Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Sci
ence
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
300
~
306
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
300
-
306
300
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Explosi
on
-
proof th
er
m
al type g
as
f
low sens
or struct
ure anal
ysis
and sens
or modu
le dev
elopm
ent
Gwan
-
H
yu
n
g Ki
m
, H
e
a
-
Sun
g Jung,
In
-
H
o Ju
ng
Dept.
of
Com
put
er
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Tongm
y
ong
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Busan,
6
08
-
711,
Kore
a
Sam
Hoi
Industria
l
.
co
.
,
LT
D,
48
-
2,
66
-
BeonGi
l,
Golden
Root
-
ro
juc
hon
M
y
eon
,
Cim
hae
-
cit
y
G
yeongna
m
,
K
ore
a
.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
1, 20
18
Re
vised Jul
10,
2018
Accepte
d
J
ul
25, 2
018
The
pre
sent
st
ud
y
studie
d
str
uct
ure
an
aly
sis
and
sensor
m
odule
s
for
expl
osion
-
proof
the
rm
al
t
y
pe
flow
sensors
th
at
ca
n
wi
thsta
n
d
the
poor
surroundings
of
vessel
engi
n
es
and
power
pla
nts
and
ca
n
be
inst
al
l
ed
in
gas
li
nes.
The
stru
cture
an
aly
sis
ev
a
lua
t
ed
the
in
t
egr
ity
of
th
e
stru
ctures
of
the
expl
osion
-
proof
the
rm
al
t
y
p
e
flo
w
sensors
with
fini
te
elem
ent
a
naly
s
is,
an
d
with
reg
ard
to
th
e
oper
at
ion
of
th
e
sensor
m
odules
,
those
sensor
m
odule
s
tha
t
ca
n
de
tect
env
ir
onm
ent
s
where
vibra
ti
ons
o
cc
ur
or
where
th
ere
are
flo
ws
of
high
pre
ss
ure
g
a
ses
or
flui
ds
wer
e
rese
arc
h
ed
and
develope
d
.
Th
e
expl
osion
-
proof
the
rm
al
t
y
pe
flow
senso
r
m
odule
consi
sts
of
a
sensin
g
par
t
,
a
n
adj
ustm
ent
par
t
,
and
an
output
pa
rt,
and
a
nois
e
pre
vention
ci
r
cui
t
was
adde
d
to
sec
ure
the
sta
bil
ity
o
f
t
he
m
eas
ure
m
ent
signal
s
.
The
flow
senso
r
deve
lop
ed
with
the
pre
sent
study
is
a
sensor
m
odule
ca
pabl
e
of
m
ea
suring
flows
in
dom
esti
c
gas
en
gine
s
and
gas
pi
ping
and
it
is
pr
ese
nte
d
as
a
reli
abl
e
sensor
m
odule
bec
ause
it
is
strong
aga
inst
vibra
ti
ons
a
nd
has
ex
ce
llent
expl
osion
-
proof
per
form
an
ce
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Finit
e ele
m
ent
analy
sis
Flow sen
sor
Gas
Pr
ess
ur
e
Vibrat
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Gw
a
n
-
Hyu
ng
Kim
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Com
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
,
To
ng
m
yong Unive
rsity
,
Busan,
608
-
71
1,
K
or
ea
.
Em
a
il
:
taichiboy
1@gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fo
ll
owin
g
the
stren
gth
e
ning
of
ai
r
poll
utio
n
sta
nd
ar
ds
f
or
l
arg
e
ve
ssels
an
d
fossil
fu
el
power
pla
nts
(ther
m
al
)
(TI
E
R
3
cam
e
into
eff
ect
in
2016)
,
they
we
re
gra
du
al
ly
co
nvert
ed
into
la
rg
e
ve
ssels
that
us
e
natu
ral
gas,
wh
ic
h
is
cl
ean
gr
ee
n
ene
rg
y,
a
nd
c
om
bi
ned
cy
cl
e
pow
er
plants
that
use
natur
al
gas
and
oth
e
r
fuel
s[1
-
3]
.
In
ad
diti
on,
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
the
saf
et
y
prob
le
m
s
of
nu
cl
ea
r
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
a
n
d
ai
r
poll
utio
n
du
e
to
N
O
x
a
nd
fine
du
st
,
he
reafte
r,
powe
r
pla
nts
t
hat
m
ai
nly
us
e
gases
as
f
uel
will
be
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
as
a
dd
it
io
nal
ones
or
th
ose
that
will
r
eplace
d
e
te
rior
at
e
d
ones
. Mo
st o
f
the s
ens
or
m
od
ules
currently
in
us
e that can m
ea
su
re t
he
fl
ow
s
ta
te
s of
m
arine
vessel
eng
i
ne
li
nes
or
gas
pip
i
ng
li
ne
s
in
powe
r
pl
ants
are
f
or
ei
gn
pro
duct
s,
an
d
dom
est
ic
pr
oducts
cannot
be
easi
l
y
introd
uced
into
t
he
fiel
d
be
cause
t
hey
ha
ve
pro
blem
s
in
pe
rfor
m
ance
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
.
I
n
the
case
of
sens
ors
app
li
ed
to
m
ar
ine
v
essel
eng
i
ne
pip
i
ng,
the
sever
e
vib
rati
ons
of
vessels
le
ad
to
the
occur
ren
ce
of
m
any
errors,
s
horteni
ng
of
li
fesp
a
ns,
a
nd
f
re
qu
e
nt
oc
currence
of
f
ai
lure.
The
re
are
diff
ic
ulti
es
in
t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
s
uch
flo
w
se
ns
ors
beca
us
e
they
shou
l
d
str
ic
tl
y
sat
isfy
ex
plo
si
on
-
pr
oof
sta
nd
a
rds
an
d
eng
i
ne
vibrat
ion
c
ondi
ti
on
s b
eca
us
e t
hey shou
l
d
be
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in the gas fuel
li
nes
of v
essel
s
or
power
plants in
s
pecial
cases
[4
-
7].
The
pu
rpose
of
the
pr
e
sent
st
ud
y
is
to
dev
el
op
flo
w
se
ns
or
s
app
li
ca
ble
to
vessels
or
po
wer
pl
ants
to
local
iz
e
i
m
po
rt
-
de
pe
nd
e
nt
pro
du
ct
s
,
rev
ie
w
the
feasibil
it
y
of
ex
plo
sio
n
-
pr
oof
therm
al
flow
sens
ors
ap
plica
ble
to
gas
pip
i
ng
li
nes
with
struc
tural
analy
sis,
and
de
velo
p
e
xp
l
os
io
n
-
pro
of
therm
al
flow
sens
or
m
odules
tha
t
can m
easur
e t
he
f
lo
ws o
f
fl
uids
an
d gases
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Explosi
on
-
pr
oof t
her
m
al type
gas
fl
ow
sens
or st
ru
ct
ur
e
anal
ysi
s a
nd
sens
or
…
(
Gwan
-
Hy
ung
Ki
m
)
301
2.
FLOW SE
NSOR
MO
DELI
NG A
ND STR
UC
T
URAL
A
NA
L
YS
I
S
In
the
m
od
el
in
g
of
an
ex
plo
s
ion
-
pro
of
desi
gn,
the
housi
ng
was
de
sig
ne
d
to
sat
isfy
the
exp
lo
sio
n
-
pro
of
co
ndit
ion
s
an
d
co
ver
screw
s
a
nd
ca
ble
entry
scre
ws
were
desig
ned
with
sp
ec
ific
at
ion
s
that
wer
e
se
le
ct
ed
to
sat
isfy
ex
plo
sio
n
-
pro
of
co
ndit
ion
s
[
8
-
9].
T
he
pro
be
wa
s
de
s
ign
e
d
s
o
that
an
el
em
ent
that
can
m
easur
e
te
m
per
at
ur
e
can
be
instal
le
d.
A
n
e
xplosi
on
-
pr
oof
t
her
m
al
ty
pe
ga
s
flo
w
se
nsor
with
s
uc
h
a
str
uctu
re
is pr
e
sente
d
in
Figure
1.
Figure
1. Dia
gra
m
o
f
t
her
m
al
t
ype g
a
s f
l
ow s
ens
or
In
t
he
flo
w
se
ns
or
m
od
el
ing
app
li
ed
t
o
th
e
pr
ese
nt
stu
dy
,
par
am
et
ers
wer
e
sel
ect
ed
to
fit
vesse
l
eng
i
nes
wh
e
re
vibrat
ion
s
occ
ur
a
nd
high
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
high
pr
ess
ure
po
w
er
pla
nt
en
vir
onm
ents,
and
struct
ure
analy
ses
we
re
cond
ucted.
T
he
flo
w
a
naly
sis
is
ai
m
ed
at
rev
ie
wing
flo
w
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
wh
e
n
one
e
xp
l
os
io
n
-
pro
of
the
rm
al
t
ype
gas
fl
ow
s
ens
or
is
at
ta
ch
ed
to
a
2”
pip
e
.
The
fl
ow
a
na
ly
sis
was
cond
ucted
us
in
g
A
NSYS
V17.0.
F
or
a
na
ly
sis
of
flows
in
pip
es,
the
f
l
ow
area
was
desig
ne
d
to
in
cl
ud
e
an
a
rea
at
le
ast
five
tim
es
the
diam
e
te
r
in
len
gt
h
at
the
inlet
through
w
hich
flui
ds
flo
w
in
and
an
are
a
at
le
ast
10
tim
es
the
dia
m
e
te
r
in
le
ng
th
at
the
outl
et
,
beca
us
e
a
distance
suff
ic
ie
nt
to
s
how
the
s
hap
e
of
f
ul
ly
dev
el
o
ped
f
luid
flo
ws
s
hould
be
secur
e
d
i
n
the
case
of
the
i
nlet
an
d
a
dist
ance
s
uffici
ent
to
preve
nt
ci
r
culat
ing
flo
ws
or
bac
kf
l
ow
s
from
reen
te
ri
ng
at
t
he
ou
tl
et
boun
dar
y
t
o
a
ff
ect
the
num
erical
cal
culat
ion
s
houl
d
be
sec
ure
d
in
the
case
of
the
ou
tl
et
,
as
t
he
f
l
ow
s
t
hat
ha
ve
bec
om
e
extrem
el
y
un
sta
ble
wh
il
e
passing
the
bo
dy
area
are
sta
bili
zed
at
the
ou
tl
et
.
T
he
rm
a
l t
ype g
as
f
lo
w
sen
s
or m
od
el
ing
sho
wn in
Fi
gure
2.
In
t
he
prese
nt
stud
y,
t
he
ef
fici
ency
of
cal
c
ulati
on
wa
s
en
ha
nced
by
co
nce
ntrati
ng
gri
ds
i
n
the
body
a
rea,
wh
e
re
th
e
flo
w
patte
r
n
was
s
how
n
t
o
be
ext
rem
ely
turbulent
flo
ws,
am
ong
an
al
ysi
s
areas,
a
nd
by
distrib
uting
rel
at
ively
few
er
gri
ds
in
the
inlet
and
outl
et
are
as.
Pr
e
ssures
w
ere
m
easur
ed
a
t
the
inlet
and
ou
tl
et
of
the
strai
ne
r
and
the
a
ver
a
ge
values
we
re
us
e
d.
Finall
y,
diff
e
re
ntial
pr
essur
e
s
wer
e
m
easur
e
d
at
two
po
int
s
at
the
inlet
of
t
he
filt
er
an
d
at
six
po
i
nts
at
t
he
ou
tl
et
of
t
he
filt
er
to
re
view
the
cha
racte
risti
cs
of
di
ff
e
r
entia
l
pr
ess
ures
for
t
he
inlet
a
nd
outl
et
.
Figure
2. The
r
m
al
ty
pe
gas
flow senso
r
m
odel
ing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
300
–
306
302
The
st
ru
ct
ur
al
analy
ses
of
th
e
m
echan
ic
al
pro
per
ti
es
of
m
at
erial
s
wer
e
lim
i
te
d
to
al
um
inu
m
alloy,
sta
inless
ste
el
, an
d
PCB
am
ong
the
ap
plied
m
at
erial
s
con
si
der
i
ng
the physi
cal
prop
e
rtie
s
of
the
m
at
erials.
T
he
m
ai
n
m
at
erial
s
that
co
ns
t
it
ute
the
e
xp
l
os
io
n
-
pro
of
t
her
m
al
ty
pe
flo
w
s
ens
or
a
re
al
um
inu
m
alloy
fo
r
di
e
cast
ing
s,
sta
inl
ess
ste
el
,
and
P
CB
.
Table
1
shows
the
m
echan
ic
al
prop
e
rtie
s
of
ind
i
vidual
m
at
erial
s
app
li
ed
to
the r
e
view
of t
he
str
uctu
ral in
te
gr
it
y of t
he
f
l
ow senso
r.
Table
1.
Mec
ha
nical
prope
rtie
s of m
at
erial
s
Mater
i
al
Ap
p
licab
le Par
ts
Den
sity
Mod
u
lu
s o
f
elastic
ity
Po
iss
o
n
's ratio
Yield
Str
en
g
th
STS30
4
Sen
so
r
b
o
d
y
7
,75
0
k
g
/
m
3
1
9
5
GPa
0
.30
2
0
5
MPa
STS31
6
Pip
e
7
,75
0
k
g
/
m
3
1
9
5
GPa
0
.30
2
0
5
MPa
ALDC
Ho
u
sin
g
cov
er/Bo
d
y
2
,77
0
k
g
/
m
3
7
0
MPa
0
.33
1
4
5
MPa
PCB
PCB
1
,89
0
k
g
/
m
3
1
3
GPa
0
.30
-
Am
on
g
the
bo
unda
ry
conditi
on
s
,
the
inlet
conditi
on
was
set
to
the
sta
tic
pr
ess
ur
e
when
analy
ses
wer
e
co
nducte
d
c
on
si
der
i
ng
the
cha
racteri
s
ti
cs
of
t
he
fl
ow
se
nsor
a
nd
assum
ing
the
har
s
hest
e
nvir
on
m
ent,
al
tho
ug
h
the
flow
velocit
y
of
the
fluids
that
pass
th
rou
gh
t
he
pi
pe
is
basi
cal
ly
1.
5
~
2.5
m
/s
on
ave
rage.
The
bounda
ry c
ondi
ti
on
s ar
e
s
how
n
in
Ta
ble 2.
Table
2.
B
oundary C
onditi
on
An
aly
sis
t
y
p
e
Stead
y
stat
e
Turb
u
len
t
m
o
d
el
SST
m
o
d
el
(Shear
Stress
T
rans
p
o
rt
m
o
d
el)
Op
erating
T
e
m
p
.
2
3
℃
(A
m
b
ien
t
Te
m
p
.)
W
o
rkin
g
Fluid
Air
Gravity
directio
n
-
Y dir
ectio
n
(
-
g)
Inlet
4
0
b
ar,
24
0
b
ar
(Sta
tic Pr
ess
u
re
)
Ou
tlet
o
u
tlet /
relative pr
e
ss
u
re
0
[
b
ar]
No
-
sli
p
co
ndit
ion
s
a
nd
im
per
m
eable
con
diti
on
s
wer
e
plac
ed
on
the
wall
s
of
al
l
so
li
d
bodies
that
com
e
into
co
ntact
with
fluid
s
.
Since
the
anal
ysi
s
was
inten
ded
to
fin
d
out
the
pr
ess
ur
e
l
evel
inside
the
pip
e
wh
e
n
t
he
flui
d
flo
ws
sta
bly
a
nd
the
am
ou
nt
s
of
pr
e
ssure
dro
p
acc
ordi
ng
to
the
fl
ow
s
of
the
flui
d,
c
ha
nges
i
n
the
flo
w
fiel
d
ov
e
r
tim
e
wer
e
cal
culat
ed
ass
um
ing
that
the
work
i
ng
flui
d
was
ai
r,
wh
ic
h
is
an
incom
pressi
ble
fluid.
F
or
flo
w
an
al
yse
s
f
or
the
a
rea
insi
de
the
flo
w
s
ens
or
,
t
he
hea
t
of
t
he
fl
ow
sens
o
r
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
tem
per
at
ur
e/
pressure
was
a
naly
zed.
T
he
flow
cha
ract
erist
ic
s
of
the
flow
se
ns
or
under
the
operati
ng
tem
per
at
ur
e c
onditi
on (
-
20~
60℃
)
we
re r
e
vi
ewed. F
or
flo
w
an
al
yse
s for
th
e flow senso
r
a
ccordin
g
to
w
orki
ng
fluid,
vel
ocity
distrib
utions
a
ccordin
g
to
work
i
ng
fluid
s
suc
h
as
ai
r
an
d
water
we
re
re
vi
ewed
a
nd
cal
c
ulate
d,
tem
per
at
ur
e/
pressure
distri
buti
on
s
acc
ordin
g
to
wor
king
f
luids
wer
e
rev
i
ewed,
an
d
flo
w
cha
racteri
sti
cs
we
r
e
der
i
ved.
T
he
r
esults
of
s
uch
flo
w
analy
ses
wer
e
re
viewe
d
an
d
re
flect
ed
in
the
desig
n.
Anal
ysi
s
resu
l
ts
are
pr
ese
nted
in Fi
gure
3
as
ex
am
ples.
(a)
Exam
ple of
d
e
riving t
he flow
f
ie
ld
(b)
E
xam
ple o
f
f
lo
w
a
naly
sis
r
es
ult(Vel
ocity
Stream
l
ine)
Figure
3. Flo
w
fiel
d deri
vatio
n
a
nd f
l
ow an
a
ly
sis
The
w
orkin
g
f
luid
was
li
m
it
e
d
to
ai
r.
Ai
r
de
ns
it
y
is
cal
cul
at
ed
ba
sed
on
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
pressu
re,
an
d
relat
ive
hum
idi
ty
.
The
pr
es
sur
e,
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
an
d
relat
ive
hum
idity
are
m
e
asur
e
d
t
o
cal
cu
la
te
ai
r
densi
ty
,
an
d
the
unit
of ai
r den
sit
y i
s k
g/c
m
³.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Explosi
on
-
pr
oof t
her
m
al type
gas
fl
ow
sens
or st
ru
ct
ur
e
anal
ysi
s a
nd
sens
or
…
(
Gwan
-
Hy
ung
Ki
m
)
303
3.
CONSTR
U
C
TION
OF TH
ERM
AL TY
P
E GAS FL
O
W SEN
SO
R
S
YS
TE
M
The
the
rm
al
t
yp
e
ga
s
flo
w
se
ns
or
that
will
be
de
velo
pe
d
with
the
pr
ese
nt
stu
dy
can
be
instal
le
d
on
gas
disc
ha
rg
e
l
ines
in
gas
en
gi
nes
an
d
gas
powe
r
plants
an
d
im
ple
m
ented
to
detect
gas
f
lows
a
nd
sou
nd
the
al
arm
wh
en
t
he
set
val
ue
ha
s
bee
n
e
xcee
de
d,
a
nd
a
syst
e
m
can
be
c
onstr
ucted
so
that
the
sen
sor
can
be
protect
ed
from
the
ris
k
of
ex
plo
si
on.
T
he
s
ens
or
ca
n
be
a
pp
li
ed
to
e
nvir
on
m
ents
w
here
super
-
preci
si
on
a
nd
safety
are
req
ui
red
as
it
can
be
us
e
d
to
st
op
the
ope
rati
on
of
pe
rip
her
al
equ
i
pm
ent
wh
en
an
em
erg
en
cy
has
occurre
d o
r
c
ontr
ol f
lo
w rat
es
.
Since
the
the
r
m
al
ty
pe
gas
f
low
se
nsor
de
velo
ped
th
rou
gh
re
searc
h
ca
n
be
sai
d
to
be
an
im
po
rtant
sens
or
that
re
quires
the
ex
plosi
on
-
pr
oof
f
unct
ion
to
withst
and
high
press
ur
e
a
nd
the
vib
rati
on
-
pro
ofn
ess
an
d
dura
bili
ty
to
w
it
hs
ta
nd sev
e
re
v
ib
rati
ons a
nd poor s
urr
ound
ing
s
b
eca
us
e it
can
be
in
sta
ll
ed on ga
s li
nes.
A
vie
w
of
t
he
therm
al
t
ype
ga
s
flo
w
se
nsor
app
li
e
d
to
a
ga
s
pip
e
li
ne
in
a
g
as
e
ng
i
ne
a
s
one
of
the
ta
rg
et
s to
whic
h
the
se
ns
or ca
n be a
pp
li
ed
is
pr
ese
nted
in Fi
gure
4.
Figure
4. A
ppli
ed
to
g
a
s e
ng
i
ne
and
gas pipe
The
de
velo
ped
ci
rcu
it
c
onsis
ts
of
la
r
gely
three
pa
rts:
a
s
ensin
g
par
t
,
a
n
am
plifyi
ng
par
t,
an
d
a
n
ou
t
pu
t
par
t.
T
he
power
s
uppl
y
was
desig
ne
d
with
24V
D
C
and
a
n
ad
diti
on
al
ci
rc
uit
for
noise
preve
nt
ion
was
desig
ne
d
f
or
si
gn
al
acc
uracy
.
Othe
r
detai
ls
wer
e
desi
gn
e
d
accor
ding
t
o
fl
uid
ty
pe
s,
se
nsor
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
,
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
s
pecific
at
ion
s.
The
P
CB
was
desig
ned
so
that
he
at
can
be
s
uff
ic
ie
ntly
dissipated
to
m
ai
ntain
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
e
nv
ir
onm
ent
al
conditi
on
s
of
t
he
instal
la
ti
on
sit
e,
a
nd
pa
rts
su
it
able
f
or
t
he
e
nv
ir
on
m
ental
conditi
ons
we
r
e
sel
ect
ed.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
a
res
on
a
nce
ci
rc
uit
was
desig
ne
d
consi
der
i
ng
the
se
ver
e
vibr
at
ion
conditi
ons
of
ve
ssels.
The
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
s
ub
s
trat
e
was
te
ste
d
to
see
i
f
the
desi
gn
e
d
outp
ut
is
gen
e
rated
w
hen
t
he
el
e
m
ent
is
at
tach
ed
to
the
sub
strat
e,
an
d
th
e
te
st
was
co
nduc
te
d
in
div
e
rse
en
vironm
ents
with
diff
e
ren
t
l
evels
of
vi
br
at
io
n
inc
lud
i
ng
no
vibrat
io
n,
te
m
per
at
ur
es,
a
nd
press
ur
e
s
to
i
den
ti
fy
op
e
rati
ng
sta
t
es.
F
or
com
m
ercial
iz
a
ti
on
, d
us
tp
roo
f & wate
rproo
f
t
est
s w
e
re c
onduct
ed wit
h IP
66
du
st
pro
of &
water
proof gra
des.
Am
on
g
the
f
unct
ions
of
in
di
vidual
pa
rts
of
the
de
velo
pe
d
sens
or
c
ontr
ol
le
r,
the
flo
w
oc
currence
in
dicat
ion
LED
w
as
desi
gned
t
o
dis
play
two
m
od
es,
a
m
easur
em
ent
m
od
e
and
a
sta
ndby
m
od
e.
Th
ey
wer
e
de
velo
ped
t
o
disp
la
y
the
op
erati
on
sta
te
s
of
t
he
se
ns
or
m
od
ule
so
th
a
t
wh
et
her
a
ny
flo
w
has
occ
urre
d
a
nd
w
hether
t
he
dev
ic
e
is
c
ur
r
ently
on
sta
ndby
m
or
e
is
ind
ic
at
ed
by
the
LE
D
acco
r
ding
to
the
operati
on
m
od
e
.
The
m
easur
em
ent
m
od
e
was
devel
op
e
d
to
disp
l
ay
no
flo
w,
ve
ry
low
flo
w
ra
te
s,
and
fl
ow
r
at
es
that
exceed
the
ref
e
ren
ce
val
ue
.
T
he
sta
nd
by
m
od
e
was
im
p
lem
ented
to
ca
us
e
t
he
LE
D
t
o
flic
ker
du
rin
g
norm
al
op
erati
on.
I
n
the
case
of
the
con
t
ro
l
un
it
,
t
he
up
per
li
m
it
po
i
nt
ad
justm
ent
unit
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
so
that
the
uppe
r
lim
it
range
of
opera
ti
on
can
be
va
riably
set
.
In
par
ti
cula
r,
sinc
e
the
upper
li
m
it
po
int
sho
ul
d
be
ad
j
ust
ed
wh
il
e
che
cki
ng
t
he
s
et
value
th
rou
gh
se
par
at
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
the
c
om
pu
te
r
,
the
up
per
li
m
it
po
int
ad
just
m
ent
un
it
wa
s
de
ve
lop
e
d
to
pr
e
ve
nt
ar
bitrary
m
anipu
la
ti
on
of
t
he
up
per
lim
it
po
int.
T
he
lo
wer
li
m
i
t
po
int
adjustm
ent
un
i
t
was
al
s
o
im
ple
m
ented
so
th
at
it
can
be
a
dju
ste
d
by
t
he
use
r.
T
he
c
ontr
ol
unit
was
de
ve
lop
e
d
to
set
the
ref
e
r
ence
point
at
wh
ic
h
the
fl
ow
rate
is
detect
ed.
T
he
sta
tus
L
ED
wa
s
i
m
plem
ented
to
in
dicat
e
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
300
–
306
304
sta
tus
of
t
he
operati
on.
T
he
r
el
ay
connecti
on
un
it
was
de
ve
lop
e
d
to
c
onne
ct
an
e
xter
nal
la
m
p
or
bu
zz
er
s
o
that
it
can
be
use
d
as
a
te
rm
in
al
to
ind
ic
at
e
flow
rates
w
hen
flo
ws
occ
ur.
D
ia
gr
am
of
m
odule
co
nf
ig
urat
ion
of
therm
al
ty
pe
ga
s
flo
w
sens
or
sh
on
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
the
rm
al
ty
pe
gas
flo
w
sens
or
co
ntr
ol
m
od
ule
is
pres
ented
in Figu
re
6.
Figure
5. Dia
gra
m
o
f
m
odule
config
ur
at
io
n o
f
the
rm
al
ty
pe
gas flo
w
se
nso
r
Figure
6. The
r
m
al
ty
pe
gas flow sen
sor c
ontrol m
odule
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS A
ND AN
A
LYSIS
A
syst
em
fo
r
exp
e
rim
ents
was
const
ruct
ed
by
co
ns
tr
ucting
a
pr
e
ssure
gauge,
a
t
herm
al
t
ype
flo
w
sens
or
,
a
nd
a
pressu
re
pum
p,
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
7,
an
d
pre
ssu
re
e
xp
e
rim
e
nts
wer
e
c
ondu
ct
ed
to
m
easur
e
the
m
axi
m
u
m
p
res
su
re
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Explosi
on
-
pr
oof t
her
m
al type
gas
fl
ow
sens
or st
ru
ct
ur
e
anal
ysi
s a
nd
sens
or
…
(
Gwan
-
Hy
ung
Ki
m
)
305
Figure
7. Ma
xi
m
u
m
p
ressu
re
te
st
Ma
xim
u
m
pr
essur
e
te
sts
wer
e
carried
out
with
a
pr
ess
ur
e n
ot
lower
than
300
bar
f
or
10
m
i
nu
te
s
,
a
nd
the
pr
ess
ure
di
d
not
change
f
or
10
m
inu
te
s.
Ther
ef
ore,
the
sensor
m
od
ule
was
evaluate
d
to
ha
ve
su
f
fi
ci
ently
ov
e
rc
om
e
30
0
bar,
the
reb
y
sa
ti
sfying
the
co
nd
it
io
n
that
re
qu
i
res
at
le
ast
240
bar,
wh
ic
h
was
t
he
de
vel
op
m
ent
ta
rg
et
value.
F
ro
m
the
ex
pe
rim
ental
resu
lt
s
it
can
be
see
n
that
a
dura
ble
sens
or
m
od
ul
e
that
sat
isfact
or
il
y
withstan
ds
high
press
ur
es
re
achin
g
30
0
ba
r
was
de
velo
pe
d.
T
o
m
easur
e
the
reacti
on
tim
e
of
the
sens
or
m
od
ule,
a
dat
a
record
er
was
const
ru
ct
e
d
t
o
buil
d
a
syst
e
m
to
record
t
he
outp
ut
of
t
he
se
ns
or
m
odule,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
8.
T
he
data
recorde
r
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
to
disp
la
y
the
da
ta
transm
it
te
d
from
the
sensor
an
d
al
so
disp
la
y t
he
tim
e at wh
ic
h t
he data
are
tr
ansm
itted u
si
ng a cl
ock insi
de
the syste
m
.
As
a
n
e
xperim
ental
co
ndit
ion
f
or
m
easur
in
g
res
pons
e
tim
e
,
the
i
nput
pr
e
ssu
re
w
as
set
t
o
7
bar
t
o
m
easur
e
t
he
ti
m
e
ta
ken
t
o
in
dicat
e
“n
o
flo
w”
a
fter
fluid
s
top
s
flo
wing
t
hro
ugh
the
data
recorde
r.
T
he
no
fl
ow
value
was
set
to
13
6,
a
nd
the
data
recor
der
was
set
to
rec
ognize
a
sta
te
of
no
fl
ow
wh
e
n
the
value
dropp
e
d
belo
w
the
set
value.
Accor
din
g
to
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
resu
lt
s,
the
respon
se
t
i
m
e
was
8
sec
,
ind
ic
at
ing
th
at
the
dev
el
op
m
ent target
value
of
10 sec
. was sati
s
fied.
Figure
8. Re
spon
s
e ti
m
e
m
ea
su
rem
ent test
To
te
st
the
re
peatabil
it
y,
rep
eat
ed
e
xperi
m
ents
wer
e
c
onduct
ed
i
n
th
e
env
i
ronm
ent
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
8
to
m
easur
e
wh
et
her
error
s
wer
e
lo
wer
1%.
A
s
a
te
st
conditi
on
,
t
he
press
ur
e
wa
s
set
to
7
bar
a
nd
the
respo
ns
e
ti
m
e
t
o
th
e
fl
uid
was
re
peatedly
m
e
asur
e
d.
T
he
res
ults
of
t
he
e
xpe
rim
ents
rep
ea
te
d
th
ree
ti
m
es
we
r
e
sh
ow
n
t
o
be
0%
in
t
he
first
e
xp
e
rim
ent,
0.0
6%
i
n
the
sec
ond
ex
pe
rim
ent,
an
d
0.07%
in
the
thir
d
e
xper
i
m
ent,
so
the
se
nsor
was
e
valuated
to
ha
ve
ac
hiev
ed
the
ta
r
get
va
lue
of
1%
or
l
ow
e
r.
T
o
c
onduct
press
ur
e
drop
te
sts,
a
sys
te
m
to
m
easur
e
the
di
fferentia
l
press
ure
betwee
n
t
he
fro
nt
a
nd
re
ar
e
nd
s
of
the
flo
w
sens
or
with
a
diff
e
re
ntial
pr
e
ssu
re
tran
sm
i
tter
was
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9,
a
nd
te
sts
wer
e
cond
ucted
with
an
input p
ress
ur
e
of
7 bar
a
nd
a
m
ai
ntaining
ti
m
e o
f
1
0
m
in.
Accor
ding to
t
he
te
st res
ults,
pr
ess
ure di
ff
e
r
ences
of
arou
nd
2.6
m
bar
occ
urred
betwee
n
the
f
ront
an
d
rea
r
end
s
,
in
dicat
ing
that
the
s
ens
or
ac
hieve
d
the
dev
el
op
m
ent target
value
of
5 m
bar
o
r
l
ow
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
300
–
306
306
Figure
9. Pr
e
ss
ur
e
drop test
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
To
ver
i
fy
the
ex
plo
si
on
-
pr
oof
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
ex
pl
os
io
n
-
pro
of
th
erm
al
t
ype
flo
w
se
nsor,
a
pr
ess
ure
of
30
0
bar
wa
s
a
pp
l
ie
d
to
the
insi
de
of
the
se
nsor
str
uctu
re
to
co
nduct
struct
ur
e
stre
ng
t
h
a
na
ly
sis,
and
as
a
resu
lt
,
it
cou
ld
be
identifie
d
that
the
sen
sor
co
ve
r
an
d
bo
dy
and
se
nsor
un
it
wer
e
al
l
struc
turall
y
so
un
d,
as
al
l
of
their
safety
facto
rs
e
xcee
ded
1,
a
nd
tha
t
the
de
vel
op
e
d
pro
du
ct
perf
o
rm
ed
suffici
e
ntly
in
exp
e
rim
ents. I
n
the
pr
ese
nt stud
y, it
w
as c
on
firm
ed
that t
he
exp
l
os
io
n
-
pro
of
th
erm
al
f
low
sen
sor appli
cable t
o
gas
e
ngines
f
or
ves
sel
s
ca
n
be
l
ocali
zed
a
nd
that
e
xp
l
os
io
n
-
pro
of
flo
w
se
nsor
s
that
ca
n
sat
i
sfy
the
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
require
d
by
de
m
and
ers
ca
n
be
dev
el
ope
d.
The
de
velo
pe
d
pr
od
uct
is
exp
ect
ed
to
be
a
ble
to
rep
la
ce t
he flo
w
se
nsors
for g
as en
gin
es
for
vessels t
hat h
a
ve been
s
upplied th
r
ough im
po
rts.
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tput u
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R
elay o
utpu
t
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SPD
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.