TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 9, September
2014, pp. 64
3
7
~ 644
4
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i9.439
3
6437
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 15, 2013; Revi
se
d Ma
y 18, 20
14; Accepted
Jun
e
6, 2014
Resear
ch on Some Key Problems of Self-exciting
Electronic Ballast
Peng Mao*
1,2
Weiping Zh
ang
2
,Mao Zhang
1
1
Beijin
g Institute of
T
e
chnol
og
y, Beij
in
g, 100
144, P.R. Ch
in
a, Ph./Fax: +
86-010-
888
03
99
1
2
North Chi
na U
n
iversit
y
of T
e
chno
log
y
, Be
iji
n
g
,
1001
44, P.R
.
China, Ph./F
ax: +
86-0
10-8
8
8
039
91
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: maope
ng@
n
c
ut.edu.cn
A
b
st
ra
ct
Based
on
the
ana
lysis
of op
eratio
n pr
inci
pl
es of
c
onve
n
ti
ona
l se
lf-exciti
ng
electro
n
ic
b
a
llast, th
e
cause of h
i
g
h
sw
itching loss
h
a
s bee
n res
ear
ched. In
ord
e
r to reduc
e sw
itch temperat
ure
and i
n
cre
a
se th
e
relia
bi
lity of th
e w
hol
e circ
uit, driv
e circ
uit of
self-exc
iting
el
ectronic
ba
ll
ast has
be
en
i
m
p
r
oved
to
achi
e
v
e
soft sw
itch. Cir
cuit si
mulati
on
s an
d ex
per
i
m
ental
resu
lts
ar
e co
inci
de
d w
i
th the
a
nalys
is
of theory. I
n
th
e
end of this p
a
p
e
r, the desig
n
proce
dure
and
w
i
ndin
g
me
tho
d
of self-excite
d transfor
m
er a
r
e introd
uce
d
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
sel
f
-exciting e
l
ectr
oni
c ballast, soft s
w
itch
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Self-exciting
electroni
c bal
last was
wid
e
l
y used i
n
th
e gen
eral li
g
h
ting field b
e
c
au
se
of
its si
mple
op
erating
p
r
in
ci
ple a
nd l
o
w cost. Howe
ver, there
are two p
r
oble
m
s to be
solved.
The
main p
r
o
b
le
m is th
e hi
g
h
switching
loss a
nd
hig
h
tempe
r
atu
r
e lea
d
ing to
increa
se
of
heat
dissipation di
mensi
on and reducti
on
of product reli
ability as resu
lt of the coupling of driving
sign
als
of up
per a
nd lo
we
r bri
dge a
r
m
sup
p
lied
with self-excited
transfo
rme
r
.
More
over, the
other p
r
oble
m
is how to
design a
nd
cho
o
se se
lf-excited tran
sformer to avi
od inco
nsi
s
te
ncy
c
a
us
ing sw
itch’s
curr
ent spik
e.
The followi
ng
is operation
prin
ciple
s
of the
co
nventio
nal self-exciti
ng ele
c
troni
c
balla
st
and its op
erat
ion prin
cipl
es.
The
schem
e
of co
nvention
a
l self-ex
c
itin
g ele
c
tr
oni
c b
a
llast i
s
shown in
Figu
re
1.
D1,
D2,
Q1, Q2,
C3
a
nd
C4 m
a
ke
up h
a
lf-b
ridge
topolo
g
y.
Self-excited t
r
an
sform
e
r
T1
works li
ke
current
transfo
rme
r
,
whi
c
h h
a
s two group
s of
se
con
dary
co
ils to d
r
ive Q
1
and
Q2
re
spe
c
tively. The
indu
ctor
L1 i
s
use
d
to limit
the out
put
current whil
e its coupling coil
L2
、
D3
a
nd D4
a
r
e used to
reje
ct un
bala
n
cin
g
p
r
obl
e
m
of ne
utral
-
point voltage
due to
the in
consi
s
tent
of capa
citors of
h
a
lf-
bridg
e
circuit
.
The
key
waveform
s
co
nce
r
nin
g
a
r
e
sh
own in
Fi
gure
2
and
the tra
c
k of t
h
e
magneti
c
T1 i
s
as
sho
w
n in
Figure 3. Th
e work
in
g pri
n
cipl
es of ci
rcuit are as foll
ows:
Figure 1. Sch
e
matic Di
ag
ram of Conve
n
tional Self-e
xciting Electronic Balla
st
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 64
37 – 644
4
6438
Figure 2. Key Waveform
s
of Conventio
nal
Self-exciting Electronic
Bal
l
ast
Figure 3. Tra
ck of the Ma
g
netic T1 of
Conve
n
tional Self-exciting Electro
n
ic
Bal
l
ast
1.1. Stage [a,
b
]
The
cu
rre
nt
of Q2
be
cam
e
lo
w. Mea
n
w
hile,
C1
be
gan to
be
di
scharged
an
d jun
c
tion
cap
a
cita
nce
CQ2
c
e
of Q2
bega
n to b
e
charg
ed. In th
e end
of thi
s
stage,
as
a re
sult
of cu
rre
nt
of
Q2 d
e
cli
n
ing
in spee
d a
n
d
the l
a
rg
er va
lue of
pa
rallel
i
ng
C1a
n
d
C
Q2ce, the
vol
t
age a
c
ro
ss
C1
wa
s alm
o
st
not ch
ang
ed.
It is assu
me
d that the
cu
rre
nt of the i
ndu
ctor
L1 remain
s
con
s
t
ant
becau
se of
small time-i
nte
r
val. The volt
age a
c
ro
ss
b
–e of Q
1
a
n
d
b-e of
Q2
are
almo
st zero
becau
se of
m
agneti
c
T1
d
eep
satu
ratio
n
, leadin
g
to i
N
s1 a
nd i
N
s2
clo
s
e
d
to
ze
ro. According
to
Ampere
'
s la
w, Np1iL
1
=Hlc, th
e a
b
s
olute
value
of ma
gneti
c
field
st
ren
g
th re
du
ced
and
corre
s
p
ondin
g
operating p
o
int of the magnetic T1 m
o
ved from a to b.
1.2. Stage [b
,c]
C1 was di
scharg
ed an
d CQ2
c
e
wa
s cha
r
ge
d by
indu
ctor L1. In the end of this stag
e,
the voltage
a
c
ro
ss
C1
wa
s almo
st ze
ro
and the
volta
ge a
c
ross
CQ2ce was al
most 3
00V. During
this peri
od, magneti
c
T1
wa
s still satu
rated but
be
g
i
n to exit deep saturation
and the ab
so
lute
value of m
agneti
c
field
stre
ngth
continue to
redu
ce ju
st l
i
ke
stage
[a,b]. Theref
ore,
corre
s
p
ondin
g
operating p
o
int of the magnetic T1 m
o
ved from b to c.
1.3. Stage [c,
d
]
At point c, inducto
r L1
re
main di
scharged. If it
is assume that
D1 sta
r
ts to
con
d
u
c
t,
UD1on
≈
1.2V.
However, m
agneti
c
T1 was still satura
ted and UQ1
b
-e is alm
o
st
zero and the
on
state voltag
e
of p-n jun
c
tio
n
of Q
1
i
s
o
n
l
y
0.7V,
it is
o
b
vious that th
e dio
de
D1
is cla
m
ped
an
d
p-
n junction p
r
ovide free
-wheelin
g path instea
d. The
indu
ctor L1’
s current re
du
ce to ze
ro af
ter
discha
rgin
g in this stag
e. Duri
ng this p
e
riod,
a
c
cordi
ng to Ampere
'
s law, it is ob
tained that:
11
1
1
11
11
pL
s
N
s
p
L
s
L
c
Ni
N
i
Ni
N
i
H
l
(1)
Therefore, th
e ab
solute va
lue of mag
net
ic
field st
ren
g
t
h increa
sed
sud
denly at the point
c.
Howeve
r, with
the re
du
ction
of L1’
s curre
n
t, the
absolute valu
e of ma
gneti
c
field
streng
th
decrea
s
e
d
gradually. Acco
rding to Fa
ra
day's la
w,
11
/
Qb
e
s
UN
d
d
t
, s
o
1
Qb
e
U
wa
s neg
ative
at the point c and
be
Q
U
1
wa
s po
sitive at the point d, howev
er,
be
Q
U
2
is ju
st rev
e
rse. It is pro
bable
that as
re
sult of the Q2 tra
n
si
stor–
c
o
n
d
u
ction
at the
point c, t
he
reverse recovery su
rg
e current
flow thro
ugh
the Q1 in se
veral micro
s
eco
n
d
s
, mea
n
whil
e, it withstan
ds hi
gh
dt
dv
/
voltage,
thereby, ca
using high
swit
chi
ng lo
ss of two tran
si
stors.
o
:sa
tura
ti
on s
tate
:li
near
s
tate
H
B
ab
cd
e
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Re
sea
r
ch on
Som
e
Key Problem
s of Self-exciting Ele
c
troni
c Balla
st (Peng Mao
)
6439
1.4. Stage [d
,e]
At the point
d, Q1
sta
r
ts t
o
cond
uct. T
he
ma
gneti
c
T1 leave
s
th
e saturate
d
state so
on
and
ope
rate
s in the li
nea
r
regio
n
in
virtu
e
of po
sitive f
eedb
ack effe
ct. Du
ring
thi
s
p
e
rio
d
, UQ
1b
-
e
≈
0.6V an
d
0
/
1
1
1
b
be
Q
Rb
R
U
i
,
0
/
2
2
2
b
be
Q
Rb
R
U
i
. Acco
rdin
g to Ampere
'
s la
w, it is obtained that:
0
1
1
1
1
c
Ns
s
L
p
Hl
i
N
i
N
(2)
)
1
/(
1
/
/
1
1
1
1
ef
s
p
L
Ns
h
N
N
i
i
(3)
Whe
r
e
hef is cu
rre
nt gai
n
of tr
an
sist
o
r
.
A
t
t
he sa
me
t
i
me,
0
/
1
1
dt
d
N
U
s
be
Q
, which
sho
w
s that the magneti
c
flux doesn’t increa
se line
a
rly
until reachin
g
the point e.
1.5. Stage [e,
f
]
The ma
gneti
c
T1 b
e
cam
e
satu
rated
durin
g this
p
e
riod,
so
UQ1B-E is
ne
ar zero,
neverthel
ess,
transi
s
tor is still on because
char
ge
carri
ers have
not restored yet during thi
s
perio
d called
stora
ge time
s ts. The ju
nct
i
on capa
citan
c
e
CQ1
b
-e
d
oesn’t ch
arg
e
until rea
c
hi
n
g
the point f, at
that time, Q1 is
turned off.
Above kno
w
able, high switchi
ng loss and high
te
mperature le
ad to increa
se of heat
dissipation di
mensi
on and reducti
on
of product reli
ability as resu
lt of the coupling of driving
sign
als of u
p
per a
nd lo
we
r brid
ge a
r
m
sup
p
lied
with
self-ex
c
ited
transfo
rme
r
.
With the ab
ove
probl
em
s in mind, a novel
drive circuit
of el
ectro
n
ic
balla
st is pro
posed in this
pape
r.
2.
The Propos
e
d
Nov
e
l Self-exciting Elec
tronic Ballas
t
and its Op
e
r
ation Princi
ples
The
schem
e
of novel
circu
i
t is
sho
w
n i
n
Figu
re 4.
Th
e key wavefo
rms con
c
erni
ng a
r
e
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 5 an
d the
track of the magneti
c
T1 i
s
as
sho
w
n in
Figure 6.
Figure 4. Ballast Sch
e
mati
c Dia
g
ra
m of Novel
Cir
c
uit
Figure 5. Key Waveform
s
of Novel Circuit
Figure 6. Tra
ck of the Ma
g
netic T1 of Novel Circuit
o
:satu
ration
state
:line
ar sta
te
H
B
ab
cd
e
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 64
37 – 644
4
6440
The wo
rking
prin
ciple
s
of circuit a
r
e a
s
follows:
Operation p
r
i
n
cipl
e of novel balla
st in st
age [a,b] a
nd [c,d] are
same
as
con
v
entional
ballast’s.
2.1. Stage [c,
d
]
Both diod
e
D1 an
d p
-
n
ju
nction
of Q
1
provide
fre
e
-whe
eling
pat
h a
s
re
sult of
pla
c
ing
seri
es
re
sist
a
n
ce
Rb1 i
n
t
h
is st
ag
e.
At point c, D1 i
s
turne
d
on, an
d UD1
≈
1.2 V. It can be se
en
that:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
1
L
c
Q
D
b
Ns
bc
Q
D
e
D
bc
Q
D
Rb
D
c
Q
I
I
I
R
U
U
U
R
U
U
U
I
I
I
(4)
At the point c, magnetic T1 was
still sa
turate
d, according to
Ampere'
s l
a
w an
d
Fara
day's l
a
w, sam
e
con
c
lu
sion
s
can
be foun
d that
be
Q
U
1
wa
s ne
gative at the poi
nt c an
d
be
Q
U
1
wa
s po
sitive
at the poi
nt
d, furthe
r
more , the
c
u
rrent IRb increas
e
while
1
Ns
U
in
creases f
r
om
(3.1). It i
s
th
e
sa
me
as ab
ove con
c
lu
sio
n
in th
e
conv
entional
self-exciting
ele
c
troni
c b
a
lla
st t
hat
be
Q
U
1
wa
s n
egative
whil
e
be
Q
U
2
was p
o
sitive at
the
point
c
in
nov
el self-ex
c
itin
g electroni
c ballast,
but the tu
rn
-off loss of th
e switch h
a
s bee
n redu
ced g
r
eatly a
s
re
sult of
the
ba
se
cu
rren
t is
relatively sma
ll and Q2 kee
p
s off owin
g to the placem
ent of serie
s
resi
stan
ce Rb
1.
2.2. Stage [d
,e]
At the point
d, Q1
sta
r
ts t
o
cond
uct. T
he
ma
gneti
c
T1 leave
s
th
e saturate
d
state so
on
and op
erate
s
in the linear
region in virtu
e
of
positive feedb
ack effe
ct. Duri
ng this period,
0
6
2
1
1
1
1
c
D
s
Rb
s
L
p
Hl
i
N
i
N
i
N
(5)
)
(
6
1
1
1
1
D
Rb
s
L
p
i
i
N
i
N
(6)
Assu
me that iRb1 a
nd ID6
satisfy followi
ng equ
ation:
2
/
1
/
6
1
D
Rb
i
i
(7)
One can yield
the following
formula
s
,
)
1
/(
3
/
3
/
1
1
1
1
ef
L
Rb
s
p
h
i
i
N
N
(8)
2.3. Stage [e,
f
]
Duri
ng sto
r
ag
e times ts, becam
e of saturation of ma
gnetic, UQ
1B
-E is near
ze
ro, the
cha
r
ge
cu
rre
nt of junction
cap
a
cita
nce CQ1
b
-e
can
be cal
c
ul
ated
by the following equ
ation,
1
)
(
1
1
/
b
sat
be
Q
Rb
R
U
I
(9)
In addition, t
han
ks to
the
introd
uctio
n
of the two
schottky
diode
s
D5 a
nd
D6 in the
circuit, as
sh
own in Fi
gu
re
4, low impe
d
ance pa
ss
es
were provide
d
for the flow of reverse b
a
se
c
u
rrent when trans
i
s
t
or is
off, which reduced
the c
o
upling between
each
trans
is
tor and
made
self-ex
c
ited
magneti
c
n
o
t very
dee
p sat
u
rated
le
a
d
in
g to e
a
sy
co
mmutation
of
magneti
c
at
knee
point su
ch a
s
point a and f in Figure 6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Re
sea
r
ch on
Som
e
Key Problem
s of Self-exciting Ele
c
troni
c Balla
st (Peng Mao
)
6441
3. Resul
t
analy
s
is
In order to h
a
ve a
better
comp
arative
analys
i
s
, two
balla
st
circui
ts a
r
e
simul
a
ted an
d
tested in this
pape
r.
Take
fluo
re
scent lamp
----G
E
F40/T12
fo
r ex
am
ple: th
e output
cu
rrent is
abo
ut
1A, the
output voltag
e is ab
out 70
V, and self-e
xcited freq
ue
ncy is a
bout
22kHz at inp
u
t rated volta
g
e
220Va
c
.
3.1. Conv
entional Self-ex
c
iting Electr
onic Ballas
t
and its Ke
y
Wav
e
forms
Turn
-on
and
turn-off swit
ching
simulati
on waveform
s are a
s
sho
w
n in Fi
gure
7 usi
ng
ORCAD1
0.5 softwa
r
e.
The expe
rime
nt result
s are sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 8 an
d Fig
u
re 9 respe
c
tively.
Figure 7. Swithing Wavefo
rm of Tran
si
stor Q1
Figure 8. Current of Tra
n
si
stor'
s
Current
and Tan
k
Cu
rre
nt
Figure 9. Wa
veform of Tra
n
si
stor Q
1
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ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 64
37 – 644
4
6442
Observing
si
mulation a
n
d
experim
ent result
s, it
is p
r
oved true th
at p-n j
u
n
c
tio
n
of Q2
provide
s
f
r
ee
-wh
eelin
g p
a
t
h at the
pla
c
e m
a
rke
d
with a g
r
ee
n
circle
and
th
e Q2
tran
si
stor
abru
p
tly turn
ed o
n
at th
e
place ma
rked
with
a red
ci
rcle
in
Figu
re
4. It turn
ed
out that
com
m
on
con
d
u
c
tion of
two tran
sisto
r
s
cau
s
e hig
h
switching lo
ss in Figu
re 5.
3.2. Nov
e
l Self-e
xciting
Electroni
c
Ballast and its
Ke
y
Wa
v
e
forms
Turn
-on a
nd
turn-off switching sim
u
lati
on wavefo
rm
s are a
s
sho
w
n in Figu
re
10 usi
ng
ORCAD1
0.5 softwa
r
e.
The expe
rime
nt result
s are sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 11 a
nd Fi
gure 1
2
re
sp
ectively.
Comp
ared
wi
th Figu
re
8,
the current i
n
the
co
ll
ect
o
r
of a tran
si
stor in
stag
e
[c,d] is
redu
ce
d, whi
c
h proves tha
t
not only p-n junction
of Q
1
but also di
o
de D1 p
r
ovid
e free-wh
eeli
ng
path in th
e
Figure 11.
Compa
r
ed
wit
h
Figu
re
9,
all switch
es
in the n
o
vel
circuit a
r
e
soft
swit
chin
g, an
d then loss of
the swit
ching
are minimi
ze
d in the Figure 12.
Figure 10. Swithing
Wave
form of Tran
sistor Q
1
Figure 11. Cu
rre
nt of Tran
sistor'
s
Curren
t and Tan
k
Current
Figure 12. Waveform of Transi
s
tor
Q2
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Re
sea
r
ch on
Som
e
Key Problem
s of Self-exciting Ele
c
troni
c Balla
st (Peng Mao
)
6443
4.
The Design
Procedur
e
and
Windin
g
Met
hod o
f
Self-exci
te
d Trans
f
orm
e
r in Nov
e
l
Electronic Ballast
Assu
me that:
(1) Self-ex
c
ited freq
uen
cy is abo
ut 2
0
kHz.
(2) Th
e wavefo
rm
of the
indu
ctan
ce
current i
s
a
p
p
r
oximated into
a
sine
wa
ve,
and
rm
s valu
e is IL1.
(3
) T
he
wavefo
rm
of
UNs1 i
s
a sin
e
wave, and rms value satisfies the follo
wing e
quatio
n:
1
]
)
1
(
[
{
1
1
)
(
1
1
1
1
ef
L
Rb
sat
be
e
ef
b
Rb
Ns
h
I
I
V
R
h
R
I
V
(10)
Acco
rdi
ng to Fara
day's la
w, it is obtained
that the winding
s of se
con
dary coils can b
e
expre
s
sed by
the following
formula:
e
ms
s
f
Ns
s
s
A
B
f
K
V
N
N
1
2
1
(11)
Kf is the wav
e
coeffici
ent, and eq
ual to
4.44
as
a sin
e
-wave. Thu
s
base
d
on
(3.
5
), the
windi
ng
s of primary coils
can be calcula
t
ed by:
1
3
1
1
ef
Ns
p
h
N
N
(12)
The followi
ng
is about me
thod how to
wind self-ex
c
ited magneti
c
: winding me
thod o
f
singl
e toroid i
s
a
s
sh
own i
n
Figu
re
13. T
he p
r
obl
em
with the
single
-
toroid
d
r
ive i
s
that th
e turn-
on wavefo
rm
of one tran
sistor is the exa
c
t inverse
of the turn
-off wa
veform of the other. So there
is no po
ssibili
ty of driving them app
ro
pri
a
tely and differently, and there
b
y ef
fi
ci
e
n
t
l
y
.
To con
que
r the limitations of
the single- toroid drive,
use
the d
oubl
e-toroid ap
proach. as
sho
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
re 14. Ho
wever,
if
the p
e
rme
abilities and dimen
s
io
ns of
the
t
w
o
toroid
s are
no
t
well-matched
, here
are
a
gain di
scre
p
anci
e
s
duri
n
g
the cr
oss
o
ver
,
r
e
s
u
lt
ing in losses. It is
advisa
b
le to use a
n
innov
ative ‘balun’ core a
s
sh
own
in Figure 1
5
to drive the tra
n
si
stors.
In addition, it
is sen
s
ible n
o
t to sele
ct h
i
gh rel
a
tive p
e
rme
ability (g
reate
r
than
6
000) i
n
power fe
rrite
materi
al, which
ha
s p
o
o
r p
e
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e i
n
p
e
rme
ability unde
r the temp
erature
cha
nge.
Figure 13. Wi
nd Dia
g
ra
m o
f
Single-toroi
d
Figure 14. Wi
nd Dia
g
ra
m o
f
Double
-
toroi
d
s
Figure 15. Wi
nd Dia
g
ra
m o
f
Balun-toroi
d
drive s
ignal of
upper bridge arm
drive sig
nal of
l
ower bridge arm
signal of
sampled current
si
gn
al
o
f
sa
mp
le
d cu
rr
en
t
dr
iv
e si
gn
a
l
of
up
pe
r bri
dg
e ar
m
dri
ve
s
i
g
n
a
l
of
lo
we
r br
id
ge
a
r
m
s
ign
al o
f
sam
pled
cur
rent
d
rive
sig
nal
of
u
ppe
r br
idge
arm
dri
ve sign
al
o
f
lo
wer brid
ge arm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 64
37 – 644
4
6444
5. Conclu
sion
Based
on th
e analy
s
is
of operation p
r
incipl
es
of convention
a
l self-exciting
el
ectro
n
ic
balla
st, the
cau
s
e
of hi
gh switching
loss
of the
uppe
r a
n
d
lowe
r tran
sistors h
a
s
b
een
resea
r
ched. So
the drive circuit
of
self-exciti
ng
ele
c
troni
c b
a
lla
st
has be
en im
p
r
oved
to a
c
hi
eve
soft
switch, as a result,
the temperature
of tube is lower than
that of before and t
he
reliability
of
power
sup
p
ly is imp
r
oved
greatly. It is
sho
w
n i
n
exp
e
rime
nt that
without a
r
ran
gement
of he
at-
sin
k
, colle
cto
r
temperatu
r
e is just 25
Ԩ
highe
r tha
n
ambient te
mperature, b
a
si
cally meet
ing
proje
c
t re
quirement.
It is espe
ciall
y
cru
c
ial to d
e
sig
n
self
-excited tran
sform
e
r. Co
mbinin
g with the o
p
eration
a
l
prin
ciple
of n
o
vel self
-exci
t
ation ele
c
tro
n
ic b
a
lla
st, h
o
w to
ch
oo
se
and
wind
m
agneti
c
toroid
in
novel self-exciting electroni
c balla
st and
the des
i
gn proce
dure we
re
provided in t
h
is pa
per.
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ces
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engfen
g T
ao, Qun Z
hao, Le
e F
C
, Onishi
N.
Self-oscil
l
ati
ng el
ectron
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a
llast w
i
th di
mmi
ng co
ntrol.
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w
e
r El
ectron
ics Speci
a
lists
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01; 4:
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8-18
23.
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engfen
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ao, Qun Z
h
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hou
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e
e
F
C
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i
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l
ati
n
g
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g
le-sta
ge
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tronic ba
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w
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th
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ue
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atio
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ied P
o
w
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h
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h
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u
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ang,
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u
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a
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hao JH, W
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ubl
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