
al
enh
a
ncem
ent
i
nclu
ding
ad
va
nced
tra
ns
m
iss
ion
te
ch
no
l
og
i
es
su
ch
as
MI
MO,
OFDM,
a
nd
Ro
F.
H
owe
ver
,
the
need
for
the
wireless
te
ch
nolo
gy
of
HS
R
is
expon
e
ntial
ly
increasing
,
for
instance
,
the
requirem
ents
of
wireless
li
nks
in
[21]
are
est
i
m
at
ed
wh
ic
h
is
65
Mb
ps
per
trai
n.
T
o
ad
diti
on
al
ly
m
itigate
the
log
ic
al
inco
ns
ist
ency
betwee
n
the
e
xpan
ding
dem
a
nd
a
nd
restrict
ed
tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
capaci
ty
of
wireless
te
ch
nolo
gy
of
HS
R
,
it
is
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
to
act
ualiz
e
r
adio
r
es
ource
m
anag
em
ent
(RRM
)
t
o
upgrade
the
e
f
fici
ency
of
re
s
ource
util
iz
at
ion
an
d
i
m
pr
ove
qual
it
y
of
ser
vice
(
Q
oS
)
e
nha
ncem
ent.
N
onet
hele
ss,
the
c
us
tom
ary
RR
M
te
chn
iq
ues
su
c
h
as
re
sour
ce
al
lot
m
ent
,
powe
r
c
on
tr
ol
a
nd
ha
ndover
proces
s
,
f
or
e
xi
sti
ng
m
ob
il
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
m
a
y
no
t
be
pro
duct
ive
in
HS
R
ne
tworks
beca
use
of
the
s
ubse
qu
e
nt
chall
en
ge
s
,
w
hich
fi
rm
ly
identifie
d
w
it
h
the
at
tribu
te
s
of
t
he
HS
R
c
onditi
on
s
.
Ta
ble
1
e
xp
la
in
s
a
c
om
par
iso
n
of
HS
T
s
with
m
ulti
ple
aspects
of
m
axi
m
u
m
trai
n
s
peed,
m
axim
u
m
train leng
t
h
a
nd appli
ed
tra
ns
m
issi
on
tech
nolo
gies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A su
r
vey
on ad
van
ce
d
tr
ansmi
ssion t
ech
no
l
ogie
s for
h
i
gh bandwi
dt
h and goo
d
si
gnal
qualit
y…
(
Abdul
Rafa
y)
295
2
.
1.
Hi
gh
mo
bil
ity
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
c
hnologies
from
the
la
st
t
wen
ty
ye
ar
s
c
r
eat
es
m
any
new
op
portu
niti
es
for
s
upporti
ng
on
bo
a
rd
tra
ins.
F
or
insta
nc
e,
pas
sen
gers
in
a
sta
ti
on
a
ry
trai
n
can
acce
s
s
the
internet
easi
ly
us
in
g
the
e
xisti
ng
cel
lular
net
work
within
t
he
sa
m
e
cov
era
ge
of
the
cel
l.
But
the
issue
c
om
es
wh
e
n
t
he
trai
n
sta
rts
to
tra
ve
l
at
high
s
pee
d
from
the
cu
rrent
cel
l
to
a
ne
w
ta
r
geted
ce
ll
within
a
ve
r
y
short
tim
e
and
si
m
ilarly
passes
to
oth
e
r
cel
ls.
Then
,
it
need
s
se
ver
al
ha
ndover
s
in
a
ver
y
sh
ort
tim
e.
Con
se
qu
e
ntly
,
it
w
il
l give r
ise
to
fr
e
quent
ha
ndover
a
nd r
e
duce the th
r
oughput d
ram
at
ic
a
ll
y
. In
[
22
]
, as per give
n
cel
l s
iz
e u
p
to
1
-
2
km
,
on
e
hand
ov
e
r
ta
ke
s
10
-
20
s
eco
nds
w
he
n
the
tr
ai
n
travels
with
a
s
peed
of
350
km
/h
.
That
is
the
m
ai
n
chall
eng
i
ng
pro
blem
to
res
olv
e
t
he
f
r
equ
e
nt
hand
over
in
HS
R
wir
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
Mor
e
ov
e
r,
ano
t
her
pro
blem
fo
r
a
high
-
s
peed
t
rain
is
a
la
rg
e
Dop
pler
sh
ift
an
d
sm
al
l
coh
e
re
nce
tim
e
du
e
t
o
fast
re
la
ti
ve
m
ot
ion
betwee
n
the
trai
n
an
d
the
groun
d.
I
n
[21]
,
a
Dop
pler
sh
ift
of
945
Hz
at
2.
1
G
Hz
is
reco
rd
e
d
at
a
ver
y
high
sp
ee
d
li
ke
486
km
/h
of
the
trai
n
in
Chi
na.
T
he
refore
,
it
is
co
m
pu
lsory
to
co
ns
i
der
Ma
rc
h
18,
2016
DRAFT
3
tha
t
is
inter
-
car
ri
er
inter
fer
e
nce
and
the
fast
-
var
yi
ng
c
hann
el
par
ti
cularly
for
OFDM
wh
e
n
perform
ing
r
es
ource all
ocati
on
for HSR c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s.
2
.
2
.
Un
ique
c
ha
n
nel qu
aliti
es
The
m
ov
ing
tr
ai
n
exp
e
rience
s
var
io
us
sit
uat
ion
s
s
uch
as
tu
nn
el
s
,
viad
ucts
,
and
c
utti
ng
s,
consi
der
i
ng
var
i
ou
s
c
hanne
l
pr
opa
gations
pro
per
ti
es
[23]
,
wh
ic
h
cause
that
the
char
ac
te
risti
cs
of
HSR
channels
can’
t
be
descr
i
bed
accu
ratel
y
by
a
sin
gle
cha
nnel
m
od
el
.
This
is
t
he
bi
g
c
halle
nge
f
or
RR
M
m
et
hods
a
nd
sho
uld
be
flexible
for
va
rio
us
sce
nar
io
s
al
ong
the
rail
way
track
i
nc
lud
i
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
channel
m
od
e
ls.
More
over
,
i
n
the
case
of
the
via
du
ct
sce
nar
io
,
the
li
ne
-
of
-
si
ght
(LOS)
c
ompone
nt
is
m
uch
m
or
e
pr
act
ic
al
than
the
m
u
lt
i
-
path
com
po
ne
nts
be
cause
the
pro
pag
at
io
n
l
os
s
dep
e
nds
on
t
he
distance
between
t
he
trai
n
and
t
he
ba
se
sta
t
ion
(BS)
[
24
]
.
Table
1.
A
pp
li
ed
tra
ns
m
issi
on
tech
nolo
gies
for HSTs
Hig
h
-
Sp
eed Tr
ain
s
(HST
s
)
Co
u
n
try
Av
g
.
Sp
eed (k
m
/h
r
)/M
ax
.
Sp
eed (k
m
/h
r)
Max. T
rain
Leng
th
(
m
)
W
ire
less
Techn
o
lo
g
ies
Ref
erences
TGV
-
POS
France
3
2
0
/5
7
4
.8
208
GSM
-
R/
Satellite
[
2
5
]
AVE
Clas
s
10
3
Sp
ain
3
1
0
/4
0
3
.7
206
GSM
-
R
[
2
6
]
ICE
3
class
40
3
Ger
m
an
y
3
3
0
/3
6
8
201
-
4
3
9
GSM
-
R
,
Rad
iatin
g
Cab
le,
Wi
-
Fi
[
2
7
]
ET
R 5
0
0
Italy
3
0
0
/3
6
2
328
GSM
-
R
,
Rad
iatin
g
Cab
le,
Wi
-
Fi
[
2
8
]
KTX
-
I
So
u
th
Korea
3
3
0
/3
6
0
389
-
5
5
0
Au
to
m
atic
Tr
ain
Co
n
trol, W
i
-
Fi
[
2
9
]
Euro
star
France,
Sp
ain
,
Eng
lan
d
3
0
0
/3
3
4
.7
387
-
4
4
3
GSM
-
R
,
W
i
-
Fi
,
W
iM
AX
[
3
0
]
,
[
31]
N7
0
0
Shin
k
an
se
n
Jap
an
2
7
5
/3
3
2
400
Rad
iatin
g
Cab
le
[
3
2
]
TH
SR 7
0
0
T
Taiwan, Ch
in
a
3
0
0
/3
2
0
304
Ro
F,
W
i
MAX
[
2
7
]
Acela
USA
2
4
0
/2
6
5
203
GSM
-
R
,
W
i
-
Fi
[
3
3
]
Pen
d
o
lin
o
Fin
lan
d
2
5
0
/2
8
0
276
W
iM
AX
[
3
4
]
3.
ADV
ANCED
TRA
NSMIS
S
ION
TE
CHN
OLOG
Y
W
it
h
the
inc
r
easi
ng
dem
and
of
ad
va
nced
m
ult
i
m
edia
serv
ic
es
f
or
t
ra
velle
rs,
t
he
H
SR
wireless
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
need
t
o
up
gr
a
de
the
e
xis
ti
ng
te
ch
nolo
gy
with
ad
va
nc
ed
tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
te
ch
no
l
og
y
su
c
h
as
OFDM,
MIM
O
a
nd
Ro
F,
i
n
order
to
im
pro
ve
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
capa
ci
ty
f
or
getti
ng
hi
gh
data
rates.
These
te
chnolo
gies c
an be e
ff
ic
ie
ntl
y use
d
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
3.1.
O
FD
M
OFDM
is
a
dom
inant
transm
i
ssion
te
c
hn
i
que
for
highe
r
da
ta
rate
serv
ic
es
su
ch
as v
oice
,
m
ul
tim
edia,
and
data,
over
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
It
has
bee
n
wide
ly
us
ed
i
n
L
TE
on
rail
way
an
d
al
l
la
te
st
W
i
-
F
i
sta
nd
a
rds
[
35
]
,
[
36]
.
The
ba
sic
purpose
of
this
te
chn
i
qu
e
i
s
to
rem
ov
e
fad
in
g
an
d
i
nter
-
s
ym
bo
l
i
nterf
e
ren
c
e
(I
S
I)
ca
us
e
d
by
m
ulti
path
pr
opa
gation.
It
pro
vid
es
ver
y
high
sp
ect
ral
eff
ic
ie
ncy
m
eans
that
m
or
e
data
serv
ic
es
.
T
he
basic
pri
nci
ple
of
OFDM
is
to
al
locat
ing
the
s
ub
ca
rr
ie
rs
dynam
ic
al
l
y
to
dif
fer
e
nt
us
e
r
s
an
d
picking
t
he
be
st
possible
op
t
ion
s
su
c
h
as
m
odulati
on
an
d
cod
i
ng
sc
hem
e
ada
ptively
.
I
n
case
of
best
pa
iring
for
MIM
O,
it
works
perfect
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
293
-
301
296
(a)
OFDM t
ec
hno
lo
gy
(b)
MIM
O
te
c
hnology
(c)
R
oF t
ech
nolog
y
Figure
1.
A
dva
nced tra
ns
m
iss
ion
tec
hnol
og
i
es for
H
SR
Give
n
this
e
ffec
ti
ve
run
dow
n
of
c
har
act
e
r
ist
ic
s,
OFDM
te
chnolo
gy
is
the
irre
fu
ta
ble
le
ader
for
fu
t
ur
e
HS
R
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
[
37
]
,
[
38]
.
But,
it
has
s
o
m
e
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
in
HS
R
e
nviro
nm
ent.
First
,
m
or
e
prom
inent
disa
dv
a
ntage
is
D
oppler
s
hift
th
at
bad
ly
ef
fects
the
ort
ho
gona
li
ty
of
the
subcar
riers
beca
us
e
of
high
m
ob
il
it
y.
Con
se
quently
,
the
inter
-
car
rier
inter
fer
e
nc
e
(I
CI
)
prom
inently
degra
de
capaci
ty
and
li
nk
perform
ance
of
HS
R
com
m
u
nicat
ion
s
.
In
c
ase
of
res
ource
al
locat
ion
for
HS
R,
it
can’
t
be
ign
ored
.
H
oweve
r,
the
infl
uen
ce
of
ICI
ca
n
be
reduce
d
by
ch
ann
el
est
im
ati
on
a
nd
eq
ualiz
at
ion
in
LT
E
-
R
syst
e
m
s
wit
h
RA
U
s
[39
]
,
[
40]
.
Re
c
ently
,
an
oth
e
r
la
te
st
t
echn
iq
ue
is
a
fun
dam
e
ntall
y
disti
nct
OFDM
based
t
ran
sm
issi
on
sc
hem
e
known
as
ti
m
e
-
f
reque
ncy
trai
ning
OFDM,
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
f
or
high
sp
ee
d
m
ob
il
e
env
ir
onm
ent
[37]
.
It
ha
s
hi
gh
sp
ect
ral
ef
fici
ency
tha
n
the
s
ta
nd
a
rd
cy
cl
ic
pr
e
fix
OFDM
.
Be
sides
this
ben
e
fit,
it
s
pe
r
form
ance
is
hig
hly
reli
able
ove
r
f
ast
fad
i
ng
cha
n
nels
.
Mo
re
re
centl
y,
OFDM
sig
nal
cente
re
d
at
inte
rm
edi
at
e
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(I
F
)
of
7
G
Hz ha
ving c
hannel
band
width
up to
6 G
H
z h
as
b
ee
n use
d
in
f
i
ber
-
wirel
ess (
Fi
Wi) net
work f
or HSR
[41]
.
Seco
nd
,
OFD
M
has
al
s
o
t
he
peak
-
to
-
a
ve
rag
e
po
wer
r
at
io
(PAPR
)
pro
blem
,
wh
ic
h
e
ff
ect
s
t
he
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
powe
r
am
plifie
r
an
d
the
res
ol
ution
of
si
gn
al
co
nv
e
rsion.
But,
it
can
be
l
arg
el
y
ov
e
rcom
e
by
us
in
g
di
ff
e
ren
t
te
chn
iq
ues
s
uc
h
as
sig
nal
pr
ecod
i
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
[42]
a
nd
t
he
pilot
-
assist
ed
te
ch
nique
[
43]
wh
e
n
we
i
m
ple
m
ent
OF
DM
te
ch
nolo
gy
pr
act
ic
a
ll
y
on
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
Re
centl
y,
ano
t
her
ver
y
popula
r
te
chn
iq
ue
is
a
Non
-
OFDM
(
N
-
OFDM)
[
44]
that
can
be
us
ed
in
HS
R
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
be
cause
of
it
s
a
bili
ty
to
reduce
the
ef
f
ect
of
Dop
pler
fr
e
quency
s
hi
fts
of
s
ub
-
car
r
ie
rs
duri
ng
t
he
fast
-
m
ov
in
g
t
rain.
Alth
ough
,
the
com
plexity
o
f dem
od
ulati
ng
N
-
OFDM si
gn
al
s is h
ig
he
r
th
an OF
DM.
3.
2
.
MI
MO
W
it
h
the
inc
r
easi
ng
dem
and
of
sm
art
dev
ic
es
on
HSR
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
we
ca
n’t
get
m
or
e
band
width
us
i
ng
sin
gle
-
input
sing
le
-
outp
ut
(S
I
SO)
te
ch
nolo
gy.
MIM
O
te
chnolo
gy
ha
s
gaine
d
very
high
at
tract
ion
es
pe
ci
al
ly
in
gro
und
-
to
-
trai
n
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
[
45]
-
[
50]
.
Re
cen
tl
y,
the
m
ulti
pl
e
-
in
pu
t
sin
gle
-
ou
t
put
(MIS
O)
ha
ving
2
×
1
receiver
di
ve
rsity
schem
e
has
bee
n
us
e
d
in
li
near
-
cel
l
-
ba
sed
Fi
W
i
network
us
i
ng
W
-
band (
75
-
10
0 GH
z
) for
HS
R
[41]
.
MIM
O
te
ch
nolog
y
is
widel
y
us
ed
in
wir
el
ess
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
su
c
h
as
4G
LTE
,
W
i
-
Fi,
a
nd
W
iM
AX.
The
fu
nctio
n
of
t
his
te
chnolo
gy
is
to
send
or
rec
ei
ve
data
pr
act
ic
al
ly
m
or
e
than
one
data
sig
nal
at
the
sam
e
time
us
in
g
m
ultip
le
anten
nas
at
the
transm
i
tt
er
and
the
r
ecei
ver
.
B
ut
it
exp
loit
s
m
ul
ti
path
pro
pag
at
io
n.
T
her
e
a
re
m
any
te
chn
iq
ues
s
uc
h
as
tra
ns
m
i
t
div
er
sit
y,
pre
-
c
odin
g,
a
nd
s
patia
l
m
ulti
plexing,
that
can e
nh
a
nce
th
e syst
e
m
b
an
dwidth
ef
fici
enc
y and t
he si
gna
l qu
al
it
y.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
wireless
c
ha
nnel
s
are
pro
fou
nd
ly
c
orres
ponded
with
str
ong
L
OS
beca
use
of
scat
te
r
s
and
few
m
ultip
at
hs
in
HS
R
conditi
ons.
Th
e
pr
ese
nce
of
the
LO
S
par
t
is
viewed
as
a
r
est
rict
ing
el
em
ent
for
MIM
O
te
ch
no
log
y
beca
us
e
of
l
ow
e
r
m
ultip
le
xing
gain
c
on
t
rasted
a
nd
the
pred
om
inant
Ra
yl
ei
gh
bl
urrin
g
channel
[
51
]
.
Along
t
hese
issues
,
th
e
cust
om
ary
sp
at
ia
l
m
ulti
plexing
an
d
div
er
sti
y
te
chn
iq
ues
of
MIM
O
can'
t
be
le
giti
m
at
e
ly
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
HS
R c
onditi
on
s
.
Howe
ver,
to
overc
om
e
these
issues,
s
om
e
adv
a
nce
d
sc
he
m
es
hav
e
bee
n
s
uggeste
d
usi
ng
M
IM
O
te
chnolo
gy
for
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
Firstl
y,
a
m
ult
iple
-
gro
up
m
ulti
ple
-
anten
na
(MG
MA)
schem
e,
wh
ic
h
is
add
it
io
n
of
the
LTE
sp
eci
ficat
ion
,
is
prese
nt
ed
in
[
45]
us
in
g
3
-
D
m
od
el
in
g
of
the
L
OS
MIM
O
cha
nne
l
for
HS
R
viad
ucts.
The
pur
pose
of
this
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
to
e
nhance
the
ca
pacit
y
of
the
L
OS
M
IM
O
c
hannel
by
t
un
i
ng
the
weig
hts
am
on
g
MGMA
arr
ay
s.
Sec
ondly,
a
beam
fo
r
m
ing
platfo
rm
in
wh
ic
h
t
he
directi
on
of
transm
itter
anten
na
is
cha
ng
e
d
to
wa
rd
s
the
receive
r
a
nten
na
of
a
H
ST
with
t
he
he
lping
of
gl
obal
po
sit
io
n
in
g
syst
e
m
(G
P
S)
inf
orm
at
ion
is
e
xper
i
m
ently
pr
opose
d
i
n
[
46]
to
inc
rease
th
e
sig
nal
qual
it
y
and
dec
rea
se
th
e
interfe
ren
ce
.
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
al
gorithm
of
distrib
uted
be
a
m
fo
rm
ing
with
the
helpi
ng
of
real
-
ti
m
e
GP
S
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
pro
po
se
d
in
[
47]
.
Finall
y,
by
ta
kin
g
the
be
nef
it
s
of
bo
t
h
OFDM
and
M
IMO
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s
in
HS
R c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
has bee
n
s
uggeste
d
in
[49
]
,
[
52]
to i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
s
pe
ct
ru
m
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A su
r
vey
on ad
van
ce
d
tr
ansmi
ssion t
ech
no
l
ogie
s for
h
i
gh bandwi
dt
h and goo
d
si
gnal
qualit
y…
(
Abdul
Rafa
y)
297
Re
centl
y
,
besides
these
m
od
ifie
d
schem
es,
research
e
rs
are taking
inte
rest
in
m
assive
MIM
O
syst
e
m
s
[53
]
,
[
54]
that
us
e
a
ve
ry
hi
gh
nu
m
ber
of
a
nten
nas
at
tr
an
sm
it
te
r
a
nd
rec
ei
ver
t
o
prov
i
de
high
ba
ndwi
dth
a
nd
high
s
pectr
um
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
esp
eci
al
ly
fo
r
HSR
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
beca
us
e
of
la
r
ge
siz
e
of
t
he
trai
n.
Kee
pi
ng
this
adv
a
nce
d
syst
e
m
,
m
any
m
eth
ods
a
re
a
dopt
ed
su
c
h
as
a
two
-
ante
nn
a
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
[
22
]
,
[
55]
,
3
-
D
base
d
m
assive
MIM
O
[
56]
,
an
d
m
assive
MIM
O
ba
sed
ada
pt
ive
m
ulti
-
stream
bea
m
fo
rm
ing
sc
hem
e
[57]
.
Ba
sic
work
i
ng
pr
inci
ple of R
oF
tec
hnology
as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2
.
Ba
sic
workin
g pr
i
nc
iple o
f
Ro
F tec
hnology
3.
3
.
RoF
Ra
dio
ov
e
r
fi
be
r
te
ch
no
l
og
y
i
s
a
ver
y
im
pr
essive
so
l
ution
t
o
facil
it
at
e
the
br
oa
dban
d
RA
U
s
in
w
hich
rad
i
o
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
(RF)
sig
nals
are
se
nt
ove
r
fi
ber
li
nk
to
pro
vid
e
wireless
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
serv
ic
es
.
Norm
al
ly
,
the
transm
issi
on
of
RF
si
gn
al
ov
e
r
fiber
li
nk
is
us
ed
f
or
ot
her
a
ppli
cat
ions
su
c
h
as
sat
el
li
te
base
sta
ti
ons
an
d
cable
te
le
vision
netw
orks
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
re
searche
rs
are
t
akin
g
an
ext
ra
ordina
ry
int
ere
st
in
the
backb
on
e
of
cel
lular
netw
or
ks
(
4G/5
G)
a
nd
H
SR
net
wor
ks
[41
]
,
[
58]
be
cause
of
se
ve
ral
ad
van
ta
ges
of
R
oF
tra
ns
m
issi
on
to
const
ru
ct
m
ic
ro
or
pico
ce
ll
ular
rad
i
o
arc
hitec
ture.
On
e
sign
ific
a
nt
fa
vora
ble
ad
van
ta
ge
is
that
ver
y
low
al
te
rati
on
is
re
qu
i
red
at
BS
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
1
(c
),
w
her
e
the
RF
si
gn
al
f
ro
m
centrali
zed
center
(CC)
pro
pag
at
es
t
hroug
h
the
fibe
r
li
nk
to
R
AU
and
c
omm
un
ic
at
es
with
the
m
ob
il
e
sta
ti
on
(MS
)
th
rou
gh
the
wireless
li
nk
a
nd
vice
ver
sa
f
or
upli
nk
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
,
th
ere
is
no
need
to
pe
rfor
m
extra
act
ivit
ie
s
at
RAU
su
c
h
as
al
l
sig
nal
proces
sin
g,
m
od
ulati
on
st
ages,
a
nd
di
gital
sign
al
pr
oce
ssing
(DSP
)
c
od
i
ng
e
xce
pt
s
uch
a
s
band
-
pas
s
filt
er
(BPF
)
an
d
powe
r
am
plifie
rs.
So,
this
is
a
ver
y
cost
-
e
ff
e
ct
ive
way
to
put
up
m
ic
ro
or
pico
rad
i
o
cel
ls
bec
ause
al
l
extra
s
ta
ges
are
perform
ed
at
CC
[59]
.
The
basic
work
i
ng
pri
nci
ple
of
RoF
te
c
hnolo
gy
is br
ie
fly
shown in Fig
ure
2.
More
ov
e
r
,
Fig
ur
e
3
s
hows
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
-
di
visio
n
-
m
ulti
plexing
(
WD
M)
-
base
d
R
oF
-
m
illim
e
te
r
-
wa
ve
(MM
W
)
net
w
ork
es
pecial
ly
desig
ne
d
f
or
H
SR
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s.
Usi
ng
this
net
wor
k,
al
l
RAUs
are
ha
nd
le
d
and
m
on
it
or
e
d
by
the
sa
m
e
c
on
t
ro
l
sta
ti
on
(
CS).
Th
ey
are
li
near
ly
instal
l
ed
al
ong
the
r
ai
lway
track
and
ar
e
interco
nnect
ed
with
m
ulti
plexer
a
nd
CS
by
fiber
li
nk
s
.
Ther
e
is
no
re
qu
i
rem
ent
to
perform
the
han
do
ver
process
rem
ain
in
g
under
the
sam
e
CS
wh
e
n
the
HST
tra
vels
f
ro
m
on
e
RAU
t
o
the
n
ext
RA
U
beca
us
e
al
l
RAUs
pe
rfo
rm
as
re
peater
s
by
us
in
g
t
he
“m
ov
i
ng
f
reque
nc
ie
s”
or
“m
ov
in
g
cel
ls”
c
on
ce
pt
.
O
nly
the
ha
ndove
r
process
sta
rts w
he
n
the
trai
n
m
ov
es
fr
om
one
CS
to
the
ne
xt
CS.
The
refo
re,
the
Ro
F
sch
e
m
e
can
dr
am
a
ti
cal
l
y
reduce
fr
e
quen
t
hand
ov
e
r
s.
T
he
droppe
d
cal
ls
can
be
re
duc
ed
by
us
i
ng
thi
s
schem
e
in
H
SR
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
[
41
]
,
[
60]
.
I
n
add
it
ion,
a
di
stribu
te
d
a
nte
nn
a
syst
em
(
DAS)
ha
s
bee
n
ap
plied
ex
pe
rim
entally
in
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
to
giv
e
good
sig
nal
qual
it
y
and
s
pectral
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
61]
.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
to
achiev
e
a
hi
gh
data
rate
for
fa
st
-
m
ov
i
ng
u
se
rs,
m
il
lim
et
er
-
wav
e b
an
ds
s
uc
h
as E
-
ba
nd
(
60
-
90
G
Hz
)
a
nd
W
-
ba
nd
(75
-
10
0
G
Hz)
a
s
a
carrie
r
-
fr
e
quency
are
e
xper
i
m
ental
ly
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
wirele
ss
bac
khaul
ne
twork
su
c
h
as
RAUs
an
d
T
A
U
[36
]
,
[
41
]
,
[
58
]
,
[
60]
du
e
to
it
s
la
r
ge
avail
a
ble
ba
ndwidt
h
an
d
low
at
m
os
ph
e
r
ic
at
te
nu
at
ion
.
The
prob
le
m
arises
wh
e
n
we
ta
lk
about
the
distance
at
su
c
h
high
f
reque
ncies
betwee
n
R
AU
s
a
nd
TA
Us.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
we
ca
n
increase
the
c
ov
e
ra
ge
area
of
RA
Us
a
nd
TAUs
by
us
i
ng
high
gain,
hi
gh
di
recti
vity
anten
nas,
an
d
hig
h
-
ou
t
pu
t
-
po
wer
a
m
pl
ifie
rs
[
60
]
.
Table
2
s
hows
the s
umm
arized c
om
par
ison
of d
e
plo
ye
d
ac
cess te
ch
no
l
og
i
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
293
-
301
298
Table
2
.
Su
m
m
arized c
om
par
ison o
f de
plo
ye
d
acce
ss
tech
nolo
gies
in
HSR
Access
Netwo
rk
Ban
d
wid
th
W
o
rkin
g
Frequ
en
cy
Mod
u
latio
n
/Multiplexin
g
/
MI
M
O
Techn
o
lo
g
y
Maturit
y
Co
m
m
en
ts/R
ef
ere
n
ces
GSM
-
R
< 20
0
kb
p
s
800
-
9
0
0
M
Hz
GMSK/
TD
MA
Un
til 20
2
5
[
1
2
]
8
0
2
.11
1
5
Kbp
s
2
.4/5
.8 GHz
QAM
Mature
[
6
2
]
W
iM
AX
DL:
4
2
M
b
p
s
UL:
1
4
M
b
p
s
2
.3/2
.4/2
.5/3
.5
GHz
16
-
QAM
Mature,
d
ecre
asin
g
[
6
2
]
LTE
-
R
>1
0
M
b
p
s
400
–
3
.5 GHz
64
-
QAM/OF
DMA
2
×
2
MI
MO
E
m
e
rgin
g
and
o
ff
ered
As p
er
si
m
u
l
atio
n
[
1
5
]
Satellite
DL:
2
Mbp
s
UL:
0
.5
Mbp
s
Li
m
ited
FSK/PSK
Mature
,
Bu
t
v
ery
co
stl
y
[
1
8
]
W
iM
AX
-
Ro
F
DL:
3
.3
Mbp
s
UL:
1
.2
Mbp
s
2
.5 GHz
16
-
QAM
-
OFD
M
No
t y
et
d
ep
lo
y
ed
As p
er
si
m
u
l
atio
n
[
6
3
]
0
IFoF
-
FiW
i
-
M
MW
DL:
2
0
Gb
p
s
UL:
1
0
Gbp
s
IF:
7
GH
z
RAU: 9
0
GHz
TAU:
9
0
G
Hz
16
-
QAM
-
OFD
M
2
×
1
MI
S
O
Field
T
ria
l T
est
As p
er
p
rac
tical
[
4
1
]
Figure
3
.
WDM
b
ase
d
R
oF
-
MM
W
an
d
li
ne
arly
instal
le
d ce
ll
syst
e
m
f
or
HS
R c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
paper
stu
died
publis
hed
li
te
ratur
e
with
the
fo
c
us
to
i
nc
rease
ba
ndwi
dth
a
s
well
as
bette
r
si
gn
al
qu
al
it
y
par
ti
cul
arly
via
adv
a
nc
ed
transm
issi
on
te
ch
nolo
gie
s
in
the
HS
R
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
netw
ork.
We
stud
ie
d
thoro
ughly
the
ver
y
la
te
st
three
transm
issio
n
te
c
hnologie
s
su
ch
a
s
OFDM,
MIM
O
a
nd
R
oF
,
t
o
ov
erco
m
e
m
ul
ti
ple
pr
obl
e
m
s
su
ch
as
frequ
e
nt
ha
ndov
ers,
high
pe
net
rat
ion
l
os
s
a
nd
fad
i
ng,
w
hich
aff
ect
the
t
hro
ughput
dr
am
at
ic
ally.
These
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
are
discu
ssed
w
hile
kee
ping
the
HS
R
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
pe
rsp
e
ct
ive.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
survey,
adv
a
nce
d
tra
ns
m
issi
on
te
chn
ol
og
ie
s
in
H
SR
com
m
un
icati
on
s
that
ha
ve
bee
n
disc
usse
d
by
rese
arc
h
works
are
f
ocused
on
the
band
widt
h
with
out
com
bin
in
g
the
se
te
chnolo
gies
ef
fi
ci
ently
.
Du
e
t
o
this
researc
h
ga
p,
c
om
bin
ing
thes
e
te
chn
ol
og
ie
s
to
get
higher
ba
ndwidt
h
in
H
SR
com
m
un
icati
on
s
will
be
chose
n
for fut
ur
e
w
ork
b
eca
us
e
of go
od spec
tral
ef
fi
ci
enc
y.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
hanks
U
niv
e
rs
it
i
Teknolo
gi
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
T
M)
f
or
t
he
s
uppo
rt
of
t
he
pro
j
ect
un
der
UTM Insti
tuti
onal
Gra
nt vote
08G
49.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
P.
Fraga
-
L
amas,
T.
M.
Fern
ández
-
Cara
m
és,
and
L.
Cast
edo,
“
To
wards
the
intern
et
of
sm
art
tr
ai
n
s:
A
rev
ie
w
o
n
industri
al IoT
-
co
nnec
t
ed
r
ai
lwa
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s
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ensors
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il
l
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Be
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EE
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4
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SA
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Ind
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n
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l
ogie
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i
gh bandwi
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d
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Abdul
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CHA
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th
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W
inter
O
l
y
m
pic
Gam
es,
”
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l
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ess
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m
unic
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ion
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chnol
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rai
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s
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tem
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H.
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N.
J.
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Dist
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ant
enn
a
s
y
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for
m
obil
e
com
m
unic
at
ions
in
high
spee
d
tra
ins
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”
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E
J
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S
el
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Are
as Comm
un.
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vol
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3
0
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no
.
4
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pp
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75
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683,
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12,
doi
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10
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AC.2012.
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F.
Chen, “China
sets
railwa
y
bu
ilding spre
e
in
hig
h
-
spee
d
m
oti
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Asia
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ug.
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B.
Ai,
et
a
l.
,
“
Chal
l
enge
s
towar
d
wire
le
ss
com
m
unic
at
ions
for
high
-
spee
d
r
ai
lw
a
y
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Intell.
Tr
ansp.
Syst.
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15
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no
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A.
Díaz
Zay
as
,
C.
A.
Garc
ía
Pér
ez
,
and
P.
M.
Góm
ez
,
“
Thi
rd
-
ge
ner
ation
par
tne
rs
hip
proje
ct
stand
ard
s:
for
del
iv
e
r
y
of
cri
t
ical
co
m
m
unic
at
ions
for
railwa
y
s
,
”
IEE
E
V
eh.
Technol
.
Mag.
,
vol.
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no
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2,
2014
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do
i:
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014.
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Zhong,
Z.
D
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B
o
Ai,
Q.
Y.
Li
u,
and
S.
Y.
Li
n
,
“
Basis
the
or
y
of
rai
lwa
y
digital
m
obil
e
comm
un
ic
a
ti
on
s
y
st
em,”
Tsinghua
Univ
er
sit
y
Press
and
Bei
ji
ng
Jiao
tong U
nive
rsit
y
Press
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Be
ij
ing
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[11]
A.
Sniad
y
and
J.
Soler,
“
LTE
for
Rai
lwa
y
s:
I
m
pac
t
on
Perfor
m
anc
e
of
ET
CS
Rai
lwa
y
Signa
l
ing,
”
I
EE
E
Ve
h
.
Technol
.
Mag.
,
v
ol.
9
,
no
.
2
,
pp
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6
9
-
77,
Jun.
2014,
doi:
10
.
1109/M
VT.
2014.
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72.
[12]
A.
Sniad
y
and
J.
Soler,
“
An
o
ver
vie
w
of
GS
M
-
R
te
chnol
og
y
and
it
s
short
co
m
ings,”
2012
1
2th
Int.
Conf.
I
TS
Tele
commun.
ITST
2012
,
2012
,
p
p.
626
-
629
,
doi
: 10.1109/
ITST
.
2
012.
6425256.
[13]
Masur,
K.
D
,
a
nd
Mandoc
,
D
,
“
LT
E/
SAE
-
Th
e
Future
Ra
il
wa
y
Mobi
le
R
adi
o
S
y
stem:
Long
-
Te
rm
Visions
on
Rai
lwa
y
Mob
il
e
Radi
o
Te
chno
lo
gie
s,”
2009.
[14]
T.
Gao
and
B
.
S
un,
“
A
high
-
spe
ed
ra
il
wa
y
m
obi
le
comm
unic
a
ti
o
n
s
y
stem
base
d
on
LT
E
,
”
in
IC
EIE
2010
-
201
0
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Information
Eng
ine
e
ring,
Proc
ee
di
ngs
,
2010,
d
oi:
10.
1109/ICE
I
E.2010.5559665.
[15]
K.
Guan,
Z
.
Zho
ng,
and
B
.
Ai,
“
As
sessment
of
LT
E
-
R
using
high
spee
d
railwa
y
c
hanne
l
m
odel,”
i
n
Proce
ed
ings
-
2011
3rd
Inte
rnational
Conf
ere
nce
on
Comm
unic
ati
ons
and
Mobil
e
Comp
uti
ng,
CMC
2
011
,
2011,
do
i
:
10.
1109/CMC.2
011.
34.
[16]
D.
Pare
it,
et
al
.
,
“
A
novel
net
w
ork
arc
hi
tectur
e
for
tra
in
-
to
-
wa
yside
comm
unic
a
ti
on
with
qu
al
i
t
y
of
se
rvice
ove
r
het
ero
g
ene
ous w
ire
l
ess ne
tworks,
”
Eurasip
J. W
ir
el
.
Comm
un.
Ne
t
w.
,
2012
,
do
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1186/168
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G.
Barbu
,
“
E
-
Tr
ai
n,
Broadb
and Com
m
unic
at
ion w
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h
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oving
tr
ains
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”
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ail
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J.
P.
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ti
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“
Hot
Spots
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il
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”
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un.
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18
-
24
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[19]
D.
T.
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an
d
V.
S.
Fros
t,
“
A
Surve
y
on
M
et
hods
for
B
roa
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Inte
rn
et
Acc
ess
on
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s,”
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un.
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ial
s
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no
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2
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2
010,
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110
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Jia
-
Yi
Zh
ang
,
Z
hen
-
Hui
T
an
,
Z
hang
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Dui
Zhong
,
and
Yong
Kong
,
“
A
m
ult
i
-
m
ode
m
ult
i
-
b
and
a
nd
m
ult
i
-
s
y
st
em
-
base
d
acce
ss
ar
chi
t
ec
tur
e
for
h
igh
-
spee
d
ra
il
w
a
y
s
,
”
in
IE
EE
Ve
hi
cul
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Tech
nology
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re
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1109/VETEC
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,
“
Pos
it
ion
-
Based
Modeli
ng
for
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ire
l
ess
Channe
l
on
High
-
Speed
Ra
il
wa
y
under
a
Viaduc
t
a
t
2.
35
GH
z,
”
I
EE
E
J
.
S
el
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Comm
un.
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vol. 30, no.
4,
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[22]
Li
n
Ti
an
,
Juan
Li
,
Yi
Huang
,
Ji
ngli
n
Shi
,
and
Jihua
Zhou
,
“
Seam
le
ss
Dual
-
Li
nk
Handove
r
Scheme
in
Broadba
nd
W
ire
le
ss
Com
muni
cation
S
y
st
e
m
s
for
High
-
Spe
ed
Rai
l
,
”
I
EE
E
J
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un.
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1109/JS
AC.2012.
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[23]
B.
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,
“
Radi
o
W
ave
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t
ion
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t
ioni
ng
fo
r
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Speed
Rails,
”
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J
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enn
as
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,
vol
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7
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2
012,
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115
5/2012/
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[24]
R.
He
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
standa
rdi
ze
d
pat
h
loss
m
odel
for
th
e
GS
M
-
rai
lwa
y
base
d
hi
gh
-
spee
d
ra
il
wa
y
comm
unic
at
io
n
s
y
stems
,
” in
I
EEE
V
ehi
cu
lar Te
c
hnology
Con
fe
re
nce
,
2014,
doi
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1
0.
1109/VTCSpri
ng.
2014.
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[25]
J.
P.
Cont
i,
“
Hot
spots
on
ra
il
s
[
Inte
rne
t
hotspots
in
high
-
spe
ed
tr
ai
ns]
,
”
Comm
un.
Eng
.
,
vol.
3,
n
o.
5,
pp.
18
-
21,
Oct.
2005
,
do
i: 1
0.
1049/ce:20050
502.
[26]
ACCO
RDE
,
“
A
CORD
E
-
Broadba
nd
Rai
lw
a
y
Int
ern
et
Ac
ce
ss
on
Hig
h
Speed
Tr
ai
ns
Via
Sat
el
l
ite
Li
nks.
Press
rel
e
ase
.
Acc
ord
e.
FO
KU
M
and
FR
O
ST:
A
Su
rve
y
on
Method
s
for
Broadba
nd
Inte
rne
t
Acc
e
ss
o
n
Tra
ins
185
Santa
nder
,
Spa
in
,
”
2008
,
[on
li
n
e]
Available:
h
tt
p:
/
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s for
h
i
gh bandwi
dt
h and goo
d
si
gnal
qualit
y…
(
Abdul
Rafa
y)
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Ferna
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s
,
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este
r,
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hi
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oto
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y
a
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awa
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,
“
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D
M
RoF
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MMW
and
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ne
arly
locat
ed
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bute
d
ant
en
na
s
y
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for
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high
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spee
d
rai
lwa
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ti
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io
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2044018.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ab
d
ul
Rafay
rec
e
ive
d
his
BS
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
En
gine
er
ing
and
MS
in
El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
from
The
Univer
sit
y
of Lahor
e
(
UO
L),
La
hor
e,
P
aki
stan
,
in
2011
and
2017,
respe
c
ti
vely
.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
PhD
student
in
Unive
rsiti
T
eknol
ogi
Malay
s
ia
(UTM),
Skudai
,
Johor, M
al
a
y
s
ia
.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
an
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
the
D
epa
rtment
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Eng
ineeri
ng
a
t
The
Univer
sit
y
of
L
ahor
e,
La
ho
re,
Pakista
n,
sin
ce
2013.
His
cur
r
e
nt
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
are
in
th
e
are
a
of
op
ti
c
al com
m
unic
at
ion
a
nd
net
working
,
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
th
eor
y
and
rad
io
-
o
ver
-
fibe
r
.
Sevia
Mahdaliza Id
rus
rec
ei
ved
her
Bac
h
el
or
in El
e
ct
ri
ca
l Engi
n
ee
ring in
1998
a
nd
Master
in
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Ma
nage
m
ent
in
199
9,
both
from
UTM.
She
obta
ine
d
her
Ph.D
in
2004
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
W
arwic
k,
Unite
d
Kingdom
in
opti
cal
comm
unic
ation
engi
n
ee
ring
.
She
is
the
Deput
y
De
an
(Deve
lopment
&
Alum
ni),
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
UTM
and
He
ad
of
iKohza
Odes
y
of
Mal
a
ysia
-
Japa
n
Int
ern
at
ion
al
Instit
u
te
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
UTM.
She
has
m
ore
tha
n
250
publi
c
at
ion
.
She
has
serve
d
UTM
since
1998
as
an
ac
ade
m
i
c
a
nd
administra
ti
v
e
staff
.
Her
m
ai
n
rese
ar
ch
in
te
rests
ar
e
opt
ica
l
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stem
and
n
etw
ork,
optoe
l
ectr
onic
design
,
and
engi
ne
eri
ng
m
ana
gement.
Her
rese
arc
h
o
utput
has
b
ee
n
tra
nsla
te
d
int
o
a
num
ber
o
f
publi
c
at
ions
(H
-
inde
xed
-
11)
and
IPR
inc
ludi
ng
a
high
-
end
ref
erence
books,
‘Opt
i
ca
l
W
ireless
Com
m
unic
at
ion:
IR
Connectivit
y
’
pub
li
shed
b
y
Tay
lor
and
Fra
nci
s,
49
book
c
hapt
ers
and
m
onogra
phs,
over
200
ref
ereed
r
ese
arc
h
pape
rs
,
5
pat
en
ts
gra
nt
e
d,
36
pa
te
nt
filin
gs
and
holds
36
UTM c
op
y
r
ig
hts.
Kamal
ud
in
Mohamad
Yu
sof
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
Bachel
or
in
El
e
ct
ri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
a
nd
Master
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
both
fro
m
UTM.
He
obta
ine
d
h
is
Ph.D
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Essex
,
Unite
d
Ki
ngdom
in
El
ec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
Se
nior
Le
ct
u
rer
in
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
TM.
His
m
ai
n
r
ese
arc
h
intere
st
are
Sign
al
Prop
aga
t
ion,
R
angi
n
g
Esti
m
at
ion
,
Loc
a
li
sat
ion, Wire
le
ss
Sensor Ne
twork
(W
SN
),
Cognit
ive Ra
d
io
(
CR)
and
SD
N.
Siti
Ha
su
nah
Mohammad
rec
eived
Bac
he
lor
in
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(Elec
tr
ic
a
l
-
T
el
e
comm
unic
at
ion)
degr
ee
in
Sept
e
m
ber
2010
and
Master
in
Engi
n
ee
ring
(E
le
c
trica
l)
degr
ee
in
Sep
te
m
ber
2013
from
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
Ma
l
a
y
si
a,
Johor
Ba
hru,
Mal
a
y
s
ia.
Curre
ntly
work
i
ng
towar
ds
a
P
h.
D.
degr
ee
a
t
School
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ineer
ing,
Facult
y
of
Engi
nee
r
ing
at
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Ma
lay
sia
,
Johor
Bahru,
Malay
si
a.
C
urre
nt
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
inc
lude
qual
ity
of
servic
es
in
op
ti
c
al
n
et
work
and
h
et
ero
g
ene
ous op
t
ic
a
l
wire
le
ss
ne
t
work.
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