Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
8
,
pp.
71
1
~
72
1
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v9.i
3
.
pp
71
1
-
72
1
711
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
A Simp
lified PW
M Tech
niq
ue for Reduc
ed Swit
ch
Co
un
t
Multi
level Inve
rter
A.
R
amesh
1
,
O.
Chandr
a S
ekha
r
2
, M.
Siv
a
K
um
ar
3
1,
2
K.
L
.
Univ
ersi
t
y
,
Guntur
,
Ind
ia
3
Gudlava
l
le
ru
E
ngine
er
i
ng
Col
lege,
Gudl
avalle
ru
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
19, 201
7
Re
vised Dec
30, 2
017
Accepte
d
Ja
n 1
7,
2018
Penet
ra
ti
on
of
m
ult
il
evel
inve
r
te
rs
(MLI)
in
to
high
power
and
m
edi
um
volt
ag
e
appl
i
cat
ion
has
bee
n
i
ncr
ea
sing
be
caus
e
of
it
s
adva
nta
g
es.
A
conve
nt
iona
l
tw
o
le
vel
inv
erter
has
high
har
moni
c
distort
ion
which
give
s
poor
power
qual
ity
.
Lot
of
topologies
has
be
en
deve
lop
ed
to
over
come
the
dra
wbac
ks
of
t
wo
le
vel
inv
erte
r.
The
se
topol
og
ie
s
inc
lud
e
m
ore
num
ber
of
sw
it
chi
ng
dev
ices
which
in
crea
ses
the
design
complexi
t
y
and
cost.
The
opti
m
um
design
of
inve
rte
r
re
q
uire
s
le
ss
num
b
er
of
sw
it
che
s
with
bet
t
e
r
qual
ity
in
w
ave
f
orm
.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
a
s
y
m
m
et
r
ic
a
l
five
l
eve
l
and
seve
n
le
v
e
l
inve
rt
er
conf
igu
ra
ti
on
with
sim
pli
fie
d
pu
lse
wi
dth
m
odula
ti
on
te
chn
ique
is
proposed.
Thi
s
proposed
inve
rte
r
re
qui
re
s
les
s
s
witc
hes,
l
ess
prote
ct
io
n
ci
rc
u
it
s
al
ong
wi
th
low
cost
and
size
.
The
anal
y
s
is
of
the
inv
erter
ci
rc
u
it
s
is
done
b
y
using
Matl
ab/
Sim
uli
nk
software
.
Th
e
s
y
nthe
si
ze
d
st
airca
se
wav
e
form
is
show
n
a
nd
total
h
armoni
c
distor
ti
on
(
TH
D) i
s a
lso
m
ea
sured.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Mult
il
evel Inv
erter
Pu
lse
Widt
h
M
odulati
on
Re
new
a
ble
E
ne
rg
y
Sour
ce
s
Total
H
a
rm
on
ic
D
ist
ort
ion
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
A.
Ram
esh
,
K.
L.
Un
i
versi
ty
, Gun
t
ur, In
dia
.
Em
a
il
:
ra
m
eshad
ire
dd
y
007@gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
ye
ars
,
the
i
ndus
t
ries
ha
ve
sta
rted
t
o
operate
at
hi
gher
po
wer
rati
ng
m
achines.
A
nd
f
or
s
om
e
m
edium
vo
lt
age
dr
i
ves
a
nd
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
t
he
y
need
m
ediu
m
vo
lt
age
an
d
high
power
le
ve
l.
For
this
pur
po
s
e,
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
erter
[
1
]
-
[
3]
con
ce
pt
has
be
en
de
velo
pe
d
for
high
po
we
r
an
d
m
ediu
m
vo
lt
age
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s.
These
in
ver
te
r
s
are
not
only
us
e
d
f
or
high
powe
r
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
but
al
so
us
e
d
f
or
inter
f
aci
ng
the
ren
e
wab
le
energy
s
ources
(RES
)
[
4
]
-
[
6]
to
the
util
it
y
gr
id.
The
re
newable
ene
rg
y
s
ources
li
ke
s
olar,
wind
a
nd
f
ue
l
cel
l
co
ul
d
be
e
asi
ly
connecte
d
t
o
the
gri
d
us
in
g
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
s.
T
he
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
ert
er
co
nce
pt
has
bee
n
introd
uced sinc
e 1975.
I
t
has
s
ta
rted wit
h
a th
ree level i
nv
e
rter and
c
onse
quently
lot o
f
in
ve
rter top
ologies h
a
s
been intr
oduce
d.
Howe
ver,
the
m
ajo
r
o
bject
ive
of
the
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
r
te
r
is
to
get
high
power
usi
ng
powe
r
sem
ic
on
duct
or
switc
hes
with
nu
m
ber
of
lo
w
volt
age
dc
s
ources.
T
he
ch
aracte
risti
cs
of
le
ss
total
har
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on
(T
H
D)
[
7
-
8],
re
duced
dv/dt
an
d
low
c
omm
on
m
od
e
vo
lt
age
ar
e
the
reasons
f
or
getti
ng
popula
rity
for
the
m
ulti
-
l
evel
inv
e
rters
in
m
edium
vo
lt
age
an
d
high
powe
r
ap
plica
ti
on
s
.
The
a
dv
a
ntages
of
m
ult
il
evel
inv
e
rter a
re
give
n belo
w.
a.
Re
du
ces
the
e
le
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
com
patibil
it
y
pro
blem
s
becau
se
of
lo
w
dv/dt
stre
ss
a
nd
le
ss
har
m
onic
dist
or
ti
on.
b.
The
com
m
on
m
od
e
vo
lt
age
of
a
m
ultilevel
inv
erter
is
s
m
al
l.
Ther
efor
e,
if
a
m
ultile
vel
inv
e
rter
is
connecte
d t
o d
rive
t
he
stres
son the
b
ea
rin
g wil
l be
reduce
d.
c.
The
c
urre
nt dr
awn b
y t
he
m
ulti
le
vel inv
erter
h
as
lo
w dist
or
t
ion
.
d.
Mult
il
evel inv
e
rters ca
n
a
ble t
o op
e
rate at
fund
am
ental
as
well
as
high s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency.
Howe
ver,
m
ore
nu
m
ber
of
s
witc
hing
de
vices
in
the
inv
er
te
r
causes
to
de
crease
the
effi
ci
ency
and
reli
abili
ty
o
f
the d
rive
[
9
]
-
[
10
]
. Th
eref
ore, it
is n
ecessa
ry to i
m
pr
ove the r
el
ia
bili
ty a
nd
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy b
y red
ucin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
8
:
71
1
–
72
1
712
the
num
ber
of
switc
hes.
In
t
hi
s
pap
e
r,
a
re
duced
s
witc
h
c
ount
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
f
or
fiv
e
and
se
ve
n
le
vel
is
pro
po
se
d.
A
si
m
pl
ifie
d
pulse
widt
h
m
odulati
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
im
ple
m
ente
d
for
c
ontrol
s
trat
egy
[
11]
.
A
five
le
vel
inv
erter
is
pr
op
os
ed
w
it
h
five
switc
he
s
and
a
7
le
ve
l
inv
erter
is
pro
po
se
d
with
six
switc
hes.
These
ci
rcu
it
s
are
im
plem
ented
us
ing
Ma
tl
ab/Sim
ulink
s
oft
wa
re
.
The
total
harm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
for
vo
lt
age
wave
form
is
m
easur
ed by fast
Fou
r
ie
r
tran
sf
or
m
an
al
ysi
s.
2.
FIVE
S
WITC
H FI
VE LEV
EL
IN
VE
RTE
R
The
pr
opos
e
d
5
switc
h
five
l
evel
m
ult
il
evel
inv
erte
r
is
sho
wn
in
fig
ur
e
1.
This
topolo
gy
con
sist
s
of
four
switc
hes
of
I
GBT
a
nd
on
e
ideal
switc
h.
The
s
ource
vo
l
ta
ge
is
di
vid
e
d
in
to
tw
o
e
qu
al
par
ts
as
V
dc
/2e
ach.
The
c
onfig
urat
ion
of the
circ
ui
t wit
h
R l
oa
d
i
s sho
wn.
The
re
quired
five
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
le
vels
0,
V
dc
/
2,
V
dc
,
-
V
dc/2
and
–
V
dc
are
obta
ined
by
op
erati
ng
these fi
ve
s
witc
hes
i
n propo
rtion
al
m
ann
er
. T
he diag
ram
s f
or each
level a
r
e il
lustrate
d
i
n fo
ll
owin
g fig
ures.
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
fi
ve
le
vel
inv
e
rter
Figure
2. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
0 volt
age
level
Figure
3. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
V
dc
/2
vol
ta
ge
le
vel
Figure
4
.
O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
V
dc
volt
age level
S
4
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
S
1
S
2
S
3
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
R
S
5
Figure
5. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
-
V
dc/2
vo
lt
age level
Figure
6. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
-
V
dc vo
l
ta
ge
le
vel
Le
vel
-
0
To
ge
t
zero
volt
age
le
vel,
t
he
switc
hes
S
2
an
d
S
4
s
houl
d
be
tu
rned
on.
T
he
loa
d
be
com
es
sh
or
t
ci
rcu
it
and t
he vo
lt
age
acr
os
s
it
is zero
.
T
he op
e
rati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is shown
in
Fig
ure
2.
Le
vel
-
V
dc/2
The
volt
age
le
vel
of
V
dc/2
i
s
produce
d
by
switc
hing
O
N
the
switc
hes
S
2
an
d
S5.I
n
this
case
on
ly
bo
tt
om
so
ur
ce
is
con
ne
ct
ed
to
the
load
an
d
the
volt
age
V
dc/
2
app
ears
ac
ro
s
s
the
load.
T
he
op
erati
on
al
di
agr
am
is sh
own
i
n fig
ur
e
3.
S
4
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
S
1
S
2
S
3
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
R
S
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
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E
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p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
A S
i
mp
li
fi
ed
P
WM Tec
hn
i
qu
e
for
Re
duced
Sw
it
ch
Count M
ulti
le
vel
I
nvert
er
(
A. R
am
e
sh
)
713
Le
vel
–
V
dc
By
switc
hin
g
ON
s
witc
hes
S1
a
nd
S
2
we
can
get
the
volt
age
le
vel
of
V
dc
.
I
n
this
c
ase
bo
t
h
the
vo
lt
age
s
ource
s appear
acr
os
s
the loa
d. T
he op
e
rati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is shown
in
Fig
ure
4.
Le
vel
-
-
V
dc/2
The
–
V
dc/2
volt
age
le
vel
is
obt
ai
ned
b
y
cl
os
in
g
the
s
witc
hes
S3
a
nd
S5.
I
n
this
case
the u
pper volta
ge
so
urce i
s
con
ne
ct
ed
to t
he
l
oa
d.
The
operati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
5.
Le
vel
–
-
V
dc
The
volt
age
le
vel
–
V
dc
c
ou
l
d
be
obt
ai
ned
by
op
erati
ng
th
e
switc
hes
S
3
and
s
4.
B
oth
the
volt
age
so
urces
are
c
onnecte
d
to
loa
d wit
h ne
gative
po
la
rity
. Th
e
operati
onal
diag
ram
is sh
own
in
Fi
gure
6.
Table
1
.
Sw
it
c
hing Se
quence
for
Fi
ve
Le
vel
Five S
witc
h
M
ulti
le
vel I
nve
rter
Vo
ltag
e
lev
els
Swit
ch
in
g
Sequ
en
ce
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
0
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
V
d
c/2
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
V
dc
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
-
V
d
c/2
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
-
V
dc
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
The
Ta
ble
1
s
hows
the
sw
it
ch
ing
patte
r
n
f
or
five
s
witc
h fiv
e level
in
ver
te
r
.
3.
SI
X
S
WI
TCH S
E
VEN
LE
VEL IN
VE
RTER
The
pro
pose
d
6
switc
h
se
ven
le
vel
m
ultilevel
inv
erter
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7.
This
to
polog
y
co
ns
ist
s
of
f
our
s
witc
he
s
of
I
GBT
a
nd
two
i
deal
switc
hes.
T
he
s
ource
volt
age
is
div
ide
d
in
to
three
e
qual
par
ts
as
Vd
c/
3each. T
he
confi
gurati
on
of the
ci
rcu
it
with R l
oad is
sh
ow
n.
S
4
V
d
c
/
3
V
d
c
/
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
R
V
d
c
/
3
S
5
S
6
Figure
7. Pro
pose
d
se
ven lev
el
inv
e
rter
The
re
qu
i
red
seve
n
le
vel
outpu
t
volt
age
le
vels
0,
V
dc/3
,
2V
dc/3
,
V
dc
,
-
V
dc/3
,
-
2V
dc/3
a
nd
–
V
dc
are
ob
ta
ine
d
by
operati
ng
the
se
six
switc
hes
i
n
pro
porti
on
al
m
ann
e
r.
T
he
dia
gr
am
s
fo
r
eac
h
le
vel
are
il
lust
rate
d
in foll
owin
g
fi
gures.
Figure
8. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
level ze
r
o
Figure
9. O
perat
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
level
V
dc
/3
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on
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
8
:
71
1
–
72
1
714
S
4
V
d
c
/
3
V
d
c
/
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
R
V
d
c
/
3
S
5
S
6
Figure
10. O
pe
rati
on
al
diag
ra
m
f
or
level
2V
dc/3
Figure
11
Op
e
r
at
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
level
V
dc
Figure
12
Op
e
r
at
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
level
–
V
dc/3
Figure
13
Op
e
r
at
ion
al
d
ia
gr
a
m
f
or
level
–
2V
dc/3
S
4
V
d
c
/
3
V
d
c
/
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
E
C
G
R
V
d
c
/
3
S
5
S
6
Figure
14. O
pe
rati
on
al
diag
ra
m
f
or
level
–
V
dc
Le
vel
-
0
To
ge
t
zero
volt
age
le
vel,
t
he
switc
hes
S
2
an
d
S
4
s
houl
d
be
tu
rned
on.
T
he
loa
d
be
com
es
sh
or
t
ci
rcu
it
and t
he vo
lt
age
acr
os
s
it
is zero
.
T
he op
e
rati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is shown
in Figu
re
8.
Le
vel
-
V
dc/3
The
volt
age
le
vel
of
V
dc/3
i
s
produce
d
by
switc
hing
O
N
the
switc
hes
S
2
an
d
S6.I
n
this
case
on
ly
bo
tt
om
so
ur
ce
is
con
ne
ct
ed
to
the
load
an
d
the
volt
age
V
dc/
3
app
ears
ac
ro
s
s
the
load.
T
he
op
erati
on
al
di
agr
am
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
9.
Le
vel
-
2V
dc/3
The
volt
age
le
vel
of
2Vdc/
3
is
pr
od
uced
by
switc
hing
ON
the
s
witc
hes
S
2
an
d
S
5.In
this
case
bo
tt
om
two
s
ources
are
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
lo
ad
a
nd
the
vo
lt
age
2V
dc/3
app
e
ars
ac
ross
th
e
l
oad.
T
he
opera
ti
on
al
diag
ram
is sh
own
in Fi
gure
10.
Le
vel
–
V
dc
By
switc
hing
ON
switc
he
s
S
1
a
nd
S2
we
ca
n
get
the
vo
lt
a
ge
le
vel
of
V
dc
.
In
this
case
al
l
the
vo
lt
age
so
urces
appear
acr
os
s t
he
loa
d.
The
operati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 11.
Le
vel
-
-
V
dc/3
The
vo
lt
age
le
vel
of
-
V
dc/3
is
pro
du
ce
d
by
switc
hing
ON
the
switc
he
s
S
3
an
d
S5.I
n
th
is
case
only
uppe
r
source
is
connecte
d
to
the
load
a
nd
th
e
vo
lt
age
-
V
dc/3
appears
acr
os
s
the
load.
The
op
e
rati
onal
diagr
am
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
12.
Le
vel
-
-
2V
dc/3
The
vo
lt
ag
e
le
vel
of
2V
dc/3
is
pro
du
ce
d
by
s
witc
hing
ON
t
he
s
witc
hes
S
3
an
d
S
6.In
t
his
case
top
tw
o
so
urces
a
re
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
load
a
nd
t
he
volt
age
-
2V
dc/3
a
pp
ea
rs
ac
ro
ss
t
he
loa
d.
T
he
operati
onal
dia
gram
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 13.
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02
-
4752
A S
i
mp
li
fi
ed
P
WM Tec
hn
i
qu
e
for
Re
duced
Sw
it
ch
Count M
ulti
le
vel
I
nvert
er
(
A. R
am
e
sh
)
715
Le
vel
–
-
V
dc
By
sw
it
ching
ON
s
witc
hes S
3
an
d
S
4 we ca
n
get the
volt
age level of
-
V
dc
. I
n
t
his case a
ll
the v
oltage
so
urces
appear
acr
os
s t
he
loa
d.
The
operati
onal
d
ia
gr
am
is sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 14.
4.
SIMPL
IF
IED PW
M
TE
CHNIQ
UE
4.1. For
Five
Swi
tch
Five
L
evel
In
m
ultilevel
inv
e
rters
the
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
is
co
ntr
olled
by
us
in
g
dif
fer
e
nt
m
od
ulati
on
st
rategies.
I
n
P
W
M
c
ontrol
,
there
a
re
t
hr
ee
te
chn
iq
ues
li
ke
f
undam
ental
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
en
cy
P
WM,
P
WM
te
ch
nique
base
d
on
car
rier
an
d
sp
ace
vecto
r
P
WM
te
ch
nique
.
Am
ong
t
hese
,
the
car
rier
ba
sed
P
W
M
te
ch
nique
is
f
reque
ntly
us
e
d
beca
us
e;
it
has
le
ss
com
plexity
even
w
hen
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
le
vels
are
m
or
e.
In
this
pa
per,
a
m
ult
i
-
carrier
base
d
SP
WM
(sinu
so
i
dal
pul
se
widt
h
m
od
ul
at
ion
)
te
ch
nique
ha
s
bee
n
i
m
ple
m
ented.
It
con
ta
in
s
a
re
f
eren
ce
sign
al
w
hich
is
com
par
ed
wit
h
th
e
tw
o
high
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ca
rr
i
er
sig
nals
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
switc
hi
ng
sta
te
s
A,
B
a
nd
C
(F
ig
ur
e
15)
.
T
he
tw
o
ca
rr
ie
r
s
ha
ve
a
sm
al
l
dif
fer
e
nce
in
it
s
m
agn
it
ud
e
wh
ic
h
are
dis
po
s
ed
ve
rtic
al
l
y.
By
com
bin
ing
the
se
switc
hing
s
ta
te
s,
the
gatin
g
pulse
s
are
ge
ner
at
e
d
f
or
th
e
switc
hes
us
i
ng
fo
ll
owin
g
l
og
ic
al
no
ta
ti
on.
A
B
C
S
1
O
N
/
O
F
F
-
V
d
c
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
F
F
/
O
N
S
2
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
N
/
O
F
F
S
3
S
4
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
S
5
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
-
V
d
c
/
2
-
V
d
c
/
2
0
Figure
15. P
WM tec
hn
i
qu
e
fo
r
fi
ve
le
vel
4.2. For
Six
S
w
itch Se
ven
L
evel
In
this
co
ntr
ol
three
carrier
wav
e
f
or
m
s
are
us
ed
to
ge
ne
r
at
e
the
fo
ur
switc
hing
sta
te
s.
The
log
ic
al
com
bin
at
ion
of
f
our
switc
hin
g
sta
te
s
A,
B
,
C
a
nd
D
gi
ve
s
us
the
puls
es
f
or
switc
h
e
s
S
1
th
rou
gh
S6
.
T
he
P
W
M t
ec
hn
i
que a
nd s
witc
hing lo
gic is
giv
e
n
.
By
com
bin
ing
these
s
witc
hi
ng
sta
te
s,
the
gatin
g
pu
lse
s
are
ge
ner
at
e
d
f
or
the
swi
tc
hes
us
in
g
fo
ll
owin
g
l
og
ic
al
n
otati
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
8
:
71
1
–
72
1
716
A
B
C
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
D
S
6
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
O
N
/
O
F
F
O
F
F
/
O
N
Figure
16. P
WM tec
hn
i
qu
e
fo
r
se
ven level
5.
SI
MU
L
A
TION
RES
UL
TS
5.1. Fi
ve
sw
itc
h Five
level i
n
vert
er
Ca
se
1:
R
-
l
oa
d
Figure
17.
Sho
ws
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of the
fi
ve
s
witc
h five l
evel in
ver
te
r.
Figure
17. O
utp
ut
volt
age
The o
utput cu
r
ren
t
wa
ve
f
orm
is sho
wn in Fi
gure
18
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a
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E
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
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02
-
4752
A S
i
mp
li
fi
ed
P
WM Tec
hn
i
qu
e
for
Re
duced
Sw
it
ch
Count M
ulti
le
vel
I
nvert
er
(
A. R
am
e
sh
)
717
Figure
18. O
utp
ut c
urre
nt
The P
W
M
wa
ve
form
s an
d
s
wi
tc
hin
g p
ulses a
re show
n
in
Fi
gure
19 a
nd 20
r
es
pecti
vely
.
Figure
19
.
P
WM w
av
e f
orm
s
Figure
20
.
Sw
i
tc
hin
g
pulse
s
Ca
se
2:
RL
-
L
oad
The o
utput v
ol
ta
ge
wa
ve
form
is sho
wn in Fi
gure
21.
Figure
21
.
O
utp
ut
volt
age
Figure
22 s
hows
th
e
ou
t
pu
t c
urren
t
wa
ve fo
rm
.
Figure
22
.
O
utp
ut c
urre
nt
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:
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
8
:
71
1
–
72
1
718
P
W
M
wave f
orm
s an
d
s
witc
hi
ng
pulse
s a
re show
n
in
Fig
ure
23 a
nd 24
res
pe
ct
ively
.
Figure
23
.
P
WM w
av
e f
orm
s
Figure
24
.
s
witc
hing
pu
lse
s
The
t
otal
ha
rm
on
ic
disto
rtio
n
for
vo
lt
age
w
a
ve
form
is
give
n
in
fi
gure
25
an
d
the
T
HD
m
easur
ed
is
26.87%
.
Figure
25
.
T
H
D Gra
ph
5.2. Si
x Sw
itc
h S
e
ven
Le
vel
Inv
er
ter
Ca
se
1:
R
-
l
oa
d
The o
utput v
ol
ta
ge
of si
x
s
witc
h
se
ve
n
le
vel
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
26.
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02
-
4752
A S
i
mp
li
fi
ed
P
WM Tec
hn
i
qu
e
for
Re
duced
Sw
it
ch
Count M
ulti
le
vel
I
nvert
er
(
A. R
am
e
sh
)
719
Fig
ure
26. O
utp
ut
volt
age
Figure
27 s
hows
th
e
ou
t
pu
t c
urren
t.
Figure
27
.
O
utp
ut c
urre
nt
The P
W
M
wa
ve
form
s an
d
s
wi
tc
hin
g p
ulses a
re show
n
in
Fi
gure
28 a
nd 29
res
pecti
vely
.
Figure
28 P
W
M wave
f
or
m
Fig
ure
29
.
Sw
i
tc
hin
g p
ulses
Ca
se
2:
RL
-
l
oad
Figure
30 s
hows
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wav
e
fo
rm
.
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N
:
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4752
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on
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a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
8
:
71
1
–
72
1
720
Figure
30
.
O
utp
ut
volt
age
Ou
t
pu
t c
urre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
is shown i
n
Fi
gure
31.
Figure
31
.
O
utp
ut c
urre
nt
Figure
32 a
nd
33 sho
ws
t
he
P
WM wa
ve
form
and s
witc
hing
pu
lse
s
r
es
pecti
vely
.
Figure
32
.
P
WM w
av
e f
orm
Figure
33
.
Sw
i
tc
hin
g p
ulses
The
t
otal ha
rm
on
ic
disto
rtio
n i
s shown i
n
Fi
gure
34 a
nd m
ea
su
re
d 1
8.18%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.