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i
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c
e
V
ol
.
8,
N
o.
1,
O
c
t
ob
er
20
17
,
pp
.
85
~
91
D
O
I
:
10.
115
91/
i
j
eec
s
.
v
8
.i
1
.
pp
85
-
91
85
R
ec
ei
v
ed
J
une
4
,
2
01
7
;
R
e
v
i
s
ed
A
ugus
t
9
,
2
01
7
;
A
c
c
e
pt
ed
S
e
pt
e
mber
1
,
2
017
P
u
lse De
n
sit
y
M
o
d
u
l
at
io
n
F
l
y
b
a
ck Co
n
v
er
t
er
f
o
r
L
E
D
A
u
t
o
m
oti
v
e
Li
g
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S
h
i
n
d
e
R
o
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t,
R
a
m
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a
n
d
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r
a
n
G
u
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a
b
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a
n
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tr
a
P
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v
a
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K
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m
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c
hoo
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ngi
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g,
V
I
T
U
ni
v
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i
t
y
-
C
he
nnai
,
T
am
i
l
N
a
du,
I
ndi
a
*C
or
r
es
po
ndi
ng a
ut
hor
,
e
-
m
a
i
l:
guna
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a
n.
r
@
v
i
t
.
a
c
.
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A
b
st
r
act
S
w
i
t
c
h
ed m
od
e p
ow
er
s
upp
l
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(
S
M
P
S
)
c
onv
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er
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s
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-
d
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pow
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el
e
c
t
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o
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c
c
onv
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t
er
w
hi
c
h
i
s
us
ed
t
o s
t
ep u
p or
s
t
ep
dow
n t
he d
c
ou
t
put
v
o
l
t
ag
e.
A
di
m
m
abl
e dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
or
Li
g
h
t
E
m
i
t
t
i
ng D
i
ode
(
LE
D
)
l
am
p
f
or
au
t
om
ot
i
v
e
l
i
g
ht
i
ng
w
i
t
h
d
i
m
m
i
ng
f
eat
ur
e
i
s
us
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
aper
.
A
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
i
s
us
ed
as
a
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
oper
a
t
ed
i
n
di
s
c
ont
i
nuou
s
c
o
ndu
c
t
i
on
m
ode
t
o
per
f
or
m
di
m
m
i
ng
c
o
nt
r
o
l
of
LE
D
s
.
H
i
g
h
ov
er
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
ui
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
i
s
ac
h
i
ev
e
d
b
y
r
egu
l
at
i
ng
t
he
c
ur
r
en
t
t
hr
o
ugh
t
he
LE
D
l
am
ps
u
s
i
n
g
pu
l
s
e
de
ns
i
t
y
m
odul
at
i
on s
c
hem
e.
T
he
LE
D
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
des
i
gn an
d oper
at
i
ng pr
i
nc
i
pl
e i
s
di
s
c
us
s
ed i
n
det
ai
l
.
A
gent
l
e
c
ur
r
en
t
c
ont
r
ol
f
eat
ur
e
i
s
a
c
hi
ev
ed
b
y
p
ul
s
e
den
s
i
t
y
m
odul
at
i
on
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e.
T
he
hi
gh
per
f
or
m
anc
e
dr
i
v
e
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
des
i
gn
ed f
or
25
W
LE
D
l
am
ps
.
K
eyw
o
r
d
s
:
dc
-
dc
c
onv
er
s
i
on,
d
i
m
mi
ng,
pul
s
e
de
ns
i
t
y
modu
l
at
i
o
n,
L
E
D
dr
i
v
er
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
©
2
01
7
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s r
es
er
ved
.
1
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Li
g
ht
em
i
t
t
i
n
g
d
i
od
e’
s
t
ec
hno
l
og
y
i
s
i
nc
r
eas
i
ng
da
y
b
y
da
y
i
n
ge
ner
a
l
ap
pl
i
c
at
i
o
ns
bec
aus
e
of
i
t
s
l
onger
l
i
f
e,
no
poi
s
on
ous
c
ont
e
nt
and
p
ol
l
ut
i
on
f
r
ee
w
i
t
h
hi
gh
ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
r
el
at
ed
t
o
c
onv
e
nt
i
ona
l
g
as
di
s
c
har
g
i
ng s
odi
um
and
m
er
c
ur
y
l
a
m
p
s
.
LE
D
’
s
ar
e t
h
e ne
w
g
enes
i
s
of
l
i
ght
s
our
c
e.
LE
D
'
s
ha
v
e
di
f
f
er
ent
f
eat
ur
es
an
d
pr
o
per
t
i
es
c
om
par
ed
t
o
t
r
ad
i
t
i
on
a
l
l
i
gh
t
s
our
c
e.
N
or
m
al
l
y
dc
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
us
ed
f
or
LE
D
henc
e
s
pec
i
al
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
n
eed
ed f
or
L
E
D
'
s
or
a
c
l
i
n
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e
c
an be
c
on
v
er
t
e
d t
o a
s
m
al
l
dc
v
ol
t
age
at
l
o
w
dc
c
u
r
r
ent
.
A
s
t
h
e f
or
w
ar
d
c
ur
r
ent
of
LE
D
i
nc
r
eas
es
ex
p
on
ent
i
al
l
y
w
hi
c
h
dep
ends
on
b
i
as
i
n
g
v
ol
t
a
ge,
a s
m
al
l
f
l
uc
t
uat
i
on
i
n
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
i
l
l
br
i
ng
a
dr
am
at
i
c
c
ur
r
ent
a
n
d
t
he
l
um
i
nos
i
t
y
v
ar
i
at
i
on
i
n
LE
D
.
T
hus
a
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
ne
ede
d
f
or
c
ur
r
ent
c
ont
r
o
l
.
T
he dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
hou
l
d
be
des
i
g
ne
d t
o o
per
at
e L
E
D
s
at
a
c
ons
t
ant
c
ur
r
e
nt
bec
aus
e
LE
D
s
ar
e
c
ur
r
ent
c
ont
r
ol
l
ed
de
v
i
c
es
[
1]
.
T
he
v
ar
i
ous
p
as
s
i
v
e
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
em
pl
o
y
e
d
f
or
l
ow
po
w
er
s
t
r
eet
l
i
g
ht
i
n
g app
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns
w
er
e r
ev
i
e
w
e
d and t
h
ei
r
per
f
or
m
anc
es
w
er
e
c
o
m
par
ed [
2
].
B
uc
k
c
onv
e
r
t
er
,
boos
t
c
on
v
er
t
er
,
f
l
y
b
a
c
k
c
onv
er
t
er
,
g
al
v
an
i
c
i
s
o
l
at
ed r
es
o
nan
t
c
onv
er
t
er
ar
e
di
s
c
us
s
ed
f
or
LE
D
app
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns
[
3,
4]
.
H
al
f
br
i
dg
e
s
er
i
es
r
es
onan
t
i
nv
er
t
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
as
us
ed
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
dr
i
v
er
f
or
hi
gh
br
i
g
ht
n
es
s
LE
D
l
a
m
p
s
[
5]
.
A
S
ep
i
c
c
on
v
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
d
i
m
m
abl
e
LE
D
dr
i
v
er
w
as
a
pp
l
i
e
d
f
or
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
w
i
t
h
po
w
er
f
ac
t
or
c
or
r
ec
t
i
on
[
6]
.
A
l
o
w
dr
op
-
out
(
LD
O
)
r
egu
l
at
or
w
as
pr
es
ent
e
d f
or
out
door
LE
D
d
ec
or
at
i
v
e
l
i
ght
i
ng
app
l
i
c
at
i
ons
f
or
r
obus
t
nes
s
a
nd
h
i
gh
ac
c
ur
ac
y
[
7]
.
D
i
m
m
abl
e
dr
i
v
e
r
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
w
er
e
em
pl
o
y
ed
i
n
aut
om
ot
i
v
e
app
l
i
c
at
i
ons
[
8]
a
nd
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
dc
l
i
nk
w
as
e
m
pl
o
y
e
d
[
9]
.
A
s
y
nc
hr
o
n
ous
l
y
r
ec
t
i
f
i
ed
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
as
em
pl
o
y
e
d t
o dr
i
v
e L
E
D
s
t
r
i
ng
s
w
i
t
h
po
w
er
f
ac
t
or
i
m
pr
o
v
em
ent
[
1
0]
.
A
s
i
ngl
e s
t
age
f
or
w
ar
d
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
p
o
w
er
f
ac
t
or
c
or
r
ec
t
i
on
and
q
uas
i
-
r
e
s
onant
c
ont
r
o
l
w
as
s
t
udi
ed i
n det
a
i
l
.
A
d
et
a
i
l
e
d t
h
eor
et
i
c
al
s
t
ud
y
on q
uas
i
-
r
es
o
nant
f
or
w
ar
d
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
as
a
l
s
o
gi
v
en
and
w
as
v
a
l
i
d
at
e
d ex
per
i
m
ent
al
l
y
[
11]
.
F
l
y
b
ac
k
t
opol
o
g
y
i
s
pr
ef
er
r
ed bec
aus
e of
it
s
s
im
p
le
des
i
g
n,
l
es
s
c
om
ponent
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d,
n
o b
oos
t
i
nd
uc
t
or
a
nd m
ul
t
i
p
l
e
out
put
s
.
T
he
pr
oper
t
i
es
of
t
he
bl
u
e l
i
gh
t
c
ut
-
of
f
f
i
l
t
er
w
as
i
nv
es
t
i
ga
t
ed
and
a f
i
l
t
er
w
as
t
hen
des
i
gne
d a
nd m
anuf
ac
t
ur
ed t
o
bl
oc
k
t
he b
l
u
e
w
a
v
e
l
en
gt
h
r
e
gi
on
w
hi
c
h
has
s
ho
w
n a
unf
av
or
abl
e
r
es
ul
t
t
o
t
he
hum
an
e
y
e
o
w
i
ng
t
o
t
he s
pec
t
r
um
r
ange
of
t
he
w
hi
t
e l
i
gh
t
L
E
D
[
12]
.
T
hi
s
paper
di
s
c
us
s
es
a
di
m
m
i
ng f
eat
ur
e L
E
D
dr
i
v
er
us
i
ng a
s
i
m
pl
e f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
f
or
w
hi
t
e
LE
D
l
am
ps
i
n
w
hi
c
h
LE
D
’
s
ar
e
s
t
ac
k
ed
i
n
s
er
i
e
s
.
T
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
ac
hi
ev
es
c
ur
r
ent
r
egu
la
t
io
n
b
y
pul
s
e
de
ns
i
t
y
m
odul
at
i
o
n
(
PD
M
)
w
hi
c
h
w
i
l
l
gi
v
e
hi
g
h ef
f
i
c
i
enc
y
a
nd
el
i
m
i
nat
es
t
he c
o
l
our
s
h
i
f
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
8
5
–
9
1
86
2.
R
e
sea
r
ch
M
et
h
o
d
A
f
l
y
bac
k
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
i
s
a
c
oupl
ed i
n
duc
t
or
an
d
not
t
r
ue
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
bas
ed
c
onv
er
t
er
.
F
ig
ur
e
1
s
ho
w
s
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
di
a
gr
am
of
a
f
l
y
-
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
h
i
c
h
pr
o
v
i
d
es
h
i
gh
e
f
f
i
c
i
enc
y
dr
i
v
er
f
or
LE
D
l
am
p
s
,
w
h
i
c
h c
o
ns
i
s
t
s
of
LE
D
'
s
s
t
ac
k
ed i
n s
er
i
es
.
T
he i
n
put
v
ol
t
age
i
s
2
4
V
w
h
i
c
h c
a
n b
e
obt
a
i
ne
d f
r
om
bat
t
er
y
,
t
he
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
unc
t
i
o
ns
as
a
c
ur
r
ent
r
e
gu
l
at
or
w
h
i
c
h i
s
f
or
m
ed b
y
a
po
w
er
s
w
i
t
c
h,
a
c
oup
l
ed
i
nduc
t
or
and
a f
r
ee
w
he
el
i
n
g di
ode
.
T
he c
oup
l
e
d i
ndu
c
t
or
i
s
s
ho
w
n
us
i
ng
t
h
e s
y
m
bo
l
of
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
or
a t
w
o
w
i
ndi
ng
i
n
duc
t
or
a
l
s
o c
a
l
l
ed
as
f
l
y
-
b
ac
k
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
unl
i
k
e t
he i
dea
l
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
er
[
11
].
F
ig
ur
e
1
.
F
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
LE
D
l
oad
I
n
t
hi
s
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
t
he
c
apac
i
t
or
v
ol
t
age
a
nd
t
he
LE
D
c
ur
r
ent
ar
e
c
ont
r
ol
l
ed
b
y
adj
us
t
i
n
g
t
h
e d
ut
y
r
at
i
o of
t
he f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
.
T
her
e
w
i
l
l
be
no
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
ac
t
i
o
n as
t
he
pr
i
m
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
ondar
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
ar
e
c
oup
l
e
d
.
A
s
c
ons
t
ant
dc
(
V
d
c
)
i
s
app
l
i
ed
t
o
t
h
e
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
pr
i
m
ar
y
c
ur
r
en
t
I
p
r
i
s
es
l
i
n
ear
l
y
t
o t
h
e
peak
v
a
l
ue
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
m
o
m
ent
,
t
he s
ec
o
nd
ar
y
s
i
de
i
s
i
n
oppos
i
t
e
p
ol
ar
i
t
y
t
o
t
he
pr
i
m
ar
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
an
d
t
h
er
eup
on
d
i
od
e.
T
he
c
apac
i
t
or
pr
ov
i
des
t
h
e
l
oad
c
ur
r
ent
.
W
h
en
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
of
f
,
t
he
en
er
g
y
s
t
or
ed
i
n
t
he
ai
r
g
ap
and
m
agnet
i
c
c
or
e
i
s
de
l
i
v
er
e
d
t
o
t
he
s
ec
on
dar
y
w
i
ndi
ng
an
d
t
he
l
o
ad
i
s
c
onnec
t
ed
t
o
t
he
s
ec
ond
ar
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
l
i
n
ear
l
y
ov
er
r
es
i
s
t
i
v
e l
oad
.
E
ner
g
y
s
t
or
ed
i
n t
h
e ai
r
g
ap c
an be r
et
r
i
e
v
ed f
r
om
t
he
pr
i
m
ar
y
i
nd
uc
t
anc
e a
n
d
t
he
pr
i
m
ar
y
c
ur
r
ent
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
[
11
]
.
=
1
2
∗
∗
2
(
1)
F
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
c
an
be
oper
at
ed
i
n
t
w
o
m
odes
:
c
o
nt
i
n
uous
c
ond
uc
t
i
o
n
m
ode
(
C
C
M)
and
di
s
c
o
nt
i
nuo
us
c
onduc
t
i
on
m
ode
(
D
C
M)
.
T
he
oper
at
i
o
n
of
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
i
s
ex
pl
ai
n
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
F
i
gur
e
2 s
ho
w
s
t
he
equ
i
v
al
ent
c
i
r
c
ui
t
of
t
he
c
o
nv
er
t
er
w
h
en t
he s
w
i
t
c
h
S
1
is
O
N
.
P
r
im
a
r
y
c
ur
r
ent
l
i
ne
ar
l
y
i
nc
r
eas
es
a
nd
t
h
e
d
i
o
de
i
s
of
f
s
t
at
e
as
t
her
e
i
s
n
o
t
r
ans
f
or
m
er
ac
t
i
on
.
T
hus
t
he
s
ec
ondar
y
i
nduc
t
anc
e
doe
s
n'
t
ex
i
s
t
.
A
t
t
he
end
of
O
N
t
i
m
e
c
u
r
r
ent
at
pr
i
m
ar
y
s
i
de
r
e
ac
hes
t
o
I
p
m
a
x
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
s
ho
w
s
t
he
e
qui
v
a
l
en
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
of
t
he
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
w
he
n
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
1
i
s
O
F
F
.
D
u
ri
n
g
O
F
F
,
t
he
m
agnet
i
z
i
ng c
ur
r
ent
s
t
ops
i
n t
he pr
i
m
ar
y
w
i
ndi
ng as
t
he c
or
e h
as
t
o r
et
ur
n t
o i
t
s
or
i
gi
na
l
c
ond
i
t
i
on,
t
h
e
vo
l
t
age at
t
h
e
s
ec
ond
ar
y
w
i
n
di
n
g w
i
l
l
be r
e
v
er
s
ed f
or
f
l
y
b
ac
k
pr
oc
es
s
.
T
hi
s
w
i
l
l
m
a
k
e t
he di
od
e t
o c
onduc
t
w
h
i
c
h
w
i
l
l
d
ec
r
eas
e t
he c
ur
r
ent
f
l
o
w
i
n t
he s
ec
ondar
y
w
in
d
in
g
.
F
i
gur
e
4
s
ho
w
s
t
h
e
c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
t
he
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
f
or
D
C
M
an
d
C
C
M
[
9]
.
F
or
DCM
t
h
e s
ec
on
dar
y
c
ur
r
ent
w
i
l
l
b
ec
om
e z
er
o f
or
nex
t
O
N
t
i
m
e.
F
or
C
C
M,
s
ec
o
nd
ar
y
c
ur
r
ent
w
i
l
l
be
hi
g
her
t
ha
n
z
er
o
w
h
en
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
t
ur
ned
on
f
or
nex
t
c
y
c
l
e
as
s
ec
ondar
y
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
i
l
l
not
f
ul
l
y
di
s
c
har
ge
d a
nd s
t
or
e
d e
ner
g
y
w
i
l
l
b
e pr
es
e
nt
o
n s
ec
on
dar
y
s
i
de
w
he
n nex
t
c
y
c
l
e s
t
ar
t
s
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
S
w
i
t
c
h
S
1 i
s
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
P
ul
s
e
D
e
ns
i
t
y
M
o
du
l
at
i
on
F
l
y
bac
k
C
onv
er
t
er
f
or
L
E
D
A
ut
om
ot
i
v
e
Li
ght
i
ng
(
S
h
i
nd
e R
ohi
t
)
87
F
ig
ur
e
3
.
S
wi
t
c
h
S
1
is
O
F
F
F
ig
ur
e
4
.
(a
) D
C
M
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
,
(b
)
C
C
M
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
A
s
t
he
dr
i
v
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
i
l
l
be
us
ed
f
or
di
mm
i
ng
f
ea
t
ur
e
t
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
i
l
l
be
u
s
ed
i
n
di
s
c
ont
i
nuou
s
c
ondu
c
t
i
on mode.
T
he
l
um
i
nos
i
t
y
of
t
he LE
D
i
s
appr
ox
i
m
at
el
y
pr
opo
r
t
i
ona
l
t
o t
he
av
er
ag
e c
u
r
r
ent
.
D
i
m
m
i
ng c
an be
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d b
y
b
ot
h
am
pl
i
t
ud
e m
odul
at
i
on (
A
M)
a
nd t
hr
ou
g
h
pu
l
s
e
w
i
dt
h
m
odul
at
i
o
n (
P
W
M
)
w
i
t
h
t
h
e dr
i
v
er
us
ed.
T
he am
pl
i
t
ude m
odul
at
i
on
c
an
be
d
one
b
y
s
i
m
pl
y
adj
us
t
i
n
g t
he
dut
y
r
a
t
i
o
.
B
ut
t
h
er
e
m
i
ght
be
a
c
ur
r
en
t
v
ar
i
at
i
o
n
i
n
LE
D
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
c
a
us
e
c
o
l
or
s
hi
f
t
.
T
hus
t
hi
s
ap
pr
oac
h
w
oul
d
be
i
nap
pr
opr
i
at
e
f
or
d
i
m
m
i
ng
app
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
qui
r
es
s
t
e
ad
y
c
ol
or
s
pec
t
r
um
.
T
o pr
ev
ent
t
he c
o
l
or
s
hi
f
t
,
P
W
M
f
or
l
ow
f
r
equenc
y
c
a
n b
e us
ed
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
P
ul
s
e de
ns
i
t
y
m
odul
at
i
on c
on
t
r
ol
m
et
hod
P
ul
s
e
dens
i
t
y
m
odul
at
i
on i
s
us
ed t
o r
egu
l
at
e t
he am
pl
i
t
ud
e of
t
he pu
l
s
e c
ur
r
en
t
and
pul
s
e
a
v
er
ag
e s
y
nc
hr
on
ou
s
l
y
.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o c
a
l
l
e
d
as
pu
l
s
e dens
i
t
y
m
odu
l
at
i
o
n.
F
i
g
5 r
ef
l
ec
t
s
t
he
P
D
M
c
on
t
r
ol
p
at
t
er
n
.
A
h
i
g
h
f
r
equenc
y
s
i
g
na
l
(
V
gh)
i
s
c
o
m
bi
ned
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
l
o
w
f
r
e
quenc
y
s
i
gn
al
(
V
gl
)
t
o
o
bt
a
i
n
t
he
c
o
nt
r
o
l
p
ul
s
es
.
I
n
P
D
M
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e,
t
he
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
i
s
i
n
O
F
F
s
t
at
e
f
or
a
l
on
g
i
nt
er
v
al
dur
i
ng t
he
l
o
w
f
r
equ
enc
y
P
W
M s
i
gnal
.
T
he c
apac
i
t
or
w
i
l
l
b
e c
har
ged
up
u
nt
i
l
t
he
LE
D
l
am
p c
ut
s
of
f
.
T
he LE
D
’
s
w
i
l
l
be i
n c
ut
of
f
s
t
at
e f
or
l
ong t
i
m
e unt
i
l
t
he s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
t
ur
ned on at
nex
t
c
y
c
l
e.
C
ons
e
que
nt
l
y
t
he L
E
D
i
s
dr
i
v
en
t
hr
ou
gh
a pu
l
s
ed
c
ur
r
ent
.
T
he m
a
gni
t
ude
of
t
h
e
pul
s
e
i
s
go
v
er
n
ed
b
y
h
i
g
h
f
r
equenc
y
P
W
M
and
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
c
ur
r
ent
i
s
c
on
t
r
ol
l
e
d
b
y
l
o
w
f
r
equenc
y
P
W
M.
0.
01
0.
015
0.
02
0.
025
0
1
2
0.
01
0.
015
0.
02
0.
025
0
1
2
P
ul
s
e am
pl
i
t
ude
0.
01
0.
015
0.
02
0.
025
0
1
2
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
H
i
gh
f
r
equ
en
c
y
s
i
gn
al
Low
f
r
equ
en
c
y
s
i
gn
al
G
at
e s
i
gn
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
8
5
–
9
1
88
Mode
1
:
W
hen
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
N
,
c
ur
r
ent
w
i
l
l
i
nc
r
eas
e
l
i
ne
ar
l
y
at
T
on.
F
r
om
t
he
equi
v
a
l
ent
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
ho
w
n i
n
F
i
gur
e
2,
=
(
2)
=
.
(
3)
=
×
(
4)
W
h
en S
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
F
F
,
C
ur
r
e
nt
w
i
l
l
dr
ops
t
o
z
er
o.
F
r
om
t
he e
qui
v
a
l
e
nt
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3,
=
−
(
5)
=
(
1
−
)
.
(
6)
=
0
(
7)
V
ol
t
s
ec
ond
ba
l
a
nc
e r
ul
e i
s
app
l
i
e
d t
o
der
i
v
e
t
h
e
t
r
ans
f
er
f
unc
t
i
on
or
t
he
v
ol
t
age
g
ai
n.
V
ol
t
s
ec
ond
ba
l
a
nc
e:
T
he a
v
er
ag
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e ac
r
os
s
an
i
n
duc
t
or
at
s
t
ead
y
s
t
at
e m
us
t
be
z
er
o.
×
=
×
×
(
8)
×
=
−
×
(
1
−
)
×
(
9)
T
he t
r
ans
f
er
f
unc
t
i
on of
t
he
f
l
y
bac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
i
s
=
(
1
−
)
(
10)
S
t
eps
f
or
des
i
gn
i
ng
t
he
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
onv
er
t
er
:
S
t
ep
1:
-
C
al
c
u
l
at
e
t
he
out
p
ut
po
w
er
=
×
S
t
ep
2:
-
C
al
c
u
l
at
e
t
he
i
n
put
po
w
er
=
/
S
t
ep
3:
-
C
al
c
u
l
at
e
t
he
a
v
er
age
i
np
ut
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R
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[1
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O
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IH
.
An
A
nal
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s
of
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A
c
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s
t
i
n,
T
X
.
2008
:
572
-
57
7.
[2
]
G
unabal
an
R
,
O
v
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n
g an
d I
nf
o
r
m
at
i
c
s
(BEEI
)
.
20
16;
5(
30)
:
3
07
-
314
.
[3
]
B
r
oec
k
H
V
D
,
S
a
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a
nder
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,
W
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n
dt
M
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s
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s
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)
,
A
na
hei
m
,
C
A
,
U
S
A
.
2007
:
1319
-
1
325.
[4
]
Lai
J
S
,
C
hen D
.
D
es
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n
C
on
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i
on
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oundar
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us
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duc
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on
M
ode
and
D
i
s
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ont
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nu
ous
C
ond
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i
on
M
ode
.
8
th
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nnual
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3.
[5
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hang
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[6
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.
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-
74
3
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[7
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ei
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,
Li
Z
,
T
ao S
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12 (
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:
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-
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0.
[8
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hao
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SA.
2011:
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-
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[9
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M
oo
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ang
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[
10]
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[
11]
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[
12]
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.
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:
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-
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