Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
1
,
J
an
ua
ry
201
8
, p
p.
1
70
~
1
7
6
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v9.i
1.pp
1
70
-
1
7
6
170
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Identifyi
ng the B
reakdown
Vo
lt
ag
e
s
of Veg
etable
Oi
ls
w
ith
Sil
icone Carbid
e
Nano
p
article Ad
diti
ve
a
s
In
sulating
Oil f
or
Tra
ns
for
mers
Muhamm
ad b
in Y
ahya
*
,
N
u
rul Aif
aa
Najiha
h
bint
i
M
aliki
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
U
niv
e
rsity
Tech
nolo
gy of
MARA
Mal
ay
sia
40450 S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
2
3
, 201
7
Re
vised
N
ov
9
, 201
7
Accepte
d
N
ov
30
, 201
7
Thi
s
pape
r
disc
uss
es
on
the
bre
akdown
volta
ge
of
vege
t
able
oil
s
with
nanopa
rt
ic
l
e
s
a
dd
ed
to
be
use
d
as
insula
ti
ng
oil
for
tra
nsfo
rm
ers.
R
aw
sam
ple
s
of
Palm
Oil
(PO
)
and
C
oconut
Oil
(CO)
were
used
in
thi
s
re
sea
rc
h
.
Diffe
re
nt
p
ercen
ta
ges
of
s
il
i
cone
c
arb
id
e
(SiC)
nanopa
rt
ic
l
e
s
w
as
add
ed
into
the
sam
ple
s
of
t
he
veg
et
ab
le
o
ils
.
The
d
iffe
r
ent
par
amete
r
s
of
th
e
veg
et
ab
le
oil
m
ixt
ure
s
were
inve
st
iga
t
ed
through
the
bre
akdown
volt
a
ge
te
st
s
to
ana
l
y
se
the
e
ffe
ct
of
th
e
additiv
e
on
the
d
ie
l
ectr
ic
streng
th
of
th
e
oil
s.
The
per
form
anc
e
of
insula
t
ing
oil
s
var
ie
s
ac
cor
d
i
ng
to
the
per
ce
nt
age
of
nanopa
rt
ic
l
es
a
dded
through
viscosity
t
est
a
nd
par
tial
disc
har
ge
(PD
)
m
ea
surem
ent
.
The
initial
re
s
ult
s
for
vege
t
a
ble
oil
s
show
ed
tha
t
the
per
ce
n
ta
g
e
of
ad
dit
ive
s
infl
uen
ced
the
v
al
ue
of
br
ea
kdown
voltag
e
of
th
e
oi
ls
highly
.
Further
m
ore
,
the
re
sult
show
s
tha
t
PD
m
ea
sure
d
bec
a
m
e
ver
y
lo
w
aft
er
th
e
add
it
io
n
of
sil
ic
on
e
c
ar
bide
n
anopa
rt
icl
es
.
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Break
dow
n Vol
ta
ge
Coco
nut Oil
(C
O)
Mi
ner
al
O
il
(
MO)
Pal
m
O
il
(P
O
)
Sil
ic
on
e Ca
rb
i
de (SiC
)
Transf
or
m
er Oi
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muh
am
m
ad
bin
Yah
ya
,
Faculty
of
Ele
ct
rical
Enginee
rin
g
,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tekno
l
og
i M
ARA
,
4045
0 S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
m
oh
dyahya@sal
am
.u
it
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Power
tra
ns
f
orm
ers
are
a
m
ajo
r
c
om
po
nen
t
in
tra
nsf
er
an
d
distri
buti
on
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r.
Transf
or
m
er
oi
l
or
m
ineral
oil
is
us
e
d
as
li
qu
id
ins
ulati
on
i
n
el
ect
rical
pow
er
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
s
an
d
al
so
act
as
heat
trans
fer
a
gen
t.
The
resea
rc
h
to
rep
la
ce
t
he
pr
ese
nt
tran
sform
er
oil
with
ve
getable
oi
ls
that
hav
e
a
gr
ea
t
po
te
ntial
in
physi
cal
,
che
m
ical
and
el
ect
rical
pr
operti
es
ha
ve
bee
n
done
wo
rl
dw
i
de
[
1]
.
V
egeta
ble
oils
have
diff
e
re
nt
pro
pe
rtie
s
com
par
ed
to
present
m
i
ner
al
oil.
Ve
ge
ta
ble
o
il
s
are
non
-
to
xic
an
d
biodeg
ra
dab
le
,
has
higher
flas
h
a
nd
fire
points
a
nd
lo
w
t
her
m
a
l
exp
a
ns
i
on
co
eff
ic
ie
nt
[2]
.
A
si
gn
ific
a
nt
num
ber
of
resea
rch
e
rs
hav
e
done
st
ud
ie
s
to
find
a
re
placem
ent
fo
r
trans
f
or
m
er
oil
,
and
they
ha
ve
found
that
t
he
veg
et
a
ble
oils
ha
ve
sh
ow
n
im
pr
ess
ive pr
op
e
rtie
s
as an
alt
ern
at
iv
e.
Break
dow
n
volt
age
te
st
for
transfo
rm
er
oil
,
al
so
known
as
diele
ct
ric
stren
gth
te
st
wh
ic
h
are
perform
ed
to
fin
d
the
m
axi
m
u
m
withstand
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
oil
be
fore
br
ea
kdow
n
oc
cur
s
[
3]
.
Viscosity
m
easur
e
s
the
f
low
re
sist
ance
of
oil
on
sm
ooth
surface
wh
i
ch
is
relat
ed
t
o
heat
tra
ns
f
er
abili
ty
.
V
isc
osi
ty
i
s
al
ways
hi
gh
e
r
for
ve
getable o
il
s
com
par
ed
t
o
m
ineral
oil
,
a
nd
th
us
ha
ve
pote
ntial
as
a
s
ubsti
tute
to
m
in
eral
oil
[4]
.
Partia
l
di
scharge
is
a
ph
ysi
cal
disch
arg
e
phe
no
m
enon
t
hat
pa
rtia
ll
y
br
id
ges
t
he
gap
bet
we
en
tw
o
el
ect
ro
des
unde
r
high
volt
ag
e.
In
s
ulati
on
de
gr
a
datio
n
due
to
var
io
us
physi
cal
factor
s
su
ch
as
vo
i
ds
,
cracks
,
agein
g
an
d
pr
e
-
m
at
ur
e
fail
ur
e
pr
ese
n
t
withi
n
it
are
al
ways
li
nk
ed
t
o
prese
nce
of
pa
rtia
l
discha
rg
e
s
[5
]
.
T
he
occurre
nce
of
par
ti
al
disc
harge
(
PD)
is
al
so
an
i
nd
ic
at
io
n
of
i
ns
ulati
on
abno
rm
ality
.
In
pa
rtic
ular
c
onditi
on,
du
e
t
o
the
hi
gh
el
ect
ric
stress
and
t
he
existe
nc
e
o
f
de
fects,
t
he
pa
rtia
l
disch
arg
es
m
ay
al
so
ta
ke
place
in
li
qu
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
I
den
ti
fy
ing t
he
Brea
k
down
V
oltag
e
s
of Ve
ge
tab
le
Oils
w
ith
…
(
Mu
ham
m
ad b
i
n
Y
ahya
)
171
insu
la
ti
on
[
6]
. Pulse Se
quenc
e A
naly
sis t
ech
nique (
P
SA)
ha
ve
bee
n use
d
widely
to
supe
rv
ise
d
the
depr
ivati
on
of
el
ect
rical
eq
uip
m
ent
by
a
na
ly
sing
the
se
quence
of
each
PD
e
ve
nt
[5
]
.
I
n
t
his
stu
dy,
t
he
te
ch
nique
use
d
t
o
inv
est
igate
the
PD
is
through
PS
A
process
us
ing
the
high
volt
age
la
borator
y
eq
uip
m
ent.
The
ad
diti
ve
SiC
po
s
sesses
high
purity
,
na
rro
w
range
pa
rtic
le
siz
e
distrib
utio
n,
a
nd
la
r
ger
s
pecific
s
urf
ace
area.
Be
si
des
t
hat,
it
exh
i
bits
the
ch
aracte
risti
c
li
ke
high
sta
bili
ty
,
high
t
her
m
al
cond
uctivit
y,
s
m
al
le
r
therm
al
exp
a
ns
i
on
coe
f
fici
ent
and
bette
r
ab
ra
sion
re
sist
ance
.
These
par
ti
cl
es
are
al
so
resi
sta
nt
to
ox
i
dation
at
hi
gh
te
m
per
at
ur
es
a
nd
have
excel
le
nt the
r
m
al
co
nductivi
ty
[7
]
.
The
ai
m
of
the
stud
y
is
to
inve
sti
gate
the
br
e
akdo
wn
vo
lt
ag
e
of
PO
a
nd
C
O
with
the
pre
sent
of
SiC
add
it
ives
.
He
nc
e,
the
f
ollo
wi
ng
e
xperim
ent
su
c
h
as
viscosi
ty
te
st
and
m
ea
su
ri
ng
t
he
par
ti
al
discha
rg
e
is
be
in
g
cond
ucted f
or
t
he oil
s in
t
he
la
borato
ry is car
r
ie
d
out.
2.
METHO
D
The
sam
ples
us
ed
in
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
wer
e
na
tural
fluids;
palm
oil
(
PO
)
and
coconu
t
oil
(
CO
)
.
T
he
oil
sam
ples
m
us
t
be
500m
l
each
to
ensure
the
el
ect
ro
de
is
co
m
ple
te
ly
i
m
m
e
rsed
durin
g
th
e
v
oltage
brea
kdown
te
st.
In
this
stud
y,
the
a
ddit
ive
SiC
nano
pow
de
r
was
a
dded
at
dif
fe
rent
per
centa
ge
of
0.1%,
0.2%,
0.3%,
0.4%
a
nd
0.5
%
int
o
eac
h
s
a
m
ple
of
the
oi
l.
Th
us,
the
re
a
re
10
sam
ples
of
50
0
m
l
of
P
O
a
nd
CO
with
a
dded
SiC
.
Then,
the
sam
ples
wil
l
u
nd
e
r
go
one
ho
ur
treat
m
ent
of
m
agn
et
ic
sti
r
at
60
°C
at
900
rp
m
sp
eed.
Ne
xt,
the
sam
ples
un
de
r
wen
t
tw
o
hour
s
of
ultras
onic
cl
eaner
treat
m
ent
at
50
°C
un
ti
l
each
m
ixtur
e
sam
ple
w
as
well
blen
ded.
F
i
gur
e 1
il
lustrate
s
the ste
p
in
the
prepa
rati
on of
t
he
oi
l sam
ples.
Fig
ure
1
.
Step
s
in pre
par
at
i
on
of o
il
sam
ples
The
brea
kdow
n
volt
age
te
st
wa
s
exec
uted
on
eac
h
oil
sa
m
ple
to
m
easur
e
the
el
ect
rical
br
eak
do
w
n
stren
gth
of
the
oils.
The
oil
te
ste
r
us
e
d
a
m
us
hro
om
ty
pe
of
el
ect
ro
des
wit
h
sepa
rati
on
of
2.
5mm
as
s
ho
wn
in
F
igure
2.
T
he
oil
sam
ple
was
pu
t
i
nto
a
te
st
cel
l
with
the
di
m
ension
of
10
c
m
in
le
ng
th
,
9.2
cm
in
width
an
d
10
cm
in
heigh
t.
AC
volt
age
of
6
kV
w
as
app
li
ed
ac
ross
the
el
e
ct
ro
des
wh
il
st
cond
uc
ti
ng
this
ex
perim
ent.
Durin
g
the test
, th
e app
li
ed v
olta
g
e w
it
h
a rise r
at
e o
f
1kV every
15
s
ec f
or the b
rea
kdow
n
te
st was car
ried
out
un
ti
l t
he b
reakdow
n occu
rr
e
d. T
he
te
st ci
rc
uit i
s sho
wn in
F
igure
3
.
Fo
r
eac
h
of
th
e
sa
m
ples
pr
ovide
d,
the
br
e
akdo
wn
vo
lt
a
ge
te
st
was
carr
ie
d
ou
t
at
a
co
ns
ta
nt
r
oom
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
27°C.
Be
f
or
e
the
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
te
st
ta
kes
place,
the
pr
ese
nce
of
bu
bb
le
s
c
onte
nt
in
th
e
sam
ples
m
us
t
be
rem
ov
e
d.
The
ot
her
oil
s
with
ad
diti
ve
s
SiC
are
al
so
bein
g
m
easur
ed
to
in
vestig
at
e
the
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
at
each
per
ce
ntage
.
Th
e
br
ea
kdown
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
li
qu
id
ins
ulati
on
te
st
fo
ll
ows
IE
C
60156 St
an
da
r
d.
Viscosity
can
be
div
ide
d
i
nto
cat
egories,
w
hi
ch
are
dynam
i
c
visco
sit
y
and
kin
em
at
ic
viscosity
.
The
exp
e
rim
ental
s
et
up
is
done
f
or
dynam
ic
viscosity
bu
t
t
hroug
h
a
f
orm
ul
a,
it
can
cal
cu
la
te
the
kin
em
at
ic
viscosity
as
show
n
belo
w.
E
ach
oil
sam
ple
wa
s
m
ai
ntain
ed
at
a
27°C
tem
per
at
ure
in
the
m
easur
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
done
unde
r
co
ntr
olled
co
n
diti
on
as
per
IE
C
296
sta
nda
r
d.
Howe
ver,
the
oil
sam
ples
are
place
d
in
to
the
Ham
i
lt
on
Be
ac
h
m
ixer
f
or
fiv
e
m
inu
te
s
in
order
t
o
blen
d
th
e
oil
with
t
he
a
dd
it
ives
well
be
fore
c
onduct
ing
th
e
te
st.
The
ci
rc
ulati
ng
c
up
of
Vi
scom
et
er
Mode
l
35
need
s
350m
l
of
oil
s
am
ples
a
nd
ope
rate
unde
r
five
m
inu
te
s
durati
on
with
600
r
pm
co
ns
ta
nt s
peed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
1
70
–
1
7
6
172
Fig
ure
2
.
Test
cel
l app
a
ratus
with elec
tr
od
e
s
Fig
ure
3
.
Schem
at
ic
d
raw
i
ng of
te
st s
et
up
Ki
nemati
c Viscosit
y (
centi
stok
e)
=
)
/
(
)
(
c
o
s
mL
g
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
c
e
n
t
i
p
o
i
s
e
ity
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
V
i
s
Fig. 4: T
he
m
easur
em
ent app
aratus
f
or
dyna
m
ic
v
isc
os
it
y t
est
.
D
isc
ha
rg
e
s
(
PD
)
m
easur
em
ent
has
bee
n
wi
dely
ap
plied
t
o
diag
no
se
the
co
nd
it
io
n
of
t
he
el
ect
rical
insu
la
ti
on
in
operati
ng
ap
pa
r
at
us
su
c
h
as
s
witc
hg
ea
r,
tra
nsfo
rm
ers,
cables,
as
well
as
m
oto
r
and
ge
ne
rator
sta
tor
windin
gs
[8]
.
The
m
eth
od
us
e
d
to
e
valuate
the
P
D
m
easur
e
m
e
nt
is
through
the
te
chn
i
qu
e
PSA
that
record
s
the
init
ia
l
PD
value
w
hen
i
nj
ect
i
ng
t
he
volt
age
a
nd
wh
e
n
the
br
e
a
kdown
volt
age
occurre
d.
Fig
ur
e
5
belo
w
re
pr
e
se
nt
the
ci
rc
uit
use
d
in
this
e
xp
erim
ent
to
m
e
asur
e
t
he
P
D
va
lue
,
f
ollo
w
ing
the
pr
ec
ondi
ti
on
of
IEC
6
0270
st
and
a
r
d.
T
he
I
CM
Co
m
pact
will
disp
la
y
the
P
D
pulse
of
the
sam
ple
s
and
rec
orde
d
in
the
per
s
onal
co
m
pu
te
r (PC)
.
A
fter th
e
data
we
r
e
rec
orded
,
th
e
av
e
rag
e
val
ue
s
we
re
a
naly
sed.
Fig
ure
5
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
of p
a
rtia
l disch
arg
e
m
easur
em
ent circ
uit
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I
den
ti
fy
ing t
he
Brea
k
down
V
oltag
e
s
of Ve
ge
tab
le
Oils
w
ith
…
(
Mu
ham
m
ad b
i
n
Y
ahya
)
173
3.
RES
ULTS
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
am
ount
of
SiC
na
nopo
w
der
in
gram
(g)
to
be
a
dd
e
d
to
the
oil
sam
ples
is
base
d
on
the
giv
e
n
form
ula
belo
w
,
w
her
e
the
am
ount
of
ad
diti
ve
to
be
a
dded
in
per
ce
ntage
,
0.1%
,
0.2%,
0.3
%,
0.4%
a
nd
0.5%
,
is co
nv
e
rted
t
o gr
am
(
g).
W (nm)
=
100
)
(
)
(
)
(
nm
x
P
V
F
o
i
l
xV
nm
T
a
ble
1
.
C
onve
rsion
of SiC
p
e
rcen
ta
ge
to
w
ei
gh
t
(
g)
PVF (
n
m
)
%
V oil (
m
l)
ρ
(n
m
)
(g/c
m
)
W
(n
m
)
(
g
)
0
.10
500
4
.23
2
.11
5
0
.20
500
4
.23
4
.23
0
0
.30
500
4
.23
6
.34
5
0
.40
500
4
.23
8
.46
0
0
.50
500
4
.23
1
0
.57
5
.
On
e
of
the
i
m
po
rtant
par
a
m
et
ers
ob
se
rved
in
the
ex
pe
rim
ent
is
the
br
ea
kdown
volt
age
of
the
sam
ples.
Firstly,
the
br
ea
kdown
vo
lt
age
s
of
the
raw
sam
pl
e
of
PO
a
nd
C
O
wer
e
ob
ta
i
ne
d
.
T
he
highes
t
value
of
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
ra
w
sam
ple
PO
is
33.
28
kV.
Acc
ordin
g
to
F
ig
ure
6
be
low,
the
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
s
am
ple
with
0.1
%
SiC
add
e
d
was
19.73
kV
.
T
he
values
of
br
e
akdo
wn
volt
ag
e
for
0.2%
a
nd
0.3%
of
a
dde
d
SiC
wer
e
21.
21
kV
an
d
19.24
kV
res
pecti
vely
.
Howe
ver,
the
b
rea
kdow
n
vo
l
ta
ge
of
at
0.4
%
wa
s
highest
at
22.12
kV. I
t
can
be
see
n
that
the
break
dow
n
volt
age
s
with
SiC
add
it
ive
we
re
l
ow
e
r
t
han
that of
r
a
w
PO
sam
ple.
It
al
so
s
hows
t
hat
the
best
doping
of Sil
ic
on Carb
i
de
f
or P
O
is
at 0.4%
.
Figure
6. G
raph
of Brea
kd
ow
n Vo
lt
age
s
of
PO
at
Dif
f
ere
nt
Per
ce
ntages o
f
SiC
doping
Figure
7
s
how
s
the
gr
a
ph
of
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
l
ta
ges
f
or
CO
with
diff
e
re
nt
per
ce
ntages
of
dopi
ng
with
SiC
.
It
ca
n
be
seen
t
hat
at
0.3%
of
SiC
,
t
he
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
reac
hed
t
he
highest
value
whi
c
h
was
28.04
kV.
F
or
t
he
ra
w
CO
sam
ple,
the
hi
gh
est
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
wa
s
36.
98
kV.
It
ca
n
be
con
cl
uded
t
ha
t
the
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
l
ta
ge
s
of
CO
with
SiC
na
nopow
der
ad
de
d
we
re
lo
we
r
t
han
that
of
ra
w
P
O
sam
ple.
It
al
s
o
sh
ows
that the
best
doping
of
Sil
ic
on
Car
bi
d
e f
or
C
O
is at
0.3%
.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0
.1
0
.2
0
.3
0
.4
0
.5
0
.6
H
ig
hest
Brea
k
do
w
n
o
f
Palm
O
il
(k
V)
Perc
entag
e
o
f
SiC
(%
)
H
ig
hest
Breakdow
n
of Pal
m O
il
(kV) agai
nst
Percentage
of
SiC (%
)
Hig
h
est
Breakd
o
wn
o
f
Palm
Oil
(kV)
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Sci,
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.
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,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
1
70
–
1
7
6
174
Figure
7. G
raph
of Brea
kdow
n Vo
lt
age
s
of
CO at
Diff
e
rent
Per
ce
ntages o
f
SiC
doping
Ba
sed
on
the
obser
vatio
n
s
,
th
e
resu
lt
s
we
re
com
par
ed
to
th
e
sta
nd
a
rd
br
ea
kdown
vo
lt
a
ge
of
Mi
ne
ral
Oil
(MO)
wh
i
ch
is
6.1
0
kV
.
In
pr
act
ic
al
op
e
rati
on
,
the
power
tra
nsf
or
m
er
will
gen
erate
heat
w
hile
the
insu
la
ti
ng
oil
serv
es
as
the
c
ooli
ng
m
edium
.
Th
us
,
it
is
bette
r
to
ha
ve
a
n
i
ns
ulati
ng
m
edi
um
with
hig
he
r
value
of
break
dow
n
po
i
nt
to
withst
and
any
c
ondi
ti
on
becau
se
the
el
ect
r
o
-
ins
ul
at
ing
oils
in
t
erm
s
of
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
and
el
ect
rical
b
rea
kdown
stre
ng
t
h va
lues
wer
e a
ff
ec
te
d
by t
he weat
her ex
posure
[
8]
.
The
res
ults
of
the
viscosity
te
sts
wer
e
ob
s
erv
e
d.
It
was
fou
nd
out
that
t
he
viscosity
of
these
oi
l
sam
ples
ha
s incr
eased
w
hen the addit
ive
of
SiC
wa
s adde
d i
nto
the
raw
sa
m
ple o
f
PO
a
nd CO
.
The
r
es
ul
ts are
sh
ow
n
gr
a
phic
al
ly
below
.
Th
e
m
easur
e
m
ent
of
AC
break
dow
n
volt
age
c
an
be
af
fected
by
the
i
ncr
easi
ng
of
the v
isc
os
it
y o
f
the
oil
[
9]
.
Figure
8. Visc
os
it
y of P
O
versus Perce
ntage
of S
iC
doping
Figure
8
s
how
s
that
t
he
kin
e
m
at
ic
viscosit
y
of
PO
inc
re
ases
as
the
perce
ntage
of
Si
C
add
e
d
wa
s
increase
d
in
t
he
oil
sam
ples.
Figure
9
sho
w
s
that
the
valu
e
s
of
ki
nem
ati
c
viscosity
of
the
CO
c
on
ti
nues
to
increase
as
the
per
ce
ntage
of
SiC
d
opin
g wa
s
increas
ed
, althou
gh the
re was asli
gh
t
dro
p i
n
the
visco
sit
y at
0.
3
% do
ping.
T
he
res
ult
s can
b
e
com
par
ed
t
o
th
e k
inem
at
ic
v
isc
os
it
y
m
ineral
oil (
MO
)
w
hich
is
12.
4
m
Pa.s/cP.
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Ind
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a
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J
E
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
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02
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4752
I
den
ti
fy
ing t
he
Brea
k
down
V
oltag
e
s
of Ve
ge
tab
le
Oils
w
ith
…
(
Mu
ham
m
ad b
i
n
Y
ahya
)
175
Figure
9. Visc
os
it
y of CO
ve
rsu
s
Pe
rcen
ta
ge
of S
iC
doping
The
res
ults
of
the
par
ti
al
disc
harge
(
PD
)
m
e
asur
em
ents
are
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
10
belo
w.
Af
te
r
the
vo
lt
age
wa
s
in
j
ect
ed
i
nto
t
he
ci
rcu
it
,
t
he
I
CM
com
pact
will
pro
du
ce
a
puls
e
f
or
eac
h
sec
ond.
T
he
n,
t
he
aver
a
ge
val
ue
was
cal
culat
ed
.
The
m
easur
em
ent
of
the
pu
lse
s
wer
e
ta
ke
n
at
the
beg
i
nnin
g
w
hen
t
he
init
ia
l
vo
lt
age
wa
s in
je
ct
ed,
b
e
fore the
break
dow
n occu
rr
e
d
an
d
la
stl
y wh
en
the
oil reache
d
the
b
rea
kdown
po
int. A
s
il
lustrate
d
in
F
igure
10
,
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
value
s
of
PD
i
n
both
raw
sam
ples
of
CO
a
nd
P
O
wer
e
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
at
118.1
pico
-
Co
ulo
m
b
(
pC
)
a
nd
161.9
pC
re
s
pecti
vely
.
T
he
aver
a
ge
PD
va
lue
of
0.1%
SiC
doping
of
CO
at
3.59
pC
wa
s
th
e
lowest
.
T
he
aver
a
ge
P
D
va
lue
increa
sed
t
o
43.
77
pC
at
0.3%
SiC
do
pi
ng
of
CO
,
w
hi
ch
wa
s
the
highest
val
ue
of
P
D
f
or
dope
d
sam
ples.
The
res
ults
sho
wed
cl
ea
r
evi
de
nce
that
ad
ding
Sil
ic
on
Ca
rb
i
de
as
add
it
ive
t
o
veget
able
oils
li
ke
CO
or
PO
has
reduce
d
im
m
e
ns
el
y
the
value
s
of
pa
rtia
l
dis
charges
i
n
the
oils
,
co
nt
rib
uting t
o t
he
im
pr
oved
insu
la
ti
ng att
ri
bute
of t
he oil
s to be
us
e
d
as t
r
ansfo
rm
er in
sul
at
ing
o
il
.
Fig
ure
10
.
T
he
av
e
rag
e
v
al
ue of
PD on
sam
ple o
f
o
il
s
c
on
ta
in
di
ff
e
ren
t
pe
r
centages
of
Si
C
dopi
ng
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
m
ai
n
ob
j
e
ct
ive
of
t
his
re
search
is
t
o
m
easur
e
the
ins
ulati
ng
pro
pe
rtie
s
of
local
ve
getable
oil
s
,
nam
ely
PO
and
C
O
as
sub
sti
tutes
to
m
i
ner
al
oil
to
be
us
ed
as
t
ra
ns
f
or
m
er
oil
.
It
was
f
ound
that
the
br
ea
kdow
n
vol
ta
ge
of
ra
w
P
O
an
d
C
O
is
33.
28
kV
a
nd
36.
98
kV
res
pe
ct
i
vely
.
Me
anw
hile,
t
he
brea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
of
MO
is
lower
tha
n
t
ho
s
e
ve
getable
oils
,
w
hich
is
6.10
kV.
W
he
n
dif
fer
e
nt
pe
r
centage
s
of
SiC
nano
par
ti
cl
es
wer
e
add
e
d
into
eac
h
oil
sam
ple
,
the
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
s
ha
ve
dro
p
low,
bu
t
sti
ll
hig
her
tha
n
the
br
ea
kdow
n
v
oltage
of
MO
.
T
he
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
P
O
at
0.
4%
do
ping
wa
s
high
est
at
22
.12
kV
.
T
his
sh
ows
that
the
best
doping
of
Sil
ic
on
Ca
r
bid
e
f
or
P
O
is
at
0.4%.
It
ca
n
be
seen
t
hat
f
or
CO
at
0.3%
of
SiC
doping,
the
br
eakdo
wn
volt
a
ge
reache
d
t
he
highest
value
w
hich
was
28.
04
kV.
T
his
sho
ws
that
t
he
best
doping
of
Sil
ic
on
Ca
rb
i
de
f
or
CO
is
at
0.3%.
Th
us
,
in
te
rm
s
of
t
he
break
do
wn
volt
age
al
one,
it
does
lo
ok
li
ke
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n
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
9
,
No.
1
,
Jan
ua
ry
201
8
:
1
70
–
1
7
6
176
the
veg
et
a
ble
oils
do
hav
e
th
e
po
te
ntial
to
s
ub
sti
tute
the
tr
ansfo
rm
er
oil
,
even
bette
r
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
vi
sco
sit
y
of the
ve
getabl
e o
il
s inc
reases
as the
p
e
rcen
t
age
of the
SiC
d
opin
g was
inc
reased
.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
the
pa
rtia
l
discharge
(
PD
)
m
easur
em
ents
sh
owe
d
a
ve
ry
prom
isi
ng
prop
e
rty
of
t
he
veg
et
a
ble
oils
as
an
insu
la
ti
ng
m
ediu
m
.
Pr
esence
of
par
ti
a
l
discharges
c
a
n
co
ntribute
to
the
final
br
ea
k
do
wn
of
t
he
ins
ulati
ng
m
edium
,
t
he
hi
gher
the
values
of
pa
rtia
l
discharge
s,
the
higher
will
be
the
risk
of
br
ea
kdow
n.
A
dd
i
ng
Sil
ic
on
Ca
rb
ide
nano
pa
rtic
le
s
to
the
oils
has
reduc
ed
the
par
ti
al
discha
rg
e
s
in
the
oils
ver
y
sig
ni
fica
ntly
,
giv
in
g
a
ver
y
prom
isin
g
at
trib
ute
to
the
ve
getab
le
oils
as
insu
la
ti
ng
m
edium
fo
r
trans
form
ers.
Hope
fu
ll
y,
this
researc
h
will
con
t
rib
ute
to
s
ociet
y
wh
ic
h
i
s
in
li
ne
with
NK
E
A
(N
at
io
nal
Key
Eco
no
m
y Ar
ea
)
in
the
pro
du
ct
ion
of
veg
et
a
ble o
il
in
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
gr
at
efu
ll
y
ackno
wled
ge
the
hel
p
of
RM
I
UiTM
fo
r
prov
i
di
ng
the
fun
ds
for
this
pro
j
ect
from
the
Lest
ari
Gr
a
nt
2016
(
600
-
IRMI
/
DAN
A
5/3
/LE
STA
RI
(00
21
/
2016)
).
W
e
a
r
e
al
so
gr
at
ef
ul
to
the
Faculty
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
ee
rin
g
for
al
lo
wi
ng
us
to
us
e
t
he
High
V
oltage
La
borat
or
y
to
perform
te
st
s
that
had lea
d
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
s
uccess
of this
researc
h p
roject.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Moh
am
ad
N.
A.
,
N.
Azis
,
J.
Jasni,
M.
Z.
A.
A.
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R.
Yun
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sh
a
k,
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aakub,
“
A
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Abd
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A.
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“
Exp
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me
nta
l
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ble
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nerg
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n
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ENCO
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2015
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onfe
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Moh
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“
Stu
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rti
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le
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ua
l
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ia
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onfe
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I
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Vm
ahesw
ari
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.
an
d
P.
Sub
bura
j
,
“
M
odel
li
ng
01
P
ar
ti
al
Disch
arge
Be
havi
our
in
a
Ca
vi
ty
wi
thin
the
So
li
d
Diel
ect
ric
s
,”
P
ro
cee
din
gs
of
IEEE
I
nt
ern
at
io
nal
Co
nf
e
ren
ce
on
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ircuit
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ow
e
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pu
ti
ng
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ie
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PCT
2013
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18
–
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13.
[6]
Su
ti
kno
H.
,
“
Eff
ect
s
of
Te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
the
Break
dow
n
V
oltage
an
d
Partia
l
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arg
e
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er
ns
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od
e
gr
a
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le
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uly,
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[7]
Cov
e
r
ed
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an
d
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ti
es
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“Sil
ic
on
Ca
r
bi
de
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iC
)
Nano
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ti
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es
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roper
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[8]
Ma
rci
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an
d
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Csá
nyi,
“
Ele
ct
ric
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eak
do
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n
stre
ng
t
h
me
as
ure
me
nt
of
li
qu
i
d
diele
ct
ric
sa
m
ples
exposed
to
t
he
we
ath
er
ef
fe
ct
,
”
SCYR
20
10
-
10th
Scie
nt
ific
Confere
nce
of
You
ng
Re
s
earche
rs
–
FE
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a
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nd
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os
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s
ula
ti
ng
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quid
ba
s
ed
on
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atu
r
al
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rs
f
or
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buti
on
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mers
,
”
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ct
rical
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su
la
ti
on
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nf
e
r
ence
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IC),
2013
IE
EE
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28
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