Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
031
~
1
0
3
8
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
031
-
1
0
3
8
1031
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance ana
lysis of
su
percap
ac
it
ors f
or trans
portati
on
ind
ustry
Vinoth
Jon
ath
an
N
agar
ajah
1
, H
ui
Jin
g
Le
e
2
, K
in
g
G
uan
Tan
3
,
Nathaw
at Khunpr
as
it
4
1
,2
Instit
ute of
Po
wer
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
(IPE),
Coll
ege o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univer
siti
T
ena
g
a Nasional
(UN
IT
EN),
Mal
a
y
sia
3,4
SC
OM
I
Rai
l Bhd,
Jal
an
Mon
ora
il,
Kg Sunga
i
Choh,
Se
la
ngor
,
Malay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
5
, 2
018
Re
vised
D
ec
1
,
2018
Accepte
d D
e
c
25, 201
8
Monitori
ng
dev
i
ce
is
essent
ia
l
to
ensure
a
r
el
i
able
and
a
health
y
li
fespa
n
of
the
ene
rg
y
s
torage
s
y
st
em.
Hen
c
e,
a
m
onit
or
ing
devi
c
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
onit
or
the
state
of
hea
lth
and
stat
e
of
ch
arg
e
of
a
Superc
apa
c
it
o
r.
Thi
s
proje
c
t
ai
m
s
to
demons
tra
te
a
m
et
hod
to
m
onit
or
Superc
ap
ac
i
t
ors
using
a
m
ic
roc
ontrol
l
er
in
both
har
dwa
re
and
softwar
e
appr
oa
che
s.
The
da
ta
was
succ
essfu
l
l
y
col
l
ec
t
ed
b
y
an
o
nli
ne
platform
c
al
l
ed
Th
ingSpeak.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
IoT
Mon
it
ori
ng
Stat
e o
f
ch
a
rge
Stat
e o
f
h
eal
th
Superca
pacit
or
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Vinoth
Jonat
ha
n Nag
a
ra
j
ah
,
In
sti
tute
of P
ower
Enginee
rin
g (I
P
E),
Coll
ege
of
En
gi
neer
in
g,
U
nive
rsiti
Ten
a
ga Nasi
onal
(U
NITEN
),
43000 Ka
j
a
ng, Sel
ango
r,
Mal
a
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
vin
oth
.
jon
at
han@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
To
day,
the
use
of
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
has
be
com
e
m
or
e
po
pu
la
r
he
nce
an
eff
ic
ie
nt
en
e
rg
y
stora
ge
syst
e
m
(ESS
)
is
req
uire
d
f
or
ener
gy
sto
rage
to
dr
ive
the
el
ect
ric
m
oto
r.
Su
pe
rcap
aci
t
or
(S
C)
is
com
m
on
ly
us
e
d
due
to
it
s
high
-
powe
r
de
ns
it
y,
fast
cha
r
ging
an
d
dis
ch
arg
i
ng
ca
pa
bili
ty
and
relat
ivel
y
lon
g
-
li
fe
cy
cl
e.
SC
was
fir
st
pate
nted
at
Ge
neral
Ele
ct
ric
Corpor
at
io
n
by
Be
cker
in
1957
w
her
e
a
l
ow
volt
age
el
e
ct
ro
ly
ti
c
capaci
tor
with
por
ou
s
ca
rbo
n
el
ect
ro
de
was
est
ablished
[1
]
.
An
el
ect
rical
energy
stora
ge
of
the
SC
was
then
est
ablished
by
sci
entist
s
at
Stand
a
r
d
Oil
of
O
hio
(SO
HIO)
i
n
1966
[2
]
.
A
n
el
ect
ro
ly
ti
c
capaci
tor
with
act
ivate
d
car
bon
el
ect
rodes
w
as
then
patente
d
in
19
70
by
Donald
L
.
Bo
os
[3
]
.
Pa
nas
on
i
c
then
create
d
SC
of
Go
l
dcaps with strong
ene
r
gy
s
ource f
or
m
e
m
or
y bac
kup
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
i
n
1978 [4].
Lat
er
o
n,
in
1
98
7,
c
om
pan
y
ELN
A
introd
uc
ed
the
“Dyn
acap”
capaci
to
r
wh
ic
h
was
the
first
ge
nerat
ion
on
Ele
ct
rical
Do
uble
Lay
er
Ca
pacit
or
(
ED
LC)
with
a
lim
it
ed
a
m
ou
nt
of
discharge
s
ue
to
it
s
hig
h
int
ern
al
resist
a
nc
e
(I
R
)
[
5].
T
his
has
lim
it
ed
it
s
app
li
cat
ion
to
a
l
ow
c
urren
t
uti
li
zat
ion
su
ch
a
s
su
pply
ing
e
ne
rg
y
f
or
a
Stat
ic
-
Ra
ndom
A
ccess
Mem
or
y (SR
A
M) ch
i
p or f
or
data b
ac
kup p
urp
os
e.
In
1980’s
,
sci
entist
disco
vered
m
at
erial
s
t
o
increa
se
the
capaci
ta
nce
of
a
SC.
Also,
to
reduc
e
equ
i
valent
se
r
ie
s
resist
ance
(ESR),
sci
e
nt
ist
s
create
d
e
le
ct
ro
ly
te
s
with
be
tt
er
co
nd
uctivit
y
wh
ic
h
wil
l
therefo
re
inc
re
ase
the
c
ha
rg
e
an
d
discha
r
ge
cu
rr
e
nt
[
6].
I
n
the
sam
e
ye
ar,
SC
with
l
ow
IR
was
us
e
d
i
n
th
e
m
ilit
ary
app
li
cat
ion
s
by
Pin
na
cl
e
Re
se
arch
In
sti
tute
(P
R
I)
wh
ic
h
is
nam
ed
as
“PRI
Ult
ra
-
ca
pacit
or
”
[
7].
In
1992,
Ma
xwel
l
la
bo
rat
or
ie
s
t
hen
re
br
a
nd
e
d
“PRI
Ultra
-
ca
pacit
or
”
t
o
“B
oo
st
Ca
ps
”.
A
n
Ele
ct
ro
ly
ti
c
-
Hybr
i
d
Ele
ct
ro
c
hem
ical
Ca
pacit
or
w
as
create
d
by
Dav
i
d
A
[
8].
I
n
1994,
a
n
an
od
e
of
200
V
hi
gh
volt
age
ta
ntalum
el
ect
ro
ly
ti
c
capaci
tor
was
im
ple
m
ented
he
nce
the
feat
ures
of
el
ect
r
oc
hem
ic
al
capaci
tors
a
nd
el
ect
ro
ly
ti
c
capaci
tors
we
r
e
com
bin
ed
[
9]
.
The
in
ve
ntio
n
of
this
featu
r
e
is
cal
le
d
the
“C
apatt
ery”
w
hich
it
has
five
tim
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
3
1
–
1
0
3
8
1032
the
ene
rg
y
value
of
a
c
om
par
able
ta
ntalum
e
le
ct
ro
ly
ti
c
capaci
tor
[
10]
.
Th
e
li
thium
-
ion
SC
was
le
d
by
F
DK
i
n
2007.
They
f
use
an
el
ect
ro
sta
t
ic
carbo
n
el
ect
rode
with
pre
-
dope
d
li
thium
-
ion
el
ect
r
oc
he
m
ic
al
el
ect
ro
de
[
11
]
.
This
in
retu
rn
create
s
a
hi
gher
ca
pacit
anc
e
value
.
To
da
y,
ap
plica
ti
on
of
SCs
is
w
idely
found
i
n
the
trans
portat
ion i
ndus
try
s
uc
h
a
s bus, t
ram
s syst
e
m
an
d
t
he re
gen
e
rati
ve b
rea
king in
r
ai
lway
syst
e
m
s [
12]
.
The
pur
pose
of
balancin
g
in
SC
is
t
o
pr
e
ven
t
over
volt
age
durin
g
t
he
chargin
g
proc
ess
of
SCs
.
Ov
e
r
vo
lt
age
w
il
l
red
uce
the
li
fesp
a
n
of
SC
or
in
the
w
or
st
c
ase
it
will
le
ad
to
the
de
struct
ion
of
SC.
Ty
pe
s
of
SC
balancin
g
inclu
de
passi
ve
balancin
g
us
i
ng
re
sist
or
s
,
act
ive
balancin
g
with
Buc
k
-
B
oo
st
ba
sed
balancin
g,
fly
back
co
nver
te
r
bala
ncin
g,
m
ul
ti
-
wind
i
ng
trans
form
er
(
M
W
T)
an
d
m
ulti
-
trans
form
e
r
s
huntin
g
bal
ancin
g
(MTS)
[
13]
.
F
or
pa
ssive
bala
ncin
g
with
resi
stor,
on
e
c
om
pr
om
ise
that
has
to
be
m
ade
is
the
tim
e
req
uir
ed
to
balance
SC
ve
rsu
s
t
he
le
aka
ge
current
[
14]
.
As
f
or
t
he
Buc
k
-
B
oo
st
base
d
act
ive
balanci
ng,
bo
t
h
over
vo
lt
age
and
unde
rvolta
ge
will
be
sens
ed
an
d
trans
ferred
to
the
a
dj
a
cent
cel
ls.
Howev
e
r,
the
ci
rc
uit
is
big
and
r
equ
i
re
s
an
acc
ur
at
e
vo
l
ta
ge
m
on
it
or
in
g.
Fly
back
co
nverter
b
al
a
ncin
g uses the
p
ac
k t
o
cel
l ene
rg
y
trans
fer
.
Mo
nitor
i
ng
of
eac
h
SC
is
no
t
require
d;
to
balanc
e
n
num
ber
of
cel
ls
in
series,
n
-
num
ber
of
diod
es
an
d
n+
1
c
ouple
d
inducto
rs
are
r
equ
i
red.
M
W
T
m
akes
balanci
ng
sim
pler
as
it
do
es
not
requ
ire
a
volt
age
s
ens
or
.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
hand, M
TS i
nvolv
es
sev
e
ral tr
ansfo
rm
ers
hence t
he desig
n would
b
e
cost
ly
[
1
5].
To
m
ai
ntain
th
e
secu
rity
and
reli
abili
ty
of
S
Cs,
SCs
s
houl
d
be
m
on
it
or
e
d
by
a
m
anag
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
inclu
de
the
har
dwa
re
and
s
of
t
war
e
un
it
s.
It
is
us
e
d
for
m
on
it
or
ing,
sta
te
est
i
mati
ng
an
d
bala
ncin
g.
Tem
per
at
ur
e
and
vo
lt
age
are
m
easur
ed
to
ens
ur
e
tha
t
the
el
e
m
ents
do
no
t
excee
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
operati
ng
range,
this
is
essenti
al
to
ens
ur
e
the
sa
fety
of
syst
em
and
us
ers
.
To
pro
ve
the
auto
no
m
y
of
the
SC
syst
e
m
,
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
ou
t
the
sta
te
of
charge
(
SO
C
)
of
t
he
syst
em
is
need
e
d.
T
o
ens
ur
e
that
SC
do
e
s
not
ne
e
d
early
rep
la
cem
ent,
sta
te
of
sta
te
of
healt
h
(
SOH
)
is
to
be
m
on
it
or
ed
i
n
the
syst
e
m
.
Scan
ning
capaci
tor
m
ic
ro
sc
opy
(S
CM
) req
uire
s m
easur
ed dat
a su
c
h
as
volt
ages,
curre
nt a
nd tem
per
at
ur
e
to
est
im
at
e the stat
e o
f
t
he
cel
l
[16
]
.
On
e
way
of
m
on
it
ori
ng
SCs
i
s
by
us
in
g
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
m
ulti
ple
senso
rs
t
o
gathe
r
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
d
at
a
[17].
By
con
str
uctin
g
a
so
ftwa
re
to
be
up
loa
de
d
to
the
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
ol
le
r,
this
data
can
be
us
e
d
to g
e
ner
at
e the SO
C an
d SO
H
of the SC
. A
r
duin
o
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller is com
m
on
ly
u
sed
to
m
on
it
or
SC
s.
T
o
ai
d
the
uploa
din
g
proce
ss
of
pro
gr
am
s
to
th
e
on
-
c
hip
flash
m
e
m
or
y,
Ar
duin
os
a
re
program
m
ed
with
a
bo
ot
loade
r
cal
le
d
“Op
ti
bo
ot”.
A
com
pu
te
r
is
us
e
d
to
loa
d
t
he
pro
gr
am
cod
e
int
o
the
Ardu
i
no
via
a
serial
connecti
on.
N
ew
m
od
el
s
of
Ar
duin
o
are
pro
gr
am
m
ed
us
ing
U
niv
e
rsal
Serial
Bus
(U
SB)
.
Othe
r
ty
pes
of
Ardu
i
no
su
c
h
as
Ardu
i
no
Mi
ni
us
e
a
detac
hab
le
US
B
to
serial
program
m
ed
us
in
g
it
s
ind
ivi
du
al
in
-
c
ircuit
serial
program
m
ing
(I
CS
P)
he
ader.
He
nce,
this
pap
e
r
pres
ents
on
the
m
on
it
ori
ng
res
ul
t
us
ing
a
n
A
rduin
o
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
By
us
in
g
th
e
Ardu
i
no
bo
a
rd
c
onnected
t
o
exter
nal
sh
ie
lds
su
c
h
as
cu
rr
e
nt
sh
ie
ld,
volt
age
sh
ie
ld,
Et
herne
t
sh
ie
ld,
butt
on
and
a
relay
,
a
m
on
it
or
in
g
sy
stem
can
be
co
ns
tr
ucted
to
m
on
it
or
the
S
O
C
and
SOH
of
SCs.
The
m
o
nitor
i
ng
syst
em
can
util
iz
e
an
inter
net
of
thin
g
(IOT)
base
d
cl
oud
data
c
ollec
ti
on
a
nd
stora
ge
syst
e
m
.
Su
c
h
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
w
ould
be
m
ade
app
li
cable
in
the
reg
ene
rati
ve
bra
king
in
trans
po
rtat
ion
industry.
2.
MO
NITO
RING OF
S
UPER
CA
P
CITO
R
This
re
searc
h
work
wa
s
un
de
rtake
n
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
S
OC
and
SOH
of
S
Cs
with
bo
t
h
ha
rdwar
e
an
d
so
ft
war
e
de
ve
lop
m
ent.
This
com
bin
at
ion
will
be
a
ble
t
o
m
on
it
or
the
SCs
by
us
i
ng
a
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
connecte
d
to
m
ul
ti
ple
sensors.
T
he
data
w
il
l
then
go
th
r
ough
the
software
w
her
e
t
he
sens
or’s
data
will
be
interp
reted
an
d
disp
la
ye
d
on
the
serial
m
o
nitor.
Figure
1
sh
ows
the
flo
wch
a
rt
of
the
ov
e
rall
desig
n
of
t
he
syst
e
m
u
sed
t
o ea
se the
flo
w o
f har
dw
a
re
pro
gr
am
m
ing
.
The
s
of
t
war
e
us
e
d
to
pro
gra
m
the
Ard
uin
o
Me
ga
is
a
n
op
e
n
s
ource
Ard
uino
s
of
t
war
e
.
T
hi
s
workflo
w
in
volves
init
ia
li
zat
ion
,
idle
sta
te
,
chargin
g
st
at
e,
after
cha
r
ging
sta
te
,
dis
chargin
g
sta
te
,
after
discha
rg
i
ng
st
at
e,
over
volt
ag
e
sta
te
,
data
c
ollec
ti
on
by
Mi
cro
S
D
ca
rd
an
d
data
coll
ect
ion
on
T
hingS
peak.
Durin
g
the
init
ia
li
zat
ion
pr
oc
e
ss,
the
Ard
uino
will
ver
ify
if
a
Mi
cro
SD
ca
rd
is
instal
le
d.
This
is
to
m
ake
su
r
e
al
l
the
data
co
ll
ect
ed
is
rec
orde
d
f
or
secu
r
it
y
and
reli
abi
li
ty
pu
r
poses.
The
i
dle
sta
te
sh
ows
that
SCs
are
wait
ing
t
o
be
charge
d
or
discharge
d
w
here
bo
t
h
the
c
urre
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
il
l
be
disp
la
ye
d.
T
he
loop
will
r
un i
nf
i
nite t
i
m
es ti
l
l i
t detec
ts a ch
arg
i
ng curre
nt
or d
isc
hargin
g cur
ren
t.
Wh
e
n
the
Ard
uino
detect
s
a
cur
r
ent
of
m
or
e
than
0.9
A
from
the
po
we
r
source
it
will
be
in
the
chargin
g
sta
te
.
Af
te
r
t
he
SCs
are
cha
r
ged
a
nd
the
Ard
uino
detect
s
that
the
current
is
le
ss
than
0.2
A,
it
will
be
in
the
afte
r
cha
rg
i
ng
sta
te
where
it
will
disp
l
ay
the
healt
h
of
each
SC
as
w
el
l
as
us
in
g
E
quat
ion
1
t
o
cal
culat
e
and
disp
la
y
th
e
tim
e
ta
ken
to
charge
the
SC
s.
Wh
en
the
S
Cs
are
connect
ed
to
a
load
a
nd
ha
ve
a
disch
arg
i
ng
current
of
m
ore
than
0.4
A
it
will
be
in
the
discha
rg
i
ng
sta
te
.
Durin
g
the
discha
rg
i
ng
sta
te
,
the
est
i
m
at
e
tim
e
to
disc
harge
th
e
SC
will
be
c
al
culat
ed
a
nd
di
sp
la
ye
d
us
in
g
Eq
uation
1.
Aft
er
the
disc
hargin
g
is
c
om
pl
et
e
an
d
the
curre
nt
sensor
detect
s
a
current
of
le
ss
than
0.2
A,
it
will
be
in
the
after
discha
r
gi
ng
sta
te
wh
e
r
e
the
Ardu
i
no
will
ind
ic
at
e
t
hat
th
e
disc
hargin
g
i
s
com
plete
.
D
ur
i
ng
eve
ry
sta
te
,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
of
eac
h
SC,
volt
age
su
m
o
f
al
l t
he
SCs an
d
c
urre
nt
will
b
e
recor
de
d
a
nd d
is
play
ed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of s
upe
rca
pa
ci
tor
s for
tra
ns
port
ation i
ndus
try
(
Vin
ot
h
Jo
nath
an N
agaraja
h
)
1033
Figure
1
.
Wo
r
k flo
w of o
ve
rall
syst
e
m
The
com
pone
nt
s
con
sist
of
a
n
A
rduin
o
Me
ga,
c
urren
t
se
nsor
s
hield,
volt
age
sen
sor
sh
i
el
d,
Ethe
rn
et
sh
ie
ld
with
Mi
croSD
car
d
sl
ot
and
a
Re
la
y.
Fu
ll
ci
rc
uit
co
ns
tr
uction
of
t
he
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
e
m
pr
ot
otype
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
2
a
nd
F
ig
ur
e
3.
T
he
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
c
on
sist
s
of
an
Ardu
i
no
Me
ga
,
Ether
net
s
hie
ld
with
SD
ca
rd,
f
our
vo
lt
age
se
ns
or
s,
tw
o
c
urren
t
sens
or
s
,
relay
,
pu
s
h
butt
on
an
d
a
L
ED.
F
our
volt
age
se
nso
rs
ar
e
us
e
d
to
m
on
it
or
volt
age
of
each
in
div
i
du
a
l
SC.
Curre
nt
sens
or
s
a
re
use
d
to
m
on
it
or
the
c
hargin
g
an
d
discha
rg
i
ng
c
urre
nt.
A
relay
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
pow
er
so
urce
a
nd
s
uperca
p1
to
bre
ak
the
ci
rc
uit
if
an
ov
e
r
vo
lt
age
oc
cur
s
. A
re
d
LE
D
is use
d
to i
ndic
at
e w
he
n
a
n ov
e
r
vo
lt
age
oc
cur
s
. Besides
,
a p
ush
butt
on
is used
to r
eset
t
he
ci
rc
uit after t
he o
ve
rvolta
ge has
be
en
cl
eare
d
t
o a l
ow
e
r v
oltag
e (< 6.
1 V).
Figure
2
.
Proto
ty
pe
sk
et
c
h
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IS
S
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:
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4752
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
3
1
–
1
0
3
8
1034
Figure
3
.
Desi
gn of
fu
ll
proto
ty
pe
el
a
psedTime
=
mil
li
s
−
st
a
r
t
Time
(1)
To
cal
culat
e
the
capaci
ta
nce
of
eac
h
in
divi
du
al
SC,
E
qu
at
ion
2
is
us
e
d.
“C
ca
p”
is
the
cal
culat
ed
capaci
ta
nce,
“
I
”
is
the
current
us
ed
t
o
cha
r
ge
the
SCs,
“t
2”
is
the
value
st
or
e
d
in
var
ia
ble
“fu
ll
Tim
e”,
“
t1”
is
the
value
sto
re
d
in
va
riable
“
capTim
e”,
“V2
”
is
the
data
store
d
in
f
un
ct
ion
cal
le
d
“v
ol
ta
geCha
nge
()
”
and
“V1
”
is
the
da
ta
store
d
i
n
f
un
ct
io
n
cal
le
d
“i
niti
al
Vo
lt
ag
e”.A
fter
cal
c
ulati
ng
t
he
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
of
eac
h
SC
,
Eq
uation
3
is
use
d
t
o
cal
culat
e
the
healt
h
of
each
SC
.
Ra
te
d
ca
pacit
ance
i
s
the
rated
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
gi
ven
by
the
m
anu
fact
ur
e
r.
The
“e”
v
al
ue
will
b
e set t
o
z
ero.
C
cap
=
I
∗
(
t
2
−
t
1
)
V
2
−
V
1
(2)
C
%
=
100
−
(
(
rat
e
d
c
a
pac
itance
−
C
c
ap
rat
e
d
c
a
pac
itance
)
×
100
)
(3)
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
SCs
we
re
te
ste
d
to
ver
i
fy
that
they
ha
ve
a
ca
pacit
ance
value
of
3200
F
.
It
is
si
gn
i
ficant
t
o
identify
a
nd
ve
rify
the
i
niti
al
value
of
cap
aci
ta
nce
as
th
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
process
re
qu
i
r
es
an
acc
urat
e
init
ia
l
read
i
ng
of
the
SCs.
Ne
xt,
se
nsors
te
sti
ng
wa
s
cond
u
ct
ed.
S
ens
or
s
te
sti
ng
was
co
nducte
d
to
ens
ur
e
acc
ur
at
e
read
i
ng
s
a
re
m
easur
e
d
by
the
sensor
to
be
use
d
in
the
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
e
m
.
Finall
y,
resu
lt
s
and
fi
nd
i
ngs
from
fu
ll
prototype
test
ing
is
prese
nted.
To
ver
ify
t
he
c
apacit
ance
of
the
SCs
.
A
co
nst
ant
cu
rr
e
nt
s
ource
is
us
e
d
t
o
c
harge
the
S
Cs
to
2.5
V
each.
A
m
ultim
et
er
was
us
e
d
in
par
al
le
l
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
volt
age
c
hange
of
t
he
SCs.
Th
e
const
ant
c
urr
ent
us
e
d
was
3
A
.
Mult
iple
exp
e
rim
en
ts
wer
e
carrie
d
out
to
get
a
m
or
e
accurat
e
read
in
g.
Ta
bl
e
1
sh
ows
the
F
inal
vo
lt
age
s
(
V)
a
nd
Tim
e
Taken
(m
inu
te
s)
aft
er
a
co
ns
ta
nt
c
urren
t
of
3
A
was
use
d
t
o
ch
arg
e
t
he
SCs
t
o
10
V.
Eq
uation
1
is
us
e
d
to
cal
cula
te
total
capaci
t
ance
of
the
SC
s.
This
f
orm
ul
a
was
ta
ke
n
from
the
te
st
ing
m
anu
al
of
S
kelet
on
T
echnolo
gies’
S
up
e
rca
pac
it
or.
Ti
m
e
ta
ken
(
m
inu
te
s)
is
co
nv
e
rted
t
o
sec
onds
to
be
use
d
in
equ
at
io
n
as
2
.
It
is
obser
ve
d
t
ha
t
the
total
m
easur
e
d
ca
pacit
an
ce
in
series
is
a
bove
80
0
F
.
T
his
s
hows
that
the
3200
F
SCs
are
healt
hy
a
nd
are
m
anu
f
act
ur
e
d
acc
ordin
g
to
s
pecif
ic
at
ion
.
F
orm
u
la
to
cal
c
ula
te
total
capaci
ta
nce i
n serie
s is
giv
e
n i
n
eq
uatio
n 4.
C
tot
a
l
=
1
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
⋯
1
C
n
(4)
A
vo
lt
ag
e
se
nsor
s
hield
was
us
e
d
t
o
m
on
i
tor
i
nd
i
vidual
vo
lt
age
s
of
th
e
SCs.
The
vo
lt
ages
we
re
m
on
it
or
ed
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
an
ov
ervolt
age.
O
ve
rvolta
ge
ca
us
e
s
a
re
duced
li
f
espa
n
on
a
S
C.
Table
1
shows
th
e
vo
lt
age
se
nsor
sh
ie
ld
te
sti
ng
on
a
sin
gle
SC
and
is
val
idate
d
us
i
ng
a
m
ultim
et
er.
Percen
ta
ge
of
error
is
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
rec
orde
d
in
th
e
sam
e
ta
ble.
Perce
ntage
of
error
is
giv
e
n
by
the
f
or
m
ula
in
e
quat
ion
4.3.
A
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of s
upe
rca
pa
ci
tor
s for
tra
ns
port
ation i
ndus
try
(
Vin
ot
h
Jo
nath
an N
agaraja
h
)
1035
seen
in
Ta
ble
1,
the
per
ce
nta
ge
of
er
ror
de
c
reases
as
the
volt
age
inc
rease
s.
The
per
ce
nt
age
of
er
ror
does
no
t
go abo
ve 5%
wh
ic
h
is t
he
m
axim
u
m
acceptable er
ror fo
r
t
his
proj
ect
.
Table
1
. Perce
ntage E
r
ror
F
or Volt
age
Se
nsor
No
Vo
ltag
e Sen
so
r
readin
g
(
V)
Multi
m
ete
r
readin
g
(V)
Percentag
e of
err
o
r
(%)
1
0
.21
0
.20
5
.00
2
1
.05
1
.20
4
.20
3
2
.60
2
.50
4
.00
In
t
his
resea
rc
h
w
ork
,
f
our
S
Cs
wer
e
cha
rged
to
a
su
m
of
6
V.
Vo
lt
a
ge
read
i
ng
s
we
re
then
ta
ken
us
in
g
a
dig
it
al
m
ultim
et
er
and
f
our
vo
lt
age
sens
or
s
.
A
n
ACS
71
2
cu
rrent
sens
or
was
us
ed
t
o
m
on
it
or
t
he
current
that
flo
wed
from
the
so
urce
to
t
he
S
C
durin
g
cha
r
gi
ng
a
nd
m
on
it
or
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
that
flo
we
d
f
rom
the
SC
to
the
load
duri
ng
disc
ha
rg
e
.
Ex
per
im
ent
was
do
ne
by
chargin
g
f
our
series
co
nne
ct
ed
32
00F
SCs
at
diff
e
re
nt
curre
nt
values
.
Re
s
ults
from
m
ul
t
iple
te
sts
wer
e
recorde
d
in
T
able
2.
It
wa
s
ob
se
r
ved
t
ha
t
the
per
ce
ntage
of
error
wa
s
le
ss
than
5
%.
T
he
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
er
ror
of
the
c
urren
t
sen
sor
was
2.9
%.
Th
is
value
can
be ob
ta
i
ne
d by us
i
ng e
quat
ion
4.
%
er
ror
=
|
mult
imet
e
r
rea
din
g
−
sens
or
re
a
din
g
multi
meter
re
a
di
n
g
|
×
100%
(5)
Table
2
.
Perce
ntage
Er
ror
F
or Cu
rr
e
nt Se
nsor
No
Cu
rr
en
t Sens
o
r
readin
g
(
A)
Multi
m
ete
r
readin
g
(A)
Percentag
e of
err
o
r
(%)
1
1
.03
1
.00
3
.00
2
2
.07
2
.00
3
.30
3
3
.09
3
.00
2
.90
Mon
it
ori
ng
sta
te
s
of
t
he
f
ull
prot
otype
te
sti
ng
in
volve:
idle
sta
te
,
chargin
g
sta
te
,
after
c
ha
rg
i
ng
sta
te
,
discha
rg
i
ng
sta
te
,
and
ove
rvol
ta
ge
sta
te
.
The
exp
e
rim
ents
c
onduct
ed
are
c
harge
d
at
a
con
sta
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
of
3A
ti
ll
a
m
axi
m
u
m
ov
ervolt
age
sta
te
of
6.3
V.
A
1.1
Ω,
10
W
resist
or
is
us
e
d
to
disc
harge
th
e
SCs
ti
ll
40
0
m
V.
Figure
4
to
F
ig
ur
e
7
sho
w
the
li
ve
vol
ta
ge
re
adin
gs
of
each
SC
w
hile
F
ig
ur
e
8
sho
ws
th
e
volt
age
s
um
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l
l
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SCs.
T
he
c
hargin
g
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nd
di
s
chargin
g
c
urr
ents
a
re
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9
a
nd
Fig
ure
10.
I
n
F
ig
ure
11,
if
relay
sta
tus
shows
“
1”,
this
is
to
in
dicat
e
that
the
relay
has
bee
n
tripp
e
d
an
d
a
n
ov
e
r
vo
lt
age
ha
s
occurre
d
wh
i
le
“0”
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
relay
is
cl
ose
d
an
d
the
ci
rc
uit
is
op
e
rati
ng
norm
al
l
y.
Vo
lt
age
gra
ph
f
or
seco
nd
SC
as
s
ho
w
n
in Figu
re
5
a
nd Volt
age
gr
a
ph
for
t
hir
d
SC
a
s
shown i
n
Fi
gu
re
6.
Figure
4. V
oltage
gr
a
ph fo
r
fi
r
st SC
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5. V
oltage
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a
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Figure
6. V
oltage
gr
a
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Figure
7.
V
oltage
gr
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f
ourt
h
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Figure
8. V
oltage
gr
a
ph fo
r
s
um
o
f
fou
r
SC
’s
volt
age
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Ind
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Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of s
upe
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pa
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tor
s for
tra
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port
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ndus
try
(
Vin
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9. Cha
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ging c
urren
t
gr
aph
Figure
10. Dis
chargin
g
c
urre
nt gra
ph
Figure
11. Rel
ay
stat
us
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
m
on
it
or
s
the
sta
te
of
c
ha
rg
e
an
d
s
ta
te
of
healt
h
of
s
up
e
rcapa
ci
to
r
usi
ng
a
n
A
r
duin
o
Me
ga
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
T
he
sen
sors
co
ns
ist
ed
of
four
volt
age
s
ens
or
s
an
d
t
w
o
c
urre
nt
se
nsors
.
Ard
uino
Me
ga
processe
d
the
data
colle
ct
ed
from
the
sens
or
an
d
able
t
o
pr
od
uce
an
a
ccur
at
e
sta
te
of
charge
an
d
s
ta
te
of
healt
h
of
the
su
pe
rcap
aci
t
ors.
T
he
m
on
ito
ri
ng
syst
em
is
hen
ce
able
to
pr
e
ven
t
the
overc
hargi
ng
of
su
pe
rca
pacit
or.
This
will
ens
ure
that
th
e
s
upercapacit
or
operates
at
a
f
ull
li
fesp
an
.
T
he
da
ta
was
c
ollec
te
d
by
an
on
li
ne
platf
or
m
cal
le
d
Thi
ngSp
ea
k
w
hich
e
nab
le
d
the
end
us
e
r
to
vi
ew
the
sta
te
of
cha
r
ge
a
nd
s
ta
te
of
healt
h of su
pe
r
capaci
tors i
n l
ive
data.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We th
a
nk
Un
i
ve
rsiti
Ten
a
ga Nasi
onal
inte
rnal
g
ra
nt RJ
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289176
f
or
t
he supp
or
t.
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IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
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J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
3
1
–
1
0
3
8
1038
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