Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
280
~
1
2
8
5
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1280
-
1
2
8
5
1280
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Congestion
c
ont
rol in
v
eh
icular
a
d
hoc
n
etwork:
a
s
urve
y
Sha
m
sul
Ja
m
el
El
ias
1
,
Sh
ahi
rah Moha
me
d H
at
im
2
,
Mo
ha
m
ad
Yuso
f Da
r
us
3
,
Sh
ap
i
na
Abdul
lah
4
,
Jamalu
ddin
Jasmis
5
, R B
adl
ishah Ahm
ad
6
, A
d
am
W
ong
Yoon Kh
ang
7
1
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
MA
RA (UiT
M) Keda
h
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
2
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
MA
RA,
T
apa
h
C
ampus
,
Pera
k,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
3
,4
Facul
t
y
of
Co
m
pute
r
and
Mat
hemati
c
al Sci
en
c
es,
Unive
rsti Te
knologi
MA
RA, S
hah
Alam,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
5
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
MA
RA (
UiTM)
Jasin,
Mel
aka
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
6
Facul
t
y
of
Infor
m
at
ic
s a
nd
Com
puti
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Sulta
n
Z
ai
n
al
Abidin
(UniSZA
),
Mal
a
y
s
ia
7
Fakult
i Te
knolo
gi
Kejur
u
te
r
aa
n
El
ektrik
d
an El
e
ktroni
k,
Univer
s
it
i Te
kn
ika
l
Mal
a
y
si
a
Me
la
k
a, Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
3
0
, 201
8
Re
vised Dec
22
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Ja
n
2
, 201
9
Vehic
ul
ar
adho
c
net
work
(VA
NET)
has
a
signi
fic
an
t
pote
n
ti
a
l
in
red
uc
ing
tra
ffi
c
conge
st
io
n
to
provide
a
st
ress
-
fre
e
and
saf
er
pla
t
form
for
roa
d
drive
rs
to
tra
ve
l
on
the
roa
d.
How
eve
r
,
the
cur
r
ent
VA
NET
is
vulne
rab
le
to
seve
r
a
l
cha
l
le
nges
whic
h
nee
d
to
be
ov
erc
om
e.
Cong
es
ti
on
cont
rol
is
co
nsidere
d
a
s
one
of
the
m
ai
n
cha
llenges
in
VA
NET
due
to
the
high
d
y
n
a
m
ic
topol
o
g
y
cha
ra
cteri
sti
c.
R
el
i
abl
e
cong
estion
cont
rol
(CC)
are
necess
ar
y
to
provide
eff
ectie
n
t
dissem
ina
ti
on
of
tim
e
-
cri
tical
saf
e
t
y
m
essage
s
in
VA
NET
appl
i
ca
t
ions;
sa
fety
and
non
-
safe
t
y
app
lications.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
we
pre
sent
th
e
over
vie
w
on
VA
NET,
it
s
applic
a
ti
on
and
chall
en
ges.
W
e
al
so
discuss
on
the
conge
stion
control
and
provide
a
br
ie
f
surv
e
y
on
th
e
cong
est
ion
control
al
gorit
hm
s
such
as
vehi
cu
la
r
c
lo
ud
computing,
m
ult
ipl
icati
v
e
ra
te
de
cre
asin
g
al
gorit
hm
,
m
ult
i
-
obje
c
ti
ve
Ta
bu
sea
rch
,
D
-
FP
A
V
al
gorit
hm
an
d
beaconi
n
g
strat
eg
ie
s
which
have
bee
n
pro
posed
in
orde
r
to
provide
bette
r
soluti
ons
towar
ds a
ch
ie
v
in
g
a
suc
ce
ss
ful
S
m
art
Tra
npo
ratio
n
S
y
stem.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Congesti
on c
ontr
ol (
CC
)
VANET
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sh
a
hira
h
Mo
ha
m
ed
Hati
m
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
,
Tapa
h
Ca
m
pu
s
, P
e
rak, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
sh
ahira
h88@uit
m
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Road
s
afety
h
a
s b
ec
om
ing
an
intense iss
ue
in
m
any b
ig cit
ie
s ar
ou
nd the
w
or
l
d
rece
ntly
. Th
e
nu
m
be
r
of
m
oto
rized
veh
ic
le
s
is
inc
reasin
g
ra
pid
ly
day
to
day
es
pecial
ly
in
the
urban
a
rea,
due
to
on
e
’s
ne
eds
of
us
in
g
tra
nspor
ta
ti
on
f
or
tra
ve
ll
ing
pur
pose
and
as
t
he
r
esult
of
t
he
te
chnolo
gical
a
dv
a
ncem
ent
of
the
autom
otive
ind
us
t
ry
[
1
]
.
T
hi
s
sit
uation
le
a
ds
to
the
pro
ble
m
of
traf
fic
congesti
on
ca
use
d
by
the
asce
nd
i
ng
nu
m
ber
of
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
veh
i
cl
es
on
the
r
oad,
th
us
di
r
ect
ly
aff
ect
the
em
otion
s,
ph
ys
ic
al
a
nd
m
ental
com
fo
rtabil
it
y
of
the
r
oa
d
dri
vers
[
1
]
.
I
n
t
od
ay
’s
world
of
lim
itless
in
te
rn
et
acce
ss
,
te
chnolo
gies
c
an
be
inco
rpor
at
e
d
to
reduce
the
ris
ks
of
ro
a
d
acci
den
ts
.
In
order
to
increase
the
safety
of
r
oad
us
ers
,
dri
ve
rs
sh
ould
hav
e
bee
n
pro
vid
e
d
with
the
facil
it
y
to
look
ov
e
r
po
te
ntial
threats
or
ha
zard
s
that
ca
n
ca
us
e
har
m
to
them
wh
il
e they a
re
on roa
ds
.
In
orde
r
to
ov
erco
m
e
the
prob
le
m
s,
veh
ic
ular
a
dhoc
net
work
(
VANE
T)
is
em
plo
ye
d
by
Sm
art
Traffic
Syst
em
to
carry
out
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
a
nd
exc
h
a
nge
in
form
at
ion
betwee
n
ve
hic
le
s
on
t
he
r
oa
d
and
the
r
oad
si
de
unit
s
(RS
U)
[
2
]
-
[
4
]
.
V
AN
ET
is
a
sub
-
cl
ass
of
Mo
bile
Ad
hoc
Net
wor
ks
(
MAN
ET
s
)
where
it
us
e
d
ve
hicle
s
as
m
ob
il
e
node
s
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
.
VAN
ET
in
he
rit
m
os
t
of
the
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
M
AN
E
Ts
,
bu
t
it
is
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
so
m
e
add
it
ion
al
char
act
e
ris
ti
cs
that
m
ake
it
per
form
ed
bette
r
than
MANET
s.
Dy
nam
i
c
topolo
gy,
high
m
ob
il
it
y
and
high
de
ns
it
y
of
the
netw
ork
,
are
a
m
on
g
th
e
featur
es
ow
ne
d
by
VANE
T
.
The
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Congesti
on c
ontrol i
n
ve
hicul
ar
adhoc
network:
a surv
ey (
Shamsul
Ja
mel
Eli
as
)
1281
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
of
V
ANET
can
be
form
ed
ei
ther
with
ve
hicle
to
ve
h
ic
le
(V2
V)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
or
betwee
n
veh
ic
le
s
to
in
frast
ru
ct
ure
(V2
I
)
us
in
g IEEE
802.1
1p
rad
i
o
te
cho
l
og
y
[
3
]
,[
9
].
Du
e
to
the
qu
i
ck
gro
wth
of
veh
ic
le
s
de
ns
it
y,
networ
k
m
i
gh
t
be
easi
ly
c
ongest
e
d.
This
congesti
on
arises
when
th
ese
netw
orks
a
re
flo
od
e
d
by
the
node
s
(v
e
hi
cl
es)
com
pet
ing
in
getti
ng
th
r
ough
the
netw
orks
to
ob
ta
in in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
[
4
],
[
10
]
.
Th
us
,
the d
el
a
y and
p
ac
ket loss
especial
ly
f
or
saf
et
y
m
essages
will
au
tom
at
ic
al
ly
aff
ect
the
V
A
N
ET
’s
perfor
m
ance
[
11
]
-
[1
3
]
.
Q
ualit
y
of
Ser
vice
(
QoS)
sh
oul
d
b
e
co
nsi
der
e
d
t
o
guara
ntee
th
e
reli
abili
ty
and
safety
of
the
ve
hicular
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
ns
a
nd
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
perform
ance
of
V
AN
ET
[
3
]
-
[
4
]
.
A
sign
ific
a
nt
nee
d
f
or
co
ngest
ion
co
ntr
ol
str
at
egie
s
is
im
p
or
ta
nt
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
VAN
ET
pe
rfor
m
ance
i
n
deliveri
ng
safe
ty
m
e
ssages
to
r
oad
us
e
rs
[
4
],
[1
4
]
.
T
he
obje
ct
ive
of
c
onge
sti
on
c
ontr
ol
in
VAN
ET
is
t
o
li
m
i
t
the
loa
ds
on
t
he
wi
reless
net
work
to
prov
i
de
bette
r
acce
ss
to
the
wireles
s
platfo
rm
through
al
go
rithm
s
that
reduce t
he nod
es’
tra
ns
m
issi
on
powe
r.
T
her
e
a
re
seve
ral
CC
al
go
rith
m
s
or
m
et
ho
ds
that
has
been
us
e
d
to
reduce
network
c
onge
sti
on
su
c
h
as
ve
hicular
cl
oud
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[
1
]
,
m
ulti
pli
cat
ive
rate
dec
reasin
g
al
gorit
hm
,
beaco
ni
ng
strat
egies,
power
or
rate
adap
ta
ti
on
,
and
hybri
d
al
gorithm
(co
m
bin
at
ion
of
beac
on
gen
e
rati
o
n
r
at
e
and
transm
issi
on
po
wer
c
on
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
).
All
the
propose
d
al
gorithm
s
per
form
ed
well
,
bu
t
ye
t
su
ff
er
from
so
m
e
lim
itati
on
s,
s
uch
as
(a)
eff
ic
ie
ncy
iss
ue
in
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
betwee
n
equ
i
pm
ents
an
d
sec
ur
it
y
as
pe
ct
s
in
the
net
w
ork,
(
b)
inc
ompete
nt
util
iz
at
ion
of
the
co
nnect
io
n
capaci
ty
if
the
connecti
on
is
sh
are
d
by
m
ulti
ple
so
urces
and
dro
pout
of
data
pack
et
s
i
f
c
ongestio
n
ha
ppe
ns
,
(c)
co
uld
no
t
pr
e
ve
nt
co
ng
e
sti
on
over
the
net
wor
k
w
her
e
it
ca
nnot
av
oid
fluctuati
ons
i
n
the
transm
issi
on
powe
r
or
pack
et
gen
e
r
at
ion
ad
justm
e
nt
proces
s
[
1
3
]
,
(
d)
li
m
i
ta
t
ion
in
determ
ining
w
hich
netw
ork
i
n
the
c
onnecti
on
is
no
lo
nge
r
sat
urat
ed
a
nd
sta
tus
of
pow
er
val
ue
of
ve
hic
le
s
connecte
d i
n t
he
n
et
w
ork
[1
3
].
In
t
his
co
ntext,
this
pa
per
f
oc
us
es
on
the
overv
ie
w
of
VANET
a
nd
it
s
ap
plica
ti
on
s;
an
d
discusse
s
on
the
co
ng
est
io
n
con
tr
ol
(CC)
and
t
he
al
gorithm
s
us
ed
to
overc
om
e
netwo
r
k
sat
urat
ion
that
us
ually
oc
cur
s
i
n
VANET
.
The
rev
ie
w
of
the
m
os
t
po
pu
la
r
and
recently
use
d
CC
al
go
rit
hm
s
will
be
presented
to
pro
vid
e
a
bette
r
s
olu
ti
on
in the a
rea.
2.
VANET O
VE
RV
IE
W
As
m
entioned
earli
er
in
t
he
previ
ou
s
sect
io
n,
m
os
t
the
MA
NETs
featu
res
are
acce
ssi
ble
in
V
ANET
since
it
is
a
s
ub
-
cl
ass
of
MA
NETs
.
V
A
NE
T
is
well
-
e
quip
ped
with
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
su
ch
high
m
ob
il
it
y,
infin
it
e
energy
s
upply,
dynam
ic
topo
log
ie
s
et
c.
[
3
]
-
[
4
]
.
V
ANET
m
od
el
con
sist
of
the
m
ap
of
street
s
,
highwa
ys
an
d
ro
a
ds
[
3
]
-
[
4
]
.
The
requirem
ent
of
ide
ntifyi
ng
the
loc
at
io
n
of
ve
hicle
s
or
node
s
an
d
t
heir
m
ov
em
ent
path
is
ver
y
im
po
rtant
to
prov
i
de
bette
r
pr
e
dicti
on
of
fu
t
ur
e d
rive
r
decisi
o
n
an
d
preven
t
the n
et
w
ork
co
nnect
ion
fr
om
disco
nnect
ed
or
sat
urat
ed
sin
ce
it
is
ver
y
de
p
en
de
nt
on
th
e
topolo
gy
cha
ng
e
[
4
]
.
T
he
VANET
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
will
determ
ine
the
re
qu
i
rem
ent
of
t
he
VANE
T
arc
hitec
ture
e.g
t
he
usa
bili
ty
of
d
e
vices,
st
rategies,
ec
onom
ic
al
and
syst
em
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s,
the
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance,
a
nd
pr
oto
c
ol
sta
nda
r
d)
[
2
],
[
4
],
[
15
].
The
sim
ple
VANE
T
arch
it
ect
ure
can
see
in
Fig
ure
1.
VANE
T
ta
kes
inf
or
m
at
ion
f
ro
m
the
existi
ng
sys
tem
su
ch
as
Global
Po
sit
io
ning
Sy
stem
(G
PS
)
an
d
is
interc
onne
ct
ed
wirelessl
y
via
em
bed
de
d
On
Boa
rd
U
ni
ts
(O
BUs
)
wir
el
ess
dev
ic
e
[
9
]
.
O
BUs
pro
vid
e
a
platfo
rm
wh
ic
h
auth
ori
ze
veh
ic
le
to
for
m
a
sh
or
t
ra
nge
of
wi
reless
ad
-
hoc
netw
orks wit
h t
he
capa
bili
ty
o
f
d
issem
inati
ng
data an
d
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
to
v
e
hi
cular
netw
orks
[
9
],
[
16
]
-
[
18
].
Figure
1. Sim
ple V
A
NET
Arc
hitec
ture [
4
],
[
10
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
8
0
–
1
2
8
5
1282
2.1.
VANET
Ap
pli
cat
i
on
s
VANET
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
into
two
m
ai
n
app
li
cat
ion
s
wh
ic
h
are
saf
et
y
and
non
-
sa
fety
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
2
]
-
[
4
],
[
9],
[
15
]
,
[1
9
]
.
The
ob
j
ect
ive
of
safe
ty
app
li
cat
ion
s
is
to
pre
ven
t
ro
a
d
acci
den
t
s
by
sen
ding u
sef
ul infor
m
at
ion
to
the
r
oa
d
dr
i
vers
co
nnect
ed
in the V
A
NET
. Due
t
o
the h
ig
h
sp
eed
of
v
e
hicle
s on
the
r
oa
ds
,
dri
ve
rs
m
ay
no
t
al
ert
with
the
ris
ky
sit
uatio
ns
.
The
ai
m
of
s
afety
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
is
t
o
pro
vide
li
fe
-
savin
g
s
upport
to
road
dr
i
ver
s
[
2
],
[
4
],
[
9
]
.
F
or
instance
,
w
he
n
the
sa
fety
ap
plica
ti
on
s
se
nd
e
m
erg
ency
sig
nals
to
the
veh
ic
le
s
,
the
ro
a
d
dri
ve
rs
can
dec
rea
se
their
sp
ee
ds
towards
the
a
cci
den
t
spot,
thu
s
a
vo
i
ding
ano
t
her
acci
den
t
[
4
]
.
More
ov
e
r,
ro
a
d
dri
ve
rs
can
m
ake
a
tur
nove
r
or
fin
d
al
te
r
native
pat
h
to
avo
i
d
traf
fic
c
ongestio
n
durin
g
pea
k
pe
rio
d,
w
hich
c
an
sa
ve
ti
m
e,
reduce
fu
el
c
onsu
m
ption,
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
stre
ss
[
4
],
[
11
]
.
S
afety
app
li
cat
io
ns
use
safety
m
es
sages
that
can
be
cat
ogor
iz
e
d
into
bea
co
n/
per
i
od
ic
m
ess
ages
an
d
em
e
rg
e
ncy
m
essages
[
4
],
[
9
]
.
T
he
beac
on
m
essages
ar
e
of
te
nly
disse
m
inate
d
betwe
en
the
ve
hicle
s
in
the
net
work
t
o
trans
fer
or
e
xc
hange
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
out
the
neig
hbor
ing
veh
ic
le
s
[
4
],
[
19
]
.
H
owever,
the
em
erg
ency
m
essages
are
on
ly
sent
wh
e
n
an
unusual
even
t
occurs
s
uc
h
as
car
acci
den
ts
[
2
],
[
4
]
.
Applic
at
ion
s
s
uch
as
crash
wa
rn
i
ng
an
d
em
erg
ency
el
ect
ion
br
ea
k
li
ghts,
us
e
d
the
em
erg
e
ncy
m
essa
ge
[
2
],
[
4
]
w
her
e
a
s
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
ou
t
th
e
ve
hicle
su
c
h
as
po
si
ti
on
,
s
pee
d,
a
nd
r
oute
are
in
cl
ud
e
d
in
t
he
beacon
m
essage
[
4
].
Ther
e
a
re
som
e
oth
er
app
l
ic
at
ion
s
su
c
h
as
the
intersect
ion
colli
sion
war
ni
ng,
low
br
id
ge
wa
rn
i
ng,
a
nd
coope
rati
ve
c
olli
sion
warnin
g are also
incl
uded
a
nd cate
gori
zed as
b
eac
on
m
essages
[
3
],
[
4
].
The
sec
ond
a
pp
l
ic
at
io
n
of
VANET
is
th
e
non
-
sa
fety
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
Al
though
it
is
le
ss
im
po
rtan
t
com
par
ed
to
s
afety
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
it
is
rather
us
ef
ul
in
ens
ur
i
ng
traf
fic
conve
nience
an
d
eff
ic
ie
ncy
w
hen
the
dr
i
ver
s
are
tra
velli
ng
on
the
ro
a
d
[
9
]
.
The
pur
pose
of
non
-
safety
ap
plica
ti
on
is
to
pro
vide
inform
ation
on
th
e
traff
ic
flo
w,
st
ress
-
fr
ee
dr
i
vin
g,
opti
ons
for
route
op
ti
m
izi
ng
a
nd
po
i
nt
of
interest
(POI
)
[
4
],
[
9
],
[
19
]
.
Non
-
safety
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
VANE
T
sho
uld
pro
vi
de
unifie
d
int
ern
et
c
onnecti
vity
to
r
oa
d
use
rs
si
nce
t
here
is
a
su
bst
antia
l
nee
d
f
or
pe
ople
w
ho
t
rav
el
in
g
w
it
h
ve
hicle
s
at
ta
ched
to
the
inter
net
[
4
]
.
Th
e
e
xam
ple
of
s
afety
and
n
on
-
sa
fety
VAN
E
T
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
ca
n
se
e
in
Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
T
he
E
xam
ple o
f Safe
ty
an
d N
on
-
sa
f
et
y VANET
A
pp
li
cat
io
ns
[
2
],
[
4
],[
20
]
Saf
ety
App
li
catio
n
(s)
No
n
-
saf
ety
App
lic
atio
n
(s)
Tr
af
f
ic vio
latio
n
Inf
o
tain
m
en
t
Cu
rve sp
eed warni
n
g
Tr
af
f
ic and
r
o
u
te op
ti
m
i
zatio
n
E
m
e
rgen
cy
veh
icl
e war
n
in
g
Pay
m
en
t services
Left
turn
assis
t
Po
in
t of
I
n
terest (
P
OI)
Sto
p
sig
n
assis
t
Co
-
o
p
erative f
o
rwar
d
collis
io
n
Lane chan
g
e wa
rnin
g
Pre
-
c
rash
sen
sin
g
/warnin
g
E
m
e
rgen
cy
br
ak
e l
ig
h
ts
Co
llisio
n
r
isk
war
n
in
g
Hazar
d
o
u
s lo
catio
n
no
tif
icatio
n
Co
n
trol lo
ss
war
n
in
g
2.2.
VANET
Chall
enges
Althou
gh
VANET
is
well
known
with
it
s
add
it
iona
l
featur
es
su
c
h
a
s
hig
h
m
ob
il
ity
and
high
topolo
gy
rate,
ye
t
i
t
raised
is
su
es
in
data
r
outi
ng,
data
volum
e,
data
disse
m
inati
on
,
sec
ur
it
y,
and
Qu
a
li
ty
of
Ser
vice
(
Q
oS
)
[
2
]
,[
4
]
.
Var
ie
ty
of
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
ra
ng
i
ng
f
ro
m
traff
ic
sa
fety
ap
plica
ti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
tr
aff
ic
vio
la
ti
on
warning
to
i
nfotai
nm
ent
ap
plica
tio
ns,
s
uc
h
as
m
edia
dow
nlo
a
di
ng
re
qu
i
res
s
om
e
so
rt
of
s
upporti
ng
VANET
te
ch
nolo
gies
th
us
,
le
ads
to
se
ver
al
r
esearch
chall
e
ng
e
s
to
be
ove
rco
m
e.
Am
on
g
the
m
ai
n
chall
eng
e
s
identifie
d
in
VANET
are
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
ocol
s
[
9
]
a
nonym
it
y,
pr
ivacy
a
n
d
sec
ur
it
y,
de
la
y
con
str
ai
nt
s,
a
nd
congesti
on c
on
trol
[
2
]
,[
4
]
.
i)
Ro
uting
prot
oc
ols
:
The
ap
plica
ti
on
of
VAN
ET
requires
th
e
pr
oce
ssin
g
of
la
rg
e
vo
l
um
e
of
data
pac
kets
.
Rou
te
sta
bili
ty
is
cru
ci
al
in
e
sta
blishin
g
a
s
ecur
e
pac
ket
de
li
ver
y
[
19
]
.
T
her
e
fore,
a
pro
m
isi
ng
routin
g
protoc
ol is
nee
ded to e
nsure
s
ecur
e
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
of
data
bro
a
dcasti
ng.
ii
)
An
on
y
mity
,
pri
vacy
and
sec
ur
it
y
:
Roa
d
dri
ver
s
sho
uld
be
able
t
o
rece
ive
in
form
at
io
n
from
trusted
so
urces
[
2
]
.
T
hu
s
,
pr
i
vacy
a
nd
sec
ur
it
y
co
nv
ey
c
r
ucial
el
e
m
ents
that
m
us
t
be
sat
isfie
d
by
a
ny
VAN
ET
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
It
is
stric
tl
y
req
uired
in
order
t
o
ensure
ve
rific
at
ion
an
d
pri
va
cy
of
us
e
r
an
d
data,
as
well
as
to
prov
i
de
sec
ur
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
since
it
i
s
deali
ng
with
hu
m
an
li
fe.
On
the
oth
er
hand,
r
oa
d
us
e
r
s
m
igh
t
ex
p
ose
t
o
unwa
nted
at
t
e
m
pt
because
i
t
is
easi
ly
to
track
veh
ic
le
s
i
n
V
AN
E
T
a
nd
if
the
i
de
ntifie
r
s
e.g
In
te
rn
et
P
r
oto
c
ol
(
IP
)
a
re
nev
e
r
c
hange
d
in
the
netw
ork.
This
will
m
ake
the
pe
rs
on
al
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
the
road
us
er
s
su
ch
a
s
locat
ion
a
nd
tra
vel
path
(
from
ho
m
e
to
wo
r
kpla
ce)
can
be
ga
there
d
with
out
diff
ic
ulty
b
y
unkn
own
at
ta
ck
ers [
2
]
-
[
4
]
,
[
7
],
[1
9
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Congesti
on c
ontrol i
n
ve
hicul
ar
adhoc
network:
a surv
ey (
Shamsul
Ja
mel
Eli
as
)
1283
ii
i)
Delay
c
onstrai
nts
:
Me
ssages
need
t
o
be
del
ivere
d
on
ti
m
e
to
us
e
rs
s
o
th
at
undesira
ble
even
t
s
uc
h
as
acci
den
ts
w
hi
ch
co
uld
caus
e
the
loss
of
hu
m
an
li
fe,
can
be
preve
nt
ed.
The
refor
e
,
a
go
od
dela
y
perform
ance
sh
oul
d
be
c
onside
red
w
he
n
de
velo
ping
VANET
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
to
cop
e
with
the
char
act
e
ri
sti
c of
high to
polo
gy
ch
an
ges
[
2
]
.
iv)
Congesti
on
c
ontrol
:
Hi
gh
de
ns
it
y
of
ve
hicle
s
on
the
r
oad
m
ay
caused
by
the
lo
w
s
pee
d
rate
of
the
car
s
ci
rcu
la
ti
ng
on
the
r
oa
d
[
2
]
,[
4
]
.
It
is
com
pu
l
so
ry
t
o
offer
c
ongestio
n
c
ontrol
a
ppr
oach
e
s
in
VANET
t
o
deal
with
it
s
char
act
erist
ic
s
a
s
sta
te
d
in
the
pr
e
vious
sect
io
n.
It
is
ver
y
im
portant
to
pre
ve
nt
pac
ket
loss
so
t
hat the sa
fe
ty
m
essage ca
n be
dissim
inated
to
the
r
oad dr
ivers pe
rio
dical
ly
an
d
sa
fegua
rd their li
fe
.
3.
CONGEST
I
O
N CO
NTRO
L
(
C
C
)
The
ro
a
d
us
er
s
ge
ner
al
ly
us
e
the
sam
e
resour
ces
that
are
sh
are
d
over
t
he
netw
ork
t
hu
s
,
ca
n
ca
us
e
netw
ork
co
nge
sti
on
[
4
].
CC
is
cru
ci
al
in
orde
r
to
delive
r
safety
m
essa
ges
to
the
r
oa
d
us
e
rs
w
hose
are
connecte
d
to
the
netw
ork
wi
thout
inter
r
up
t
ion
.
It
is
ve
ry
essenti
al
f
or
a
ny
of
CC
al
go
rithm
s
to
be
a
ble
to
m
anag
e
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
the
net
work
l
oad
t
o
av
oi
d
net
wor
k
flo
od
an
d
to
e
nsur
e
the
effe
ct
ive
ness
of
data/
m
ess
age
delivery
t
o
the
en
d
us
ers
[
4
]
-
[
5
]
.
CC
al
gorithm
s
su
ch
as
ve
hicular
cl
oud
com
pu
ti
ng
[
1
]
,
m
ulti
plica
ti
v
e
rat
e
decr
easi
ng
al
gorithm
[
13
]
,
be
acon
i
ng
strat
e
gies
[1
3
]
,
hy
bri
d
al
gorithm
e
t
c.
Most
of
the
al
gorithm
s
deal
with
the
ad
j
ust
m
ent
of
tra
ns
m
issi
on
po
wer
c
on
t
r
ol
an
d
ge
ne
rati
on
rate
co
ntrol.
S
tud
ie
s
ha
ve
been
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
to
validat
e
a
nd
e
valuate
th
e
pe
r
form
ance
of
c
ongestio
n
c
ontrol
al
gorithm
s
[1
]
,
[1
3
],
[1
9
]
.
The
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
CC
al
go
rithm
s
can
be
evaluated
us
i
ng
t
ran
sm
issi
on
pa
ram
et
ers
su
ch
as
de
li
ver
y
rat
e,
aver
a
ge
del
ay
,
bit
error
rate
(BE
R),
cha
nn
el
busy
rati
o
(CBR
),
per
ce
ntage
of
su
ccess
f
ul
m
essage
rece
ption
(P
SMR
)
,
le
vel
of
channel
co
ng
e
sti
on
(LCC)
,
channel
busy
frac
ti
on
(CBF)
,
thr
oughput,
av
erag
e
tra
ns
m
is
sion
delay
(ATD
)
,
con
te
ntion wi
ndow
(
C
W)
etc
[1
3
],
[1
9
]
.
3.1.
Existin
g Co
n
ge
stion C
ontr
ol A
lg
orit
hms
Var
i
ou
s
resea
r
ches
hav
e
bee
n
pe
r
form
ed
relat
ed
to
co
nge
sti
on
c
on
t
ro
l
usi
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
m
et
ho
ds.
I
n
this
sect
ion
,
we
bri
efly
sur
vey
the
stu
die
s
on
e
xisti
ng
congesti
on
c
ontr
ol
al
gorith
m
s
wh
ic
h
inte
nd
e
d
in
op
ti
m
iz
ing
the
transm
issi
on
pow
e
r
a
nd the
ra
te
o
f
p
ac
ket
ge
ner
at
io
n.
3.1.1.
Vehicular
C
l
oud
Co
m
pu
tin
g
In
[
1
]
,
the
aut
hors
prese
nted
a
rev
ie
w
on
conve
rg
i
ng
V
AN
E
T
with
ve
hicular
cl
ou
d
networ
ks
to
reduce
tra
ff
ic
congesti
ons.
It
is
a
new
a
nd
rece
nt
te
chn
i
qu
e
w
her
e
prom
otes
num
ero
us
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
facil
it
ie
s
wh
ic
h
can
hel
p
in
pr
e
ve
nting
t
raffic
sat
ur
at
io
n,
acci
den
ts
a
nd
dr
i
ving
dur
at
io
n.
Veh
ic
ular
c
loud
com
pu
ti
ng
cre
at
es
a
cl
ou
d
w
her
e
al
l
the
ser
vices
towa
rds
the
env
i
ronm
e
nts
are
sto
red
i
n
it
.
Veh
ic
le
s
on
t
he
ro
a
d
are
t
he
node
in
t
he
cl
oud.
An
e
xpe
ct
at
ion
of
m
o
difyin
g
an
d
in
te
gr
at
e
ne
w
al
gorithm
with
cl
ou
d
com
pu
ti
ng
i
s
al
so
po
i
nted
by
the
auth
or
s
in
the
rev
ie
w.
H
oweve
r,
the
re
is
no
ex
per
im
ental
stud
ie
s
has
been
carried
out i
n
t
he
st
ud
ie
s,
th
us creat
es a
n
a
rgum
ent o
n
t
he
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of the
algorit
hm
.
3.1.2.
Multipli
ca
tive
rate decre
as
i
ng
algorit
hm
In
[
21
]
w
hich
was
ci
te
d
in
[
1
3
]
,
the
a
uthors
pro
po
se
d
a
ne
w
m
ulti
plica
t
ive
rate
dec
reasing
al
gorithm
wh
e
re
it
reduc
es
the
e
m
erg
e
ncy
m
essage
transm
issi
on
ra
te
ov
er
ti
m
e.
The
syst
em
ca
n
delive
r
the
m
essage
especial
ly
the
e
m
erg
ency
wa
rn
i
ng
m
essage
ov
e
r
t
he
netw
ork
in
a
per
io
d
i
cal
delay
.
T
he
al
gorithm
can
be
sai
d
ou
t
perform
the
stud
ie
s.
H
owe
ver,
the
st
ud
y
on
ly
f
oc
us
es
on
dissem
inate
d
e
m
erg
ency
w
arn
i
ng
m
essag
e
for
br
ea
k d
own
ca
r on t
he roa
d o
r un
e
xpect
ed
c
ar c
hangin
g
la
nes.
3.1.3.
Multi
-
objecti
ve
Tab
u
se
arch
In
[
4
]
,
t
he
aut
hor
in
vest
igate
d
on
M
O
Ta
bu
searc
h
t
o
fi
nd
t
he
near
est
so
luti
ons
of
t
he
opti
m
a
l
so
luti
on.
T
he
a
uthor
ad
opte
d
the
strat
e
gies
of
tu
ning
the
t
ra
ns
m
issi
on
ra
ng
e
an
d
rate
th
r
ough
ou
t
the
stu
dies.
The
res
ult
sho
ws
that
MO
T
abu
sea
rc
h
can
reduce
the
num
ber
of
pac
ke
t
loss
an
d
dela
y
incurred
regardles
s
the d
en
sit
y of
v
ehicl
es circ
ulati
ng
on th
e r
oa
d
com
par
ed
t
o
an
oth
e
r
CC
algorit
hm
su
ch
as D
-
F
PAV. H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
pro
po
se
d
a
lgorit
hm
is
restrict
ed
to
on
ly
real
-
ti
m
e
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
s
.
More
ov
e
r,
the
c
onne
ct
ed
veh
ic
le
s
in
the
VANET
sho
ul
d
be
e
qu
i
pp
e
d wit
h On Boa
rd Unit
s (OBU
)
a
nd GPS t
o per
f
or
m
the oper
at
i
on.
3.1.4.
D
-
F
PA
V alg
or
ithm
In
[1
3
]
,
the
a
uth
ors
propose
d
the
D
-
FP
AV
al
gorithm
wh
ere
this
al
gorithm
work
e
d
on
m
od
ify
in
g
the
node
tra
ns
m
issi
on
powe
r
to
ke
ep
the
netw
or
k
under
l
oad
in
orde
r
to
f
or
bid
c
ongestio
n.
D
-
F
PAV
is
e
xe
cuted
on
a p
eri
od
ic
basi
s
an
d
the
tra
ns
m
issi
on
pow
er
rate
is
ad
justed o
ve
r
t
he
ti
m
e.
D
-
FP
A
V
is usin
g
t
he
c
on
c
ept of
“
m
in
-
m
ax”
pr
inciple
by
inc
r
easi
ng
the
tra
ns
m
issi
on
power
rate
gr
a
dual
ly
.
Howeve
r,
the
stu
dy
is
on
ly
m
anag
ed
t
o re
du
ce
1%
of
t
he
over
hea
d dow
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
2
8
0
–
1
2
8
5
1284
3.1.5.
Be
aconing
st
r
at
e
gies
In
[
22
]
wh
ic
h
was
ci
te
d
by
authors
in
[
1
3
]
,
the
eff
ect
on
diff
e
re
nt
be
acon
i
ng
st
rategies
were
inv
est
igate
d
by
con
side
rin
g
th
e
trackin
g
accu
racy
par
am
et
er.
The
stu
dy
ai
m
ed
to
m
ini
m
i
ze
the
trackin
g
err
or
rate
as
well
as
adopted
a
bea
con
i
ng
poli
cy
to
furthe
r
in
ve
sti
gate
and
c
om
par
e
the
trackin
g
er
ror
rate
with
a
fixe
d
th
res
ho
l
d
value
.
P
roba
bili
ty
of
co
rr
ect
l
y
receive
d
bea
con
by
t
he
neighb
or
i
ng
ve
hic
le
s
will
be
inc
r
eased
on
ly
if
the
thr
esh
old
is
exce
eded.
Alth
ough
the
al
gorith
m
helps
in
decr
ease
the
co
ngest
ion
,
ye
t
it
d
oes
not
hav
e
a total
c
onge
sti
on contr
ol ove
r
the
n
et
work.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
pre
sents
a
n
over
vi
ew
on
V
A
NE
T
ap
plica
ti
on
s
and
c
halle
ng
e
s
.
V
A
NET
co
nsi
sts
of
tw
o
m
ajo
r
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s;
safety
ap
plica
ti
on
an
d
non
-
safety
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
resp
ec
ti
vely
.
Safety
app
li
cat
io
n
inc
lud
es
safety
/em
erg
en
cy
m
essage
that
need
to
be
de
li
ver
ed
t
o
r
oad
us
ers
w
hile
they
are
on
t
he
r
oad.
W
it
h
t
he
ai
d
of
the
safety
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
,
hu
m
an
li
fe
can
be
sav
ed.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
th
e
no
n
-
sa
f
et
y
app
li
cat
ion
is
eq
ually
i
m
po
rta
nt
as
safety
app
li
cat
ion
.
T
he
non
-
sa
fety
prov
i
de
s
add
it
iona
l
i
nfor
m
at
ion
to
the
dr
i
ver
s
s
uch
as
al
te
rn
at
ive
path
if
unwa
nted
e
vent
o
ccurs. Ho
we
ver, VAN
E
T devel
opm
ent co
ntains se
ver
al
chall
enges su
c
h
as rou
ti
ng
pro
toc
ol,
secur
it
y
issue
and
t
he
m
os
t
crit
ic
al
network
congesti
on
c
ontr
ol.
W
irel
ess
channel
ha
s
huge
pote
ntial
to
get
flo
od
e
d
if
it
is
no
t
bein
g
c
ontr
olled
usi
ng
require
d
m
echan
ism
.
This
m
ay
resu
lt
in
i
nt
err
upti
on
to
de
li
ver
m
essage w
it
h s
afety
purpose t
o
the
r
oa
d users w
hen they a
r
e travell
in
g.
A
s
urvey
on
t
he
af
orem
entioned
CC
al
gorithm
s
sh
ows
tha
t
al
l
al
go
rithm
s
ha
ve
it
s
ow
n
ad
van
ta
ges
and
lim
it
ation
s
.
T
he
li
m
it
ation
s
ca
n
be
ove
rco
m
e
by
m
od
ify
ing
t
he
al
gorithm
s
to
ac
hi
eve
bette
r
res
ult
in
reducin
g
c
onge
sti
o
n.
T
he
te
chnolo
gical
ad
van
cem
ent
in
the
area
m
a
kes
this
a
possible
m
ov
e
towa
r
ds
achievin
g a
bette
r
qual
it
y and
rob
us
t V
A
NET
appli
cat
ion
s.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M
.
S
.
T
al
ib
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Convergi
n
g
VA
NET
with
Vehic
ul
ar
Cloud
Networks
to
re
duce
th
e
Tra
ffi
c
Congest
ions:
A
rev
ie
w
,
”
In
te
rna
ti
onal Journal
o
f
Applied Engi
n
e
ering
R
ese
arch
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
12
(
21
),
pp
.
10646
-
106
54,
2017
.
[2]
G
.
Kara
gi
anni
s,
et
al
.
,
“
Vehic
ul
a
r
Networki
ng:
A
Surve
y
and
Tutorial
on
Requ
irem
ent
s,
Archi
t
ect
ure
s,
Cha
ll
eng
es
,
Standa
rds a
nd
Soluti
ons
,
”
IE
EE
,
2011.
[3]
Y
.
Toor,
e
t
al.
,
“
Vehic
le
Ad
Hoc
Networks:
Applicati
ons
and
R
el
a
te
d
T
ec
hni
cal
Iss
ues
,
”
IEE
E
Comm
unic
ati
ons
Surve
ys
&
Tutor
ial
s
,
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ol
/i
ss
ue:
10
(
3
),
2008
.
[4]
N
.
Ta
h
erk
han
i
,
“
Congesti
on
Cont
rol
in
Vehi
cul
ar
Ad Hoc
Networ
ks
,”
Unive
rsit
y
o
f
Montreal
,
2015
.
[5]
N.
B.
Truong,
e
t
al.
,
“
Software
Defi
ned
Networ
king
-
base
d
Vehi
cul
ar
Adhoc
Net
work
with
Fog
Com
puti
ng,
”
IE
EE
,
2015.
[6]
E.
C.
Eze,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Advanc
es
in
Vehic
ul
ar
Ad
-
Hoc
Networks
(VA
NETs):
Challenge
s
and
Ro
a
d
m
ap
for
Future
Deve
lopment,” 2016.
[7]
W
.
Li
ang
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Vehic
ular
Ad
Hoc
Networks:
Archi
tectur
es
,
Resea
rch
Iss
ues,
Methodol
ogie
s
,
Chal
le
ng
es,
an
d
Tre
nds
,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal
o
f
Distribute
d
Sen
sor
Net
works
,
v
ol
.
5
,
2015
.
[8]
A.
Dua
,
et
al
.
,
“
QoS
-
Aw
are
Data
Diss
eminat
ion
for
Dense
Urban
Regi
o
ns
in
Vehi
cul
ar
Ad
H
oc
N
et
works
,
”
Mobi
l
e
Net
work
Appl
i
ca
ti
on
,
vol.
20
,
pp
.
773
-
780,
2015.
[9]
S
.
M
.
Hati
m
,
et
al.
,
“
VA
NETs
and
Internet
of
Thi
ngs
(IoT
):
A
Discuss
ion
,”
In
donesian
Journ
al
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
Sc
ie
n
ce
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
12
(
1
)
,
pp
.
218
-
224
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2018
.
[10]
A.
Festag
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“’
NoW
–
Networ
k
on
W
heels’:
Pr
oje
c
t
obj
ective
s,
te
chno
log
y
and
ac
hi
eve
m
ent
s,
”
2008.
[11]
T.
Ghos
h
and
S.
Mitra
,
“
Congesti
on
cont
ro
l
b
y
d
y
namic
sha
ring
of
ban
dwidth
among
vehi
cl
es
in
VA
NET,
”
Inte
lligen
t
Syst
e
ms
Design
and
A
ppli
cations (
ISDA)
,
2012
12th
In
te
rnational
Conf
ere
nce on
,
pp.
2
91
-
296,
2012
.
[12]
M
.
J
.
Sat
ta
r
i
and
R.
Md
.
Noor,
“
D
y
namic
D
-
FP
AV
conge
stion
c
ontrol
for
al
gor
ithm
for
VA
NETs
to
r
esc
ue
hum
an
li
ves,
”
Archi
v
es
Des Sc
ie
n
ce
,
vo
l
.
65
,
2012
.
[13]
M.
Sepulc
re
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Congesti
o
n
and
awa
ren
ess
cont
rol
in
coo
per
ative
veh
ic
ul
ar
s
y
stems
,
”
Proce
ed
ings
of
t
h
e
IEE
E
,
vo
l. 99, p
p.
1260
-
1279
,
2
011.
[14]
N.
Ta
her
kh
ani
a
nd
S.
Pierre
,
“
Congesti
on
cont
ro
l
in
vehi
cu
la
r
ad
hoc
net
works
u
sing
Meta
-
heur
i
stic
technique
s
,
”
Proce
ed
ings
of
t
he
sec
ond
ACM
int
ernati
ona
l
sy
mpos
ium
on
Design
and
anal
ysis
of
in
te
l
li
g
ent
vehic
ular
n
et
works
and
applicati
ons
,
pp
.
47
-
54
,
201
2.
[15]
G.
Kara
gi
anni
s,
et
al
.
,
“
Vehi
cular
ne
tworking:
A
surve
y
and
tu
tori
al
on
r
equi
r
e
m
ent
s,
ar
chi
t
ec
t
ure
s,
ch
all
enge
s
,
standa
rds a
nd
so
lut
ions,
”
IE
EE C
omm
unic
ati
o
ns
Surve
ys
&
Tutor
ial
s
,
vo
l. 13, pp.
584
-
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2011
.
[16]
R.
Jain,
“
A
Congesti
on
Contro
l
S
y
stem
Based
on
VA
NET
for
Sm
al
l
Le
ngt
h
Roads,
”
Ann
als
of
Eme
rgin
g
Technol
ogi
es
in Com
puti
ng
(
AE
TiC)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
2
(
1
)
,
2018
.
[17]
Y.
D.
Moham
a
d,
et
al
.
,
“
Opti
m
iz
ing
Congestion
Control
for
NonS
afe
t
y
Mess
age
s
in
VA
NET
s
Us
ing
Ta
guch
i
Method,
”
2017.
[18]
M.
Y.
Darus
an
d
K.
A.
Baka
r
.
“
Congesti
on
Control
Fram
ewor
k
for
Diss
emina
ti
ng
Saf
ety
Mes
sage
s
in
Veh
ic
ul
ar
Ad
-
Hoc
Networks
(VA
NETs),
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
Digit
al
Conte
n
t
Technol
ogy
and
i
ts
Appl
ic
at
ions
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
5(
2
)
,
2
011.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Congesti
on c
ontrol i
n
ve
hicul
ar
adhoc
network:
a surv
ey (
Shamsul
Ja
mel
Eli
as
)
1285
[19]
El
ia
s
C
.
E
.
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Advanc
es
in
Vehic
u
la
r
Ad
-
Hoc
Networks
(
VA
NETs):
Challenge
s
and
Roa
d
-
m
ap
for
Futur
e
Deve
lopment
,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
ol
/
i
s
s
u
e
:
13
(
1
)
,
p
p
1
–
18
,
2016
.
[20]
H.
Hart
enste
in
a
nd
K.
La
ber
teau
x,
“
VA
NET
vehicula
r
applic
at
ion
s
and
in
te
r
-
n
et
w
orking
t
ec
hnolog
ie
s,
”
John
W
ile
y
&
Sons
,
vol
.
1
,
2
009.
[21]
X.
Yang,
et
al.
,
“
A ve
hic
le
-
to
-
ve
hic
l
e
comm
unic
at
ion
protoc
o
l
fo
r
coope
rative
collision
warni
ng
,
”
Proce
ed
ing
Fi
rs
t
Annual
In
te
rnati
onal
Conf
ere
nce of
Mob
il
e
and
Ubiquit
ous Sy
st
e
m,
Net
work
,
S
erv
ices
,
pp
.
1
-
10,
2
004.
[22]
S.
Rezae
i
,
et
al
.
,
“
Tra
cki
ng
the
p
ositi
on
of
n
ei
gh
boring
vehicl
es
using
wire
le
ss
c
om
m
unic
at
ions,
”
Tr
anspor
t.
Re
s
.
Part
C:
Eme
rg. T
ec
hnol
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
18
(
3
)
,
pp
.
33
5
–
350,
2010
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.