Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
24
,
No.
1
,
Octo
be
r
2021
,
pp.
1
~
11
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752,
DOI
: 1
0.1
1591/i
j
eecs
.v
24
.i
1
.
pp1
-
11
1
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Impact o
f
opti
ca
l
cur
re
nt
transf
or
mer on p
rotecti
on sc
h
eme of
hybrid t
ra
nsmi
ssi
on line
Z
aina
l Arifin
1
, Muh
amm
ad
Z
ulham
2
, Eko Prase
t
yo
3
1
,3
PT.
PLN (Pers
ero
), Jaka
rt
a, I
nd
onesia
1,
2
Inst
it
ut Te
kno
l
ogi
PLN,
J
aka
rt
a
,
Indone
si
a
2
GE
Grid
Solut
i
ons Indone
sia
,
J
a
kar
t
a, I
ndonesi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 7
,
2021
Re
vised
A
ug
6
,
20
21
Accepte
d
Aug
13
,
2021
Conti
nuity
of
po
wer
tra
nsm
ission
is
important
to
ensure
the
relia
bil
ity
of
th
e
el
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
suppl
y
.
As
m
ost
sy
st
em
fau
lt
s
are
tem
po
rar
y
,
th
e
au
to
rec
lose
(AR)
sche
m
e
has
bee
n
used
e
xte
nsively
to
m
ini
m
ise
the
ou
tage
dura
t
ion
,
pre
vent
widespr
ea
d
ou
ta
ges
,
thu
s
inc
re
ase
s
y
s
tem
stabi
li
t
y
.
Me
a
nwhile
,
th
e
h
y
brid
tr
ansm
ission
li
ne
(HTL
)
combining
over
hea
d
li
n
e
(OH
L)
and
high
volt
ag
e
c
abl
e
h
a
s
bee
n
introduce
d
to
provid
e
an
ine
xpensiv
e
solu
ti
on
for
an
urba
n
power
gr
i
d.
Prote
ct
ing
HTL
with
a
conv
ent
ion
al
pro
te
c
tion
s
y
stem
would
forbid
the
oper
ation
of
t
he
AR
sche
m
e
due
to
difficulty
to
ensur
e
whethe
r
the
fau
lt
occ
urr
ed
on
the
OH
L
or
ca
ble
sec
t
ion
.
Th
ere
fore
,
th
e
ci
rcu
la
t
ing
cur
re
nt
prot
ec
t
ion
(C
CP
)
sche
m
e
is
used
in
th
e
ca
bl
e
sec
ti
on
to
ensure
the
fau
lt
loc
ation
and
bl
ock
the
AR
sche
m
e.
The
t
ec
hn
olog
y
of
an
opti
c
al
cur
ren
t
tr
ansform
er
(OCT)
as
one
of
the
non
-
conve
nt
iona
l
instrument
tra
nsform
ers
(N
CIT)
has
emerg
ed
to
provide
a
soluti
on
to
dra
w
bac
ks
on
the
conve
nt
iona
l
c
urre
nt
tr
ansfor
m
er
(CCT).
Consequent
l
y
,
thi
s
pape
r
inve
stigated
the
impact
of
using
OCT
over
the
C
CT
for
CCP
of
t
he
HTL
.
The
result
show
s
tha
t
OCT
coul
d
be
u
sed
for
CCP
on
m
uch
longe
r
ca
b
le
sec
ti
ons
thus
inc
re
ase
its
rel
ia
b
il
i
t
y
as
the
AR
sche
m
e
ca
n
be
used
o
n
longe
r
or
m
ult
ipl
e
ca
b
le se
ct
ion
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Au
t
o recl
os
e
Ci
rcu
la
ti
ng cur
ren
t
protect
io
n
Hybr
i
d
tra
ns
m
i
ssion l
ine
In
st
ru
m
ent tran
sform
er
Op
ti
cal
curr
ent
tran
s
f
or
m
er
This
is
an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ek
o
P
rasety
o
PT.
P
LN
(
P
ers
ero)
Trun
ojo
yo
Stre
et
, Blok M
I/
35,
1216
0
, Ja
ka
r
ta
, Indo
nesia
Em
a
il
: eko
.pra
set
yo@p
l
n.
c
o.
i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ov
e
r
head
li
ne
(OHL)
a
nd
ca
ble
-
based
tr
ans
m
issi
on
li
ne
ha
ve
bee
n
us
ed
widely
across
the
gl
ob
e
t
o
pro
vid
e
reli
abl
e
transm
issi
on
gri
d.
O
HL
ha
s
kn
own
for
it
s
sim
plicity
and
c
os
t
-
e
ff
ect
iv
eness
w
hile
th
e
high
vo
lt
age
(HV)
c
able
has
m
or
e
adv
a
nt
age
s
on
it
s
m
uch
bette
r
i
m
m
un
ity
to
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
an
d
le
ss
safe
distance
des
pite
it
s
higher
c
os
t
dr
a
wback.
T
he
refor
e
,
hybri
d
t
ran
s
m
issi
on
li
ne
(
HTL
)
inc
orp
orat
ing
underg
round
H
V
cable
an
d
a
n
OH
L
ha
s
been
us
e
d
to
bala
nc
e
inv
e
stm
ent
cost,
s
ocial
ris
k,
aest
he
ti
c
va
lue,
a
nd
reli
ab
il
ity
of
transm
issi
on
especial
ly
in
an
urban
a
rea
th
at
would
ha
ve
le
ss
area
for
the
rig
ht
of
wa
y
of
the
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
ne.
As
the
HT
L
c
ou
l
d
c
on
sist
of
two
or
m
or
e
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
co
nduct
or
s
an
d
m
echan
ic
al
structu
res
,
act
ual
i
m
ped
anc
e
al
ong
the
li
ne
wo
ul
d
be
va
ried.
T
he
refor
e
,
accu
r
at
e
fau
lt
locat
ion
pre
dicti
on
fr
om
i
m
ped
ance
m
easur
em
ent
only
by
distance
protect
io
n
w
ou
l
d
no
t
be
a
pp
li
cable
[
1]
,
[2]
.
Alon
g
wit
h
this
,
e
m
plo
ym
ent
o
f
li
ne
c
urren
t
di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
(LC
D)
protect
io
n
c
ou
l
d
pro
vid
e
s
el
ect
ive
an
d
re
li
able
unit
prot
ect
ion
for
the
HTL
al
though
it
w
ould
no
t
be
a
ble
to
determ
ine
exact
fau
lt
locat
i
on
[
1]
.
F
ur
t
herm
or
e,
instal
la
tio
n
of
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
c
urren
t
protect
io
n
(CCP)
w
hich
sh
are
a
sim
i
la
r
con
ce
pt
with
LCD
protect
io
n
to
protect
th
e
cable
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
1
-
11
2
sect
ion
al
ong
with
sepa
rated
LCD
or
dista
nce
protect
io
n
for
the
w
h
o
l
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
of
a
HT
L
would
be
pr
efer
red
[2]
,
[
3]
.
H
owe
ver,
this
schem
e
w
ou
l
d
face
a
no
t
her
pro
ble
m
as
the
curre
nt
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
(CT)
w
ou
l
d
ne
ed
to
be
instal
le
d
at
the
j
unct
io
n po
i
nt
betwee
n HV c
able an
d
t
he O
HL.
Dista
nce
prote
ct
ion
,
LC
D
protect
ion
,
an
d
ov
e
r
c
urren
t
protect
io
n
ha
s
been
em
plo
ye
d
f
or
ye
a
rs
to
pro
vid
e
a
secu
re,
sel
ect
ive
,
a
nd
reli
able
pro
te
ct
ion
syst
em
for
tra
ns
m
issi
on
a
nd
distri
bu
t
ion
syst
e
m
s
[4]
,
[5]
.
As
the
co
nve
nt
ion
al
powe
r
gri
d
gr
ow
s
to
a
s
m
art
gr
id,
c
onti
nuous
ope
ra
ti
on
of
po
wer
transm
issi
on
is
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
to
pro
vid
e
a
sec
ure
and
reli
able
el
ect
rici
ty
su
pp
ly
,
he
nce
pro
longed
outa
ge
durati
on
w
ou
l
d
be
a
serio
us
issue t
o avo
i
d.
T
her
e
f
ore, a
uto
r
ecl
os
e
(
AR) schem
e h
as b
e
en use
d for yea
rs
to
reduce outage
dur
at
ion
du
e
t
o
syst
em
fau
l
t
by
in
co
rpor
at
in
g
a
uto
m
a
ti
c
con
tr
ol
to
r
e
-
cl
os
e
t
he
ci
r
cuit
br
ea
ke
r
(
CB
)
on
both
s
ide
of
su
bst
at
ion
a
fte
r
certai
n
de
fine
d
dead
tim
e
[6]
.
The
im
pact
of
a
ut
o
recl
os
e
w
ou
l
d
be
var
y
de
pends
on
th
e
gr
i
d
config
ur
at
io
n
and
th
e
ty
pe
o
f
the
el
ect
ric
ge
ner
at
or
.
Pr
e
vio
us
te
c
hn
ic
al
s
tud
ie
s
in
PL
N
Ind
on
esi
a
s
hows
that
the
inco
r
porati
on
of
a
co
rr
ect
ly
con
fi
gured
auto
reclosi
ng
schem
e
on
hi
gh
volt
age
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
nes
would
be bene
fici
al
on bot
h
sy
nchronous
[
7]
an
d
i
nverter
-
based ge
ner
at
or
[
8]
.
A
s
m
o
s
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
a
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
o
r
t
e
m
po
r
a
r
y
,
A
R
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
u
s
e
d
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
o
n
l
y
o
n
O
H
L
[9]
.
A
R
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
b
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
o
n
a
c
a
b
l
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
c
a
b
l
e
t
h
a
t
w
o
u
l
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
nt
f
a
u
l
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
o
r
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
H
T
L
,
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
A
R
s
c
h
e
m
e
c
o
u
l
d
be
v
a
r
i
e
d
d
e
p
e
nd
s
o
n
t
h
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
[3]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
C
P
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
H
T
L
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
.
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
(
C
C
T
)
e
m
p
l
oy
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
C
C
P
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
y
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
k
n
e
e
p
o
i
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
m
i
t
t
h
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
S
o
,
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
(
O
C
T
)
w
i
t
h
I
E
C
6
1
8
5
0
-
9
-
2
c
om
p
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
t
h
e
C
C
T
t
o
h
a
v
e
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
nt
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
nt
a
l
o
n
g
t
h
e
H
T
L
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
.
2.
CUR
RENT T
RANSF
ORM
ER
In
st
ru
m
ent
transfor
m
er
has
been
widely
use
d
acr
os
s
the
globe
to
scal
e
dow
n
the
pri
m
ary
value
of
current
a
nd
vol
ta
ge
in
a
m
od
e
rn
powe
r
gr
id
to
a
lo
we
r
le
vel
that
w
ou
l
d
be
com
patible
with
any
m
e
asur
e
m
ent
per
i
ph
e
ral
incl
ud
i
ng
ene
rg
y
m
et
er
and
prot
ect
ive
relay
[9]
.
Su
c
h
tra
nsfo
r
m
ers
sh
ar
e
the
sam
e
pr
inciple
with
a
powe
r
trans
f
orm
er
and
rep
li
cat
e
the
input
qu
a
ntit
y
to
a
lower
le
vel
with
certai
n
e
xp
ect
e
d
accu
r
acy
an
d
eff
ic
ie
n
cy
for
m
easur
em
ent
pu
r
pose.
In
the
case
of
power
transm
issi
on
a
nd
distrib
ution
gri
d,
t
he
perfor
m
ance
of
ove
rcurr
e
nt
(51),
distance
(21),
an
d
LCD
pr
otect
io
n
(
87L)
that
m
easure
cur
re
nt
value
would
rely
on
the
accuracy
an
d
r
el
ia
bili
ty
of
the
CT.
Con
se
que
ntly
,
the
CT
ta
kes
an
im
po
rta
nt
ta
sk
f
or
the
protect
ive
rela
y
us
ed
in
the
gri
d.
A
s
the
te
c
hnol
ogy
of
C
T
devel
op
s
,
m
od
er
n
powe
r
gri
d
use
s
bot
h
c
onve
ntion
al
an
d
OCT
te
chnolo
gy
to
perform
accord
in
g
to
the
acc
eptable
sta
ndar
d
su
c
h
as
I
EC
61869
-
2
[
10
]
.
In
this
case
,
ac
cur
acy
cl
ass
and
acc
uracy
lim
i
t
factor
(A
L
F)
ha
ve
been
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
m
easur
em
ent
per
f
or
m
ance
of
the
CT
durin
g n
or
m
al
op
e
rati
on a
nd tran
sie
nt con
diton
s
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
Ba
sic
determ
i
nation
of
a
C
T
would
be
ba
sed
on
it
s
sec
onda
ry
current
rati
ng
,
w
heth
er
it
is
1
or
5
Am
per
e.
The
CT
al
so
cat
egorised
acco
r
ding
to
it
s
fu
nctio
n
for
m
easur
em
ent
pu
r
pose
with
an
ene
r
gy
m
et
er
or
protect
ion
pur
po
s
e
with
a
pr
otect
ive
relay
.
Wh
il
st
both
m
easur
em
ent
an
d
pr
otect
ion
C
T
sh
a
re
a
sim
i
l
ar
basic
con
ce
pt,
eac
h
t
ype
operates
di
sti
nctivel
y.
In
this
case,
m
ea
su
rem
ent
CT
is
desig
ne
d
to
pro
vid
e
the
re
qu
i
red
accuracy
unti
l
120%
of
rated
current,
it
wou
ld
easi
ly
be
satu
rate
d
w
hen
th
e
cur
re
nt
goes
to
o
hi
gh.
Othe
r
than
that,
ALF
val
ue
that
ap
plies
on
ly
in
pr
otect
ion
CT
w
ould
e
ns
ure
tha
t
this
CT
would
prov
i
de
re
qu
i
red
accuracy
up
to
relat
ively
hig
h
current
durin
g
a
fau
lt
.
It
is
wri
tt
en
after
accu
racy
cl
ass
and
the
le
tt
er
“P”
wh
ic
h
sta
nd for p
ro
te
ct
ion
s
uc
h
as
10P
20 or
5P10.
2.1.
Conv
e
nt
i
onal
curren
t t
ransfor
mer
Seco
nd
a
ry
val
ue
of
an
ideal
CT
would
be
pro
portion
al
w
it
h
current
m
e
asur
e
d
on
the
pr
im
ary
side.
Howe
ver,
as
the
ope
rati
on
of
a
CC
T
base
d
on
t
he
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
pr
i
nc
iple,
the
existe
nce
of
the
c
ore
an
d
windin
g
bet
we
en
the
pr
im
ary
and
sec
onda
ry
te
rm
inal
wo
ul
d
cau
se
flu
x
an
d
produce
m
agn
et
isa
ti
on
that
aff
ect
s
op
e
rati
on
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
accu
rac
y
as
it
s
si
m
pli
fied
e
qu
i
valent
ci
rcu
it
an
d
pa
ram
et
ers
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
1
an
d
Table
1
[
9]
,
[12]
.
More
ov
e
r,
on
e
basic
op
e
r
at
ion
al
require
m
ent
of
a
CCT
is
keep
in
g
the
total
bur
den
i
nclu
din
g
t
he
exte
rn
al
bur
den
im
pedance
(Z
B
)
not
to
excee
d
it
s
ra
te
d
seco
ndary
bur
den
al
th
ough
in
a
ver
y
hi
gh
c
urr
ent
co
nd
it
io
n.
In
te
rm
s
of
c
om
m
on
seco
ndary
curre
nt
ci
rcu
it
,
bur
de
n
im
ped
ance
(Z
B
)
woul
d
m
ai
nly be co
m
po
s
ed
of
resist
ive
bur
den (R
B
)
, thus Z
B
≈ R
B
with
detai
le
d p
aram
et
ers
cal
c
ulate
d
in
(1) a
nd
(2).
As
s
how
n
ab
ove,
R
L
is
le
ad
resist
ance,
is
cond
ucto
r
resis
ti
vity
,
S
is
w
ir
e
cro
s
s
sect
io
n,
an
d
R
r2
is
relay
r
esi
sta
nc
e. Ano
t
her
basi
c requirem
ent o
f
a CC
T is kn
ee po
i
nt volt
ag
e (V
K
)
t
hat r
e
presents RM
S
va
lue of
the
sin
usoidal
vo
lt
age
at
rated
fr
e
quency
a
pp
li
ed
to
sec
onda
ry
te
rm
inal
of
the
CT
w
he
n
pr
im
ary
te
rm
inal
bein
g
jum
ped
,
that,
wh
e
n
in
creased
by
10
%
causes
RM
S
value
of
the
excit
ing
cu
rre
nt
(I
eK
)
t
o
incr
ease
by
50% as
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ure
2
[
12
]
a
nd calc
ula
te
d
with
(3).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f
opti
cal curre
nt tr
an
sform
er
on pr
ot
ect
ion
sc
hem
e
o
f
hybri
d
tr
ansmissio
n
li
ne
(
Za
in
al Arif
in
)
3
Figure
1. Sim
plifie
d
eq
uiv
al
e
nt circ
uit o
f
a c
onve
ntion
al
CT
[
12
]
Table
1.
Param
et
er in
e
quival
ent circ
uit o
f
id
eal
CT
V
S
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
x
c
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
B
C
T
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
b
u
r
d
e
n
I
P
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Z
E
E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
I
ST
T
o
t
a
l
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
R
S
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
I
S
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
l
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
X
L
L
e
a
k
a
g
e
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
I
E
E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
N
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
e
i
n
C
l
a
s
s
C
C
T
s
)
N
2
/N
1
C
T
t
u
r
n
r
a
t
i
o
Z
B
B
u
r
d
e
n
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
=
×
(
+
250
)
(
1)
′
=
(
2
×
)
+
2
(
2)
Figure
2. CT
pe
rfor
m
ance acc
ordin
g
t
o kn
ee
po
i
nt volt
age
(V
K
)
[9]
=
×
(
+
)
×
(3)
=
×
′
×
(
+
)
×
(4)
In
t
his
case,
K
x
is
dim
ension
ing
facto
r
of
th
e
CC
T,
I
n
is
nom
inal
second
ary
cu
rr
e
nt,
K
SSC
equ
al
t
o
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
cu
r
ren
t
fact
or,
an
d
K
td’
re
pr
e
sen
ts
act
ual
transi
ent
per
i
od
dim
ensio
ning
fact
or.
O
n
that
acco
un
t,
knee
po
i
nt
volt
age
would
dete
r
m
ine
the
m
axi
m
u
m
cur
ren
t
m
easur
em
ent
l
i
m
i
t
befor
e
it
r
eache
s
sat
ur
at
io
n,
an
d
the
rated
bur
de
n
value
woul
d
lim
i
t
the
ext
ern
al
loa
d
on
i
t
s
secondary
side
[9]
,
[
12]
.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
hand,
V
K
shou
l
d
nev
e
r
e
xceed
sec
onda
ry
ci
rc
uit
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(E
al
)
a
s
well
.
For
e
xam
ple,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
1
-
11
4
protect
ion
clas
s CT ex
pr
esse
d wit
h
40
VA
Cl
ass 5
P
20 m
eans th
at
it
has
rat
ed
bu
rd
e
n of
40 VA,
acc
urac
y cl
ass
of
5P
an
d
AL
F
of
20.
A
different
ap
proac
h
us
ed
f
or
TP
X,
TPY
,
an
d
TP
Z
cl
ass
wh
ic
h
m
ention
V
K
,
I
eK
,
and
seco
nd
a
ry
wi
ndin
g
resist
ance
on
CT
sp
eci
ficat
ion
.
I
n
detai
l,
the
te
c
hn
ic
al
desi
gn
an
d
pe
r
form
ance
par
a
m
et
ers
of
the CC
T i
n
t
his
pap
e
r
a
re c
al
culat
ed
acc
ordin
g
to
I
EC
61
869
-
2
[
10
]
.
2.2.
O
pt
ic
al
c
urrent
t
r
an
s
forme
r
The
te
ch
no
l
ogy
of
fibr
e
op
ti
c
(F
O
)
has
hel
ped
ra
pi
d
dev
e
lop
m
ent
of
non
-
c
onve
ntio
nal
instru
m
ent
trans
form
er
including
OCT.
It
is
ob
vious
that
the
OC
T
has
im
po
rta
nt
ad
va
ntages
over
CC
T
[13]
thus
pro
vid
in
g
proven
s
olu
ti
on
f
or
fu
t
ur
e
s
ubsta
ti
on
[
14
]
.
In
t
his
case,
inc
orp
orat
ion
of
the
op
ti
cal
senso
r
al
l
ow
s
a
sm
a
ll
er
di
m
ensio
n
a
nd
li
ghte
r
weig
ht
that
would
not
be
sign
ific
a
ntly
influ
e
nced
by
th
e
power
rati
ng
,
rati
o,
and
ins
ulati
on
le
vel
of
the
w
ho
le
OCT
[9]
,
[15]
.
T
he
basic
desig
n
of
an
op
ti
cal
se
ns
or
us
e
d
in
t
he
O
CT
ha
s
bee
n
discrim
in
at
ed
in
tw
o
str
uctu
res
wh
ic
h
are
the
hybr
i
d
and
the
al
l
-
opti
cal
sens
or
as
f
ollows
[
9]
,
[
16]
.
T
he
hybri
d
se
nsor
ty
pe
in
Fig
ure
3
(a)
a
nd
(
b)
us
es
a
co
nventio
nal
el
ect
rical
ci
rcu
it
s
uch
as
the
m
agn
et
ic
con
ce
ntrat
or
or
CC
T
that
is
c
oupled
int
o
an
op
ti
cal
ly
isolat
ed
conve
rter
s
yst
e
m
[9]
.
Ap
a
rt
from
that,
the
al
l
-
op
ti
cal
sen
sor
us
es
op
ti
cal
se
ns
in
g
pr
in
ci
ple
s
su
c
h
as
op
ti
c
al
path
ar
ou
nd
the
m
easur
ed
c
onduct
or,
fibr
e
op
ti
c,
o
r
witnes
s
se
nsor
[
16]
.
I
n
al
l
-
opti
cal
m
od
el
,
the
c
urre
nt
m
easur
em
ent
pr
ocess
reli
es
on
the
se
ns
it
ivit
y
of
a
n
op
ti
cal
sensi
ng
m
a
te
rial
su
ch
as
glass,
c
r
yst
al
s,
or
plast
ic
s
to
el
ect
ric
and
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
that
aff
e
ct
the
po
la
risa
ti
on of
li
gh
t beam
p
as
sed
t
hroug
h
th
ese m
at
erial
s
[9]
as s
how
n
at
Figure
3
(c
)
a
nd
(d).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
3. Ba
sic
d
esi
gn of
(a)
a
f
ree
f
ie
ld
ty
pe, (
b)
a
f
ie
ld
-
s
ha
ping ty
pe se
nsor
on hyb
rid O
CT,
(c)
opti
cal
p
at
h ap
proac
h
a
nd
(d)
al
l
-
fi
br
e
op
ti
c sens
or
on al
l
-
opti
cal
CT
[9]
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
a
n
O
C
T
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
C
C
T
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
,
i
t
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
s
e
d
e
d
I
E
C
6
0
0
4
4
-
8
[
1
7
]
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
e
w
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
[
1
0
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
O
C
T
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
n
a
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
a
n
a
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
I
E
C
6
1
8
5
0
-
9
-
2
s
a
m
p
l
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
3.
PROTE
CTIO
N
S
CHE
ME
OF H
Y
BR
ID
TRA
NSMIS
S
ION
LI
NE
3.1.
Concep
t of
hybri
d
tran
smissi
on
li
ne
Power
syst
em
transm
issi
on
ov
e
r
a
far
dis
ta
nce
has
bee
n
s
hap
e
d
si
nc
e
the
ina
ugur
at
ion
of
t
he
Mi
esbach
-
Mu
ni
ch
2
kV
di
re
ct
curre
nt
(
D
C)
O
HL
in
1882
[
19
]
.
As
the
syst
em
dev
el
ops,
both
DC
a
nd
al
te
rn
at
ing
c
urren
t
(
AC)
tra
nsm
issi
on
has
be
en
inc
orporate
d
ar
ound
the worl
d
to
el
ect
rif
y
the
ci
vili
sat
i
on
e
ver
since.
N
owada
ys
m
od
ern
el
ec
tric
al
po
we
r
sy
stem
eng
ineeri
ng
balances
pe
rfor
m
ance,
reli
abili
ty
,
and
co
st.
As
a res
ult, HT
L
ha
s b
ee
n form
ed
by c
om
bin
ing
OH
L
a
nd HV c
able in
one tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
ne.
Com
bin
at
ion
of
an
HV
O
HL
and
ca
ble
al
to
ge
ther
in
one
ci
r
cuit
of
a
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
ne
w
ou
l
d
m
os
tl
y
ben
e
fit
on
it
s
instal
la
ti
on
flex
ibil
it
y
in
any
po
we
r
gri
d
co
nfi
gurati
on.
The
ben
e
fit
of
le
ss
instal
la
ti
on
are
a
and
bette
r
ins
ulati
on
f
ro
m
the
cab
le
and
le
ss
c
ost
fr
om
the
O
H
L
w
ou
l
d
fit
to
reduce
in
sta
ll
ation
c
os
t
an
d
prov
i
de
bette
r
aest
hetic
value
i
n
a
n
urban
area.
I
n
th
is
case,
placem
ent
of
OH
L
an
d
ca
ble
sect
ion
al
ong
the
HT
L
ca
n
be varie
d dep
e
nd
s
on re
qu
i
re
m
ent as co
m
m
on sce
nar
io
s
de
picte
d
i
n
Fi
gure
4.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. Ge
ne
ral ar
rangem
ent o
f
the
hybri
d t
ran
sm
issi
on
li
ne wit
h (a) o
ne
and
(b)
tw
o
ca
ble sect
io
ns
Ca
b
l
e
O
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
C
a
b
l
e
O
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
C
a
b
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f
opti
cal curre
nt tr
an
sform
er
on pr
ot
ect
ion
sc
hem
e
o
f
hybri
d
tr
ansmissio
n
li
ne
(
Za
in
al Arif
in
)
5
3.2.
Pr
ot
ec
ti
ng
hybri
d tra
nsmissi
on l
ine
As
the
HTL
w
ou
l
d
physi
cal
ly
co
m
bin
e
nor
m
al
OH
L
and
HV
ca
ble
ci
rcu
it
,
it
s
pr
otect
ion
sc
hem
e
would
be
sim
ilar
with
a
no
rm
al
OHL o
r
ca
ble
tran
sm
issi
on
.
I
n
this
case,
va
rio
us
p
r
otect
ion
sc
hem
e
with
LC
D
or
dista
nce
pro
te
ct
ion
has
bee
n
us
e
d
on
hundre
ds
of
opera
ti
on
al
HTLs
w
or
l
dw
i
de
by
con
s
i
der
i
ng
eac
h
ow
n
adv
a
ntage
a
nd
sh
or
tc
om
ing
.
Com
m
on
m
ai
n
pr
otect
io
n
sch
e
m
e
fo
r
HTL
would
be
the
sam
e
with
a
no
rm
al
transm
issi
on
li
ne
by em
plo
yi
ng
LCD
or
distance p
r
otect
ion wit
h
tw
o
m
eas
ur
em
ent p
oi
nt o
n b
oth
e
ndpoints a
s
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5.
Hi
gh
-
s
pe
ed
aut
o
reclos
es
cou
l
d
be
en
abled
in
c
onditi
on
w
he
n
the
c
able
sect
ion
on
ly
15
to
25%
of
the
total
HTL
le
ng
t
h
[
2]
.
Othe
rw
ise
,
aut
o
re
cl
os
e
w
ould
ne
ed
to
be
disa
bled
due
to
a
high
e
r
po
s
sibil
it
y of
pe
rm
anen
t fa
ult on the ca
ble se
ct
ion
.
The
us
e
of
dis
ta
nce
protect
io
n
woul
d
le
ad
t
o
bigger
inacc
ur
acy
due
t
o
i
m
ped
ance
non
-
unif
or
m
ity
al
ong
the
H
TL
[1]
.
A
fa
ult
lo
cat
ion
determ
i
nation
pr
ob
le
m
a
lso
occ
urre
d
on
the
LC
D
protect
ion
as
it
co
uld
no
t
pro
vid
e
e
xa
ct
fau
lt
lo
cat
ion
al
th
ough
it
cou
l
d
prov
i
de
reli
able
unit
protect
ion
f
or
any
fa
ult
al
ong
the
protect
ed
HTL
.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
m
or
e
com
pl
ex
protect
ion
schem
e
with
three
m
easur
e
m
ent
po
i
nts
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
to
r
es
olv
e
this
prob
le
m
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
6.
Figure
5. Dista
nce
protect
ion
or LCD
pro
te
ct
ion
on
HTL wi
th 2 CT
[2]
,
[
3]
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. I
ncor
porati
on
of
CC
P for cable
sect
ion
with
distan
ce p
ro
te
ct
io
n o
r
LC
D prote
ct
ion t
o p
ro
te
ct
(a)
O
HL
sect
io
n on
ly
a
nd (b)
the wh
ole len
gt
h
of
HTL
[
2]
,
[3]
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
i
n
t
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
,
e
m
pl
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
C
P
o
n
t
h
e
H
V
c
a
b
l
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s
e
c
t
i
o
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l
d
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e
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s
e
d
t
o
d
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t
e
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m
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o
p
e
r
a
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o
n
o
f
t
h
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A
R
s
c
h
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m
e
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t
h
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H
T
L
.
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n
c
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h
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C
C
P
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f
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c
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m
f
a
u
l
t
,
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t
w
o
u
l
d
s
e
nd
A
R
b
l
o
c
k
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
L
C
D
o
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
r
e
l
a
y
,
h
e
n
c
e
t
h
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ay
w
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l
d
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o
t
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n
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t
i
a
t
e
A
R
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
t
h
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C
B
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
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t
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s
c
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r
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o
o
c
c
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d
w
h
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n
t
h
e
C
C
P
d
e
t
e
c
t
s
a
n
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
L
C
D
o
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
r
e
l
a
y
i
n
t
h
e
H
T
L
w
o
u
l
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
n
d
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s
o
l
a
t
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l
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t
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n
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
s
A
R
t
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t
h
e
C
B
.
4.
METHO
DOL
OGY
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
T
w
i
t
h
I
E
C
6
1
8
5
0
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9
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s
a
m
p
l
e
d
v
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l
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e
c
o
m
p
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c
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v
e
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t
i
o
n
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l
C
T
t
o
h
a
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l
e
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b
l
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t
m
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s
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r
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p
l
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m
e
n
t
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y
b
r
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c
a
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p
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c
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H
T
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t
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c
u
r
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w
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T
h
e
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f
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,
a
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c
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c
a
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a
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T
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(
8
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P
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i
o
o
f
1
0
0
0
:
1
A
.
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
T
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
i
t
s
l
i
m
i
t
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
e
a
s
i
bl
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
e
s
t
c
o
p
p
e
r
w
i
r
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
C
T
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
y
s
a
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
t
o
[10]
,
[11]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
on
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
h
e
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
CT
i
s
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
G
E
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
[10]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
21
/
87
L
C
a
b
l
e
O
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
21
/
87
L
8
7
C
C
P
C
a
b
l
e
O
v
e
rh
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
21
/
87
L
8
7
CCP
21
/
87
L
C
o
m
m
C
o
m
m
87
CCP
C
a
b
l
e
O
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
21
/
87
L
87
CCP
21
/
87
L
C
o
m
m
C
o
m
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
1
-
11
6
Table
2.
T
ech
ni
cal
co
m
par
iso
n of p
ro
te
ct
io
n schem
e o
n hyb
rid
tra
ns
m
issi
on
li
ne
Measu
re
m
en
t
Sch
e
m
e
Protectiv
e
Rela
y
Au
to
Reclo
se
Ben
ef
it
Drawback
2
po
in
ts
Distan
ce protectio
n
(21
)
Fu
lly
b
lo
ck
ed
Si
m
p
le,
reliable
,
a
n
d
cos
t ef
f
ectiv
e
Less accura
cy
2
po
in
ts
Line cu
rr
en
t
d
if
f
erential (
8
7
L)
Selective a
n
d
r
eli
a
b
le
More exp
en
siv
e w
h
ile do
esn
't
h
av
e f
au
lt locato
r
3
po
in
ts
Distan
ce protectio
n
(21
)
+ 87
CCP
Blo
ck
ed
f
o
r
f
au
lt at
cabl
e
sectio
n
Selective on
the ca
b
le
sectio
n
a
n
d
m
o
re
r
eliab
le
More exp
en
siv
e
an
d
co
m
p
lex
3
po
in
ts
Line cu
rr
en
t
d
if
f
erential
(87
L)
+
8
7
CCP
The
m
o
st sel
ectiv
e
and
reliable
The
m
o
st ex
p
en
siv
e
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
5.1.
Inc
or
po
r
at
i
on
of
co
nv
e
nt
ion
al c
urren
t
tr
an
s
f
ormer
As
the
c
onve
nt
ion
al
CT
ope
ra
te
s
us
in
g
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
pr
in
ci
ple,
it
s
secondary
c
urren
t
distribu
ti
on
would
rely
on
ci
rcu
it
s
of
c
on
ven
ti
onal
c
oppe
r
wi
re.
In
this
case,
par
am
eter
s
of
t
he
CC
T
us
e
d
for
cal
cu
la
ti
on
are
disp
la
ye
d
i
n
Table
3
wh
i
le
the
ci
rcu
it
par
am
et
ers
on
the
seco
ndary
si
de
of
the
CC
T
are
m
entione
d
in
Table
4.
Re
ferr
ing
to
sect
io
n
3.1,
bu
rd
e
n
im
ped
a
nce
(
Z
B
)
would
be
ass
um
ed
as
equ
al
to
resist
ive
bu
r
den
(R
B
)
since the
seco
ndary ci
rc
uit
of
the CC
T
woul
d
c
onsist
of c
oppe
r wire a
nd
a protect
ive
rel
ay
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
te
chn
ic
a
l
de
sign
a
nd
perform
ance
par
am
et
ers
of
the
C
CT
are
cal
culat
ed
accor
ding
to
[10]
,
[11]
.
Wh
e
n
the
total
resist
ive
burden
(R
B’
)
is
le
ss
than
the
rated
resist
ive
burden
(R
B
)
an
d
th
e
kn
e
e
po
i
nt
volt
age
(V
K
)
does
not
excee
d
act
ua
l
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(E
al’
)
in
t
he
co
re,
the
CC
T
w
ould
be
te
chn
ic
al
ly
su
it
able
to
be
in
sta
ll
ed
for
the
H
V
cable
sect
io
n.
T
o
kn
ow
t
he
m
axi
m
u
m
le
n
gth
of
a
ca
ble
sect
io
n
that
is
te
chn
ic
a
ll
y
su
it
able
to
us
e
a
CC
T
for
CC
P
pur
po
se
,
In
(1)
to
(
4)
w
ere
re
peated
unti
l
the
total
re
sist
ive
bur
den
(R
B’
)
e
xceed
the
rated
R
B
and
the
V
K
surpas
s
the
E
al’
of
the
CC
T.
Also
,
the
cal
c
ul
at
ion
al
so
pe
rfor
m
ed
in
two
cases,
wh
ic
h
is
us
in
g
6
m
m
2
(1
0
A
WG)
an
d
10
m
m
2
(7
A
WG
)
wire
of
the
CC
T
as
the
resu
lt
sh
ow
n
in
Table
5
a
nd
T
able
6
.
Furthe
r
,
these
tw
o
wir
e
siz
es
wer
e
c
ho
s
en
to
dem
on
strat
e
the
im
pact
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
wire
siz
e u
se
d for a
nalo
gu
e
curre
nt
sign
al
i
n
the
s
ub
sta
ti
on t
o
r
e
du
ce
the c
onne
ct
ed
bu
rd
e
n
[20]
.
In
this
case
,
T
able
5
s
hows
that
the
CC
T
w
ou
l
d
no
t
be
te
chn
ic
al
ly
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
to
be
use
d
in
a
n
H
V
cable
sect
ion
m
or
e
than
69
0
m
fo
r
a
6
m
m
2
wire
as
t
he
tot
al
resist
ive
bur
den
(R
B’
)
s
urp
ass
the
rate
d
re
sist
ive
bur
den
(R
B
)
of
the
CT
al
tho
ugh
t
he
knee
po
int
vo
lt
age
(V
K
)
rem
ai
ns
le
ss
t
han
t
he
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
(E
al’
)
of
the c
or
e
unti
l 2455
m
. O
n
the o
t
her
hand,
inco
rpor
at
io
n o
f
a 1
0
m
m
2
wir
e that has less re
sist
ance than
t
he
6
mm
2
wire
w
ould
double
the
le
ng
t
h
of
the
H
V
ca
ble
sect
io
n
up
to
1150
m
as
sh
own
in
Table
6.
H
owe
ver,
t
hi
s
le
ng
th
is
co
ns
i
der
e
d
as
relat
ively
sh
ort
since
a
no
rm
al
cab
le
-
base
d
trans
m
issi
on
li
ne
cou
ld
be
in
the
ra
ng
e
up
to
te
ns
of
km
.
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
facts
sho
wn
i
n
Table
5
an
d
T
able
6
ve
rifies
that
a
la
rg
e
r
cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
are
a
on
the
sec
ondar
y
ci
rcu
it
w
ould
r
edu
ce
the
t
otal
bur
den
that
w
ou
l
d
le
ad
to
a
longer
H
V
ca
bl
e
sect
ion
.
H
oweve
r,
this
la
r
ger
w
ire
on
t
he
sec
onda
ry
ci
rc
uit
of
c
onve
ntion
al
CT
w
ould
le
a
d
t
o
a
no
t
her
te
ch
nical
pro
blem
s
su
c
h
a
s
thicker
an
d
he
avier
i
ns
tr
um
e
nt
cable,
le
ss
flexible
in
sta
ll
ation
c
ondit
io
n,
and
m
or
e
ex
pe
ns
ive
instal
la
ti
on
cos
t
on the c
onve
nt
ion
al
CT a
nd t
he
ca
ble it
sel
f.
Table
3.
T
ech
ni
cal
sp
eci
ficat
ion
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
C
l
a
s
s
T
P
X
R
a
t
e
d
R
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
B
u
r
d
e
n
(
R
B
)
5
Ω
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
W
i
n
d
i
n
g
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
R
S
)
1
0
Ω
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
e
)
4
0
m
A
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
o
r
(
K
x
)
65
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
o
r
(
K
td
)
1
1
.
5
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
C
-
7
0
m
s
-
O
Table
4.
Seco
ndary ci
rc
uit
para
m
et
er o
f
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
CT
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
R
e
l
a
y
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
R
r2
)
0
.
2
Ω
R
e
l
a
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(
t
'
a
l
)
3
0
m
s
C
o
p
p
e
r
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
ρ
)
0
.
0
2
0
4
Ω
m
m
2
m
-1
C
a
b
l
e
c
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
S
)
6
m
m
2
a
n
d
1
0
m
m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f
opti
cal curre
nt tr
an
sform
er
on pr
ot
ect
ion
sc
hem
e
o
f
hybri
d
tr
ansmissio
n
li
ne
(
Za
in
al Arif
in
)
7
Table
5.
T
otal
bur
den an
d k
ne
e point
vo
lt
a
g
e of the
stu
died
CC
T for
v
a
ried
le
ngth
of
H
V
cable sect
io
n wit
h
6
m
m
2
secon
da
ry circuit
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
)
R
a
t
e
d
B
u
r
d
e
n
R
B
(
Ω
)
T
o
t
a
l
B
u
r
d
e
n
R
B
'
(
Ω
)
E
al
(
V
o
l
t
)
V
K
(
V
o
l
t
)
R
e
m
a
r
k
s
250
5
.
0
0
2
.
0
1
1236
768
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
500
5
.
0
0
3
.
7
1
1331
878
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
690
5
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
1395
962
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
=
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
750
5
.
0
0
5
.
4
1
1413
989
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
1000
5
.
0
0
7
.
1
1
1485
1099
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
1250
5
.
0
0
8
.
8
1
1546
1210
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
2455
5
.
0
0
1
7
.
0
1
1742
1742
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
V
K
=
E
al
3750
5
.
0
0
2
5
.
8
1
1838
2315
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
V
K
>
E
al
4500
5
.
0
0
3
0
.
9
1
1864
2646
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
V
K
>
E
al
Table
6
.
T
otal
bur
den an
d k
ne
e point
vo
lt
a
ge
of the
stu
died
CC
T for
v
a
ried
le
ngth
of
H
V
cable sect
io
n wit
h
10 m
m
2
secondary circ
uit
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
)
R
a
t
e
d
B
u
r
d
e
n
R
B
(
Ω
)
T
o
t
a
l
B
u
r
d
e
n
R
B
'
(
Ω
)
E
al
(
V
o
l
t
)
V
K
(
V
o
l
t
)
R
e
m
a
r
k
s
250
5
.
0
0
1
.
3
3
1194
724
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
500
5
.
0
0
2
.
3
5
1256
790
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
750
5
.
0
0
3
.
3
7
1313
856
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
1000
5
.
0
0
4
.
3
9
1365
922
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
<
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
1150
5
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
1395
962
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
=
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
2500
5
.
0
0
1
0
.
5
1
1599
1320
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
3750
5
.
0
0
1
5
.
6
1
1718
1652
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
4090
5
.
0
0
1
7
.
0
0
1742
1742
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
V
K
=
E
al
4500
5
.
0
0
1
8
.
6
7
1767
1851
T
o
t
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n
>
R
a
t
e
d
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
V
K
>
E
al
5.2.
Im
prove
ment
w
ith
op
t
ic
al curren
t
t
r
an
s
fo
rm
er
Since
the
first
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
photonic
sen
so
r
in
19
67
[21]
,
a
hig
h
degr
ee
of
te
chnol
ogy
m
at
ur
it
y
[22]
,
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
reli
abili
ty
[
23
]
,
sim
plici
ty,
li
gh
te
r
wei
ght,
instal
la
ti
on
flexibili
ty
,
m
easur
em
ent
accuracy,
world
wide st
an
dard c
om
pliance
[15]
, a
nd th
e d
igit
al
s
ub
sta
ti
on
c
om
patibilit
y
[9]
has
le
d
t
he op
ti
cal
CT
wh
ic
h
us
es
fib
re
op
t
ic
te
chnolo
gy
to
be
easi
ly
ada
pted
in
a
m
od
ern
po
w
er
gr
id
desp
it
e
it
s
m
or
e
ex
pensi
ve
inv
est
m
ent
co
st
than
c
onve
ntion
al
CT
[
18]
,
[
24
]
,
[
25
]
.
Un
li
ke
the
C
CT
that
opera
te
s
accor
ding
to
the
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
pr
inci
ple
on
it
s
wind
in
g
a
nd
hi
gh
ly
af
fected
by
the
e
xistence
of
the
fl
ux
acr
os
s
it
s
co
re,
the
OCT
would n
ot
b
e a
ff
ect
e
d b
y exter
nal burd
en or
knee
point v
oltage li
m
it
[
9]
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
7
,
w
i
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
o
n
t
h
e
O
C
T
i
s
c
om
b
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[10]
.
T
o
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
e
i
t
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
[15]
s
t
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
O
C
T
s
h
a
l
l
h
a
v
e
a
n
a
n
t
i
-
a
l
i
a
s
i
n
g
f
i
l
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
o
f
o
n
e
-
t
h
i
r
d
o
r
o
n
e
-
f
o
u
r
t
h
o
f
i
t
s
s
a
m
pl
i
ng
r
a
t
e
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
[
2
6
]
d
e
f
i
n
e
s
t
ha
t
a
l
l
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
T
s
h
a
l
l
h
a
v
e
≥
2
0
d
B
o
f
a
n
t
i
-
a
l
i
a
s
i
n
g
f
i
l
t
e
r
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
f
i
e
l
d
t
e
s
t
s
a
l
s
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
O
C
T
h
a
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
[27]
w
h
i
l
e
a
l
s
o
h
a
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
l
y
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[
2
2
]
,
C
C
P
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
[28]
,
a
n
d
L
C
D
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
[29]
,
e
v
e
n
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[30
]
.
T
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
n
G
E
’
s
O
C
T
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
8
[31]
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
O
C
T
w
o
u
l
d
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
e
r
r
o
r
l
i
m
i
t
s
i
n
[10]
.
R
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
t
e
s
t
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
9
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
T
c
o
u
l
d
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
n
[11]
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
T
w
o
u
l
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
be
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
T
a
s
i
t
w
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
i
n
g
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
e
c
om
p
a
c
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
nt
l
i
m
i
t
t
h
u
s
h
a
v
i
ng
m
o
r
e
f
l
e
x
i
bl
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
a
n
g
e
[32]
.
Table
7
.
T
ech
ni
cal
sp
eci
ficat
ion o
f
t
he op
ti
c
al
CT
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Accurac
y
class
(
p
r
o
tectio
n
)
5
P (
IE
C
61
8
6
9
-
2)
Accurac
y
class
(
m
etering
)
0
.2s
(
IE
C 6
1
869
-
2)
Rated
ration
(
A)
1
0
0
0
:
1
Cu
rr
en
t ban
d
wid
th
(
k
A)
0
.01
-
160
Frequ
en
cy
ban
d
wi
d
th
(
Hz)
10
-
3
0
0
0
Interf
ace
Sin
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
re
o
p
tic
Proto
co
l
IEC
-
61850
-
9
-
2
LE
Deg
reebo
f
pro
tectio
n
IP
6
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
, N
o.
1
,
Oct
ober
20
21
:
1
-
11
8
Table
8
.
Re
c
ord
of the acc
ura
cy
test
o
n t
he p
rop
os
ed
opti
cal
CT
[
31]
T
e
s
t
L
e
v
e
l
(
%
)
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
A)
T
e
s
t
C
T
(
A)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
E
r
r
o
r
(
%
)
P
h
a
s
e
E
r
r
o
r
(
d
e
g
)
P
h
a
s
e
E
r
r
o
r
(
m
i
n
)
R
e
m
a
r
k
s
200
2
0
0
6
.
9
0
2
0
1
0
.
1
0
0
.
1
6
%
-
0
.
0
3
-
1
.
8
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
200
2
0
0
8
.
8
0
2
0
1
2
.
4
0
0
.
1
8
%
-
0
.
0
3
-
1
.
8
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
200
2
0
0
6
.
8
0
2
0
1
1
.
0
0
0
.
2
1
%
-
0
.
0
3
-
1
.
8
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
100
1
0
0
3
.
6
0
1
0
0
3
.
7
0
0
.
0
1
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
100
1
0
0
3
.
7
0
1
0
0
3
.
9
0
0
.
0
2
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
100
1
0
0
3
.
7
0
1
0
0
4
.
0
0
0
.
0
3
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
50
4
9
8
.
9
0
5
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
2
2
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
50
4
9
8
.
0
0
4
9
9
.
1
0
0
.
2
2
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
50
4
9
9
.
2
0
5
0
0
.
3
0
0
.
2
2
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
5
5
1
.
1
8
5
1
.
5
0
0
.
6
3
%
-
0
.
0
9
-
5
.
4
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
5
5
1
.
1
8
5
1
.
3
7
0
.
3
7
%
-
0
.
0
8
-
4
.
8
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
5
5
1
.
2
1
5
1
.
1
6
0
.
1
0
%
-
0
.
0
2
-
1
.
2
E
r
r
o
r
<
1
%
a
n
d
6
0
m
i
n
,
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
2
Table
9
.
Re
c
ord of t
he
s
hort c
ircuit
w
it
hs
ta
nd test
on the
propose
d o
ptica
l C
T
[
31
]
T
e
s
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
R
e
m
a
r
k
s
3
0
k
A,
2
s
e
c
No
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
r
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
No
s
i
g
n
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
6
5
0
k
A,
3
s
e
c
No
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
r
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
No
s
i
g
n
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
6
6
3
k
A,
1
s
e
c
No
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
r
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
No
s
i
g
n
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
6
2
1
6
k
A,
1
0
c
y
c
l
e
s
No
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
r
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
No
s
i
g
n
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
l
y
I
E
C
6
1
8
6
9
-
6
Figure
7. 21
6 k
A
tra
ns
ie
nt c
ur
ren
t t
est
for 10
cy
cl
es o
n t
he p
rop
os
ed
opti
cal
CT
[
31]
More
ov
e
r,
inc
orp
or
at
io
n
of
an
al
l
-
opti
cal
trans
ducer
wou
ld
le
ad
to
a
f
ul
ly
passive
sen
sing
syst
em
that
would
wit
hs
ta
nd
any
los
ses
du
e
to
e
d
dy
cur
re
nt
or
wind
i
ng
m
agn
et
isa
ti
on
[
13
]
.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
the
us
e
of
IEC
61850
-
9
-
2
sam
pled
value
for
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
pr
oto
c
ol
betwee
n
the
OCT
with
m
erg
in
g
un
it
(MU
)
a
nd
any
kind
of
in
te
ll
igent
el
ect
ro
nic
dev
ic
es
(
IED)
usi
ng
fib
r
e
opti
c
interf
ace
would
be
pr
e
fer
a
ble
due
to
it
s
accuracy,
sim
plici
t
y, i
m
m
un
ity t
o
el
ect
rical
losses, an
d
im
m
un
it
y t
o si
gnal
interfe
ren
ce
[
33]
.
In
case
of
us
ing
OCT
on
th
e
CC
P
sc
hem
e
in
HTL
,
t
he
OCT
w
ould
need
to
be
ins
ta
ll
ed
at
th
e
j
unct
io
n
point
betwee
n
H
V
c
able
an
d
the
O
HL
sect
ion
t
ha
t
m
igh
t
be
fa
r
f
ro
m
the
su
bs
ta
ti
on
.
S
o,
a
n
industrial
OCT
co
uld
be
us
ed
f
or
that
pur
po
se
as
it
would
be
able
to
com
m
un
icate
up
to
10s
of
km
without
sign
al
rep
eat
er
or
vi
rtuall
y
un
li
m
i
ted
usi
ng
s
ig
nal
rep
eat
er
[
18
]
a
nd
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
ha
ng
i
ng
on
the
OH
L
to
wer
or
an
H
V
cable de
ad
-
en
d b
us
hi
ng
du
e
to
it
s co
m
pactness
[
34
]
,
[
35
]
.
I
n
d
e
t
a
i
l
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
f
i
b
r
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o
p
t
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c
c
a
b
l
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t
w
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n
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h
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p
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i
c
a
l
C
T
b
o
x
a
n
d
t
h
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m
e
r
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i
n
g
u
n
i
t
o
r
I
E
D
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
o
w
e
r
b
u
d
g
e
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
3
6
]
u
s
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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p
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02
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4752
Impact
o
f
opti
cal curre
nt tr
an
sform
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on pr
ot
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sc
hem
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f
hybri
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(
Za
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[
3
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a
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i
c
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i
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r
[
3
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]
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T
h
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u
m
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t
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a
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m
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t
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s
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n
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s
a
m
p
l
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a
l
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i
t
h
I
E
C
6
1
8
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0
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9
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p
r
o
t
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o
l
[
3
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]
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a
b
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1
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l
e
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r
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y
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
6
.
7
2
d
B
a
s
t
o
t
a
l
p
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m
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n
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w
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t
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t
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u
a
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o
n
p
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r
k
i
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o
m
e
t
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
b
r
e
c
a
b
l
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
T
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
I
E
D
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
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m
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g
t
h
t
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a
t
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o
u
l
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b
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
f
e
a
s
i
b
l
e
.
Table
10
. Po
w
er m
arg
in
betw
een th
e
opti
cal
CT an
d IE
D
in
substat
ion
Co
m
p
o
n
en
t
Qu
an
tity
dB
Po
wer
OCT Outp
u
t
1
2
5
.52
Co
n
n
ecto
r
lo
ss
es
2
@
0.5
dB
/co
n
n
ecto
r
-
1
.00
Mechan
ical sp
lice
2
@
0.5
dB
/
sp
lice
-
1
.00
Patch
pan
els
2
@
0.5
dB
/
p
an
el
-
1
.00
Los
ses
Disp
ersio
n
m
argin
1
-
1
.00
Op
tical saf
ety
an
d
r
ep
air
m
ai
1
-
3
.00
IE
D op
tical
inp
u
t cut
-
o
f
f
1
-
1
1
.80
Total Po
wer
M
a
rgi
n
6
.72
By
assu
m
ing
the
us
e
of
SMF
gr
ade
d
in
dex
9/125
-
µm
cabl
e
at
13
00
nm
with
at
te
nu
at
io
n
le
vel
of
0.5
dB/km
, to
ta
l dista
nce
betwee
n t
he pr
otect
ion
IED an
d
t
he opt
ic
al
CT MU box can
b
e
cal
c
ulate
d
as
foll
ows:
=
=
6
.
72
0
.
5
⁄
=
13
.
44
(5)
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
n
(
5
)
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
C
T
w
o
u
l
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
l
o
n
g
e
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
o
s
e
m
a
n
y
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
,
t
h
e
O
C
T
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
h
o
s
e
n
t
o
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
o
n
a
p
i
l
o
t
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
n
a
n
e
w
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
1
5
0
k
V
H
T
L
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
P
a
s
a
r
K
e
m
i
s
a
n
d
G
a
j
a
h
T
u
n
g
g
a
l
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
±
2
.
5
k
m
H
V
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
u
s
e
s
a
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
r
e
e
-
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
i
n
t
s
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
C
C
P
a
n
d
L
C
D
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
.
2
a
n
d
d
e
p
i
c
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
t
h
e
8
7
C
C
P
r
e
l
a
y
w
o
u
l
d
s
e
n
d
a
n
A
R
b
l
o
c
k
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
8
7
L
r
e
l
a
y
o
n
b
o
t
h
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
y
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
t
h
e
H
V
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
i
r
e
c
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
r
i
p
(
D
T
T
)
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
l
o
c
a
l
C
B
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t
,
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
O
C
T
a
t
t
h
e
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
O
H
L
a
n
d
t
h
e
H
V
c
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
o
u
l
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
H
T
L
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
i
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
c
o
u
l
d
e
n
a
b
l
e
A
R
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
f
a
u
l
t
i
n
t
h
e
O
H
L
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
8
7
C
C
P
2
.
5
k
m
C
a
b
l
e
O
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
L
i
n
e
8
7
L
A
R
B
l
o
c
k
a
n
d
D
T
T
C
o
m
6
4
k
b
p
s
O
C
T
C
C
T
C
C
T
M
U
8
7
L
F
O
S
i
n
g
l
e
M
o
d
e
F
O
M
u
l
t
i
M
o
d
e
C
o
p
p
e
r
w
i
r
e
M
U
Fi
gure
8. Com
bin
at
io
n of co
nventio
nal a
nd
op
ti
cal
CT
for pr
otect
ion sc
he
m
e o
f
a
15
0
-
kV
HTL
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
a
i
m
s
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
t
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
O
C
T
t
o
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
C
C
T
i
n
a
n
H
T
L
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
i
t
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
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e t
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ers
er
o) of
Indonesia a
nd
G
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a
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d
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t
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a
t
i
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n
s
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
g
r
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d
,
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0
1
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I
E
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E
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Long
-
T
erm
Stabi
lit
y
of
110
k
V
Pow
er
Optic
a
l
Sensor
Soluti
on
-
opti
c
al
Curre
n
t
Tra
nsduce
r
,
” in
2010
Asia
-
Pac
i
fic
Powe
r and
En
ergy
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
Confe
renc
e
,
C
hengdu,
2010
,
d
oi
:
10.
1109/APP
EE
C.
2010.
5449108
.
[23]
M.
Le
nn
er,
A
.
Frank,
L
.
Yang
,
T.
M.
Roini
n
en
and
K.
Bohn
ert,
"Long
-
T
erm
Rel
i
abi
lit
y
of
Fib
er
-
Optic
Curre
nt
Sensors
,
" i
n
IE
E
E
Sensors
Journ
al
,
vo
l. 20, no. 2, pp. 823
-
832,
15
Jan.
15
,
2020
,
d
oi
:
10
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1109/JS
E
N.2019.
2944346
.
[24]
ABB,
“
Fiber
Optic
s
Curre
n
t
Se
nsor
-
Free
Standing
(FO
CS
-
F
S)
Ena
bli
ng
Sm
art
Grids
a
nd
Digi
ta
l
Subs
tations,
”
2018.
Acc
essed
:
Feb
.
25
,
2020
.
[Online
]
.
Avail
able:
htt
ps:/
/
sea
rch
-
ext
.
abb.com/li
br
ar
y
/Download.aspx
?
Do
cumentI
D=2GJ
A708628&La
nguag
eCode
=
en&
Docum
ent
P
art
Id=
&Act
ion
=
La
unch
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