I
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s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
8
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7
~
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23
.i
2
.
pp
847
-
8
5
4
847
J
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CC B
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-
SA
li
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n
se
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C
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r
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p
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A
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r
:
Sh
ab
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a
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Prin
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s
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ah
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in
t A
b
d
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.
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s
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
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s
ig
n
als
b
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m
e
u
n
r
ec
o
g
n
izab
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as
in
d
iv
id
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al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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b
its
an
d
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
d
etec
tio
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o
f
th
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r
ig
in
al
d
ata
s
ig
n
als
b
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o
m
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
wh
ich
d
em
o
d
u
lates
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als
in
to
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
u
ls
es
[
1
]
-
[
7]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
ar
e
th
en
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
v
er
y
lo
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
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lin
k
s
to
b
o
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s
t
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d
d
is
to
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ted
o
p
tical
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ig
n
als
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
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etr
iev
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g
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
r
ec
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er
s
tag
e
[
8
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
At
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
,
th
e
o
p
tical
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ig
n
als
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b
ac
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to
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als
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en
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a
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to
r
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(
PD)
lik
e
av
alan
ch
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p
h
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to
d
etec
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r
(
APD)
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
3
]
T
h
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p
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an
s
m
itter
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n
it
is
a
tr
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u
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r
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m
p
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p
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r
ce
an
d
th
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d
r
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cir
cu
it
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
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t
co
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v
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ts
th
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tr
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in
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u
t
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r
esp
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t
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ch
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em
in
to
th
e
o
p
tical
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t
em
itti
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g
d
io
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L
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Ds
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d
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(
L
Ds
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ar
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s
o
lid
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tate
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n
d
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d
ev
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[
2
8
]
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3
3
]
.
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ey
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f
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icate
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f
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d
if
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ater
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d
esig
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to
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eter
m
in
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g
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it th
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Ds an
d
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n
b
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m
o
d
u
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ir
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tly
[
3
4
]
-
[
3
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]
.
T
h
ey
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
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f
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m
an
ce
en
h
an
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m
en
t
h
as
b
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ac
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iev
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r
o
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th
r
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s
o
f
m
eth
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d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
th
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r
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ch
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
eth
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d
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lo
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as
b
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p
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o
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p
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f
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m
an
ce
co
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s
id
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s
ev
alu
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n
f
o
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d
if
f
er
en
t
v
er
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ca
v
ity
s
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r
f
ac
e
em
itti
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g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
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J
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
847
-
8
5
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848
l
aser
s
(
VC
SEL
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s
tr
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ctu
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d
v
ar
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s
elec
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tic
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o
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lato
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in
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lu
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o
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t
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p
ec
tr
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p
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o
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lato
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e
[
4
0
]
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[
4
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.
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co
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n
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ated
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AlGaI
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P
o
p
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n
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with
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alan
ch
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p
h
o
to
d
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to
r
s
in
f
i
b
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o
p
tic
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y
s
tem
s
.
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h
e
o
u
tp
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t
s
p
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tr
al
p
o
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is
e
tim
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s
ig
n
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f
r
eq
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cy
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d
r
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r
eq
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en
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m
p
h
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s
p
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id
e
(
AlGaI
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laser
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io
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e
.
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h
e
laser
d
i
o
d
e
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tim
e,
o
u
tp
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t
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p
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eq
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en
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s
in
jectio
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r
en
t
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am
b
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p
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s
k
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h
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s
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o
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g
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m
an
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m
f
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r
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d
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t
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v
ar
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s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
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n
o
is
e
r
atio
is
r
elate
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to
Q
v
alu
e
an
d
B
E
R
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
p
o
in
t.
2.
CIRCU
I
T
D
E
SC
RIPT
I
O
N
AND
RE
SE
AR
CH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
o
u
tp
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t p
o
wer
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P
0
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an
d
ap
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lied
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o
ltag
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v
o
ltag
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f
o
r
th
e
laser
d
io
d
es a
r
e
g
iv
en
b
y
[
8
]
-
[
1
9
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:
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+
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0
.
0004816
3
(
2
)
W
ith
I
is
th
e
in
jectio
n
cu
r
r
en
t w
h
ich
is
m
o
d
eled
b
y
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
am
b
iem
n
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
(
K)
as [
8
]
,
[
20
]
-
[
2
8
]
:
I
=
a
0
+
a
1
T
+
a
2
T
2
+
a
3
T
3
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
f
o
r
AlGaI
n
P laser
d
io
d
e
,
th
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
a
0
=0
.
4
3
2
1
,
a
1
=1
0
.
5
4
x
1
0
-
4
,
a
2
=
1
.
3
2
4
x
1
0
-
9
,
an
d
a
3
=0
.
8
7
6
4
x
1
0
8
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
laser
d
io
d
e
b
an
d
wid
th
(
f
3
-
dB
)
,
its
r
is
e
tim
e
(
τ
)
,
an
d
its
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
r
)
,
ar
e
ca
s
t
b
y
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l f
o
r
m
u
las [
1
0
,
1
1
-
2
2
]
:
3
−
=
0
+
1
+
2
2
(
4
)
=
0
+
1
+
2
2
(
5
)
=
0
+
1
+
2
2
(
6
)
All
th
e
b
asic
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
0
,
b
1
,
b
2,
c
0
,
c
1
,
c
2,
an
d
d
0
,
d
1
,
d
2,
o
f
f
3
-
dB
,
τ
an
d
f
r
v
e
r
s
u
s
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
T
f
o
r
AlGaI
n
P
laser
d
io
d
e
ar
e
lis
ted
in
th
e
s
er
ies o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
23
]
-
[
3
3
]
:
0
=
1
.
43
−
0
.
976
−
0
.
08765
2
1
=
1
.
546
−
0
.
0876
−
0
.
7654
2
2
=
1
.
59
−
0
.
0876
+
0
.
07636
2
(
7
)
0
=
0
.
87
−
3
.
685
−
0
.
0654
2
1
=
−
3
.
65
+
1
.
321
−
1
.
654
2
2
=
33
.
65
−
3
.
165
+
0
.
0543
2
(
8
)
0
=
2
.
987
−
0
.
765
−
0
.
7659
2
1
=
00655
−
1
.
076
+
3
.
765
2
2
=
6
.
543
+
0
.
327
−
0
.
43298
2
(
9
)
Fo
r
th
e
s
ilica
d
o
p
e
d
g
er
m
a
n
iu
m
with
f
ib
er
lin
k
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
9
]
:
=
√
ℎ
1
2
2
−
ℎ
2
2
+
ℎ
3
2
2
−
ℎ
4
2
+
ℎ
5
2
2
−
ℎ
6
2
,
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
all
th
e
b
asic c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
f
ib
er
lin
k
ar
e
ca
s
t a
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
las:
h
1
=
0
.
8765
(
T
T
0
)
(
x
0
.
054
)
h
2
=
1
.
2323
(
T
T
0
)
2
ℎ
3
=
5
.
654
(
0
)
(
2
3
.
539
)
(
11
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lGa
I
n
P
o
p
tica
l so
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
fib
er lin
ks a
n
d
s
ilico
n
…
(
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
i
d
)
849
h
1
=
1
.
986
×
10
4
(
T
T
0
)
(
1
.
54
2
.
2
)
h
2
=
0
.
0432
(
T
T
0
)
2
ℎ
3
=
0
.
00
654
(
0
)
(
3
7
.
876
)
(
1
2
)
W
h
e
r
e
T
0
i
s
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
x
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
d
o
p
a
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
f
r
o
m
g
e
r
m
a
n
i
u
m
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
s
i
l
i
c
a
f
i
b
e
r
l
i
n
k
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
i
t
o
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
o
l
i
t
o
n
p
e
a
k
p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
[
1
0
]
-
[
14
]
,
[
20
]
-
[
29
]
:
1
=
Δ
3
4
2
2
Δ
2
,
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e
n
2
is
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
ef
f
icien
t
in
m
2
/W
att,
D
t
is
to
tal
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
A
eff
is
th
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
o
p
tic
f
ib
er
lin
k
,
an
d
th
en
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
13
)
,
th
e
to
tal
p
u
ls
e
b
r
o
ad
en
in
g
,
an
d
to
tal
s
ig
n
al
b
an
d
wid
th
ar
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
[
9
]
,
[
10
]
,
[
12
]
-
[
2
0
]
:
Δ
=
√
Δ
3
4
2
1
2
(
1
4
)
.
=
0
.
44
Δ
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
s
ig
.
/n
o
is
e
r
atio
with
th
e
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
B
E
R
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
p
o
in
t e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
[
9
]
-
[
11
]
,
[
13
]
-
[
2
0
]
:
=
(
)
2
4
.
.
+
2
.
.
(
+
)
,
(
1
6
)
(
)
=
10
,
(
1
7
)
=
0
.
5
[
1
−
(
0
.
345
)
]
(
1
8
)
3.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
W
e
h
av
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
q
u
a
d
r
atu
r
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
ated
with
s
ilica
d
o
p
ed
g
er
m
an
iu
m
f
i
b
er
lin
k
in
th
e
co
m
p
lete
m
atch
in
g
s
ilico
n
av
al
an
ch
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
etec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
o
wer
,
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
laser
d
i
o
d
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
wid
t
h
an
d
laser
d
io
d
e
r
is
e
tim
e
a
r
e
an
al
y
ze
d
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
As
well
as
th
e
to
tal
p
u
ls
e
b
r
o
ad
en
in
g
,
f
i
b
er
s
ig
n
al
b
an
d
wid
th
is
al
s
o
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
So
lito
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ch
em
e
-
b
ased
f
ib
er
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
lin
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
.
/n
o
is
e
r
atio
an
d
B
E
R
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ilico
n
av
alan
ch
e
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
o
r
o
p
tical
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e.
All
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
3
0
0
≤
T
,
K
≤
4
2
5
,
P
1
=1
0
0
m
W
,
p
h
o
to
d
etec
t
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
ity
ρ
=0
.
9
A/W
,
I
d
=1
0
n
A,
Fib
er
lin
k
=1
0
k
m
,
R
L
=1
0
0
KΩ
,
G=
2
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
,
λ
=1
5
5
0
n
m
,
g
er
m
an
iu
m
d
o
p
ed
r
atio
(
x
)
,
0
.
1
≤
x
≤
0
.
3
,
an
d
I
n
jectio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
,
5
≤
I
,
m
A
≤
2
0
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
laser
in
ject
io
n
cu
r
r
en
t
(
L
I
C
)
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lt
is
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
jectio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
laser
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
at
b
o
t
h
th
e
L
I
C
o
f
5
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
1
0
m
W
.
Th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
at
b
o
th
th
e
L
I
C
o
f
2
0
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
4
5
m
W
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
clar
if
ies
th
e
laser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
v
er
s
u
s
L
I
C
v
ar
iatio
n
s
a
t
v
ar
io
u
s
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
T
h
e
laser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
in
jectio
n
cu
r
r
en
t in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
laser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
at
b
o
th
th
e
L
I
C
o
f
5
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
1
2
G
Hz.
T
h
e
laser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
at
b
o
th
th
e
L
I
C
o
f
2
0
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
7
7
GHz
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
in
jectio
n
laser
cu
r
r
en
t th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
laser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ou
t
p
u
t sp
ec
tr
al
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
wi
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
L
I
C
at
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
847
-
8
5
4
850
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
aser
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
v
e
r
s
u
s
L
I
C
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
laser
r
is
e
tim
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
v
er
s
u
s
L
I
C
v
ar
iatio
n
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
laser
r
is
e
tim
e
at
b
o
th
th
e
las
er
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
5
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
1
0
n
s
.
T
h
e
laser
r
is
e
tim
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
jectio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
laser
r
is
e
tim
e
at
b
o
th
th
e
L
I
C
o
f
2
0
m
A
an
d
3
0
0
K
is
3
2
0
n
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
L
I
C
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
l
aser
r
is
e
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
L
aser
r
is
e
tim
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
v
er
s
u
s
L
I
C
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
laser
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
v
er
s
u
s
L
I
C
v
ar
iatio
n
s
at
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ased
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ased
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
lGa
I
n
P
o
p
tica
l so
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
fib
er lin
ks a
n
d
s
ilico
n
…
(
Ma
h
mo
u
d
M.
A
.
E
i
d
)
853
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
NT
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
Dea
n
s
h
ip
o
f
Scien
tific
R
esear
ch
at
Prin
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s
s
No
u
r
ah
b
in
t
Ab
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lr
ah
m
an
Un
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ity
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o
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Fas
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-
tr
ac
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R
esear
ch
Fu
n
d
in
g
Pro
g
r
am
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
A.
Va
n
d
e
rwa
ter,
I.
H.
Ta
n
,
G
.
E.
Ho
fler,
D.
C.
De
fe
v
e
re
,
a
n
d
F
.
A.
Kish
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
b
ri
g
h
t
n
e
ss
AlG
a
In
P
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
8
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
1
9
9
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
2
-
1
7
6
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
5
.
6
4
9
6
5
4
.
[2
]
W.
C.
Ch
o
n
g
,
K.
M
.
Wo
n
g
,
Z.
J.
Liu
,
a
n
d
K.
M
.
Lau
,
“
6
0
.
4
:
A
No
v
e
l
F
u
ll
-
Co
l
o
r
3
L
ED
P
ro
jec
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
R
-
G
-
B
Li
g
h
t
Emit
ti
n
g
Di
o
d
e
s
o
n
S
il
ico
n
(LE
D
o
S
)
M
icro
-
d
isp
la
y
s,
”
S
ID
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
Dig
e
st
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
P
a
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
8
-
8
4
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/j
.
2
1
6
8
-
0
1
5
9
.
2
0
1
3
.
t
b
0
6
3
4
8
.
x
.
[3
]
S
.
F
.
Wa
n
,
C.
Y.
Ho
,
Y.
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
Q.
B.
Li
,
a
n
d
F
.
F
.
Ya
o
,
“
An
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Ju
n
c
ti
o
n
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
f
AlG
a
In
P
LE
D,
”
Ke
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
ter
ia
ls,
v
o
l.
7
7
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
0
2
8
/www
.
sc
ien
ti
fic.n
e
t/
KE
M
.
7
7
7
.
1
3
8
.
[4
]
F
.
G
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
An
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
sh
i
ft
o
f
m
icro
-
L
ED
d
isp
la
y
s,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
A
7
4
6
-
4
7
5
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/OE.
2
7
.
0
0
A
7
4
6
.
[5
]
Y.
Lee
,
C
.
Lee
,
a
n
d
C
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
E
ffe
c
t
o
f
S
u
rfa
c
e
Te
x
tu
re
a
n
d
Ba
c
k
sid
e
P
a
tt
e
rn
e
d
Re
flec
to
r
o
n
t
h
e
AlG
a
In
P
Li
g
h
t
-
Emitt
in
g
Dio
d
e
:
Hig
h
E
x
trac
ti
o
n
o
f
Wav
e
g
u
i
d
e
d
Li
g
h
t,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Qu
a
n
t
u
m
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
3
6
-
6
4
1
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/J
QE.
2
0
1
1
.
2
1
0
7
8
9
1
[6
]
Y.
Wan
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
AlG
a
In
P
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
in
teg
ra
ted
o
n
si
li
c
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
su
p
e
rio
r
q
u
a
li
ty
g
e
rm
a
n
iu
m
-
on
-
in
su
lato
r,
”
P
h
o
to
n
ics
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
-
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/P
RJ.
6
.
0
0
0
2
9
0
.
[7
]
C.
-
M
.
Ka
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
n
o
l
it
h
ic
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
AlG
a
In
P
-
b
a
se
d
r
e
d
a
n
d
I
n
G
a
N
-
b
a
se
d
g
re
e
n
LE
D
s
v
ia
a
d
h
e
si
v
e
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
l
ti
c
o
l
o
r
e
m
issio
n
,
”
S
c
i
e
.
Rep
o
rts,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/s
4
1
5
9
8
-
0
1
7
-
1
1
2
3
9
-
4.
[8
]
N.
C.
He
lma
n
,
J.
E.
Ro
th
,
D.
P
.
Bo
u
r,
H.
Alt
u
g
,
a
n
d
D.
A.
M
i
ll
e
r
,
“
M
isa
li
g
n
m
e
n
t
-
T
o
lera
n
t
S
u
rfa
c
e
-
No
rm
a
l
Lo
w
-
Vo
lt
a
g
e
M
o
d
u
lato
r
f
o
r
O
p
ti
c
a
l
I
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
i
n
Qu
a
n
tu
m
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
8
-
3
4
2
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JS
TQE
.
2
0
0
5
.
8
4
5
6
1
3
.
[9
]
A.
M
.
Ab
d
El
-
Na
se
r,
N.
Ay
a
d
,
A
.
N.
Z.
Ra
sh
e
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
H.
Ha
z
e
m
,
“
S
o
li
to
n
Tran
sm
issio
n
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
Ve
rti
c
a
l
Ca
v
it
y
S
u
rfa
c
e
Emitt
i
n
g
Las
e
rs
(
VCSE
Ls)
De
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
T
h
e
rm
a
l
Irra
d
iate
d
F
iel
d
s
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
u
lt
i
d
isc
ip
l
in
a
ry
S
c
ien
c
e
s a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(IJ
M
S
E)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
3
0
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
A.
V.
Krish
n
a
m
o
o
rth
y
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
y
ste
m
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
il
i
c
o
n
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic
I
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
9
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
7
-
1
3
6
1
.
[1
1
]
Y.
C.
Ch
a
n
g
,
C.
S
.
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
L
.
A.
Co
ld
re
n
,
“
Hig
h
Eff
icie
n
c
y
,
Hig
h
S
p
e
e
d
VCSE
Ls
wi
th
3
5
G
b
it
/s
Err
o
r
F
re
e
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
E
lec
tro
n
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
2
-
1
0
2
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
J.
A.
Ti
m
p
so
n
,
et
al
.
,
“
S
in
g
le
P
h
o
to
n
S
o
u
rc
e
s
Ba
se
d
u
p
o
n
S
in
g
le
Q
u
a
n
tu
m
Do
ts
in
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
M
icro
c
a
v
it
y
P
il
-
lars
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Op
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
2
-
3
,
p
p
.
4
53
-
4
6
5
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/0
9
5
0
0
3
4
0
6
0
0
7
8
5
0
5
5
[1
3
]
I.
O'
Co
n
n
o
r
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
sim
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
p
re
d
icti
v
e
s
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
in
teg
ra
ted
o
p
t
ica
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t,
”
IE
E
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ver
y
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
l
e
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
(Vl
S
I)
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
2
7
-
9
4
0
,
Au
g
.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
M
.
G
n
a
n
,
S
.
T
h
o
m
s,
D.
S
.
M
a
c
in
t
y
re
,
R.
M
.
De
La
Ru
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
o
re
l
,
“
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
L
o
w
Lo
ss
P
h
o
to
n
ic
Wi
re
s
in
S
il
ico
n
-
On
-
In
s
u
lato
r
Us
in
g
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
S
il
se
sq
u
io
x
a
n
e
El
e
c
tro
n
Be
a
m
Re
sist,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/e
l:
2
0
0
8
2
9
8
5
.
[1
5
]
M
.
As
a
d
a
,
Y.
M
iy
a
m
o
t
o
,
a
n
d
Y.
S
u
e
m
a
tsu
,
“
G
a
in
a
n
d
th
e
Th
re
sh
o
ld
o
f
Th
re
e
-
Dim
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Qu
a
n
t
u
m
-
Bo
x
Las
e
rs,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Qu
a
n
t
u
m E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
1
9
8
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
5
-
1
9
2
1
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/JQE.
1
9
8
6
.
1
0
7
3
1
4
9
.
[1
6
]
N.
N.
Led
e
n
ts
o
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
t
i
c
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
He
tero
str
u
c
tu
re
s
with
In
G
a
As
-
G
a
As
Qu
a
n
t
u
m
Cl
u
ste
rs,”
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
3
2
-
8
3
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
7
]
U.
Brin
k
m
a
n
n
,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
o
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A.
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u
s,
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EE
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3
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9
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Bib
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C
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rg
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a
n
.
,
“
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ti
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H.
H.
Ta
n
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C.
Ja
g
a
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ish
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a
n
d
L.
F
u
,
“
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to
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5
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J.
E.
M
.
Ha
v
e
rk
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rt,
E.
C.
G
a
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tt
,
a
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E
.
P
.
A.
M
.
Ba
k
k
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rs,
“
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m
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tals
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wire
so
lar
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ll
:
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n
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v
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lt
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g
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,
”
A
p
p
l
.
Ph
y
s.
Rev
.
,
v
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l.
5
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.
3
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6
]
S
.
M
.
F
ro
l
o
v
,
S
.
R.
P
li
ss
a
rd
,
S
.
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P
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e
,
L.
P
.
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h
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n
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a
n
d
E.
P
.
A
.
M
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Ba
k
k
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a
n
tu
m
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
n
a
n
o
wire
s,”
M
RS
Bu
ll
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
8
0
9
–
8
1
5
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
5
7
/mrs
.
2
0
1
3
.
2
0
5
.
[3
7
]
X.
Wu
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Na
n
o
wire
las
e
rs
a
s
in
trac
e
ll
u
lar
p
ro
b
e
s,”
Na
n
o
sc
a
le,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
9
7
2
9
–
9
7
3
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C8
NR
0
0
5
1
5
J.
[3
8
]
S
.
Ne
k
it
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
a
c
e
-
Se
lec
ti
v
e
Cry
sta
l
G
ro
wth
o
f
Hy
d
ro
th
e
rm
a
l
Tu
n
g
ste
n
Ox
id
e
Na
n
o
wir
e
s
fo
r
S
e
n
sin
g
Vo
latil
e
M
o
lec
u
les
,
”
AC
S
A
p
p
l
.
N
a
n
o
M
a
ter
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
5
2
–
1
0
2
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/a
c
sa
n
m
.
0
c
0
2
1
9
4
.
[3
9
]
R.
Ya
n
,
D.
G
a
rg
a
s,
a
n
d
P
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
Na
n
o
wire
p
h
o
to
n
ics
,
”
Na
t
.
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
–
5
7
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
0
]
M
.
No
t
o
m
i,
M
.
Tak
ig
u
c
h
i
,
S
.
S
e
rg
e
n
t,
G
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
H.
S
u
m
ik
u
ra
,
“
Na
n
o
wire
p
h
o
t
o
n
ics
to
wa
rd
wid
e
wa
v
e
len
g
th
ra
n
g
e
a
n
d
su
b
wa
v
e
len
g
th
c
o
n
fin
e
m
e
n
t
[In
v
it
e
d
]
,
”
Op
t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
0
-
2
5
9
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/O
M
E.
4
0
1
3
1
7
.
[4
1
]
H.
-
G
.
P
a
rk
,
“
Na
n
o
wire
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
”
J
.
K
o
re
a
n
P
h
y
s.
S
o
c
.
,
v
o
l.
7
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
–
2
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
9
3
8
/j
k
p
s.
7
3
.
2
1
8
.
[4
2
]
H.
S
u
m
i
k
u
ra
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
id
-
In
fra
re
d
Las
in
g
o
f
S
in
g
le
W
u
rtzite
In
As
Na
n
o
wire
,
”
N
a
n
o
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
pp
.
8
0
5
9
–
8
0
6
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.n
a
n
o
let
t.
9
b
0
3
2
4
9
.
[4
3
]
S
.
C
h
e
n
,
M
.
Yu
k
imu
n
e
,
R.
F
u
ji
wa
ra
,
F
.
Ish
ik
a
wa
,
W
.
M
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
I.
A.
B
u
y
a
n
o
v
a
,
“
Ne
a
r
-
In
fra
re
d
Las
in
g
a
t
1
μm
fro
m
a
Dilu
te
-
Nitri
d
e
-
Ba
se
d
M
u
lt
ish
e
ll
Na
n
o
wire
,
”
Na
n
o
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
.
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
8
5
–
8
9
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.n
a
n
o
lett.
8
b
0
4
1
0
3
.
[4
4
]
S
.
S
e
rg
e
n
t
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
u
b
li
m
in
g
G
a
N
in
to
Or
d
e
re
d
Na
n
o
wire
Arra
y
s fo
r
Ultrav
i
o
let
a
n
d
Visi
b
le
Na
n
o
p
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
”
ACS
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
1
–
3
3
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
sp
h
o
to
n
ics
.
9
b
0
1
4
3
5
.
[4
5
]
S
.
S
k
a
lsk
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
He
tero
stru
c
t
u
re
a
n
d
Q
-
fa
c
to
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fo
r
lo
w
-
th
re
sh
o
ld
a
n
d
p
e
rsiste
n
t
n
a
n
o
wire
las
in
g
,
”
L
ig
h
t:
S
c
i.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
6
]
D.
Je
v
ti
c
s
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
M
icr
o
a
ss
e
m
b
ly
o
f
Na
n
o
wire
Las
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
Na
n
o
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
2
–
1
8
6
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
s.n
a
n
o
lett
.
9
b
0
5
0
7
8
.
[4
7
]
J.
Wan
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
se
c
o
n
d
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
sin
g
le
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
a
l
G
a
As
n
a
n
o
wire
,
”
S
c
i
.
Rep
.
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
1
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/s4
1
5
9
8
-
0
1
7
-
0
2
1
9
9
-
w.
[4
8
]
Q.
Yu
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
-
Wa
v
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
in
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
Na
n
o
wire
s,”
L
a
se
r
and
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
0
1
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/l
p
o
r
.
2
0
1
8
0
0
1
2
6
.
[4
9
]
G
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
M
.
T
a
k
i
g
u
c
h
i
,
K
.
T
a
t
e
n
o
,
T
.
T
a
w
a
r
a
,
M
.
N
o
t
o
m
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
G
o
t
o
h
,
“
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
-
b
a
n
d
l
a
s
i
n
g
i
n
s
i
n
g
l
e
I
n
P
/
I
n
A
s
h
e
t
e
r
o
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
n
a
n
o
w
i
r
e
s
a
t
r
o
o
m
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
u
r
e
,
”
S
c
i
.
A
d
v
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
l
p
o
r
.
2
0
1
8
0
0
1
2
6
.
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