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ated
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b
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th
e
s
o
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p
an
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co
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t
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to
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tr
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g
y
.
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lar
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s
h
o
w
s
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g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
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to
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in
Ma
la
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au
s
e
it
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Desp
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a
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Otien
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,
2
0
1
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)
[
2
]
co
m
e
o
u
t
w
it
h
an
id
ea
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
in
g
le
a
x
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s
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lar
tr
ac
k
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f
o
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s
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an
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cir
cu
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2
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a
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Ay
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2
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)
[
3
]
p
r
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p
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s
ed
d
u
al
ax
is
tr
ac
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in
g
m
e
th
o
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to
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to
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Vo
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1
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2
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v
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m
b
er
201
8
:
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8
9
–
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490
m
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4
]
d
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h
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d
esig
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d
ex
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t
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v
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to
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s
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t
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tim
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ar
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.
)
[
5
]
d
is
cu
s
s
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t
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e
i
m
p
o
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tan
t
o
f
u
s
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y
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te
m
f
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x
tr
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g
s
o
lar
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g
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.
T
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c
u
s
s
ed
o
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m
ec
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o
f
L
ab
VI
E
W
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
is
th
e
s
is
b
y
(
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
Sa
m
i
Sab
r
y
et.
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
3
)
[
6
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
o
n
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
an
g
les
.
T
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
an
g
le
s
o
f
th
e
t
h
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
w
er
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
e
x
a
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
th
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
er
e
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lar
an
g
le
s
(
o
p
ti
m
al
ac
cu
r
ac
y
)
o
v
e
r
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
a
d
ay
an
d
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
(
Md
.
Han
if
A
li
So
h
ag
,
Hasa
n
,
K
h
at
u
n
&
Ah
m
ad
et.
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
5
)
[
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
w
h
ic
h
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
h
ich
co
m
b
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
s
u
n
to
co
n
tr
o
l t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
ar
e
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
a
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
li
g
h
t,
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
,
P
=I
V
an
d
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
a
s
o
lar
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
et
w
ee
n
f
ix
ed
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
ill
b
e
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
i
n
g
le
a
x
is
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
u
s
i
n
g
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
e
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
icat
io
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
esig
n
.
2
.
1
.
Sp
ec
if
ica
t
io
n o
f
Co
m
po
nents
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
t
h
at
u
s
ed
o
n
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
.
2
.
1
.
1.
Arduin
o
UNO
Th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
NO
i
s
a
m
icr
o
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
o
ar
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
A
T
m
e
g
a3
2
8
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
UNO
I
t
h
as
f
o
u
r
teen
d
ig
ita
l
i
n
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
p
in
s
(
o
f
w
h
ic
h
s
i
x
o
f
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
P
W
M
o
u
tp
u
t
s
)
,
s
ix
an
a
lo
g
in
p
u
t
s
,
a
1
6
MH
z
c
r
y
s
tal
o
s
ci
llato
r
,
a
USB
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
a
p
o
w
er
j
ac
k
,
an
I
C
SP
h
ea
d
er
,
a
n
d
a
r
eset
b
u
tto
n
.
I
t
co
n
tain
s
ev
er
y
th
i
n
g
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
icr
o
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
;
it
ca
n
s
i
m
p
l
y
co
n
n
ec
t
to
a
co
m
p
u
ter
w
it
h
a
USB
ca
b
le
o
r
p
o
w
er
it
w
i
th
a
A
C
-
to
-
DC
ad
ap
ter
o
r
b
atter
y
to
g
et
s
tar
ted
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
A
r
d
u
in
o
UN
O
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
t
h
e
Ta
b
le
1
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
2
.
1
.
2.
L
iqu
id Cr
y
s
t
a
l D
is
pla
y
(
L
CD)
L
iq
u
id
C
r
y
s
tal
Di
s
p
la
y
(
L
C
D
)
is
a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
is
p
la
y
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
s
cr
ee
n
a
n
d
h
as
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
b
asic
a
n
d
v
er
y
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
m
a
n
y
d
e
v
ices
a
n
d
cir
cu
it
s
.
L
C
D
ca
n
d
is
p
la
y
s
ix
teen
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
p
er
lin
e
a
n
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lin
e
o
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
(
1
6
x
2
)
.
T
h
e
L
C
D
w
i
ll
b
e
d
is
p
la
y
ed
in
a
m
atr
ix
o
f
5
x
7
p
ix
els.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
o
f
L
C
D
d
is
p
la
y
p
i
n
s
i
s
tab
u
lated
i
n
th
e
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Ho
r
iz
o
n
t
a
l S
in
g
le
A
xis S
o
la
r
T
r
a
ck
er
Usi
n
g
A
r
d
u
in
o
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
S
iti A
mely
Ju
ma
a
t
)
491
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
A
r
d
u
in
o
UN
O
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
L
C
D
P
in
s
2
.
1
.
3.
Serv
o
M
o
t
o
r
A
s
er
v
o
m
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
w
it
h
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
r
o
m
4
.
8
V
to
6
V
.
No
r
m
all
y
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
5
V
w
it
h
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
0
=
4
0
H
z
is
u
s
ed
.
Ser
v
o
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
to
g
iv
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
g
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
c
h
as
45
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
90
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
T
h
e
an
g
le
ca
n
b
e
h
o
ld
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
I
t
ca
n
r
o
tate
f
r
o
m
0
d
eg
r
ee
to
1
8
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
n
c
h
a
n
g
ed
.
2
.
1
.
4.
L
ig
ht
Dependent
Resi
s
t
o
r
(
L
DR)
A
li
g
h
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esi
s
to
r
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
a
ter
ials
w
h
ich
e
n
ab
le
th
e
m
to
h
av
e
t
h
eir
lig
h
t
s
en
s
iti
v
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
L
i
g
h
t
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
r
esi
s
to
r
is
v
er
y
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
to
w
ar
d
s
li
g
h
t.
T
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
l
ig
h
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esis
to
r
m
a
y
ch
a
n
g
e
o
v
er
m
an
y
o
r
d
er
w
h
e
n
li
g
h
t
s
h
i
n
e
o
n
it.
Si
g
n
if
ica
n
ce
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
f
alli
n
g
as th
e
le
v
el
o
f
lig
h
t s
h
i
n
e
o
n
th
e
l
ig
h
t d
ep
en
d
en
t r
es
is
to
r
in
cr
ea
s
es.
2
.
1
.
5.
So
la
r
Cells
A
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
r
p
h
o
to
-
v
o
ltaic
c
ell
is
an
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ice
t
h
at
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
li
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
-
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t,
w
h
ich
i
s
a
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
.
So
lar
ce
ll
is
a
d
ev
ice
w
h
o
s
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
c
u
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
ar
y
wh
en
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
t
h
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t.
P
o
ly
-
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
cif
icatio
n
s
o
f
p
o
l
y
-
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
T
ab
le
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
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m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
4
8
9
–
4
9
6
492
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
o
ly
-
cr
y
s
ta
llin
e
So
lar
C
ell
T
ab
le
3
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
P
o
ly
-
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
2
.
2
.
So
f
t
w
a
re
Desig
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lai
n
ed
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esis
to
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
o
m
o
to
r
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
P
r
o
teu
s
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
is
cir
c
u
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
UNO
a
L
C
D
Dis
p
la
y
,
a
s
er
v
o
m
o
to
r
,
f
iv
e
u
n
it
s
o
f
lig
h
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esis
to
r
(
L
DR
)
,
f
i
v
e
u
n
its
o
f
1
0
k
Ω
r
esis
to
r
,
a
r
eset
b
u
tto
n
,
an
o
n
/o
f
f
b
u
tto
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t,
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
a
n
d
cir
cu
it
d
esi
g
n
o
f
h
o
r
izo
n
ta
l
s
i
n
g
le
ax
i
s
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
cir
cu
it
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
an
d
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
y
s
te
m
F
lo
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w
ar
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s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t.
So
lar
p
an
el
w
i
ll a
b
s
o
r
b
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
lig
h
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
clo
u
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
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esia
n
J
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lec
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g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
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v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
4
8
9
–
4
9
6
496
s
h
ad
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
Fo
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t,
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
0
.
0
8
A
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
ix
ed
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
tan
t
all
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
lo
a
d
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
7
,
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
y
s
o
lar
p
an
el
f
r
o
m
s
o
la
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
e
to
f
ix
ed
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
Ov
er
all,
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
ec
ei
v
es
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
an
d
g
en
er
ates
m
o
r
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
ar
e
to
f
i
x
ed
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
b
y
1
.
4
3
%
w
h
en
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
o
n
lo
ad
tes
t
less
er
th
a
n
n
o
lo
ad
test
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
li
m
it t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t in
t
h
e
cir
cu
i
t.
4.
F
UT
UR
E
WO
RK
Firstl
y
,
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
s
o
lid
,
alm
o
s
t
u
n
y
ield
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
u
t
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
a
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
.
Har
d
an
d
s
o
lid
m
a
ter
ia
l
n
e
ed
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
ai
n
m
a
ter
ial
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
tr
ac
k
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
w
i
th
s
ta
n
d
e
x
tr
e
m
e
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
tr
o
n
g
w
i
n
d
y
d
a
y
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
b
u
i
ld
a
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
r
o
m
lo
n
g
r
a
n
g
e,
b
y
ad
d
in
g
Glo
b
al
S
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
Mo
b
ile
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
(
GSM)
o
r
b
u
ild
a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
L
as
tl
y
,
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
-
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
y
u
p
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
x
i
s
s
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
t
o
d
u
a
l
a
x
i
s
s
o
l
a
t
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
.
M
o
r
e
p
o
we
r
m
e
a
n
s
a
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
r
e
t
u
r
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
u
s
in
g
ar
d
u
i
n
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
s
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
f
ir
s
t
l
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
te
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
w
ill
f
ac
e
th
e
s
u
n
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
l
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
r
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
g
e
n
er
at
e
m
o
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
r
s
w
h
ile
f
ix
ed
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
s
tallatio
n
g
e
n
er
ates
le
ast
p
o
w
er
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
g
i
v
e
a
s
li
g
h
tl
y
i
m
p
ac
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
an
el
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
e.
T
h
ir
d
l
y
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
w
h
e
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
g
ain
v
ar
ies
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
w
i
t
h
alt
itu
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
a
f
i
x
ed
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
s
talla
tio
n
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
lo
c
atio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
e
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
Ma
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
C
en
ter
(
R
M
C
)
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
l
y
s
ia
(
UT
H
M)
,
B
atu
P
ah
at,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
is
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
ar
tl
y
b
y
R
M
C
u
n
d
er
th
e
U8
6
1
(
T
ie
r
1
)
Gr
a
n
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
u
ru
h
a
n
jay
a
Ten
a
g
a
(En
e
rg
y
Co
m
m
issio
n
)
M
a
lay
sia
En
e
rg
y
S
tatisti
c
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
2
0
1
5
:
8
4
.
[2
]
A
lo
k
a
Re
a
g
a
n
Otien
o
(2
0
1
5
)
.
S
o
lar
T
r
a
c
k
e
r
f
o
r
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l.
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
Un
iv
e
rsiti
o
f
Na
iro
b
i
.
[3
]
Ay
u
sh
i
Niti
n
In
g
o
le
(2
0
1
6
,
M
a
y
2
4
-
2
6
).
Ard
u
in
o
b
a
se
d
S
o
la
r
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m.
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
[4
]
T
ib
e
riu
T
u
d
o
ra
c
h
e
,
L
.
K.
(2
0
1
0
).
De
sig
n
o
f
a
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
e
r
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
P
V
P
o
w
e
r
P
la
n
ts.
Ac
ta
Po
lyte
c
h
n
ica
Hu
n
g
a
ric
a
.
;
7
(
1
),
1
7
.
[5
]
G
a
g
a
ri
De
b
,
A
rij
it
Ba
rd
h
a
n
R
o
y
.
Us
e
o
f
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
Ex
trac
ti
n
g
S
o
lar
E
n
e
rg
y
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
4
(
1
),
4
2
–
4
6
.
[6
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
a
m
i
S
a
b
ry
(2
0
1
3
).
De
ter
m
in
in
g
th
e
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
o
f
so
lar t
ra
c
k
e
r,
1
-
88.
[7
]
S
o
h
a
g
,
H.
A
.
,
Ha
sa
n
,
M
.
,
Kh
a
t
u
n
,
M
.
M
.
,
&
A
h
m
a
d
,
M
.
(2
0
1
5
).
A
n
A
c
c
u
ra
te
a
n
d
Ef
f
i
c
ien
t
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
Im
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
L
DR S
e
n
so
r,
(Ei
c
t),
5
2
2
–
5
2
7
.
[8
]
S
A
Ju
m
a
a
t,
F
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
,
S
A
Zu
lk
if
li
,
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
o
rta
b
le
Ca
se
S
o
lar
Ba
tt
e
r
y
Ch
a
r
g
e
r
,
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Vo
l.
6
N
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
6
1
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
9
2
3
/j
.
e
e
e
.
2
0
1
6
0
6
0
4
.
0
1
.
[9
]
S
it
i
A
m
e
l
y
Ju
m
a
a
t,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Hilm
i
Oth
m
a
n
,
S
o
lar E
n
e
rg
y
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
A
rd
u
in
o
,
M
AT
EC
W
e
b
Co
n
f
.
1
5
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
0
1
0
0
7
,
p
.
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.